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War</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حرب البارونات الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب البارونات الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka_baron%C5%AF" title="Druhá válka baronů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Druhá válka baronů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweiter_Krieg_der_Barone" title="Zweiter Krieg der Barone – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zweiter Krieg der Barone" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Δεύτερος πόλεμος των βαρώνων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δεύτερος πόλεμος των βαρώνων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_guerra_de_los_Barones" title="Segunda guerra de los Barones – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Segunda guerra de los Barones" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="دومین جنگ بارون‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دومین جنگ بارون‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconde_guerre_des_Barons" title="Seconde guerre des Barons – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Seconde guerre des Barons" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Երկրորդ բարոնական պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկրորդ բարոնական պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Baron_Kedua" title="Perang Baron Kedua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Baron Kedua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_guerra_dei_baroni" title="Seconda guerra dei baroni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Seconda guerra dei baroni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="מלחמת הברונים השנייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת הברונים השנייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otrais_Baronu_kar%C5%A1" title="Otrais Baronu karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Otrais Baronu karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E3%83%90%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="第二次バロン戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第二次バロン戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druga_wojna_baron%C3%B3w" title="Druga wojna baronów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Druga wojna baronów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_dos_Bar%C3%B5es" title="Segunda Guerra dos Barões – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Segunda Guerra dos Barões" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вторая баронская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вторая баронская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Други баронски рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Други баронски рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="สงครามขุนนางครั้งที่สอง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามขุนนางครั้งที่สอง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Друга баронська війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Друга баронська війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1264–67 civil war in England</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Second Barons' War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_War_in_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Civil_War_in_England.jpg/220px-Civil_War_in_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Civil_War_in_England.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="279" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1264–1267</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">England, Wales</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Royalist victory </p> <ul><li>Capture and imprisonment of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">King Henry III</a> by baronial forces</li> <li>Establishment of de facto Protectorate ruled by <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort%27s_Parliament" title="Simon de Montfort's Parliament">Simon de Montfort's Parliament</a> until 1265</li> <li>Restoration of royal authority in 1266</li> <li>Peace treaty agreed with <a href="/wiki/Dictum_of_Kenilworth" title="Dictum of Kenilworth">Dictum of Kenilworth</a> in 1267</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Marlborough" title="Statute of Marlborough">Statute of Marlborough</a> issued in 1267; legal confirmation of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Parliament</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Royal forces</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Baronial forces</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">King Henry III</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Prince Edward</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Crouchback" title="Edmund Crouchback">Prince Edmund</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Cornwall" title="Richard of Cornwall">Richard of Cornwall</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Almain" title="Henry of Almain">Henry of Almain</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_Clare,_7th_Earl_of_Gloucester" title="Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester">Gilbert de Clare</a> <small>(from May 1265)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_de_Bohun,_2nd_Earl_of_Hereford" title="Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford">Humphrey de Bohun</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_de_Warenne,_6th_Earl_of_Surrey" title="John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey">John de Warenne</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_de_Valence,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="William de Valence, 1st Earl of Pembroke">William de Valence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Roger_Mortimer,_1st_Baron_Mortimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer">Roger Mortimer</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_6th_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester">Simon de Montfort</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_Clare,_7th_Earl_of_Gloucester" title="Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester">Gilbert de Clare</a> <small>(until May 1265)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Montfort" title="Henry de Montfort">Henry de Montfort</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Montfort,_Count_of_Nola" title="Guy de Montfort, Count of Nola">Guy de Montfort</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort_the_Younger" title="Simon de Montfort the Younger">Simon de Montfort the Younger</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Peter_de_Montfort" title="Peter de Montfort">Peter de Montfort</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_de_Segrave,_1st_Baron_Segrave" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas de Segrave, 1st Baron Segrave">Nicholas de Segrave</a><br />Humphrey (V) de Bohun<br /><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Despenser_(justiciar)" title="Hugh Despenser (justiciar)">Hugh le Despenser</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_England" title="Category:History of England">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="">Wars of <a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages#House_of_Plantagenet" title="England in the Late Middle Ages">Plantagenet England</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Banner_of_England.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal Banner of the Kingdom"><img alt="Royal Banner of the Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Royal_Banner_of_England.svg/200px-Royal_Banner_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Royal_Banner_of_England.svg/300px-Royal_Banner_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Royal_Banner_of_England.svg/400px-Royal_Banner_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="861" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other wars</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_1173%E2%80%931174" title="Revolt of 1173–1174">Revolt of 1173–1174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Barons' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><b><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Wars" title="Anglo-French Wars">Anglo-French Wars</a></b></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Capetian%E2%80%93Plantagenet_rivalry" class="mw-redirect" title="Capetian–Plantagenet rivalry">Capetian–Plantagenet rivalry</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Normandy_(1202%E2%80%931204)" class="mw-redirect" title="French invasion of Normandy (1202–1204)">French invasion of Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1213%E2%80%931214)" title="Anglo-French War (1213–1214)">Anglo-French War of 1213–1214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Barons%27_War" title="First Barons' War">First Barons' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintonge_War" title="Saintonge War">Saintonge War</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1294%E2%80%931303)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-French War (1294–1303)">Anglo-French War of 1294–1303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Saint-Sardos" title="War of Saint-Sardos">War of Saint-Sardos</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1337%E2%80%931360" title="Hundred Years' War, 1337–1360">Edwardian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Breton_Succession" title="War of the Breton Succession">War of the Breton Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1369%E2%80%931389" title="Hundred Years' War, 1369–1389">Caroline War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1415%E2%80%931453" title="Hundred Years' War, 1415–1453">Lancastrian War</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglo-Welsh_wars" title="List of Anglo-Welsh wars">Anglo-Welsh wars</a></b></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_uprising_of_1211" title="Welsh uprising of 1211">Welsh uprising of 1211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I" title="Conquest of Wales by Edward I">Conquest of Wales by Edward I</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><b><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Scottish Independence</a></b></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_War_of_Scottish_Independence" title="First War of Scottish Independence">First War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_War_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Second War of Scottish Independence">Second War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wars_of_Plantagenet_England" title="Template:Wars of Plantagenet England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wars_of_Plantagenet_England" title="Template talk:Wars of Plantagenet England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wars_of_Plantagenet_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wars of Plantagenet England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Second Barons' War</b> (1264–1267) was a <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> between the forces of barons led by <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_6th_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester">Simon de Montfort</a> against the royalist forces of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">King Henry III</a>, led initially by the king himself and later by his son, the future <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_I" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward I">King Edward I</a>. The barons sought to force the king to rule with a council of barons, rather than through his favourites. The war also involved a series of massacres of Jews by de Montfort's supporters, including his sons <a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Montfort" title="Henry de Montfort">Henry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort_the_Younger" title="Simon de Montfort the Younger">Simon</a>, in attacks aimed at seizing and destroying evidence of baronial debts. To bolster the initial success of his baronial regime, de Montfort sought to broaden the social foundations of parliament by extending the franchise to the commons for the first time. However, after a rule of just over a year, de Montfort was killed by forces loyal to the king at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Evesham" title="Battle of Evesham">Battle of Evesham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Barons%27_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reign of Henry III is most remembered for the constitutional crisis in this period of civil strife, which was provoked ostensibly by his demands for extra finances, but marked a more general dissatisfaction with Henry's methods of government on the part of the English <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">barons</a>, discontent which was exacerbated by widespread <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>. </p><p>The French-born Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, had originally been one of the foreign upstarts so loathed by many lords as Henry's <i>foreign councillors</i>. However, having inherited through his mother the English title <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Leicester" title="Earl of Leicester">Earl of Leicester</a>, he married Henry's sister <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_England,_Countess_of_Leicester" title="Eleanor of England, Countess of Leicester">Eleanor</a> with Henry's permission, but without the agreement of the English barons (ordinarily necessary since it was a matter of state). As a result, a feud developed between de Montfort and Henry. Their relationship reached a crisis in the 1250s, when de Montfort was put on trial for actions he took as lieutenant of <a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a>, the last remaining <a href="/wiki/Plantagenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantagenet">Plantagenet</a> lands across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>. </p><p>During the reigns of John and Henry III, the Crown periodically raised punitive taxation on the Jews, causing moneylenders to sell their debt bonds cheaply to raise cash to pay their taxes. The bonds were sold to the richest courtiers and supporters of the Crown at cut down prices, leading many indebted middling landowners to lose their lands. This fed into rising anti-Semitic beliefs that were fuelled by the church. Measures against the Jews and controls over debts and usury dominated debates about royal power and finances among the classes that were beginning to be involved in Parliament, and supported de Montfort in the war. </p><p>De Montfort took advantage of the resulting rising <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> for his own benefit. The <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">alleged murder</a> of <a href="/wiki/Little_Saint_Hugh_of_Lincoln" title="Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln">Hugh of Lincoln</a> by Jews had led to the hanging of 18 Jews. Official anti-Jewish measures, sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, combined with resentment about debts among the barons gave an opportunity for de Montfort to target this group and incite rebellion by calling for the cancellation of debts owed to Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mundill2002p2554_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mundill2002p2554-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry also became embroiled in funding a war against the <a href="/wiki/Hohenstaufen" title="Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a>, on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Pope Innocent IV</a>, in return for the Hohenstaufen <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> for his second son <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Crouchback" title="Edmund Crouchback">Edmund</a>. That made many barons fearful that Henry was following in the footsteps of his father <a href="/wiki/John_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">King John</a> and needed to be kept in check like John. When Henry's treasury ran dry, Innocent withdrew the title, and by bestowing it to <a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles of Anjou">Charles of Anjou</a>, in effect negated the sale. </p><p>Simon de Montfort became leader of those who wanted to reassert <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> and force the king to surrender more power to the baronial council. In 1258, initiating the move toward reform, seven leading barons forced Henry to agree to the <a href="/wiki/Provisions_of_Oxford" title="Provisions of Oxford">Provisions of Oxford</a>, which effectively abolished the absolutist <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Anglo-Norman</a> monarchy, giving power to a council of twenty-four barons to deal with the business of government, and providing for a great council in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">parliament</a> every three years, to monitor their performance. Henry was forced to take part in the swearing of a collective oath to uphold the Provisions. </p><p>Seeking to restore his position, Henry in 1259 purchased the support of King <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1259)" title="Treaty of Paris (1259)">Treaty of Paris</a>, agreeing to accept the loss of the lands in France that had been seized from him and from his father <a href="/wiki/John_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">King John</a> by Louis and his predecessors since 1202, and to do <a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">homage</a> for those that remained in his hands. In 1261, Henry obtained a <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> releasing him from his oath, and set about reasserting his control of government. The baronial opposition responded by summoning their own Parliament and contesting control of local government, but with civil war looming they backed down and de Montfort fled to France, while the other key opposition leader, <a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Clare,_6th_Earl_of_Gloucester" title="Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester">Richard de Clare, Earl of Hertford and Gloucester</a>, switched over to the King's side. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kingston" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Kingston">Treaty of Kingston</a>, an arbitration system was agreed upon to resolve outstanding disputes between Henry and the barons, with de Clare as the initial arbiter and the option of appealing his verdicts to Louis IX. However, continued Poitevin influence and the failures and renewal of provocative policies by Henry's government soon inflamed hostility once more. The King's position was further weakened by the death of Richard de Clare and the succession of his son <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_Clare,_7th_Earl_of_Gloucester" title="Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester">Gilbert</a>, who sided with the opposition, and by the reversal of the papal annulment of his oath to uphold the Provisions. </p><p>In April 1263, Simon de Montfort returned to England and gathered a council of dissident barons at Oxford. Fighting broke out in the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Marches" title="Welsh Marches">Welsh Marches</a>, and by the autumn, both sides had raised considerable armies. De Montfort marched on London and the city rose in revolt, trapping the King and Queen at the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>. They were taken prisoner and de Montfort assumed effective control of government in Henry's name. However, his support soon fractured, and Henry regained his liberty. </p><p>With violent disorder spreading and the prospect of all-out war, Henry appealed to Louis for arbitration, and, after initial resistance, de Montfort consented. In January 1264, by the <a href="/wiki/Mise_of_Amiens" title="Mise of Amiens">Mise of Amiens</a>, Louis declared in Henry's favour by annulling the Provisions of Oxford. Some of the barons who had opposed Henry acquiesced in the verdict, but a more radical faction led by de Montfort prepared to resist any reassertion of royal power, and they and the king gathered their forces for war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Course_of_the_war">Course of the war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Barons%27_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Course of the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fighting resumed in February 1264, with attacks by Simon de Montfort's sons <a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Montfort" title="Henry de Montfort">Henry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort_the_Younger" title="Simon de Montfort the Younger">Simon the Younger</a> on royalist supporters in the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Borders">Welsh Borders</a>. Cancellation of debts (owed to Jews) was part of de Montfort's call to arms.<sup id="cite_ref-mundill2002p2554_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mundill2002p2554-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A series of attacks on Jewish communities followed, organised by key allies of de Montfort, hoping to gain by destroying the records of their debts to moneylenders.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mundill2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mundill2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These pogroms killed the majority of Jews in <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in this case led by de Montfort's son <a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Montfort" title="Henry de Montfort">Henry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Ferrers,_6th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby">Robert Earl Ferrers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bhoworcester_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhoworcester-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At London, one of his key followers, John fitz John, led the attack and is said to have killed leading Jewish figures Isaac fil Aaron and Cok fil Abraham with his bare hands. He allegedly shared the loot with de Montfort. Five hundred Jews died.<sup id="cite_ref-Mundill2010_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mundill2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attacks occurred in <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a>, led by the younger Simon de Montfort. Anti-Jewish violence spread to Lincoln and Cambridge,<sup id="cite_ref-Mundill2010_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mundill2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish communities were also targeted at Canterbury, led by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_Clare,_7th_Earl_of_Gloucester" title="Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester">Gilbert de Clare</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Northampton.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April, the elder Simon de Montfort, in control of London, assembled his forces at <a href="/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans">St Albans</a> and marched to relieve <a href="/wiki/Northampton" title="Northampton">Northampton</a>, which was under siege by the royalists, but he was too late to prevent the town's capture by betrayal. He then moved into <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> and laid siege to the royal stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Castle" title="Rochester Castle">Rochester Castle</a>, but on hearing reports of a royal advance on London he withdrew most of his forces from the siege to confront this threat. King Henry, however, bypassed the capital and the rebel army and raised the siege of Rochester, before he captured <a href="/wiki/Tonbridge" title="Tonbridge">Tonbridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winchelsea" title="Winchelsea">Winchelsea</a> from the rebels. </p><p>Moving into <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>, Henry was confronted by de Montfort, who had led his army out from London in pursuit. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lewes" title="Battle of Lewes">Battle of Lewes</a> on 14 May, Henry was defeated and taken prisoner by de Montfort, along with his son Prince Edward and his brother, <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Cornwall" title="Richard of Cornwall">Richard of Cornwall</a>. While Henry was reduced to a figurehead king, de Montfort <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort%27s_Parliament" title="Simon de Montfort's Parliament">broadened parliamentary representation</a> to include groups beyond the nobility, members from each <a href="/wiki/County" title="County">county</a> of England and many important towns. Henry and his son Edward remained effective prisoners. Around this time, de Montfort announced the cancellation of all debt owed to Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The radicalism of de Montfort's subversion of traditional order once again led to a fracturing of his brittle base of support. </p><p>In May 1265, Prince Edward escaped from de Montfort's custody at <a href="/wiki/Hereford" title="Hereford">Hereford</a> and assembled a new royalist army at <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a>. He attracted defectors from the baronial cause, most importantly Gilbert de Clare, de Montfort's most powerful ally. Simon was blocked from moving east from Hereford by royalist control of the crossings of the River <a href="/wiki/Severn" class="mw-redirect" title="Severn">Severn</a>, completed by Edward's capture of <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a>. Moving into <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, de Montfort forged an alliance with the Welsh Prince <a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_ap_Gruffudd" title="Llywelyn ap Gruffudd">Llywelyn ap Gruffudd</a>, who provided him with soldiers. An attempt by Simon to ship his forces across the Severn estuary from <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a> was thwarted when his transports were destroyed by royalist warships, and he returned to Hereford. </p><p>De Montfort's goal now became to unite with the forces of his son Simon the Younger, and engage with the royal army, but the younger Simon moved much too slowly westwards from London. Eventually, Simon the Younger reached the baronial stronghold of Kenilworth, but Edward managed to inflict great losses on his forces, many of whom were quartered outside the castle walls.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elder Simon had taken advantage of Edward's move to Kenilworth to cross the Severn at <a href="/wiki/Kempsey,_Worcestershire" title="Kempsey, Worcestershire">Kempsey</a> and was on his way to join his son when he was intercepted and decisively defeated by the royalists at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Evesham" title="Battle of Evesham">Battle of Evesham</a> on 4 August. Simon and his son Henry were killed in the fighting, and King Henry, whom de Montfort had taken into battle with him, was freed. </p><p>The victory at Evesham left the royalists in a dominant position, but the rebels continued to defend their strongholds, most notably Kenilworth. Prince Edward began a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kenilworth" title="Siege of Kenilworth">Siege of Kenilworth</a> on 21st June, 1266, which dragged on for months. King Henry was persuaded to seek a compromise settlement, and a commission of bishops and barons drafted a proclamation, known as the <a href="/wiki/Dictum_of_Kenilworth" title="Dictum of Kenilworth">Dictum of Kenilworth</a>, issued on 31 October. It set terms under which rebels could secure a pardon and regain their confiscated lands on the payment of a heavy fine. The proposal was initially rejected by the rebels, but on 14 December, hunger finally compelled the defenders of Kenilworth to surrender and to accept the terms of the Dictum. </p><p>In April 1267, Gilbert de Clare turned again to revolt and occupied London. He was reconciled with Henry by a negotiated settlement in June, which eased the terms of the Dictum, enabling repentant rebels to regain their lands before rather than after paying their fines. That summer also saw the negotiated surrender of the last group of defiant rebels, who had been holding out in <a href="/wiki/The_Fens" title="The Fens">The Fens</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Ely" title="Isle of Ely">Isle of Ely</a>. The total casualties of the war are estimated at 15,000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Barons%27_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>1263</b> – April – Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, returns to England and gathers opposition forces.</li> <li><b>1263</b> – October – Revolt in London leads to King Henry's capture by de Montfort, but he subsequently regains his freedom.</li> <li><b>1264</b> – 23 January – Louis IX of France, invited to arbitrate on the dispute, issues the Mise of Amiens, annulling the Provisions of Oxford.</li> <li><b>1264</b> – February – Warfare begins in the Welsh Marches. Massacre of the Jews in Worcester.<sup id="cite_ref-mundill8990_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mundill8990-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1264</b> – Easter week – Massacre of 500 Jews in London by Montfort's ally John fitz John<sup id="cite_ref-mundill8990_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mundill8990-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1264</b> – April – The rebels are defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1264)" title="Battle of Northampton (1264)">Northampton</a>.</li> <li><b>1264</b> – 14 May – Simon de Montfort defeats King Henry III in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lewes" title="Battle of Lewes">Battle of Lewes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>, capturing the king and his son Prince Edward.</li> <li><b>1264</b> – After Lewes – Simon de Montfort annuls all debts owed to Jews.</li> <li><b>1265</b> – 20 January – The first English Parliament conducts its first meeting in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a>.</li> <li><b>1265</b> – 28 May – Prince Edward escapes captivity at Hereford.</li> <li><b>1265</b> – 1 August – Prince Edward destroys the army of Simon de Montfort's son Simon at Kenilworth.</li> <li><b>1265</b> – 4 August – Prince Edward defeats and kills the elder Simon de Montfort in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Evesham" title="Battle of Evesham">Battle of Evesham</a> in <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a>.</li> <li><b>1265</b> – Attacks on Jews in Lincoln by the "Dispossessed" rebel Barons, book keeping records destroyed<sup id="cite_ref-mundill8990_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mundill8990-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1266</b> – Attacks on Jews in Cambridge by the "Dispossessed", book keeping records stolen and taken to Ely<sup id="cite_ref-mundill8990_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mundill8990-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1266</b> – 15 May – The royalists defeat the baronial forces of <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Ferrers,_6th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby">the Earl of Derby</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chesterfield" title="Battle of Chesterfield">Chesterfield</a>.</li> <li><b>1266</b> – 31 October – Henry issues the <a href="/wiki/Dictum_of_Kenilworth" title="Dictum of Kenilworth">Dictum of Kenilworth</a>, offering terms to repentant rebels.</li> <li><b>1266</b> – 14 December – The rebels at Kenilworth Castle surrender.</li> <li><b>1267</b> – May – Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, seizes London.</li> <li><b>1267</b> – June – King Henry and Gilbert de Clare agree more lenient terms of submission for rebels.</li> <li><b>1267</b> – Summer – The last rebel forces surrender at the Isle of Ely.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Barons%27_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/48px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/64px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Barons%27_War" title="First Barons' War">First Barons' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Southchurch" title="Richard de Southchurch">Richard de Southchurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Bracton" title="Henry de Bracton">Henry de Bracton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Lewes" title="The Song of Lewes">The Song of Lewes</a></i></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Barons%27_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dnb-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dnb_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorgate1894">Norgate 1894</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobs-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobs1906">Jacobs 1906</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mundill2002p2554-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mundill2002p2554_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mundill2002p2554_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMundill1998">Mundill 1998</a>, p. 254 says "Simon de Montfort … used the cancellation of Jewish debts to his own advantage and had managed to convince followers that it was worth rebelling for."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mundill2010-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mundill2010_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mundill2010_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mundill2010_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMundill2010">Mundill 2010</a>, pp. 88–99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMundill1998">Mundill 1998</a>, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bhoworcester-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bhoworcester_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillis-BundPage1924">Willis-Bund & Page 1924</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuscroft2006">Huscroft 2006</a>, p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maddicott, pp. 339–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mundill8990-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mundill8990_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mundill8990_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mundill8990_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mundill8990_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMundill2010">Mundill 2010</a>, pp. 89–90</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Barons%27_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Powicke, Frederick Maurice (1947) <i>King Henry III and the Lord Edward</i>, Oxford: Clarendon Press</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Prestwich" title="Michael Prestwich">Prestwich, Michael</a> (1988) <i>Edward I</i>, London: Methuen <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-28150-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-28150-7">0-413-28150-7</a></li> <li>Maddicott, J. R. (1994) <i>Simon de Montfort</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-37493-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-37493-6">0-521-37493-6</a></li> <li>Carpenter, D. A. (1996) <i>The reign of Henry III</i>, London: Hambledon <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-070-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85285-070-1">1-85285-070-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMundill1998" class="citation cs2">Mundill, Robin R. (1998), <i>England's Jewish Solution</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52026-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52026-3"><bdi>978-0-521-52026-3</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26454030M">26454030M</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England%27s+Jewish+Solution&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26454030M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52026-3&rft.aulast=Mundill&rft.aufirst=Robin+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Barons%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMundill2010" class="citation cs2">Mundill, Robin R. (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingsjewsmoneyma00mund"><i>The King's Jews</i></a>, London: Continuum, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847251862" title="Special:BookSources/978-1847251862"><bdi>978-1847251862</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2010282921">2010282921</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/466343661">466343661</a>, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24816680M">24816680M</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King%27s+Jews&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F466343661&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2010282921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL24816680M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1847251862&rft.aulast=Mundill&rft.aufirst=Robin+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingsjewsmoneyma00mund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Barons%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1906" class="citation web cs1">Jacobs, Joseph (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5764-england">"England"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. JewishEncyclopedia.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=England&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F5764-england&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Barons%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuscroft2006" class="citation cs2">Huscroft, Richard (2006), <i>Expulsion: England's Jewish Solution</i>, Tempus Publishing, Limited, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0752437293" title="Special:BookSources/978-0752437293"><bdi>978-0752437293</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7982808M">7982808M</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expulsion%3A+England%27s+Jewish+Solution&rft.pub=Tempus+Publishing%2C+Limited&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7982808M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0752437293&rft.aulast=Huscroft&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Barons%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorgate1894" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kate_Norgate" title="Kate Norgate">Norgate, Kate</a> (1894). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Montfort, Simon of (1208?–1265)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Montfort,_Simon_of_(1208%3F%E2%80%931265)">"Montfort, Simon of (1208?–1265)" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 38. London: Smith, Elder & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Montfort%2C+Simon+of+%281208%3F%E2%80%931265%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Norgate&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Barons%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis-BundPage1924" class="citation book cs1">Willis-Bund, J W; Page, William, eds. (1924). "The city of Worcester: Introduction and borough". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/worcs/vol4/pp376-390"><i>A History of the County of Worcester: Volume 4</i></a>. London: British History Online. pp. 376–390<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+city+of+Worcester%3A+Introduction+and+borough&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Worcester%3A+Volume+4&rft.place=London&rft.pages=376-390&rft.pub=British+History+Online&rft.date=1924&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fvch%2Fworcs%2Fvol4%2Fpp376-390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Barons%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Barons%27_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simon2014.com">Simon de Montfort 2014</a></li></ul> <div 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