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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellow fever in Buenos Aires</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Febre_groga_a_Buenos_Aires" title="Febre groga a Buenos Aires – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Febre groga a Buenos Aires" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiebre_amarilla_en_Buenos_Aires" title="Fiebre amarilla en Buenos Aires – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fiebre amarilla en Buenos Aires" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flava_febro_en_Bonaero" title="Flava febro en Bonaero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Flava febro en Bonaero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulus%C3%B3ttarfaraldur_%C3%AD_Buenos_Aires" title="Gulusóttarfaraldur í Buenos Aires – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gulusóttarfaraldur í Buenos Aires" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="الحمى الصفرا فى بوينس ايرس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الحمى الصفرا فى بوينس ايرس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Febre_amarela_em_Buenos_Aires" title="Febre amarela em Buenos Aires – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Febre amarela em Buenos Aires" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B6%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81-%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Эпидемии жёлтой лихорадки в Буэнос-Айресе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эпидемии жёлтой лихорадки в Буэнос-Айресе" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Yellow fever in Buenos Aires</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa solid 1px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Carruaje_en_bs_as_epidemia_fiebre_amarilla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Carruaje_en_bs_as_epidemia_fiebre_amarilla.jpg/240px-Carruaje_en_bs_as_epidemia_fiebre_amarilla.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Carruaje_en_bs_as_epidemia_fiebre_amarilla.jpg/360px-Carruaje_en_bs_as_epidemia_fiebre_amarilla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Carruaje_en_bs_as_epidemia_fiebre_amarilla.jpg/480px-Carruaje_en_bs_as_epidemia_fiebre_amarilla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="388" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Hearse during the <br />1871 epidemic in Buenos Aires</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><span> Fiebre amarilla en Buenos Aires</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">1871</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">6 years</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">Yellow fever</a> <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Lack of <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matanza_River" title="Matanza River">Matanza River</a> pollution by <a href="/wiki/Saladero" title="Saladero">saladeros</a></li> <li>Hot and wet weather</li> <li>Overpopulation</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">13,614 (1871)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Yellow fever in Buenos Aires</b> was a series of <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemics</a> that took place in 1852, 1858, 1870 and 1871, the latter being a disaster that killed about 8% of <a href="/wiki/Porte%C3%B1o" title="Porteño">Porteños</a>: in a city where the daily death rate was less than 20, there were days that killed more than 500 people. The <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow Fever">Yellow Fever</a> would have come from <a href="/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Asunción">Asunción</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, brought by Argentine soldiers returning from the <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">war just fought in that country</a>, having previously spread in the city of <a href="/wiki/Corrientes" title="Corrientes">Corrientes</a>. As its worst, <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> population was reduced to a third because of the <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">exodus</a> of those escaping the scourge. </p><p>Some of the main causes of the spread of this disease were the insufficient supply of <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> of ground water by human waste, the warm and humid climate in <a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">summer</a>, the overcrowding suffered by the black people and, since 1871, the overcrowding of the European immigrants who entered the country incessantly and without sanitary measures. Also, the <i>saladeros</i> (manufacturing establishments for producing salted and dried <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a>) polluted the <a href="/wiki/Matanza_River" title="Matanza River">Matanza River</a> (south of the city limits), and the infected ditches full of debris which ran through the city encouraged the spread of the <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquito</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Aedes_aegypti" title="Aedes aegypti">Aedes aegypti</a></i>, which was responsible of transmitting <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow Fever">Yellow Fever</a>. </p><p>A witness to the epidemic of 1871, named Mardoqueo Navarro, wrote on April 13 the following description in his diary: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Businesses closed, streets deserted, a shortage of doctors, corpses without assistance, everyone flees if they can...</p></blockquote> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outbreaks_of_Yellow_Fever_before_1871">Outbreaks of Yellow Fever before 1871</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yellow_fever_in_Buenos_Aires&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Outbreaks of Yellow Fever before 1871"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1881, thanks to Cuban physician <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Finlay" title="Carlos Finlay">Carlos Finlay</a>, it was known that the <a href="/wiki/Vector_(molecular_biology)" title="Vector (molecular biology)">transmitting agent</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow Fever">Yellow Fever</a> was <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquito</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Aedes_aegypti" title="Aedes aegypti">Aedes aegypti</a></i>. Before that discovery, doctors attributed the cause of many epidemics to what they called "<a href="/wiki/Miasma_theory_of_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Miasma theory of disease">miasmas</a>" floating in the air.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Yellow Fever (or "black vomit", as it was called due to bleeding that occurs in the gastrointestinal) caused an epidemic in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> in 1852. However, by a note addressed to practitioner Soler is known that outbreaks occurred even before that year.<sup id="cite_ref-Persona_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Persona-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for the 1870 epidemic, it would come from <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> from merchant ship<sup id="cite_ref-Persona_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Persona-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and caused 100 deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_great_epidemic_of_1871">The great epidemic of 1871</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yellow_fever_in_Buenos_Aires&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The great epidemic of 1871"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yellow_fever_in_Buenos_Aires&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PlanoBUE1870.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/PlanoBUE1870.JPG/220px-PlanoBUE1870.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/PlanoBUE1870.JPG/330px-PlanoBUE1870.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/PlanoBUE1870.JPG/440px-PlanoBUE1870.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2650" data-file-height="2039" /></a><figcaption>Map of the City of Buenos Aires in 1870</figcaption></figure> <p>At the end of 1870 there were large numbers of invalids registered in <a href="/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Asunción">Asunción</a>, whose populace lived in deplorable poverty. The <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a> had just finished there and the Argentinian intervention began in early 1871, causing the Buenos Aires epidemic by the arrival of the first Argentinian veterans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Also, in the city of Corrientes, with a population of 11,000 and the centre of communication and provision for the allied troops between December 1870 and June of the following year, 2000 people died of yellow fever. Most of the population fled. Other towns in the <a href="/wiki/Corrientes_Province" title="Corrientes Province">Corrientes Province</a> suffered the punishment of the disease, such as <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_del_Palmar" title="San Luis del Palmar">San Luis del Palmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bella_Vista,_Corrientes" title="Bella Vista, Corrientes">Bella Vista</a> and San Roque.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1871 the National Government convened in Buenos Aires, presided over by <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Domingo Faustino Sarmiento</a>, with Buenos Aires Province represented by <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Castro" title="Emilio Castro">Emilio Castro</a>, and Narciso Martínez de Hoz presided over the municipal government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The city, situated in a plain, had no drainage system nor running water. Hygiene was very precarious and there were many focuses of infection, such as the slums which lacked basic hygiene standards and were crammed with poor black or European immigrants, and the creeks, south of the city limits, which had become a sink for sewage and waste dumped by salting and slaughterhouses along their coasts. As it had no sewerage system, human waste collected in cesspools, which contaminated the ground water and hence the wells, one of the two major sources of the vital element for the majority of the populace. The other source was the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a>, from which they extracted water by carts, with no process of sanitisation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The filth and waste were used for levelling the terrain and streets in a city growing rapidly, mainly due to the influx of migrants. The streets were very narrow and there were no avenues (the first to be constructed was the Avenida de Mayo, which opened in 1894). There were few plazas and almost no vegetation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first census of Argentina in 1869 registered 177,787 inhabitants in the City of Buenos Aires, of which 88,126 were foreigners, and of those 44,233 were Italian and 14,609 were Spanish. In addition there were over 19,000 urban dwellings, of which 2300 were made of wood or clay and straw.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In addition to the epidemic of yellow fever that we have mentioned, there were outbreaks of cholera in 1867 and 1868, which killed hundreds of people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_events">The events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yellow_fever_in_Buenos_Aires&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Primera_casa_fiebre_amarilla_Buenos_Aires.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Primera_casa_fiebre_amarilla_Buenos_Aires.JPG/200px-Primera_casa_fiebre_amarilla_Buenos_Aires.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Primera_casa_fiebre_amarilla_Buenos_Aires.JPG/300px-Primera_casa_fiebre_amarilla_Buenos_Aires.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Primera_casa_fiebre_amarilla_Buenos_Aires.JPG/400px-Primera_casa_fiebre_amarilla_Buenos_Aires.JPG 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>The house where the first case was registered (published on <i><a href="/wiki/Caras_y_Caretas_(Argentina)" title="Caras y Caretas (Argentina)">Caras y Caretas</a></i> in 1899)</figcaption></figure> <p>On 27 January 1871, three cases of yellow fever were diagnosed in Buenos Aires. They were all in the <a href="/wiki/San_Telmo" class="mw-redirect" title="San Telmo">San Telmo</a> neighbourhood, which is full of tenements. From this date on, many more cases were registered, mostly in that neighbourhood. The doctors Tamini, Salvador Larrosa and Montes de Oca warned the City Commission of the outbreak of an epidemic. But the commission, under the leadership of Narciso Martínez de Hoz, disregarded their warnings and failed to publicise the cases. The controversy grew and was reported by the newspapers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the Municipality intensified preparations for the official carnival festivities. At the end of February, the doctor <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Wilde" title="Eduardo Wilde">Eduardo Wilde</a> said there was an outbreak of the fever (with 10 cases registered on 22 February) and he left some apples, but the people were too entertained by the carnival festivities to listen to his warning.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_Manuel_Blanes_Episodio_de_la_Fiebre_Amarilla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Juan_Manuel_Blanes_Episodio_de_la_Fiebre_Amarilla.jpg/170px-Juan_Manuel_Blanes_Episodio_de_la_Fiebre_Amarilla.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Juan_Manuel_Blanes_Episodio_de_la_Fiebre_Amarilla.jpg/255px-Juan_Manuel_Blanes_Episodio_de_la_Fiebre_Amarilla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Juan_Manuel_Blanes_Episodio_de_la_Fiebre_Amarilla.jpg/340px-Juan_Manuel_Blanes_Episodio_de_la_Fiebre_Amarilla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5424" data-file-height="7087" /></a><figcaption><i>An Episode of Yellow Fever in Buenos Aires</i> (1871), oil on canvas by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Blanes" title="Juan Manuel Blanes">Juan Manuel Blanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Visual_Arts_(Uruguay)" title="National Museum of Visual Arts (Uruguay)">National Museum of Visual Arts</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of February at total of 300 cases had been registered, and March began with over 40 deaths a day, rising to 100 by day 6. All were caused by the fever. By now, the plague was hitting the aristocratic neighbourhoods too. Dances were prohibited. A third of the inhabitants decided to abandon the city. On 4 March, the <i>Tribune</i> newspaper commented that by night the streets were so dark <i>"it truly appeared as if the terrible scourge had swept away all the residents"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet the worst by far was to come. </p><p>The General Men's Hospital, the General Women's Hospital, the <a href="/wiki/Hospital_Italiano_de_Buenos_Aires" title="Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires">Hospital Italiano</a> and the orphanage were all overwhelmed. So they created other emergency centres such as the Lazareto de San Roque (the <a href="/wiki/Hospital_Ramos_Mej%C3%ADa" title="Hospital Ramos Mejía">Hospital Ramos Mejía</a> today) and others were rented privately.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The port was quarantined and the provinces closed their borders to people or goods coming from Buenos Aires.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The municipality was unable to endure the situation, so on 13 March, thanks to a newspaper campaign started by one Evaristo Carriego (although not <a href="/wiki/Evaristo_Carriego" title="Evaristo Carriego">Evaristo Carriego</a>, the journalist and poet, as he was not born until 12 years later), thousands of neighbours congregated in the Plaza de la Victoria (<a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_Mayo" title="Plaza de Mayo">Plaza de Mayo</a> today) to design a People's Commission of public health. On the following day, it was decided that the lawyer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Roque_P%C3%A9rez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Roque Pérez (page does not exist)">José Roque Pérez</a> should be its president, with the journalist Héctor F. Varela as his deputy. Other members included the national Vice President <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Alsina" title="Adolfo Alsina">Adolfo Alsina</a>, Adolfo Argerich, the poet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Guido_y_Spano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Guido y Spano (page does not exist)">Carlos Guido y Spano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Mitre" title="Bartolomé Mitre">Bartolomé Mitre</a>, the canon Domingo César and the Irish-born priest Patricio Dillon who died in the epidemic and was named Carriego, who affirmed that <i>"Even when so many are fleeing, that there are even some who stay in this place of danger to help those who cannot get regular assistance."</i> </p><p>Among other things, the commission's function was to take charge of the streets and those who lived in places affected by the plague, and in some cases was sent to burn their belongings. The situation was more tragic when those evicted were humble immigrants unable to speak much Spanish, and were therefore unable to understand why such measures were being taken. The Italians, who were the majority of the foreigners, were in parts unjustly accused by the rest of the population of having brought the plague from Europe. Around 5,000 of them applied to the Italian consul to return, but the quotas were very small, and many of those who embarked died offshore.<sup id="cite_ref-Socorro_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Socorro-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As for the black population, they lived in miserable conditions which resulted in them being hit harder by the plague. Also, it is said that the army surrounded the zones where they lived and did not permit any movement into Barrio Norte, where the whites were trying to escape the epidemic. They died in huge numbers and were buried in mass graves.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the middle of the month there were more than 150 deaths per day, rising to 200 by 20 March. Among the dead were Luis J. de la Peña, teacher and former minister of <a href="/wiki/Justo_Jos%C3%A9_de_Urquiza" title="Justo José de Urquiza">Justo José de Urquiza</a>, the former Deputy Juan Agustín García, the doctor Ventura Bosch, and the painter <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Rawson" title="Franklin Rawson">Franklin Rawson</a>. Others who died were the doctors <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Mu%C3%B1iz" title="Francisco Javier Muñiz">Francisco Javier Muñiz</a>, Carlos Keen, Adolfo Argerich and, on 24 March, the aforementioned president of the People's Commission José Roque Pérez, who had written his will upon taking office because of the certainty of catching the plague and dying. The president Sarmiento and his deputy, Adolfo Alsina, abandoned the city. </p><p>As the national and provincial authorities fled the city, the secular and regular clergy remained in their posts and conformed to their evangelical mandate, to help the sick and dying in their homes, and the Sisters of Charity stopped their teaching in order to work in the hospitals instead, although this was hushed up by the anticlerical writers of the time. However the fact is highlighted by Mardoqueo Navarro in his diary, that it was as the Sephardic Mosaic cult had taught. Of the 292 city priests, 22% died, compared to the 12 doctors, 2 practitioners, 4 members of the People's Commission and 22 members of the Council for Public Hygiene, as given by Jorge Ignacio García Cuerva in his writing.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monumento_a_las_v%C3%ADctimas_de_la_fiebre_amarilla_(Buenos_Aires).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Monumento_a_las_v%C3%ADctimas_de_la_fiebre_amarilla_%28Buenos_Aires%29.jpg/170px-Monumento_a_las_v%C3%ADctimas_de_la_fiebre_amarilla_%28Buenos_Aires%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Monumento_a_las_v%C3%ADctimas_de_la_fiebre_amarilla_%28Buenos_Aires%29.jpg/255px-Monumento_a_las_v%C3%ADctimas_de_la_fiebre_amarilla_%28Buenos_Aires%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Monumento_a_las_v%C3%ADctimas_de_la_fiebre_amarilla_%28Buenos_Aires%29.jpg/340px-Monumento_a_las_v%C3%ADctimas_de_la_fiebre_amarilla_%28Buenos_Aires%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1446" data-file-height="1795" /></a><figcaption>The monument erected in 1873 to the victims of the yellow fever epidemic of 1871, in the centre of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parque_Ameghino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parque Ameghino (page does not exist)">Parque Ameghino</a>, in the neighbourhood of <a href="/wiki/Parque_Patricios" title="Parque Patricios">Parque Patricios</a>, Buenos Aires (By Manuel Ferrari)</figcaption></figure> <p>There is only one plaque on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parque_Florentina_Ameghino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parque Florentina Ameghino (page does not exist)">Parque Florentina Ameghino</a> Monument which records the victims buried there, listing 21 with the title <i>priest</i> and 2 titled <i>Sister of Charity</i>. The Order of Sisters of Charity added reinforcements from France to help with the emergency, and also others from their congregations. The fever took 7 of these nuns.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Their parishioners were the doctors, the affected people and the workers of the People's Parish Commission. Municipal regulations obliged the priests to issue grave licences and medical certificates in addition to their evangelical work. As Ruiz Moreno points out in <i>The historical plague of 1871</i>, the priests weren't let off. </p><p>The city only had 40 funeral carriages so coffins were piled up in corners waiting for the carriages to pick them up as they travelled along their fixed routes. Due to the huge demand, they added the Plaza carriages, who charged excessively. There was the same problem with daily prices of medicines, which in reality weren't much help for relieving the symptoms. Each day there were more deaths, including the carpenters, so they stopped making coffins from wood and started wrapping the corpses in drapes instead. For the rest, the garbage carts were called into funeral service and they began using mass graves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Looting and assaults on citizens increased. There were even cases where thieves disguised themselves as invalids, to gain entrance to hospitals. They formed Commission No. 14, under Comisario Lisandro Suárez, to combat the incessant criminal activity. They patrolled the streets day and night, padlocking the street doors of the San Telmo houses abandoned in a rush by their owners, and the keys were delivered to the Chief of Police. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cementerio_chacarita_1886.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Cementerio_chacarita_1886.jpg/220px-Cementerio_chacarita_1886.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Cementerio_chacarita_1886.jpg/330px-Cementerio_chacarita_1886.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Cementerio_chacarita_1886.jpg/440px-Cementerio_chacarita_1886.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>La Chacarita Cemetery was opened in 1871 after the capacity of the existing cemetery in Parque Patricios was overwhelmed</figcaption></figure> <p>In the South Cemetery, situated at the entrance to what is now <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parque_Ameghino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parque Ameghino (page does not exist)">Parque Ameghino</a> in the Avenida Caseros, the capacity of 2,300 was overwhelmed. So the municipal government acquired seven hectares in the Chacarita de los Colegiales where the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parque_Los_Andes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parque Los Andes (page does not exist)">Parque Los Andes</a> is today, which has been <a href="/wiki/La_Chacarita_Cemetery" title="La Chacarita Cemetery">La Chacarita Cemetery</a> since 1886. On 4 April 400 invalids died, and the administrator of that cemetery informed the members of the People's Commission that they had 630 corpses without graves, with others being found by the wayside, and 12 of their gravediggers had died. Then the knights Hector Varela, Carlos Guido Spano, and Manuel Bilbao among others took the decision to officiate at burials and rescued anyone from the mass graves who still showed signs of life, including a richly-dressed French lady. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tranv%C3%ADa_f%C3%BAnebre_-_exterior_(Lacroze_-_Tramway_Rural).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tranv%C3%ADa_f%C3%BAnebre_-_exterior_%28Lacroze_-_Tramway_Rural%29.png/197px-Tranv%C3%ADa_f%C3%BAnebre_-_exterior_%28Lacroze_-_Tramway_Rural%29.png" decoding="async" width="197" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tranv%C3%ADa_f%C3%BAnebre_-_exterior_%28Lacroze_-_Tramway_Rural%29.png/296px-Tranv%C3%ADa_f%C3%BAnebre_-_exterior_%28Lacroze_-_Tramway_Rural%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tranv%C3%ADa_f%C3%BAnebre_-_exterior_%28Lacroze_-_Tramway_Rural%29.png/394px-Tranv%C3%ADa_f%C3%BAnebre_-_exterior_%28Lacroze_-_Tramway_Rural%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2152" data-file-height="1416" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:189px;max-width:189px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Archivo_General_de_la_Naci%C3%B3n_Argentina_1857_Buenos_Aires,_primer_viaje_en_tren_en_la_Argentina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Archivo_General_de_la_Naci%C3%B3n_Argentina_1857_Buenos_Aires%2C_primer_viaje_en_tren_en_la_Argentina.jpg/187px-Archivo_General_de_la_Naci%C3%B3n_Argentina_1857_Buenos_Aires%2C_primer_viaje_en_tren_en_la_Argentina.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Archivo_General_de_la_Naci%C3%B3n_Argentina_1857_Buenos_Aires%2C_primer_viaje_en_tren_en_la_Argentina.jpg/281px-Archivo_General_de_la_Naci%C3%B3n_Argentina_1857_Buenos_Aires%2C_primer_viaje_en_tren_en_la_Argentina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Archivo_General_de_la_Naci%C3%B3n_Argentina_1857_Buenos_Aires%2C_primer_viaje_en_tren_en_la_Argentina.jpg/374px-Archivo_General_de_la_Naci%C3%B3n_Argentina_1857_Buenos_Aires%2C_primer_viaje_en_tren_en_la_Argentina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2105" data-file-height="1456" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Rolling stock used to transport coffins to the cemetery: "Tramway Rural" coaches (left) were pulled by <i>La Porteña</i> locomotive (right)</div></div></div></div> <p>On 9–11 April over 500 deaths were registered daily, reaching the peak of the epidemic on 10 April with 583 deaths, compared to the normal rate before the epidemic of around 20 deaths per day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Western_Railway" title="Buenos Aires Western Railway">Buenos Aires Western Railway</a> extended a line from the <a href="/wiki/Avenida_Corrientes" title="Avenida Corrientes">Avenida Corrientes</a> down to the cemetery and started running a train for the dead, with two journeys a day solely for transporting the dead. The track started at the station <i>Bermejo</i>, located in the southwest corner of the street of the same name (<i>Jean Jaurés</i> today) where it joined the avenue. There were two other corpse pick-up points in addition to the one at Bermejo. These were at the southwest corner of Corrintes with Medrano, and the southeast corner of Corrientes with Scalabrini Ortiz (now called Camino Minisro Inglés). </p><p>The authorities who had not abandoned the city provided railway wagons as emergency living quarters in what is now <a href="/wiki/Greater_Buenos_Aires" title="Greater Buenos Aires">Greater Buenos Aires</a> and offered people free tickets to get out there. The People's Commission recommended that people should leave <i>as soon as possible</i>. </p><p>On the aforementioned date of peak death, 10 April, the National and Provincial government decreed a holiday until the end of the month, which in reality was no more than official recognition of what was actually happening. </p><p>Then the count began to descend, perhaps helped by the first frosts of winter, falling to 89, but at the end of the month there was a new peak of 161, probably caused by the return of some people from the earlier evacuation. This in turn led to a new flight. The month ended with a total of 8,000 deaths. </p><p>The deaths reduced during May, and by the middle of that month the city had returned to normal activity, and by the 20th the Commission ended their activity. On 2 June, there wasn't a single case registered.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The scourge of black vomit never returned to the city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_consequences">The consequences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yellow_fever_in_Buenos_Aires&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In total, 60 priests, 12 doctors (including some with a distinguished career such as Manuel Argerich and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Mu%C3%B1iz" title="Francisco Javier Muñiz">Francisco Javier Muñiz</a>), 22 members of the Commission of Hygiene and 4 of the People's Commission gave their lives for their citizens.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It's difficult to establish the precise number of deaths caused by the fever, but it's fairly certain to be between 13,500 and 26,200. The count considered as official is the one given by the <i>Revista Médico Quirúrgica</i> by the <i>Bonaerense Medical Association</i> who said there had been 13,641 deaths. They in turn had taken the figure from Mardoqueo Navarro, a witness to the tragedy who wrote it in his personal diary. His account was used by the historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Scenna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel Ángel Scenna (page does not exist)">Miguel Ángel Scenna</a>. Mardoqueo also counted the nationalities of the dead: 3,397 Argentinians, 6,201 Italians, 1,608 Spanish, 1,384 French, 220 English, 233 Germans, 571 unidentified.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Dr Penna, who collated the registers of the cemeteries (including those from Parque Ameghino, where there were graves of 11,000 people), the correct figure is 14,467. The English newspaper <i>The Standard</i> published a count of 26,000 dead, which is considered an exaggeration and provoked indignation.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many historians consider that this epidemic was one of the main causes of the reduction of the Black population in Buenos Aires,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because they mostly lived in the miserable conditions in the south of the city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many lawsuits began, related to wills suspected of being forged by criminals looking to make their fortune at the expense of the true heirs. Other cases involved the abandoned houses that thieves had broken into.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The flight of the population caused the failure of most public and private establishments. </p><p>On 21 June the first Order of Argentinian Knights was founded, called the <i>Iron Cross of the Knights of the Order of Martyrs</i>, and was awarded to those who had helped the victims of the plague. </p><p>Awareness grew of the urgency of establishing a solution to the problem of obtaining and distributing water clean enough to drink. In 1869, the English engineer John F. La Trobe Bateman had presented a project of running water, sewers and drains, which enhanced a previous proposal of the engineer <a href="/wiki/John_Coghlan_(engineer)" title="John Coghlan (engineer)">John Coghlan</a>. These were put into practice and in 1874 Batement started construction of the network, which by 1880 provided water to a quarter of the city. In 1873 he started construction of the sewage works. In 1875, the collection of waste was centralised with the creation of rubbish dumps. Until then, most people had just thrown all their waste into ditches and streams.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Blanes" title="Juan Manuel Blanes">Juan Manuel Blanes</a>, the Uruguayan painter who lived in Buenos Aires, painted an oil on canvas (currently in <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a>) called <i>The Episode of the Yellow Fever</i>, reproduced in this article, inspired by one done during the tragedy, probably on 17 March 1871 in Balcarce Street. In it we see a woman (Ana Bristani), dead of the fever, lying across the floor of a tenement. Her son, a baby of a few months, searches for his mother's breast. His father's corpse lies on a bed on the right. The door is open and through it you can see the doctors Roque Pérez (centre) and Manuel Argerich (on the right) entering the room. They were members of the People's Commission who themselves died of the fever. The famous picture became an emotional tribute to those who gave their own lives trying to save those of their citizens.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Enrique_Hudson" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillermo Enrique Hudson">Guillermo Enrique Hudson</a>, the naturalist and writer born in Argentina, wrote a story in 1888 called "Ralph Herne", which goes through the epidemic of 1871. In it he relates the following description: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...But the years of peace and prosperity did not delete the memory of that terrible period when during three long months the shadow of the Angel of Death extended over the city of the nice name, when the daily harvest of victims were thrown together—old and young, rich and poor, virtuous and villains—to mix their bones in a communal grave, when each day the echo of footsteps interrupted the silence less often, when like the past the streets became "desolate and grassy".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1884, fearing the appearance of a new outbreak, the doctors <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Ramos_Mej%C3%ADa" title="José María Ramos Mejía">José María Ramos Mejía</a>, director of public assistance, and José Penna, director of the Casa de Aislamiento (now the <a href="/wiki/Hospital_Mu%C3%B1iz" title="Hospital Muñiz">Hospital Muñiz</a>), decided to cremate the body of a Pedro Doime, who had been affected by the yellow fever. That was the first cremation to take place in Buenos Aires.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only one monument, erected in 1899, exists today in the city to commemorate the victims of the worst tragedy, in terms of number of victims, to hit Buenos Aires. It is situated in what was the South Cemetery, which as we have said is now Ameghino Park, in the place where the cemetery administration took place. One of the inscriptions there reads: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The people of Buenos Aires who fell victim due to the yellow fever epidemic of 1871.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yellow_fever_in_Buenos_Aires&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable people who died during the epidemic were:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinforoso_Amoedo" title="Sinforoso Amoedo">Sinforoso Amoedo</a>, MD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Argerich" title="Manuel Argerich">Manuel Argerich</a>, MD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucio_Norberto_Mansilla" title="Lucio Norberto Mansilla">Lucio Norberto Mansilla</a>, general and governor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Mu%C3%B1iz" title="Francisco Javier Muñiz">Francisco Javier Muñiz</a>, MD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Rawson" title="Franklin Rawson">Franklin Rawson</a>, painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Tornquist" title="Ernesto Tornquist">Ernesto Tornquist</a>, entrepreneur</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yellow_fever_in_Buenos_Aires&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epidemics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of epidemics">List of epidemics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yellow_fever_in_Buenos_Aires&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buenosaires.gob.ar/areas/med_ambiente/apra/riachuelo/?seccion=4">Historia ambiental del Riachuelo</a> on GCBA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Persona-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Persona_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Persona_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited in: Howlin, Diego (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revistapersona.com.ar/Persona34/34DHowlin.htm">"Vómito Negro, Historia de la fiebre amarilla, en Buenos Aires de 1871"</a>, <i>Revista Persona</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cantón, Eliseo. <i>Historia de la Universidad de Buenos Aires</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Citado en <i>Crónica Histórica Argentina</i>, Tomo IV, Ed. CODEX (ver detalle en bibliografía)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Socorro-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Socorro_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">citado en <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aadhhos.org.ar/OrgSocorro/07/Contenido07.htm"><i>Historia de las Organizaciones de Socorro, La epidemia en Buenos Aires</i> de Ángel Jankilevich.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.argenpress.info/notaold.asp?num=000240">Argenpress: <i>El genocidio negro en la Argentina</i>, por Lucas Fernández</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2053576"><i>La Iglesia en Buenos Aires durante la epidemia de fiebre amarilla de 1871 según el Diario de la epidemia de Mardoqueo Navarro</i>, de Jorge Ignacio García Cuerva.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greywall.demon.co.uk/genealogy/yfever/index.html">"The Yellow Fever Outbreak of 1871"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Yellow+Fever+Outbreak+of+1871&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greywall.demon.co.uk%2Fgenealogy%2Fyfever%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYellow+fever+in+Buenos+Aires" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cifras extraídas de <i>Buenos Aires: Sencilla Historia, La Trinidad</i>, pág 184, de J.A.Luqui Lagleyze, (ver detalle en bibliografía)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález_Arzac1974" class="citation book cs1">González Arzac, Alberto (1974). <i>La esclavitud en la Argentina</i>. Polémica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+esclavitud+en+la+Argentina&rft.pub=Pol%C3%A9mica&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Arzac&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYellow+fever+in+Buenos+Aires" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Buenos Aires negra, arqueología histórica de una ciudad silenciada</i>. Emecé. 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/950-04-2459-2" title="Special:BookSources/950-04-2459-2"><bdi>950-04-2459-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buenos+Aires+negra%2C+arqueolog%C3%ADa+hist%C3%B3rica+de+una+ciudad+silenciada.&rft.pub=Emec%C3%A9&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=950-04-2459-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYellow+fever+in+Buenos+Aires" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW.H.Huson_(translated_into_Spanish_by_Alicia_Jurado)2006" class="citation book cs1">W.H.Huson (translated into Spanish by <a href="/wiki/Alicia_Jurado" title="Alicia Jurado">Alicia Jurado</a>) (2006). <i>Ralph Herne</i>. Letemendia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/987-1316-03-8" title="Special:BookSources/987-1316-03-8"><bdi>987-1316-03-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ralph+Herne&rft.pub=Letemendia&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=987-1316-03-8&rft.au=W.H.Huson+%28translated+into+Spanish+by+Alicia+Jurado%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYellow+fever+in+Buenos+Aires" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZigiotto2008" class="citation book cs1">Zigiotto, Diego M. (2008). <i>Las mil y una curiosidades de Buenos Aires, (pág 111)</i>. Grupo Norma. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-987-545-483-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-987-545-483-5"><bdi>978-987-545-483-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Las+mil+y+una+curiosidades+de+Buenos+Aires%2C+%28p%C3%A1g+111%29&rft.pub=Grupo+Norma&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-987-545-483-5&rft.aulast=Zigiotto&rft.aufirst=Diego+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYellow+fever+in+Buenos+Aires" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yellow_fever_in_Buenos_Aires&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Navarro, Mardoqueo. "Diario de la Epidemia". Published in April 1894 in <i>Anales del Departamento Nacional de Higiene</i>, nº 15, vol. IV, under the title <i>Fiebre Amarilla, 10 de abril de 1871</i>.</li> <li><i>Crónica Histórica Argentina</i> (1968), vol. IV. Buenos Aires: Codex</li> <li>Romero, José Luis y Luis Alberto Romero (1983). <i>Buenos Aires, historia de cuatro siglos</i>. Buenos Aires: Abril.</li> <li>A. Luqui Lagleyze, Julio A. (1998). <i>Buenos Aires: Sencilla Historia</i>. La Trinidad, Librerías Turísticas. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/950-99400-8-9" title="Special:BookSources/950-99400-8-9">950-99400-8-9</a>.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Epidemics" title="Template:Epidemics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Epidemics" title="Template talk:Epidemics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Epidemics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Epidemics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pandemics,_epidemics_and_notable_disease_outbreaks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemics</a> and notable <a href="/wiki/Disease_outbreak" title="Disease outbreak">disease outbreaks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epidemics_and_pandemics" title="List of epidemics and pandemics">List of epidemics and pandemics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_plague" title="Hittite plague">Hittite plague</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1330</span> BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Athens" title="Plague of Athens">Plague of Athens</a> (429–426 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonine_Plague" title="Antonine Plague">Antonine Plague</a> (165–180 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Cyprian" title="Plague of Cyprian">Plague of Cyprian</a> (250–266)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-<br />classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian" title="Plague of Justinian">Plague of Justinian</a> (541–542)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Plague_of_590" title="Roman Plague of 590">Roman Plague</a> (590)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Sheroe" title="Plague of Sheroe">Plague of Sheroe</a> (627–628)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Amwas" title="Plague of Amwas">Plague of Amwas</a> (638–639)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_664" title="Plague of 664">Plague of 664</a> (664–689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/735%E2%80%93737_Japanese_smallpox_epidemic" title="735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic">Japanese smallpox</a> (735–737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> (1346–1353)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweating_sickness" title="Sweating sickness">Sweating sickness</a> (1485–1551)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early<br />modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1510_influenza_pandemic" title="1510 influenza pandemic">Influenza pandemic</a> (1510)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_smallpox_in_Mexico" title="History of smallpox in Mexico">Mexican smallpox</a> (1520)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoliztli_epidemics" title="Cocoliztli epidemics">"Cocoliztli" epidemics in colonial Mexico</a> (1545, 1576)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1557_influenza_pandemic" title="1557 influenza pandemic">Influenza pandemic</a> (1557–1559)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1563_London_plague" title="1563 London plague">London plague</a> (1563–1564)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1592%E2%80%931593_Malta_plague_epidemic" title="1592–1593 Malta plague epidemic">Maltese plague</a> (1592–1593)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1592%E2%80%931593_London_plague" title="1592–1593 London plague">London plague</a> (1592–1593)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1603_London_plague" title="1603 London plague">London plague</a> (1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1623_Malta_plague_outbreak" title="1623 Malta plague outbreak">Maltese plague</a> (1623)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1629%E2%80%931631_Italian_plague" title="1629–1631 Italian plague">Italian plague</a> (1629–1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_smallpox_epidemic" title="Massachusetts smallpox epidemic">Massachusetts smallpox</a> (1633)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_in_the_late_Ming_dynasty" title="Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty">Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty</a> (1633–1644)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Seville" title="Great Plague of Seville">Great Plague of Seville</a> (1647–1652)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1655_Malta_plague_outbreak" title="1655 Malta plague outbreak">Maltese plague</a> (1655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples_Plague_(1656)" title="Naples Plague (1656)">Naples Plague</a> (1656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London" title="Great Plague of London">Great Plague of London</a> (1665–1666)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1675%E2%80%931676_Malta_plague_epidemic" title="1675–1676 Malta plague epidemic">Maltese plague</a> (1675–1676)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Vienna" title="Great Plague of Vienna">Great Plague of Vienna</a> (1679)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1707%E2%80%9308_Iceland_smallpox_epidemic" title="1707–08 Iceland smallpox epidemic">Iceland smallpox epidemic</a> (1707–1708)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak" title="Great Northern War plague outbreak">Great Northern War plague</a> (1710–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Marseille" title="Great Plague of Marseille">Great Plague of Marseille</a> (1720–1722)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_1738" title="Great Plague of 1738">Great Plague of 1738</a> (1738)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1770%E2%80%931772_Russian_plague" title="1770–1772 Russian plague">Russian plague</a> (1770–1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1772%E2%80%931773_Persian_Plague" title="1772–1773 Persian Plague">Persian Plague</a> (1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1775%E2%80%931782_North_American_smallpox_epidemic" title="1775–1782 North American smallpox epidemic">North American smallpox</a> (1780–1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1793_Philadelphia_yellow_fever_epidemic" title="1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic">Philadelphia yellow fever</a> (1793–1798)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1812%E2%80%931819_Ottoman_plague_epidemic" title="1812–1819 Ottoman plague epidemic">Ottoman plague</a> (1812–1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1813%E2%80%931814_Malta_plague_epidemic" title="1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic">Maltese plague</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caragea%27s_plague" title="Caragea's plague">Caragea's plague</a> (1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen_epidemic" title="Groningen epidemic">Groningen epidemic</a> (1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1837_Great_Plains_smallpox_epidemic" title="1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic">Great Plains smallpox</a> (1837–1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1847_North_American_typhus_epidemic" title="1847 North American typhus epidemic">Typhus</a> (1847–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1853_Copenhagen_cholera_outbreak" title="1853 Copenhagen cholera outbreak">Copenhagen cholera</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1853_Stockholm_cholera_outbreak" title="1853 Stockholm cholera outbreak">Stockholm cholera</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1854_Broad_Street_cholera_outbreak" title="1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak">Broad Street cholera</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Guam_smallpox_epidemic" title="1856 Guam smallpox epidemic">Guam smallpox</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1862_Pacific_Northwest_smallpox_epidemic" title="1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic">Pacific Northwest smallpox</a> (1862–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Barcelona_yellow_fever_epidemic" title="1870 Barcelona yellow fever epidemic">Barcelona yellow fever</a> (1870)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buenos Aires yellow fever</a> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1894_Hong_Kong_plague" title="1894 Hong Kong plague">Hong Kong plague</a> (1894)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_plague_of_1900%E2%80%931904" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco plague of 1900–1904">San Francisco plague</a> (1900–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_plague" title="Manchurian plague">Manchurian plague</a> (1910–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Los_Angeles_pneumonic_plague_outbreak" title="1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak">LA pneumonic plague</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croydon_typhoid_outbreak_of_1937" class="mw-redirect" title="Croydon typhoid outbreak of 1937">Croydon typhoid</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_New_York_City_smallpox_outbreak" title="1947 New York City smallpox outbreak">NYC smallpox</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_smallpox_epidemic_in_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="1963 smallpox epidemic in Wrocław">Wrocław smallpox</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Yugoslav_smallpox_outbreak" title="1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak">Yugoslav smallpox</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_flu" title="London flu">London flu</a> (1972–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_smallpox_epidemic_in_India" title="1974 smallpox epidemic in India">Indian smallpox</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_plague_in_India" title="1994 plague in India">Surat plague</a> (1994)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%931999_Malaysia_Nipah_virus_outbreak" title="1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak">Malaysian Nipah virus</a> (1998–1999)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak" title="2002–2004 SARS outbreak">SARS</a> (2002–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Midwest_monkeypox_outbreak" title="2003 Midwest monkeypox outbreak">Midwest monkeypox</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">Bird flu</a> (2003–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_dengue_outbreak_in_Singapore" title="2005 dengue outbreak in Singapore">Singaporean dengue</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_dengue_outbreak_in_India" title="2006 dengue outbreak in India">Indian dengue</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_chikungunya" title="Epidemiology of chikungunya">Chikungunya outbreaks</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_dengue_outbreak_in_Pakistan" title="2006 dengue outbreak in Pakistan">Pakistani dengue</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Iraq_cholera_outbreak" title="2007 Iraq cholera outbreak">Iraqi cholera</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Zimbabwean_cholera_outbreak" title="2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak">Zimbabwean cholera</a> (2008–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_century_Madagascar_plague_outbreaks" class="mw-redirect" title="21st century Madagascar plague outbreaks">Madagascar plague</a> (2008–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Bolivian_dengue_fever_epidemic" title="2009 Bolivian dengue fever epidemic">Bolivian dengue</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Gujarat_hepatitis_outbreak" title="2009 Gujarat hepatitis outbreak">Gujarat hepatitis</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%932010_West_African_meningitis_outbreak" title="2009–2010 West African meningitis outbreak">Western African meningitis</a> (2009–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_Haiti_cholera_outbreak" title="2010s Haiti cholera outbreak">Haiti cholera</a> (2010–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_dengue_outbreak_in_Pakistan" title="2011 dengue outbreak in Pakistan">Pakistani dengue</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_yellow_fever_outbreak_in_Darfur,_Sudan" title="2012 yellow fever outbreak in Darfur, Sudan">Darfur yellow fever</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_MERS_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 MERS outbreak">MERS</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_dengue_outbreak_in_Singapore" title="2013 dengue outbreak in Singapore">Singaporean dengue</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Swansea_measles_epidemic" title="2013 Swansea measles epidemic">Swansea measles</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932014_chikungunya_outbreak" title="2013–2014 chikungunya outbreak">Chikungunya</a> (2013–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western African Ebola virus epidemic">Western African Ebola</a> (2013–2016)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_Ebola_virus_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak">DR Congo Ebola</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_century_Madagascar_plague_outbreaks" class="mw-redirect" title="21st century Madagascar plague outbreaks">Madagascar plague</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Odisha_hepatitis_outbreak" title="2014 Odisha hepatitis outbreak">Odisha hepatitis</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_eradication#2011–2015" title="Polio eradication">Polio declaration</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Indian_swine_flu_outbreak" title="2015 Indian swine flu outbreak">Indian swine flu</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_MERS_outbreak_in_South_Korea" title="2015 MERS outbreak in South Korea">South Korean MERS</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Zika_virus_epidemic" title="2015–16 Zika virus epidemic">Zika</a> (2015–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Angola_and_DR_Congo_yellow_fever_outbreak" title="2016 Angola and DR Congo yellow fever outbreak">Angolan yellow fever</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932022_Yemen_cholera_outbreak" title="2016–2022 Yemen cholera outbreak">Yemeni cholera</a> (2016–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Gorakhpur_hospital_deaths" title="2017 Gorakhpur hospital deaths">Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis</a> (2017)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_MERS_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 MERS outbreak">Saudi Arabian MERS</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipah_virus_outbreaks_in_Kerala#2018_outbreak" title="Nipah virus outbreaks in Kerala">Kerala Nipah virus</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_%C3%89quateur_province_Ebola_outbreak" title="2018 Équateur province Ebola outbreak">Équateur province Ebola</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_Ebola_epidemic" title="Kivu Ebola epidemic">Kivu Ebola</a> (2018–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Madagascar_measles_outbreak" title="2018 Madagascar measles outbreak">Madagascar measles</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Samoa_measles_outbreak" title="2019 Samoa measles outbreak">Samoa measles</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_measles_outbreak_in_the_Philippines" title="2019 measles outbreak in the Philippines">Philippine measles</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Pacific_Northwest_measles_outbreak" title="2019 Pacific Northwest measles outbreak">Pacific NW measles</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_New_York_measles_outbreak" title="2019 New York measles outbreak">New York measles</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Kuala_Koh_measles_outbreak" title="2019 Kuala Koh measles outbreak">Kuala Koh measles</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Tonga_measles_outbreak" title="2019 Tonga measles outbreak">Tonga measles</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_measles_outbreak_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="2019–2020 measles outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">DRC measles</a> (2019–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_New_Zealand_measles_outbreak" title="2019–2020 New Zealand measles outbreak">New Zealand measles</a> (2019–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_dengue_outbreak_in_Singapore" title="2020 dengue outbreak in Singapore">Singaporean dengue</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022-2023_Uganda_Ebola_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2022-2023 Uganda Ebola outbreak">Uganda Ebola</a> (2022–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_dengue_outbreak_in_Jamaica" title="2023 dengue outbreak in Jamaica">Jamaica dengue</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%932024_Bangsamoro_measles_outbreak" title="2023–2024 Bangsamoro measles outbreak">Bangsamoro measles</a> (2023–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_dengue_outbreak_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="2024 dengue outbreak in Latin America and the Caribbean">2024 Latin American dengue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_dengue_epidemic_in_Argentina" title="2024 dengue epidemic in Argentina">Argentina</a> (2024)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_plague_pandemic" title="First plague pandemic">First plague pandemic</a> (541–767)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_plague_pandemic" title="Second plague pandemic">Second plague pandemic</a> (1348–19th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1510_influenza_pandemic" title="1510 influenza pandemic">Influenza pandemic</a> (1510)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1557_influenza_pandemic" title="1557 influenza pandemic">Influenza pandemic</a> (1557–1559)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1817%E2%80%931824_cholera_pandemic" title="1817–1824 cholera pandemic">First cholera pandemic</a> (1816–1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1826%E2%80%931837_cholera_pandemic" title="1826–1837 cholera pandemic">Second cholera pandemic</a> (1829–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1846%E2%80%931860_cholera_pandemic" title="1846–1860 cholera pandemic">Third cholera pandemic</a> (1852–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_plague_pandemic" title="Third plague pandemic">Third plague pandemic</a> (1855–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863%E2%80%931875_cholera_pandemic" title="1863–1875 cholera pandemic">Fourth cholera pandemic</a> (1863–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881%E2%80%931896_cholera_pandemic" title="1881–1896 cholera pandemic">Fifth cholera pandemic</a> (1881–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1889%E2%80%931890_pandemic" title="1889–1890 pandemic">Russian flu</a> (1889–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic" title="1899–1923 cholera pandemic">Sixth cholera pandemic</a> (1899–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919%E2%80%931930_encephalitis_lethargica_epidemic" title="1919–1930 encephalitis lethargica epidemic">encephalitis lethargica epidemic</a> (1919–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957%E2%80%931958_influenza_pandemic" title="1957–1958 influenza pandemic">Asian flu</a> (1957–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_cholera_pandemic" title="Seventh cholera pandemic">Seventh cholera pandemic</a> (1961–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_flu" title="Hong Kong flu">Hong Kong flu</a> 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