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class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Zoology</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Zoology" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Zoology" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" 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open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Zoology_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Zoology (disambiguation)">Zoology (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Animal biology" and "Zoologist" redirect here. For the journals, see <a href="/wiki/Animal_Biology" title="Animal Biology">Animal Biology</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Zoologist" title="The Zoologist">The Zoologist</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> Zoology (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/zuˈɒlədʒi/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">zoo-OL-ə-jee</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/zoʊˈɒlədʒi/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">zoh-OL-ə-jee</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-1">[1]</a> is the scientific study of <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>. Its studies include the <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">structure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">embryology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biological_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological classification">classification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">habits</a>, and distribution of all animals, both living and <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a>, and how they interact with their <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>. Zoology is one of the primary branches of <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>. The term is derived from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> ζῷον, zōion ('animal'), and λόγος, logos ('knowledge', 'study').<a href="#cite_note-OnlineEtDict-2">[2]</a> Although humans have always been interested in the natural history of the animals they saw around them, and used this knowledge to domesticate certain species, the formal study of zoology can be said to have originated with <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. He viewed animals as living organisms, studied their structure and development, and considered their adaptations to their surroundings and the function of their parts. Modern zoology has its origins during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and early modern period, with <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a> and many others. The study of animals has largely moved on to deal with form and function, adaptations, relationships between groups, behaviour and ecology. Zoology has increasingly been subdivided into disciplines such as <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy" title="Taxonomy">classification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>. With the discovery of the structure of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a> in 1953, the realm of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a> opened up, leading to advances in <a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">cell biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">developmental biology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molecular_genetics" title="Molecular genetics">molecular genetics</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Scope">2 Scope</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Branches_of_zoology">3 Branches of zoology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Classification">3.1 Classification</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Vertebrate_and_invertebrate_zoology">3.2 Vertebrate and invertebrate zoology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Structural_zoology">3.3 Structural zoology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Physiology">3.4 Physiology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Developmental_biology">3.5 Developmental biology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Evolutionary_biology">3.6 Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Ethology">3.7 Ethology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Biogeography">3.8 Biogeography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Molecular_biology">3.9 Molecular biology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Reproduction">3.10 Reproduction</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also">4 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References">5 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#External_links">6 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Zoology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_zoology_through_1859" title="History of zoology through 1859">History of zoology through 1859</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_zoology_(1859%E2%80%93present)" title="History of zoology (1859–present)">History of zoology (1859–present)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_zoology" title="Timeline of zoology">Timeline of zoology</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gessner_Conrad_1516-1565.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gessner_Conrad_1516-1565.jpg/220px-Gessner_Conrad_1516-1565.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="454"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 235px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gessner_Conrad_1516-1565.jpg/220px-Gessner_Conrad_1516-1565.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="235" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gessner_Conrad_1516-1565.jpg/330px-Gessner_Conrad_1516-1565.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Gessner_Conrad_1516-1565.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Gessner" title="Conrad Gessner">Conrad Gessner</a> (1516–1565). His <a href="/wiki/Historia_animalium_(Gessner_book)" title="Historia animalium (Gessner book)">Historiae animalium</a> is considered the beginning of modern zoology.</figcaption></figure> The history of zoology traces the study of the <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal kingdom</a> from ancient to modern times. Prehistoric people needed to study the animals and plants in their environment to exploit them and survive. Cave paintings, engravings and sculptures in France dating back 15,000 years show bison, horses, and deer in carefully rendered detail. Similar images from other parts of the world illustrated mostly the animals hunted for food and the savage animals.<a href="#cite_note-Fellowes2020-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a>, which is characterized by the <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestication of animals">domestication of animals</a>, continued throughout Antiquity. Ancient knowledge of wildlife is illustrated by the realistic depictions of wild and domestic animals in the Near East, Mesopotamia, and Egypt, including husbandry practices and techniques, hunting and fishing. The invention of writing is reflected in zoology by the presence of animals in Egyptian hieroglyphics.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Although the concept of zoology as a single coherent field arose much later, the zoological sciences emerged from <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a> reaching back to the <a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_biology" title="Aristotle's biology">biological works of Aristotle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a>. In the fourth century BC, Aristotle looked at animals as living organisms, studying their structure, development and vital phenomena. He divided them into two groups: animals with blood, equivalent to our concept of <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>, and animals without blood, <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>. He spent two years on <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>, observing and describing the animals and plants, considering the adaptations of different organisms and the function of their parts.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Four hundred years later, Roman physician Galen dissected animals to study their anatomy and the function of the different parts, because the dissection of human cadavers was prohibited at the time.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> This resulted in some of his conclusions being false, but for many centuries it was considered <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretical</a> to challenge any of his views, so the study of anatomy stultified.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">post-classical era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Middle Eastern science and medicine</a> was the most advanced in the world, integrating concepts from Ancient Greece, Rome, Mesopotamia and Persia as well as the ancient Indian tradition of <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a>, while making numerous advances and innovations.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In the 13th century, <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a> produced commentaries and paraphrases of all Aristotle's works; his books on topics like <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>, zoology, and minerals included information from ancient sources, but also the results of his own investigations. His general approach was surprisingly modern, and he wrote, "For it is [the task] of natural science not simply to accept what we are told but to inquire into the causes of natural things."<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> An early pioneer was <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Gessner" title="Conrad Gessner">Conrad Gessner</a>, whose monumental 4,500-page encyclopedia of animals, <a href="/wiki/Historia_animalium_(Gessner_book)" title="Historia animalium (Gessner book)">Historia animalium</a>, was published in four volumes between 1551 and 1558.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In Europe, Galen's work on anatomy remained largely unsurpassed and unchallenged up until the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and early modern period, zoological thought was revolutionized in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> by a renewed interest in <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricism</a> and the discovery of many novel organisms. Prominent in this movement were <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Vesalius" title="Andreas Vesalius">Andreas Vesalius</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Harvey" title="William Harvey">William Harvey</a>, who used experimentation and careful observation in <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, and naturalists such as <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Buffon</a> who began to <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">classify the diversity of life</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fossil#Dating" title="Fossil">fossil record</a>, as well as studying the development and behavior of organisms. <a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a> did pioneering work in <a href="/wiki/Microscopy" title="Microscopy">microscopy</a> and revealed the previously unknown world of <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a>, laying the groundwork for <a href="/wiki/Cell_theory" title="Cell theory">cell theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> van Leeuwenhoek's observations were endorsed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a>; all living organisms were composed of one or more cells and could not generate spontaneously. Cell theory provided a new perspective on the fundamental basis of life.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Having previously been the realm of gentlemen naturalists, over the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, zoology became an increasingly professional <a href="/wiki/Branches_of_science" title="Branches of science">scientific discipline</a>. Explorer-naturalists such as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> investigated the interaction between organisms and their environment, and the ways this relationship depends on geography, laying the foundations for <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">biogeography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">ethology</a>. Naturalists began to reject <a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">essentialism</a> and consider the importance of <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">mutability of species</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> These developments, as well as the results from <a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">embryology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">paleontology</a>, were synthesized in the 1859 publication of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s theory of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> by <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>; in this Darwin placed the theory of organic evolution on a new footing, by explaining the processes by which it can occur, and providing observational evidence that it had done so.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwin's theory</a> was rapidly accepted by the scientific community and soon became a central axiom of the rapidly developing science of biology. The basis for modern genetics began with the work of <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a> on peas in 1865, although the significance of his work was not realized at the time.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Darwin gave a new direction to <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, by uniting them in a common biological theory: the theory of organic evolution. The result was a reconstruction of the classification of animals upon a <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogical</a> basis, fresh investigation of the development of animals, and early attempts to determine their genetic relationships. The end of the 19th century saw the fall of <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_generation" title="Spontaneous generation">spontaneous generation</a> and the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">germ theory of disease</a>, though the mechanism of <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">inheritance</a> remained a mystery. In the early 20th century, the rediscovery of <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Mendel's</a> work led to the rapid development of <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, and by the 1930s the combination of <a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">population genetics</a> and natural selection in the <a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">modern synthesis</a> created <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Research in cell biology is interconnected to other fields such as genetics, <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">medical microbiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immunology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cytochemistry" title="Cytochemistry">cytochemistry</a>. With the determination of the double helical structure of the <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> molecule by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a> in 1953,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> the realm of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a> opened up, leading to advances in <a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">cell biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">developmental biology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molecular_genetics" title="Molecular genetics">molecular genetics</a>. The study of <a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">systematics</a> was transformed as <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequencing</a> elucidated the degrees of affinity between different organisms.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Scope">Scope</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Zoology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scope" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Zoology is the branch of science dealing with <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> can be defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sex can produce fertile offspring; about 1.5 million species of animal have been described and it has been estimated that as many as 8 million animal species may exist.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> An early necessity was to identify the organisms and group them according to their characteristics, differences and relationships, and this is the field of the <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy" title="Taxonomy">taxonomist</a>. Originally it was thought that species were immutable, but with the arrival of Darwin's theory of evolution, the field of <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">cladistics</a> came into being, studying the relationships between the different groups or <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a>. <a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a> is the study of the diversification of living forms, the evolutionary history of a group is known as its <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogeny</a>, and the relationship between the clades can be shown diagrammatically in a <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-22">[22]</a> Although someone who made a scientific study of animals would historically have described themselves as a zoologist, the term has come to refer to those who deal with individual animals, with others describing themselves more specifically as physiologists, ethologists, evolutionary biologists, ecologists, pharmacologists, endocrinologists or parasitologists.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell-23">[23]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Branches_of_zoology">Branches of zoology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Zoology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Branches of zoology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Although the study of animal life is ancient, its scientific incarnation is relatively modern. This mirrors the transition from <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a> to <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> at the start of the 19th century. Since <a href="/wiki/John_Hunter_(surgeon)" title="John Hunter (surgeon)">Hunter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Cuvier</a>, comparative <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomical</a> study has been associated with <a href="/wiki/Morphogram" title="Morphogram">morphography</a>, shaping the modern areas of zoological investigation: <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">embryology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teratology" title="Teratology">teratology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">ethology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Modern zoology first arose in German and British universities. In Britain, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> was a prominent figure. His ideas were centered on the <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a> of animals. Many consider him the greatest comparative anatomist of the latter half of the 19th century. Similar to <a href="/wiki/John_Hunter_(surgeon)" title="John Hunter (surgeon)">Hunter</a>, his courses were composed of lectures and laboratory practical classes in contrast to the previous format of lectures only. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Zoology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification in zoology</a>, is a method by which zoologists group and categorize <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> by <a href="/wiki/Type_(biology)" title="Type (biology)">biological type</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>. Biological classification is a form of <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">scientific taxonomy</a>. Modern biological classification has its root in the work of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a>, who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics. These groupings have since been revised to improve consistency with the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwinian</a> principle of <a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">common descent</a>. <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">Molecular phylogenetics</a>, which uses <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_sequence" title="Nucleic acid sequence">nucleic acid sequence</a> as data, has driven many recent revisions and is likely to continue to do so. Biological classification belongs to the science of <a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">zoological systematics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_(1735).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png/220px-Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2348" data-file-height="1481"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 139px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png/220px-Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png" data-width="220" data-height="139" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png/330px-Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png/440px-Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Linnaeus's table of the animal kingdom from the first edition of <a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a> (1735)</figcaption></figure> Many scientists now consider the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)#Five_kingdoms" title="Kingdom (biology)">five-kingdom system</a> outdated. Modern alternative classification systems generally start with the <a href="/wiki/Three-domain_system" title="Three-domain system">three-domain system</a>: <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> (originally Archaebacteria); <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> (originally Eubacteria); <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>)<a href="#cite_note-domain-26">[26]</a> These domains reflect whether the cells have nuclei or not, as well as differences in the chemical composition of the cell exteriors.<a href="#cite_note-domain-26">[26]</a> Further, each kingdom is broken down recursively until each species is separately classified. The order is: <a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">Domain</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">kingdom</a>; <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a>; <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a>; <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a>; <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a>; <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>. The scientific name of an organism is generated from its genus and species. For example, humans are listed as <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a>. Homo is the genus, and sapiens the specific epithet, both of them combined make up the species name. When writing the scientific name of an organism, it is proper to capitalize the first letter in the genus and put all of the specific epithet in lowercase. Additionally, the entire term may be italicized or underlined.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The dominant classification system is called the <a href="/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy" title="Linnaean taxonomy">Linnaean taxonomy</a>. It includes ranks and <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial nomenclature</a>. The classification, <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a>, and nomenclature of zoological organisms is administered by the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature</a>. A merging draft, BioCode, was published in 1997 in an attempt to standardize nomenclature, but has yet to be formally adopted.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vertebrate_and_invertebrate_zoology">Vertebrate and invertebrate zoology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Zoology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vertebrate and invertebrate zoology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_zoology" title="Vertebrate zoology">Vertebrate zoology</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological</a> <a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">discipline</a> that consists of the study of <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> animals, that is animals with a <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">backbone</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>. The various taxonomically oriented disciplines i.e. <a href="/wiki/Mammalogy" title="Mammalogy">mammalogy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biological_anthropology" title="Biological anthropology">biological anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herpetology" title="Herpetology">herpetology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">ornithology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ichthyology" title="Ichthyology">ichthyology</a> seek to identify and classify <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> and study the structures and mechanisms specific to those groups. The rest of the animal kingdom is dealt with by <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate_zoology" title="Invertebrate zoology">invertebrate zoology</a>, a vast and very diverse group of animals that includes <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sponges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">echinoderms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunicate" title="Tunicate">tunicates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worm" title="Worm">worms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> and many other <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">single-celled organisms</a> or <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protists</a> are not usually included.<a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_zoology">Structural zoology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Zoology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Structural zoology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a> studies the structural and <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiological</a> properties of <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>, including their <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavior</a>, interactions, and <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a>. This is done on both the <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscopic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecular</a> levels for single-celled organisms such as <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> as well as the specialized cells in <a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">multicellular organisms</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>. Understanding the structure and function of cells is fundamental to all of the biological sciences. The similarities and differences between cell types are particularly relevant to molecular biology. <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a> considers the forms of macroscopic structures such as <a href="/wiki/Organ_(biology)" title="Organ (biology)">organs</a> and organ systems.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> It focuses on how organs and organ systems work together in the bodies of humans and other animals, in addition to how they work independently. Anatomy and cell biology are two studies that are closely related, and can be categorized under "structural" studies. <a href="/wiki/Comparative_anatomy" title="Comparative anatomy">Comparative anatomy</a> is the study of similarities and differences in the <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a> of different groups. It is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogeny</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> of species).<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physiology">Physiology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Zoology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Physiology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dog_anatomy_anterior_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dog_anatomy_anterior_view.jpg/220px-Dog_anatomy_anterior_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="1500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 266px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dog_anatomy_anterior_view.jpg/220px-Dog_anatomy_anterior_view.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="266" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dog_anatomy_anterior_view.jpg/330px-Dog_anatomy_anterior_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dog_anatomy_anterior_view.jpg/440px-Dog_anatomy_anterior_view.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Animal anatomical engraving from Handbuch der Anatomie der Tiere für Künstler.</figcaption></figure> Physiology studies the mechanical, physical, and biochemical processes of living organisms by attempting to understand how all of the structures function as a whole. The theme of "structure to function" is central to biology. Physiological studies have traditionally been divided into <a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">plant physiology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal physiology">animal physiology</a>, but some principles of physiology are universal, no matter what particular <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a> is being studied. For example, what is learned about the physiology of <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a> cells can also apply to human cells. The field of animal physiology extends the tools and methods of <a href="/wiki/Human_body#Physiology" title="Human body">human physiology</a> to non-human species. Physiology studies how, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory</a> systems function and interact.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developmental_biology">Developmental biology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Zoology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Developmental biology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Developmental biology</a> is the study of the processes by which animals and plants reproduce and grow. The discipline includes the study of <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryonic development">embryonic development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">cellular differentiation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(biology)" title="Regeneration (biology)">regeneration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual</a> <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">metamorphosis</a>, and the growth and differentiation of <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem cells</a> in the adult organism.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Development of both animals and plants is further considered in the articles on <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">population genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">heredity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_variability" title="Genetic variability">genetic variability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary_biology">Evolutionary biology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Zoology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Evolutionary biology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Evolutionary biology is the subfield of biology that studies the evolutionary processes (natural selection, common descent, speciation) that produced the diversity of life on Earth. Evolutionary research is concerned with the origin and descent of <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>, as well as their change over time, and includes scientists from many <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomically</a> oriented disciplines. For example, it generally involves scientists who have special training in particular <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mammalogy" title="Mammalogy">mammalogy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">ornithology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herpetology" title="Herpetology">herpetology</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Entomology" title="Entomology">entomology</a>, but use those organisms as systems to answer general questions about evolution.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Evolutionary biology is partly based on <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">paleontology</a>, which uses the <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> record to answer questions about the mode and tempo of evolution,<a href="#cite_note-Jablonski-34">[34]</a> and partly on the developments in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">population genetics</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> and evolutionary theory. Following the development of <a href="/wiki/DNA_profiling" title="DNA profiling">DNA fingerprinting</a> techniques in the late 20th century, the application of these techniques in zoology has increased the understanding of animal populations.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">developmental biology</a> re-entered evolutionary biology from its initial exclusion from the <a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">modern synthesis</a> through the study of <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">evolutionary developmental biology</a>. Related fields often considered part of evolutionary biology are <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">systematics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)#Alpha_and_beta_taxonomy" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethology">Ethology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Zoology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ethology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Larus_Dominicanus_with_young.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Larus_Dominicanus_with_young.jpg/220px-Larus_Dominicanus_with_young.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Larus_Dominicanus_with_young.jpg/220px-Larus_Dominicanus_with_young.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Larus_Dominicanus_with_young.jpg/330px-Larus_Dominicanus_with_young.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Larus_Dominicanus_with_young.jpg/440px-Larus_Dominicanus_with_young.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kelp_gull" title="Kelp gull">Kelp gull</a> chicks peck at red spot on mother's beak to stimulate the regurgitating reflex.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific</a> and objective study of animal behavior under natural conditions,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">behaviorism</a>, which focuses on behavioral response studies in a laboratory setting. Ethologists have been particularly concerned with the <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> of behavior and the understanding of behavior in terms of the theory of <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>. In one sense, the first modern ethologist was <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, whose book, <a href="/wiki/The_Expression_of_the_Emotions_in_Man_and_Animals" title="The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals">The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals</a>, influenced many future ethologists.<a href="#cite_note-black-39">[39]</a> A subfield of ethology is <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_ecology" title="Behavioral ecology">behavioral ecology</a> which attempts to answer <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tinbergen%27s_four_questions" title="Tinbergen's four questions">four questions</a> with regard to animal behavior: what are the <a href="/wiki/Proximate_cause" title="Proximate cause">proximate causes</a> of the behavior, the <a href="/wiki/Ontogeny" title="Ontogeny">developmental history</a> of the organism, the <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">survival value</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a> of the behavior?<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Another area of study is <a href="/wiki/Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">animal cognition</a>, which uses laboratory experiments and carefully controlled field studies to investigate an animal's intelligence and learning.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biogeography">Biogeography</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Zoology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Biogeography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a> studies the spatial distribution of organisms on the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> focusing on topics like <a href="/wiki/Biological_dispersal" title="Biological dispersal">dispersal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_migration" title="Animal migration">migration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">cladistics</a>. It is an integrative field of study, uniting concepts and information from <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">paleontology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">climatology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cox_et_al_2016-43">[43]</a> The origin of this field of study is widely accredited to <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a>, a British biologist who had some of his work jointly published with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Browne-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molecular_biology">Molecular biology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Zoology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Molecular biology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree_of_dogs.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phylogenetic_tree_of_dogs.png/300px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_dogs.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1798" data-file-height="964"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 161px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phylogenetic_tree_of_dogs.png/300px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_dogs.png" data-width="300" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phylogenetic_tree_of_dogs.png/450px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_dogs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phylogenetic_tree_of_dogs.png/600px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_dogs.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A clade representation of seven dog breeds in relation to wolves. </figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a> studies the common <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> and developmental mechanisms of animals and plants, attempting to answer the questions regarding the mechanisms of <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">genetic inheritance</a> and the structure of the <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>. In 1953, <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> described the structure of DNA and the interactions within the molecule, and this publication jump-started research into molecular biology and increased interest in the subject.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> While researchers practice techniques specific to molecular biology, it is common to combine these with methods from <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>. Much of molecular biology is quantitative, and recently a significant amount of work has been done using <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">computational biology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Molecular_genetics" title="Molecular genetics">Molecular genetics</a>, the study of gene structure and function, has been among the most prominent sub-fields of molecular biology since the early 2000s. Other branches of biology are informed by molecular biology, by either directly studying the interactions of molecules in their own right such as in <a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">cell biology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">developmental biology</a>, or indirectly, where molecular techniques are used to infer historical attributes of <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">populations</a> or <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>, as in fields in <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biology</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">population genetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetics</a>. There is also a long tradition of studying <a href="/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule">biomolecules</a> "from the ground up", or molecularly, in <a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">biophysics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tian_2013-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Zoology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reproduction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Animals generally reproduce by <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a>, a process involving the union of a male and female <a href="/wiki/Ploidy" title="Ploidy">haploid</a> <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gamete</a>, each gamete formed by <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>. Ordinarily, gametes produced by separate individuals unite by a process of fertilization to form a diploid <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a> that can then develop into a genetically unique individual progeny. However, some animals are also capable, as an alternative reproductive process, to reproduce parthenogenetically. Parthenogenesis has been described in snakes and lizards (see Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis_in_squamates" title="Parthenogenesis in squamates">Parthenogenesis in squamates</a>), in amphibians (see Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis_in_amphibians" title="Parthenogenesis in amphibians">Parthenogenesis in amphibians</a>) and in numerous other species (see Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">Parthenogenesis</a>). Generally, meiosis in parthanogenetically reproducing animals occurs by a similar process to that in sexually reproducing animals, but the diploid zygote nucleus is generated by the union of two haploid genomes from the same individual rather than from different individuals. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Zoology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_science" title="Animal science">Animal science</a>, the biology of domesticated animals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">Cognitive zoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoologists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of zoologists">List of zoologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_zoology" title="Outline of zoology">Outline of zoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeontology">Palaeontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_zoology" title="Timeline of zoology">Timeline of zoology</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Zoology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/zoology">"zoology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Dictionary">Cambridge Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=zoology&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fzoology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OnlineEtDict-2"><a href="#cite_ref-OnlineEtDict_2-0">^</a> <link 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Retrieved 2013-05-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=zoology&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dzoology%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fellowes2020-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Fellowes2020_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Fellowes2020" class="citation book cs1">Mark Fellowes (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gkzODwAAQBAJ">30-Second Zoology: The 50 most fundamental categories and concepts from the study of animal life</a>. Ivy Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-5465-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-5465-7"><bdi>978-0-7112-5465-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240612073743/https://books.google.com/books?id=gkzODwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-12. Retrieved 2021-06-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=30-Second+Zoology%3A+The+50+most+fundamental+categories+and+concepts+from+the+study+of+animal+life&rft.pub=Ivy+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-7112-5465-7&rft.au=Mark+Fellowes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgkzODwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._A._Wallis_Budge1920" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._A._Wallis_Budge" title="E. A. Wallis Budge">E. A. Wallis Budge</a> (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.um.es/cepoat/egipcio/wp-content/uploads/egyptianhierogly.pdf">"Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary: Introduction"</a> (PDF). John Murray. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721132433/https://www.um.es/cepoat/egipcio/wp-content/uploads/egyptianhierogly.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-21. 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Strange Science: The rocky road to modern paleontology and biology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616080201/https://www.strangescience.net/gesner.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-16. Retrieved 2017-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Strange+Science%3A+The+rocky+road+to+modern+paleontology+and+biology&rft.atitle=Conrad+Gesner&rft.date=2017-03-26&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Michon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.strangescience.net%2Fgesner.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgutter,_Paul_S.Wheatley,_Denys_N.2008" class="citation book cs1">Agutter, Paul S.; Wheatley, Denys N. 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On Animals: A Medieval Summa Zoologica. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-4823-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-4823-7"><bdi>0-8018-4823-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Animals%3A+A+Medieval+Summa+Zoologica&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8018-4823-7&rft.au=Saint+Albertus+Magnus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagner,_Lois_N.2002" class="citation book cs1">Magner, Lois N. (2002). A History of the Life Sciences, Revised and Expanded. 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Investigative Genetics. 5 (1). 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F2041-2223-5-3">10.1186/2041-2223-5-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-2223">2041-2223</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3909909">3909909</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24490906">24490906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Investigative+Genetics&rft.atitle=DNA+fingerprinting+in+zoology%3A+past%2C+present%2C+future&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2014-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3909909%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2041-2223&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24490906&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F2041-2223-5-3&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+K.&rft.au=Curtis%2C+Caitlin&rft.au=Millar%2C+Craig+D.&rft.au=Huynen%2C+Leon&rft.au=Lambert%2C+David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3909909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVassiliki_Betty_Smocovitis1996" class="citation book cs1">Vassiliki Betty Smocovitis (1996). Unifying Biology: The Evolutionary Synthesis and Evolutionary Biology. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03343-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03343-3"><bdi>978-0-691-03343-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unifying+Biology%3A+The+Evolutionary+Synthesis+and+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-691-03343-3&rft.au=Vassiliki+Betty+Smocovitis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ethology">"Definition of Ethology"</a>. 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Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 95 (6): 311–313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F014107680209500617">10.1177/014107680209500617</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0141-0768">0141-0768</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1279921">1279921</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12042386">12042386</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160810043441/http://jrsm.rsmjournals.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12042386">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-10. 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(27 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3130367">"The levels of analysis revisited"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 366 (1574): 2076–2085. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2010.0363">10.1098/rstb.2010.0363</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3130367">3130367</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21690126">21690126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+levels+of+analysis+revisited&rft.volume=366&rft.issue=1574&rft.pages=2076-2085&rft.date=2011-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3130367%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21690126&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2010.0363&rft.aulast=MacDougall-Shackleton&rft.aufirst=Scott+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3130367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShettleworth,_S.J.2010" class="citation book cs1">Shettleworth, S.J. 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Haven (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130608072253/http://www.unc.edu/home/rhwiley/pdfs/IndividualOntogenies.pdf">"Social Structure and Individual Ontogenies: Problems of Description, Mechanism, and Evolution"</a> (PDF). In P.P.G. Bateson; Peter H. Klopfer (eds.). Perspectives in Ethology. Vol. 4. Plenum. pp. 105–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4615-7575-7_5">10.1007/978-1-4615-7575-7_5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4615-7577-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4615-7577-1"><bdi>978-1-4615-7577-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/home/rhwiley/pdfs/IndividualOntogenies.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2013-06-08. Retrieved 2012-12-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+Structure+and+Individual+Ontogenies%3A+Problems+of+Description%2C+Mechanism%2C+and+Evolution&rft.btitle=Perspectives+in+Ethology&rft.pages=105-133&rft.pub=Plenum&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4615-7575-7_5&rft.isbn=978-1-4615-7577-1&rft.aulast=Wiley&rft.aufirst=R.+Haven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unc.edu%2Fhome%2Frhwiley%2Fpdfs%2FIndividualOntogenies.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cox_et_al_2016-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Cox_et_al_2016_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoxMooreLadle2016" class="citation book cs1">Cox, C. Barry; Moore, Peter D.; Ladle, Richard J. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GP5HeCwkV2IC">Biogeography:An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach</a>. Chichester, UK: Wiley. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118968581" title="Special:BookSources/9781118968581"><bdi>9781118968581</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240612073719/https://books.google.com/books?id=GP5HeCwkV2IC">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-12. 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New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-02460-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-02460-9"><bdi>978-0-300-02460-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+secular+ark%3A+studies+in+the+history+of+biogeography&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-300-02460-9&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaberyPiotrowskaDarden2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tabery, James; Piotrowska, Monika; Darden, Lindley (19 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2019/entries/molecular-biology/">"Molecular Biology (Fall 2019 Edition)"</a>. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240612073728/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2019/entries/molecular-biology/">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-12. Retrieved 2020-04-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Molecular+Biology+%28Fall+2019+Edition%29&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2005-02-19&rft.aulast=Tabery&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Piotrowska%2C+Monika&rft.au=Darden%2C+Lindley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Ffall2019%2Fentries%2Fmolecular-biology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tian_2013-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Tian_2013_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTian,_J.2013" class="citation book cs1">Tian, J., ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cBXIBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA542">Molecular Imaging: Fundamentals and Applications</a>. Springer-Verlag Berlin & Heidelberg GmbH & Co. p. 542. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642343032" title="Special:BookSources/9783642343032"><bdi>9783642343032</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240612073745/https://books.google.com/books?id=cBXIBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA542#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-12. Retrieved 2019-07-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Imaging%3A+Fundamentals+and+Applications&rft.pages=542&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag+Berlin+%26+Heidelberg+GmbH+%26+Co.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9783642343032&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcBXIBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoology" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Zoology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style 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data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Zoology" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Zoology">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zoology" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Zoology">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Zoology" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Zoology">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Zoology" class="extiw" title="q:Zoology">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Zoology" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Zoology">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Zoology" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Zoology">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Zoology" class="extiw" title="v:Zoology">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/loccs/ql">Books on Zoology</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/onlinedictinvertzoology/">Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/21px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/21px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" data-alt="icon" data-width="21" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/42px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/21px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/21px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" data-alt="icon" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/42px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png/19px-Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png/19px-Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png/29px-Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png/38px-Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Palaeontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Palaeontology">Palaeontology</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zoology&oldid=1258465668">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zoology&oldid=1258465668</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Zoology&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 19 November 2024, at 22:07 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierkunde" title="Dierkunde – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dierkunde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologie" title="Zoologie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Zoologie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="علم الحيوان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الحيوان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooloch%C3%ADa" title="Zoolochía – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Zoolochía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologia" title="Zoologia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Zoologia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="প্ৰাণীবিজ্ঞান – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="প্ৰাণীবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoolox%C3%ADa" title="Zooloxía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Zooloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologiya" title="Zoologiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zoologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="প্রাণিবিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রাণিবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dng-bu%CC%8Dt-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Tōng-bu̍t-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tōng-bu̍t-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologi" title="Zoologi – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Zoologi" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Зоология – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Зоология" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Заалогія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Заалогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Заалёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Заалёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जंतु बिज्ञान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जंतु बिज्ञान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solohiya" title="Solohiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Solohiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Зоология – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Зоология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologie" title="Zoologie – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Zoologie" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologija" title="Zoologija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zoologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loenoniezh" title="Loenoniezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Loenoniezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologia" title="Zoologia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zoologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Зоологи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Зоологи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologie" title="Zoologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zoologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruambamhuka" title="Ruambamhuka – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ruambamhuka" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoolugia" title="Zoolugia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Zoolugia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swoleg" title="Swoleg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Swoleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologi" title="Zoologi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zoologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologie" title="Zoologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zoologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooloogia" title="Zooloogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Zooloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ζωολογία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζωολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoolog%C3%ADa" title="Zoología – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zoología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologio" title="Zoologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Zoologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologia" title="Zoologia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Zoologia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologia" title="Zoologia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zoologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="جانورشناسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جانورشناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologie" title="Zoologie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zoologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C3%B6logy" title="Soölogy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Soölogy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologjie" title="Zoologjie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Zoologjie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B3-eola%C3%ADocht" title="Zó-eolaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Zó-eolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baagh-oaylleeaght" title="Baagh-oaylleeaght – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Baagh-oaylleeaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainmh-e%C3%B2las" title="Ainmh-eòlas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ainmh-eòlas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoolox%C3%ADa" title="Zooloxía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Zooloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="પ્રાણીશાસ્ત્ર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્રાણીશાસ્ત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99" title="동물학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동물학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Zoology" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կենդանաբանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենդանաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="प्राणिविज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्राणिविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coologija" title="Coologija – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Coologija" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologija" title="Zoologija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zoologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologio" title="Zoologio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Zoologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ag%E1%BB%A5man%E1%BB%A5man%E1%BB%A5" title="Agụmanụmanụ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Agụmanụmanụ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soolohia" title="Soolohia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Soolohia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologi" title="Zoologi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zoologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologia" title="Zoologia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Zoologia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologie" title="Zoologie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Zoologie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Зоологи – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Зоологи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BDrafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Dýrafræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dýrafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologia" title="Zoologia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zoologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="זואולוגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זואולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologi" title="Zoologi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Zoologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಪ್ರಾಣಿಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರಾಣಿಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ზოოლოგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ზოოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Зоология – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Зоология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoolojia" title="Zoolojia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Zoolojia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooloji" title="Zooloji – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Zooloji" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooloj%C3%AE" title="Zoolojî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zoolojî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Зоология – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Зоология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Зоологи – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Зоологи" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoolojia" title="Zoolojia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Zoolojia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologia" title="Zoologia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Zoologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoolo%C4%A3ija" title="Zooloģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zooloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologie" title="Zoologie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zoologie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologija" title="Zoologija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Zoologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologia" title="Zoologia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Zoologia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deerk%C3%B3nde" title="Deerkónde – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Deerkónde" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/dalske" title="dalske – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="dalske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zool%C3%B3gia" title="Zoológia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zoológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जन्तु विज्ञान – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जन्तु विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Зоологија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Зоологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ജന്തുശാസ്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജന്തുശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBoolo%C4%A1ija" title="Żooloġija – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Żooloġija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="प्राणिशास्त्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्राणिशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ზოოლოგია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ზოოლოგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="زولوجيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زولوجيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologi" title="Zoologi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zoologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologie" title="Zoologie – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Zoologie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="သတ္တဗေဒ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သတ္တဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Zoology" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zo%C3%B6logie" title="Zoölogie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zoölogie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="प्राणी शास्त्र – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्राणी शास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पशु विज्ञान – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पशु विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="動物学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="動物学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soo%27ologii" title="Soo'ologii – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Soo'ologii" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologi" title="Zoologi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Zoologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologi" title="Zoologi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Zoologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologie" title="Zoologie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Zoologie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soologia" title="Soologia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Soologia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologia" title="Zoologia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Zoologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Зоологий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Зоологий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ପ୍ରାଣୀ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପ୍ରାଣୀ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooloojii" title="Zooloojii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Zooloojii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologiya" title="Zoologiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zoologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਜੰਤੂ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੰਤੂ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="زوالوجی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="زوالوجی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="သတ္တဗေဒ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="သတ္တဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="ژوپوهنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ژوپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuulaji" title="Zuulaji – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Zuulaji" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologie" title="Zoologie – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Zoologie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologia" title="Zoologia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zoologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologia" title="Zoologia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zoologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologiya" title="Zoologiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Zoologiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologie" title="Zoologie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zoologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uywa_yachay" title="Uywa yachay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Uywa yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Зоология – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Зоология" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Зоология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зоология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Зоология – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Зоология" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Zoology" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologjia" title="Zoologjia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zoologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BBlugg%C3%ACa" title="Zûluggìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Zûluggìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="සත්ත්ව විද්‍යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සත්ත්ව විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Zoology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حيوانيات – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="حيوانيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zool%C3%B3gia" title="Zoológia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zoológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologija" title="Zoologija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zoologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="گیانلەبەرناسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گیانلەبەرناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Зоологија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Зоологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologija" title="Zoologija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zoologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologi" title="Zoologi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Zoologi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A4intiede" title="Eläintiede – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eläintiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologi" title="Zoologi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zoologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoolohiya" title="Zoolohiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Zoolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="விலங்கியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விலங்கியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasen%C9%A3ersiwt" title="Tasenɣersiwt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasenɣersiwt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Зоология – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Зоология" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="జంతుశాస్త్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జంతుశాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoolojia" title="Zoolojia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Zoolojia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="สัตววิทยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัตววิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Ҷонваршиносӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷонваршиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooloji" title="Zooloji – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zooloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologi%C3%BDa" title="Zoologiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Zoologiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Зоология – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Зоология" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Зоологія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зоологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حیوانیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حیوانیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Động vật học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động vật học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimav" title="Nimav – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nimav" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolodjeye" title="Zolodjeye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Zolodjeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoolohiya" title="Zoolohiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Zoolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="动物学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="动物学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%90%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="זאאלאגיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זאאלאגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="動物學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="動物學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heywan%C5%9F%C4%B1nasiye" title="Heywanşınasiye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Heywanşınasiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="动物学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="动物学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 22:07 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li 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