CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Honey - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c81458cb-ef20-4e04-aacc-59ce4fc710fe","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Honey","wgTitle":"Honey","wgCurRevisionId":1259905630,"wgRevisionId":1259905630,"wgArticleId":14361,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia semi-protected pages","Use dmy dates from July 2024","Articles needing additional references from July 2021","All articles needing additional references","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023", "All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from November 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from April 2023","Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch","Pages using Sister project links with default search","Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW","Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter","Honey","Beekeeping","Demulcents","Non-timber forest products"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Honey","wgRelevantArticleId":14361,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia", "wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q10987","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader", "ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Runny_hunny.jpg/1200px-Runny_hunny.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1820"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Runny_hunny.jpg/800px-Runny_hunny.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1213"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Runny_hunny.jpg/640px-Runny_hunny.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="971"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Honey - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Honey rootpage-Honey skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Honey" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Honey" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Honey" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Honey" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Formation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Formation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Formation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_honey_bees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_honey_bees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 By honey bees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_honey_bees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_other_insects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_other_insects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 By other insects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_other_insects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Human intervention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Collection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Collection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Preservation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adulteration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adulteration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Adulteration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adulteration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worldwide_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worldwide_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Worldwide production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worldwide_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Modern uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Modern uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fermentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fermentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Fermentation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fermentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_and_chemical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_and_chemical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Physical and chemical properties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_and_chemical_properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Physical and chemical properties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_and_chemical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phase_transitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phase_transitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Phase transitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phase_transitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rheology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rheology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Rheology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rheology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrical_and_optical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrical_and_optical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Electrical and optical properties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrical_and_optical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hygroscopy_and_fermentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hygroscopy_and_fermentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Hygroscopy and fermentation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hygroscopy_and_fermentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermal_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Thermal characteristics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acid_content_and_flavor_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acid_content_and_flavor_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Acid content and flavor effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acid_content_and_flavor_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volatile_organic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volatile_organic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Volatile organic compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volatile_organic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Classification </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Classification subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plant_source" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_source"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Plant source </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_source-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monofloral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monofloral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Monofloral </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monofloral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polyfloral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polyfloral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Polyfloral </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polyfloral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honeydew_honey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honeydew_honey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Honeydew honey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honeydew_honey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_by_packaging_and_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_by_packaging_and_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Classification by packaging and processing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_by_packaging_and_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Grading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indicators_of_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indicators_of_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Indicators of quality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indicators_of_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Nutrition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Nutrition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sugar_profile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sugar_profile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Sugar profile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sugar_profile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_use_and_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_use_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Medical use and research </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medical_use_and_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Medical use and research subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Medical_use_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wounds_and_burns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wounds_and_burns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Wounds and burns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wounds_and_burns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antibiotic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antibiotic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Antibiotic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antibiotic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cough" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cough"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Cough </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cough-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Health hazards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Botulism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Botulism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5.1 Botulism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Botulism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxic_honey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxic_honey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5.2 Toxic honey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxic_honey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Folk medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Religious significance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Honey</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 181 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-181" aria-hidden="true" > 181 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuning" title="Heuning – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Heuning" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honig" title="Honig – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Honig" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%88%AD" title="ማር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunig" title="Hunig – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hunig" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%84" title="عسل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عسل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miel" title="Miel – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Miel" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%95%DC%92%DC%AB%DC%90" title="ܕܒܫܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܕܒܫܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%B2%D6%80" title="Մեղր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մեղր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91iari" title="Ñiari – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Ñiari" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miel" title="Miel – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Miel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eirete" title="Eirete – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Eirete" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misk%27i" title="Misk'i – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Misk'i" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal" title="Bal – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بال – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بال" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madu" title="Madu – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Madu" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81" title="মধু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মধু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phang-bi%CC%8Dt" title="Phang-bi̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phang-bi̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madu" title="Madu – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Madu" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Бал – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бал" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%91%D0%B4" title="Мёд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мёд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%91%D0%B4" title="Мёд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мёд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81" title="मधु – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मधु" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangguli" title="Tangguli – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tangguli" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Пчелен мед – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пчелен мед" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heng" title="Heng – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Heng" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med" title="Med – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Med" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel" title="Mel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Бал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel" title="Mel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Пыл – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пыл" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med" title="Med – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Med" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huchi" title="Huchi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Huchi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meli" title="Meli – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Meli" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AAl" title="Mêl – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mêl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiri" title="Shiri – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Shiri" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honning" title="Honning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Honning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honig" title="Honig – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Honig" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%ADs%CA%BCn%C3%A1_bit%C5%82%CA%BCizh" title="Tsísʼná bitłʼizh – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsísʼná bitłʼizh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesi" title="Mesi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mesi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B9" title="Μέλι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μέλι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Поназ – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Поназ" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miel" title="Miel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Miel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mielo" title="Mielo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mielo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miel" title="Miel – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Miel" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezti" title="Ezti – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ezti" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seero" title="Seero – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Seero" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target">Farefare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%84" title="عسل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عسل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madh" title="Madh – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Madh" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miel" title="Miel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Miel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huning" title="Huning – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Huning" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AEl" title="Mîl – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Mîl" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil" title="Mil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil" title="Mil – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mil" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel" title="Mel – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7" title="Модз – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Модз" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5" title="म्होंव – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="म्होंव" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%BBng-th%C3%B2ng" title="Phûng-thòng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phûng-thòng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%8C%EA%BF%80" title="벌꿀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벌꿀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuma" title="Zuma – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Zuma" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%B2%D6%80" title="Մեղր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեղր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81" title="मधु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मधु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med" title="Med – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Med" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mielo" title="Mielo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mielo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diro" title="Diro – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Diro" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madu" title="Madu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Madu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melle" title="Melle – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Melle" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D0%B4" title="Мыд – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мыд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunang" title="Hunang – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hunang" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miele" title="Miele – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Miele" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%91%D7%A9" title="דבש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דבש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madu" title="Madu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Madu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%81" title="ಜೇನು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೇನು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="თაფლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თაფლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%86%DA%BE" title="ماچھ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ماچھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Ара балы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ара балы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel" title="Mel – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mel" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuki" title="Ubuki – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubuki" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuki" title="Ubuki – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Ubuki" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asali" title="Asali – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Asali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwo" title="Siwo – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Siwo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hingiv" title="Hingiv – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hingiv" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Бал – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бал" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%B1" title="Мӱ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Мӱ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%C3%A9l" title="Myél – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Myél" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel" title="Mel – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mel" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medus" title="Medus – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Medus" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunneg" title="Hunneg – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hunneg" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82" title="Вирт – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Вирт" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medus" title="Medus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Medus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%AA" title="Amê – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Amê" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maf%C3%BAta_ma_nz%C3%B3i" title="Mafúta ma nzói – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mafúta ma nzói" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miel" title="Miel – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Miel" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezi" title="Mezi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Mezi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel" title="Mel – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mel" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9z" title="Méz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Méz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Мед – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мед" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantely" title="Tantely – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tantely" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BB" title="തേൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തേൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7" title="मध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="თოფური – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თოფური" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%84" title="عسل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عسل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madu" title="Madu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Madu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Медсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Медсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D3%A9%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Зөгийн бал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зөгийн бал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA" title="ပျားရည် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပျားရည်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necuhtli" title="Necuhtli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Necuhtli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honing" title="Honing – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Honing" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoening" title="Hoening – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Hoening" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9" title="मह – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मह" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="कस्ति – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कस्ति" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%82%E8%9C%9C" title="蜂蜜 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="蜂蜜" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8le_(magn%C3%A0)" title="Mèle (magnà) – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Mèle (magnà)" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Моз – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Моз" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6nang" title="Hönang – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hönang" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honning" title="Honning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Honning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honning" title="Honning – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Honning" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%A9" title="Mié – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Mié" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8l" title="Mèl – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mèl" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%B1%D0%B9" title="Мӱй – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Мӱй" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%81" title="ମହୁ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମହୁ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asal" title="Asal – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Asal" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A6" title="ਸ਼ਹਿਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਹਿਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="ماکھی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ماکھی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="شات – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شات" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honnig" title="Honnig – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Honnig" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%B3d" title="Miód – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Miód" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel" title="Mel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miere" title="Miere – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Miere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachiwa_misk%27i" title="Lachiwa misk'i – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Lachiwa misk'i" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Мед – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мед" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%91%D0%B4" title="Мёд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мёд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%AF%D3%A9%D1%82" title="Мүөт – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мүөт" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%83)" title="मधु (आहारपदार्थः) – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मधु (आहारपदार्थः)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meli" title="Meli – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Meli" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinnie" title="Hinnie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hinnie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huunich" title="Huunich – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Huunich" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjalti" title="Mjalti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mjalti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meli" title="Meli – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Meli" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%92" title="මී පැණි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මී පැණි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey" title="Honey – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Honey" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="ماکي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ماکي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med" title="Med – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Med" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med" title="Med – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Med" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malab" title="Malab – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Malab" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ھەنگوین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەنگوین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Мед – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мед" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med" title="Med – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Med" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madu" title="Madu – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Madu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunaja" title="Hunaja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hunaja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honung" title="Honung – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Honung" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulot-pukyutan" title="Pulot-pukyutan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pulot-pukyutan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="தேன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தேன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamment" title="Tamment – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamment" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Бал – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бал" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86" title="తేనె – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తేనె" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87" title="น้ำผึ้ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="น้ำผึ้ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Асал – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Асал" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A9%E1%8F%9A%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%8F" title="ᏩᏚᎵᏏ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏩᏚᎵᏏ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1hnom%C3%A1pano%27%C3%AAhas%C3%AB%C3%B6" title="Háhnomápano'êhasëö – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Háhnomápano'êhasëö" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8A/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97" title="ಚೀಯೊ/ತಿಗ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಚೀಯೊ/ತಿಗ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal" title="Bal – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ary_baly" title="Ary baly – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ary baly" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tong" title="Tong – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Tong" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Мед – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мед" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%AF" title="شہد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شہد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%84" title="ھەسەل – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھەسەل" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangzrwi" title="Dangzrwi – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dangzrwi" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezi" title="Mezi – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mezi" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%ADt_ong" title="Mật ong – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mật ong" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miel" title="Miel – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Miel" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A5me_(amagn%C3%AE)" title="Låme (amagnî) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Låme (amagnî)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%82%E8%9C%9C" title="蜂蜜 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="蜂蜜" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%AAem" title="Zêem – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zêem" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugos" title="Dugos – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dugos" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%82%E8%9C%9C" title="蜂蜜 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蜂蜜" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%92" title="האניג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="האניג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%9C%E7%B3%96" title="蜜糖 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蜜糖" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medos" title="Medos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Medos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%82%E8%9C%9C" title="蜂蜜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蜂蜜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modu" title="Modu – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Modu" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angivin" title="Angivin – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Angivin" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10987#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Honey" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Honey">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Honey">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Honey" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Honey" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey&oldid=1259905630" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Honey&id=1259905630&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHoney">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHoney">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Honey&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Honey" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Honey" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10987" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected until September 30, 2025 at 15:57 UTC."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sweet and viscous substance made by bees mostly using nectar from flowers</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Honey_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Honey (disambiguation)">Honey (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Runny_hunny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Runny_hunny.jpg/250px-Runny_hunny.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Runny_hunny.jpg/375px-Runny_hunny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Runny_hunny.jpg/500px-Runny_hunny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="2700" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A jar of honey with a <a href="/wiki/Honey_dipper" title="Honey dipper">honey dipper</a> and an <a href="/wiki/American_biscuit" class="mw-redirect" title="American biscuit">American biscuit</a></div></div></div></div></div> Honey is a sweet and <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscous</a> substance made by several species of <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a>, the best-known of which are <a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">honey bees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Crane1990-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grüter-2">[2]</a> Honey is made and stored to nourish bee colonies. Bees produce honey by gathering and then refining the <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugary</a> secretions of plants (primarily floral <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a>) or the secretions of other insects, like the <a href="/wiki/Honeydew_(secretion)" title="Honeydew (secretion)">honeydew</a> of aphids. This refinement takes place both within individual bees, through <a href="/wiki/Regurgitation_(digestion)" title="Regurgitation (digestion)">regurgitation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymatic</a> activity, and during storage in the hive, through water evaporation that concentrates the honey's sugars until it is thick and viscous. Honey bees stockpile honey in the <a href="/wiki/Beehive" title="Beehive">hive</a>. Within the hive is a structure made from wax called <a href="/wiki/Honeycomb" title="Honeycomb">honeycomb</a>. The honeycomb is made up of hundreds or thousands of <a href="/wiki/Hexagon" title="Hexagon">hexagonal</a> cells, into which the bees regurgitate honey for storage. Other honey-producing species of bee store the substance in different structures, such as the pots made of wax and <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/Stingless_bee" title="Stingless bee">stingless bee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Crane1990-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grüter-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Honey for human consumption is collected from wild bee colonies, or from the <a href="/wiki/Beehive" title="Beehive">hives</a> of domesticated bees. The honey produced by honey bees is the most familiar to humans, thanks to its worldwide commercial production and availability.<a href="#cite_note-crane_book-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">husbandry</a> of bees is known as <a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">beekeeping</a> or apiculture, with the cultivation of stingless bees usually referred to as <a href="/wiki/Meliponiculture" title="Meliponiculture">meliponiculture</a>. Honey is sweet because of its high concentrations of the <a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">monosaccharides</a> <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>. It has about the same relative <a href="/wiki/Sweetness" title="Sweetness">sweetness</a> as <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a> (table sugar).<a href="#cite_note-NHB_carbs-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oregon_State_University-6">[6]</a> One standard <a href="/wiki/Tablespoon" title="Tablespoon">tablespoon</a> (15 mL) of honey provides around 190 kilojoules (46 kilocalories) of <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nutrient_Data-7">[7]</a> It has attractive chemical properties for <a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">baking</a> and a distinctive flavor when used as a sweetener.<a href="#cite_note-NHB_carbs-5">[5]</a> Most <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> cannot grow in honey and sealed honey therefore does not <a href="/wiki/Food_spoilage" title="Food spoilage">spoil</a>. Samples of honey discovered in <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> contexts have proven edible even after millennia.<a href="#cite_note-Geiling-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Prescott_1999-9">[9]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miels_d%27Alsace_agriculture_biologique.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Miels_d%27Alsace_agriculture_biologique.jpg/220px-Miels_d%27Alsace_agriculture_biologique.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Miels_d%27Alsace_agriculture_biologique.jpg/330px-Miels_d%27Alsace_agriculture_biologique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Miels_d%27Alsace_agriculture_biologique.jpg/440px-Miels_d%27Alsace_agriculture_biologique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3046" data-file-height="2353" /></a><figcaption>French honey from different floral sources, with visible differences in color and texture</figcaption></figure> Honey use and production has a long and varied history, with its beginnings in <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistoric times</a>. Several cave paintings in <a href="/wiki/Cuevas_de_la_Ara%C3%B1a" title="Cuevas de la Araña">Cuevas de la Araña</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> depict humans foraging for honey at least 8,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-hunt-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crane83-11">[11]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">Apis mellifera</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a>, large-scale meliponiculture of <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> stingless bees has been practiced by <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Mayans</a> since <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbian</a> times.<a href="#cite_note-Grüter-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Quezada-Euan-12">[12]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bee_on_-calyx_935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bee_on_-calyx_935.jpg/220px-Bee_on_-calyx_935.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bee_on_-calyx_935.jpg/330px-Bee_on_-calyx_935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bee_on_-calyx_935.jpg/440px-Bee_on_-calyx_935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">honey bee</a> with its proboscis extended into a <a href="/wiki/Calyx_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calyx (botany)">calyx</a> of <a href="/wiki/Goldenrod" title="Goldenrod">goldenrod</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Honey_comb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Honey_comb.jpg/220px-Honey_comb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Honey_comb.jpg/330px-Honey_comb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Honey_comb.jpg/440px-Honey_comb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Honeycomb" title="Honeycomb">Honeycomb</a> displaying <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_prismatic_honeycomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal prismatic honeycomb">hexagonal prismatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">wax</a> cells in which <a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">honey bees</a> store honey</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_honey_bees">By honey bees</h3></div> Honey is produced by bees who have collected <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Honeydew_(secretion)" title="Honeydew (secretion)">honeydew</a>. Bees value honey for its sugars, which they consume to support general <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic activity</a>, especially that of their flight muscles during <a href="/wiki/Forage_(honey_bee)" title="Forage (honey bee)">foraging</a>, and as a food for their <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a>. To this end bees stockpile honey to provide for themselves during ordinary foraging as well as during lean periods, as in <a href="/wiki/Overwintering" title="Overwintering">overwintering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Suarez_Lighton_Joos_Roberts_1996_pp._12616–12620-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-NHB_Bee_facts-14">[14]</a> During foraging bees use part of the nectar they collect to power their flight muscles. The majority of nectar collected is not used to directly nourish the insects but is instead destined for <a href="/wiki/Regurgitation_(digestion)" title="Regurgitation (digestion)">regurgitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_catalysis" title="Enzyme catalysis">enzymatic digestion</a>, and finally long-term <a href="/wiki/Food_storage" title="Food storage">storage</a> as honey.<a href="#cite_note-Suarez_Lighton_Joos_Roberts_1996_pp._12616–12620-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-cd-15">[15]</a> During cold weather or when other food sources are scarce, adult and <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larval</a> bees consume stored honey, which is many times as energy-dense as the nectar from which it is made.<a href="#cite_note-NHB_Bee_facts-14">[14]</a> After leaving the hive, a foraging bee collects sugar-rich nectar or honeydew. Nectar from the flower generally has a water content of 70 to 80% and is much less viscous than finished honey, which usually has a water content around 18%.<a href="#cite_note-South_Mountain_Bees-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The water content of honeydew from aphids and other <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">true bugs</a> is generally very close to the sap on which those insects feed and is usually somewhat more dilute than nectar. One source describes the water content of honeydew as around 89%.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Whether it is feeding on nectar or honeydew, the bee sucks these runny fluids through its <a href="/wiki/Proboscis" title="Proboscis">proboscis</a>, which delivers the liquid to the bee's honey stomach or "honey crop".<a href="#cite_note-cd-15">[15]</a> This cavity lies just above its food stomach, the latter of which digests pollen and sugars consumed by an individual honey bee for its own nourishment. In <a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">Apis mellifera</a>, the honey stomach holds about 40 mg of liquid. This is about half the weight of an unladen bee. Collecting this quantity in nectar can require visits to more than a thousand flowers. When nectar is plentiful, it can take a bee more than an hour of ceaseless work to collect enough nectar to fill its honey crop. <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">Salivary</a> enzymes and proteins from the bee's <a href="/wiki/Insect_mouthparts#Hypopharynx" title="Insect mouthparts">hypopharyngeal gland</a> are secreted into the nectar once it is in the bee's honey stomach. These <a href="/wiki/Digestive_enzyme" title="Digestive enzyme">substances</a> begin <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">cleaving</a> <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">complex sugars</a> like <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starches</a> into simpler sugars such as <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>. This process slightly raises the water content and the acidity of the partially digested nectar.<a href="#cite_note-Suarez_Lighton_Joos_Roberts_1996_pp._12616–12620-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rossano_Larocca_Polito_Perna_2012_p._e49164-19">[19]</a> Once filled, the forager bees return to the hive. There they regurgitate and transfer nectar to hive bees. Once it is in their own honey stomachs, the hive bees regurgitate the nectar, repeatedly forming bubbles between their <a href="/wiki/Mandible_(insect_mouthpart)" title="Mandible (insect mouthpart)">mandibles</a>, speeding its digestion and concentration. These bubbles create a large surface area per volume and by this means the bees evaporate a portion of the nectar's water into the warm air of the hive.<a href="#cite_note-Suarez_Lighton_Joos_Roberts_1996_pp._12616–12620-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-cd-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Hive bees form honey-processing groups. These groups work in relay, with one bee subjecting the processed nectar to bubbling and then passing the refined liquid on to others. It can take as long as 20 minutes of continuous regurgitation, digestion and evaporation until the product reaches storage quality.<a href="#cite_note-cd-15">[15]</a> The new honey is then placed in honeycomb cells, which are left uncapped. This honey still has a very high water content, up to 70%, depending on the concentration of nectar gathered. At this stage of its refinement the water content of the honey is high enough that ubiquitous <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a> <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spores</a> can <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">reproduce</a> in it, a process which, if left unchecked, would rapidly <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">consume</a> the new honey's sugars.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> To combat this, bees use an ability rare among insects: the <a href="/wiki/Endogeny_(biology)" title="Endogeny (biology)">endogenous</a> generation of heat. Bees are among the few insects that can create large amounts of body heat. They use this ability to produce a constant ambient temperature in their hives. Hive temperatures are usually around 35 °C (95 °F) in the honey-storage areas. This temperature is regulated either by generating heat with their bodies or removing it through water evaporation. The evaporation removes water from the stored honey, drawing heat from the colony. The bees use their wings to govern hive cooling. Coordinated wing beating moves air across the wet honey, drawing out water and heat. Ventilation of the hive eventually expels both excess water and heat into the outside world. The process of evaporating continues until the honey reaches its final water content of between 15.5% to 18%.<a href="#cite_note-South_Mountain_Bees-16">[16]</a> This concentrates the sugars far beyond the <a href="/wiki/Solubility#Factors_affecting_solubility" title="Solubility">saturation point</a> of water, which is to say there is far more sugar dissolved in what little water remains in honey than ever could be dissolved in an equivalent volume of water. Honey, even at hive temperatures, is therefore a <a href="/wiki/Supercooling" title="Supercooling">supercooled</a> solution of various sugars in water. These concentrations of sugar can only be achieved near room temperature by evaporation of a less concentrated solution, in this case nectar. For <a href="/wiki/Osmotic_pressure" title="Osmotic pressure">osmotic reasons</a> such high concentrations of sugar are extremely unfavorable to microbiological reproduction and all <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermentation</a> is consequently halted.<a href="#cite_note-NHB_Bee_facts-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-cd-15">[15]</a> The bees then cap the cells of finished honey with wax. This seals them from contamination and prevents further evaporation.<a href="#cite_note-cd-15">[15]</a> So long as its water concentration does not rise much above 18%, honey has an indefinite shelf life, both within the hive and after its removal by a <a href="/wiki/Beekeeper" title="Beekeeper">beekeeper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NHB_Bee_facts-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_other_insects">By other insects</h3></div> Honey bees are not the only <a href="/wiki/Eusociality" title="Eusociality">eusocial insects</a> to produce honey. All non-parasitic <a href="/wiki/Bumblebee" title="Bumblebee">bumblebees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stingless_bee" title="Stingless bee">stingless bees</a> produce honey. Some wasp species, such as <a href="/wiki/Brachygastra_lecheguana" title="Brachygastra lecheguana">Brachygastra lecheguana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brachygastra_mellifica" title="Brachygastra mellifica">Brachygastra mellifica</a>, found in South and Central America, are known to feed on nectar and produce honey.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Other wasps, such as <a href="/wiki/Polistes_versicolor" title="Polistes versicolor">Polistes versicolor</a>, also consume honey. In the middle of their life cycles they alternate between feeding on protein-rich pollen and feeding on honey, which is a far <a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">denser</a> source of <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_intervention">Human intervention</h3></div> Human beings have <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">semi-domesticated</a> several species of honey bee by taking advantage of their swarming stage. Swarming is the means by which new colonies are established when there is no longer space for expansion in the colony's present hive. The old queen lays eggs that will develop into new queens and then leads as many as half the colony to a site for a new hive. Bees generally swarm before a suitable location for another hive has been discovered by scouts sent out for this purpose. Until such a location is found the swarm will simply conglomerate near the former hive, often from tree branches. These swarms are unusually docile and amenable to transport by humans. When provided with a suitable nesting site, such as a commercial <a href="/wiki/Langstroth_hive" title="Langstroth hive">Langstroth hive</a>, the swarm will readily form a new colony in artificial surroundings. These semi-domesticated colonies are then looked after by humans practicing apiculture or meliponiculture. Captured bees are encouraged to forage, often in agricultural settings such as orchards, where pollinators are highly valued. The honey, <a href="/wiki/Bee_pollen" title="Bee pollen">pollen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">wax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivory" title="Plant defense against herbivory">resins</a> the bees produce are all harvested by humans for a variety of uses.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The term "semi-domesticated" is preferred because all bee colonies, even those in very large agricultural apiculture operations, readily leave the protection of humans in swarms that can establish successful wild colonies. Much of the effort in commercial beekeeping is dedicated to persuading a hive that is ready to swarm to produce more honeycomb in its present location. This is usually done by adding more space to the colony with <a href="/wiki/Honey_super" title="Honey super">honey supers</a>, empty boxes placed on top of an existing colony. The bees can then usually be enticed to develop this empty space instead of dividing their colony through swarming.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collection">Collection</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Honey" title="Special:EditPage/Honey">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sealed_Honey_in_frame.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sealed_Honey_in_frame.JPG/220px-Sealed_Honey_in_frame.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sealed_Honey_in_frame.JPG/330px-Sealed_Honey_in_frame.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sealed_Honey_in_frame.JPG/440px-Sealed_Honey_in_frame.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Sealed frame of honey</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Extractor_Beekeeping.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Extractor_Beekeeping.jpg/220px-Extractor_Beekeeping.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Extractor_Beekeeping.jpg/330px-Extractor_Beekeeping.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Extractor_Beekeeping.jpg/440px-Extractor_Beekeeping.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Extraction from a honeycomb</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filtering_of_honey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Filtering_of_honey.jpg/170px-Filtering_of_honey.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Filtering_of_honey.jpg/255px-Filtering_of_honey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Filtering_of_honey.jpg/340px-Filtering_of_honey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1908" data-file-height="2836" /></a><figcaption>Filtering from a honeycomb</figcaption></figure> Honey is collected from wild bee colonies or from domesticated beehives. On average, a hive will produce about 29 kilograms (65 lb) of honey per year.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Wild bee nests are sometimes located by following a <a href="/wiki/Honeyguide" title="Honeyguide">honeyguide</a> bird. To safely collect honey from a hive, beekeepers typically pacify the bees using a <a href="/wiki/Bee_smoker" title="Bee smoker">bee smoker</a>. The smoke triggers a feeding instinct (an attempt to save the resources of the hive from a possible fire), making them less aggressive, and obscures the pheromones the bees use to communicate. The honeycomb is removed from the hive and the honey may be extracted from it either by crushing or by using a <a href="/wiki/Honey_extractor" title="Honey extractor">honey extractor</a>. The honey is then usually filtered to remove beeswax and other debris. Before the invention of removable frames, bee colonies were often sacrificed to conduct the harvest. The harvester would take all the available honey and replace the entire colony the next spring. Since the invention of removable frames, the principles of husbandry led most beekeepers to ensure that their bees have enough stores to survive the winter, either by leaving some honey in the beehive or by providing the colony with a honey substitute such as sugar water or crystalline sugar (often in the form of a "candyboard"). The amount of food necessary to survive the winter depends on the variety of bees and on the length and severity of local winters. Many animal species are attracted to wild or domestic sources of honey.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preservation">Preservation</h3></div> Because of its composition and chemical properties, honey is suitable for long-term storage, and is easily assimilated even after long preservation. Honey, and objects immersed in honey, have been preserved for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> (However, no edible honey has been found in Egyptian tombs; all such cases have been proven to be other substances or only chemical traces.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>) The key to preservation is limiting access to humidity. In its cured state, honey has a sufficiently high sugar content to inhibit fermentation. If exposed to moist air, its <a href="/wiki/Hydrophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophilic">hydrophilic</a> properties pull moisture into the honey, eventually diluting it to the point that fermentation can begin.<a href="#cite_note-Bee_Culture'_Page_348-31">[31]</a> The long <a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">shelf life</a> of honey is attributed to an <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> found in the stomach of bees. The bees mix <a href="/wiki/Glucose_oxidase" title="Glucose oxidase">glucose oxidase</a> with expelled nectar they previously consumed, creating two <a href="/wiki/Byproduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Byproduct">byproducts</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gluconic_acid" title="Gluconic acid">gluconic acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a>, which are partially responsible for honey acidity and suppression of bacterial growth.<a href="#cite_note-Geiling-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adulteration">Adulteration</h3></div> Honey is sometimes <a href="/wiki/Adulterant" title="Adulterant">adulterated</a> by the addition of other sugars, syrups, or compounds to change its flavor or viscosity, reduce cost, or increase the fructose content to inhibit <a href="/wiki/Crystallization" title="Crystallization">crystallization</a>. Honey has been adulterated since ancient times, when honey was sometimes blended with plant syrups such as <a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">maple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">birch</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sorghum_syrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorghum syrup">sorghum</a> and sold to customers as pure honey. Sometimes crystallized honey was mixed with flour or other fillers, hiding the adulteration from buyers until the honey was liquefied. In modern times, the most common adulterant became clear, almost-flavorless corn syrup; the adulterated mixture can be very difficult to distinguish from pure honey.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Alimentarius" title="Codex Alimentarius">Codex Alimentarius</a> of the United Nations, any product labeled as "honey" or "pure honey" must be a wholly natural product, although labeling laws differ between countries.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In the United States, according to the National Honey Board, "Ensuring honey authenticity is one of the great challenges facing the honey industry today. Over the past half century, a number of honey testing methods have been developed to detect food fraud. To date, there is no single universal analytical method available which is capable of detecting all types of adulteration with adequate sensitivity."<a href="#cite_note-nhb-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotope_ratio_mass_spectrometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotope ratio mass spectrometry">Isotope ratio mass spectrometry</a> can be used to detect addition of <a href="/wiki/Corn_syrup" title="Corn syrup">corn syrup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cane_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cane sugar">cane sugar</a> by the carbon <a href="/wiki/Isotopic_signature" title="Isotopic signature">isotopic signature</a>. Addition of sugars originating from corn or sugar cane (<a href="/wiki/C4_carbon_fixation" title="C4 carbon fixation">C4 plants</a>, unlike the plants used by bees, and also <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beet</a>, which are predominantly <a href="/wiki/C3_carbon_fixation" title="C3 carbon fixation">C3 plants</a>) skews the isotopic ratio of sugars present in honey,<a href="#cite_note-nhb-34">[34]</a> but does not influence the isotopic ratio of proteins. In an unadulterated honey, the carbon isotopic ratios of sugars and proteins should match. Levels as low as 7% of addition can be detected.<a href="#cite_note-nhb-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Worldwide_production">Worldwide production</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:left; text-align:center;"> <caption>Production of natural honey in 2020 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Country </th> <th scope="col">Production (<a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>458,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>104,077 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td> <td>79,955 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td>74,403 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td>68,028 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>66,948 </td></tr> <tr> <td>World</td> <td>1,770,119 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Source: FAOSTAT<a href="#cite_note-faostat-35">[35]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> In 2020, global production of honey was 1.8 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, led by China with 26% of the world total (table).<a href="#cite_note-faostat-35">[35]</a> Other major producers were <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-faostat-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_uses">Modern uses</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mellivory" title="Mellivory">Mellivory</a></div> Over its history as a food,<a href="#cite_note-hunt-10">[10]</a> the main uses of honey are in cooking, baking, desserts, as a spread on bread, as an addition to various beverages such as tea, and as a sweetener in some commercial beverages.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Due to its energy density, honey is an important food for virtually all <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> cultures in warm climates, with the <a href="/wiki/Hadza_people" title="Hadza people">Hadza people</a> ranking honey as their favorite food.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunters</a> in Africa have a <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualistic</a> relationship with certain species of <a href="/wiki/Honeyguide" title="Honeyguide">honeyguide</a> birds.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fermentation">Fermentation</h3></div> Possibly the world's oldest <a href="/wiki/Fermented_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented beverage">fermented beverage</a>, dating from 9,000 years ago,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">mead</a> ("honey wine") is the alcoholic product made by adding <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a> to honey-water <a href="/wiki/Must" title="Must">must</a> and fermenting it for weeks or months.<a href="#cite_note-jib-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-mol-41">[41]</a> The yeast <a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a> is commonly used in modern mead production.<a href="#cite_note-jib-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-mol-41">[41]</a> Mead varieties include drinks called <a href="/wiki/Metheglin" class="mw-redirect" title="Metheglin">metheglin</a> (with spices or herbs), <a href="/wiki/Melomel" class="mw-redirect" title="Melomel">melomel</a> (with fruit juices, such as grape, specifically called <a href="/wiki/Pyment" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyment">pyment</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hippocras" title="Hippocras">hippocras</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>), and sack mead (high concentration of honey),<a href="#cite_note-mol-41">[41]</a> many of which have been developed as commercial products numbering in the hundreds in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-tierney-42">[42]</a> Honey is also used to make mead <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>, called "braggot".<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_and_chemical_properties">Physical and chemical properties</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystallized_honey_with_close-up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Crystallized_honey_with_close-up.jpg/220px-Crystallized_honey_with_close-up.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Crystallized_honey_with_close-up.jpg/330px-Crystallized_honey_with_close-up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Crystallized_honey_with_close-up.jpg/440px-Crystallized_honey_with_close-up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3217" data-file-height="2521" /></a><figcaption>Crystallized honey: The inset shows a close-up of the honey, showing the individual glucose grains in the fructose mixture.</figcaption></figure> The physical properties of honey vary, depending on water content, the type of flora used to produce it (pasturage), temperature, and the proportion of the specific sugars it contains. Fresh honey is a <a href="/wiki/Supersaturation" title="Supersaturation">supersaturated</a> liquid, containing more sugar than the water can typically dissolve at ambient temperatures. At room temperature, honey is a <a href="/wiki/Supercooling" title="Supercooling">supercooled</a> liquid, in which the glucose precipitates into solid granules. This forms a semisolid solution of <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">precipitated</a> glucose <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystals</a> in a solution of fructose and other ingredients.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> of honey typically ranges between 1.38 and 1.45 kg/L at 20 °C.<a href="#cite_note-Tomasik2003-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phase_transitions">Phase transitions</h3></div> The melting point of crystallized honey is between 40 and 50 °C (104 and 122 °F), depending on its composition. Below this temperature, honey can be either in a <a href="/wiki/Metastable" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastable">metastable</a> state, meaning that it will not crystallize until a <a href="/wiki/Seed_crystal" title="Seed crystal">seed crystal</a> is added, or, more often, it is in a "labile" state, being saturated with enough sugars to crystallize spontaneously.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The rate of crystallization is affected by many factors, but the primary factor is the ratio of the main sugars: fructose to glucose. Honeys that are supersaturated with a very high percentage of glucose, such as <a href="/wiki/Brassica" title="Brassica">brassica</a> honey, crystallize almost immediately after harvesting, while honeys with a low percentage of glucose, such as chestnut or <a href="/wiki/Tupelo_(tree)" title="Tupelo (tree)">tupelo</a> honey, do not crystallize. Some types of honey may produce few but very large crystals, while others produce many small crystals.<a href="#cite_note-Piotr_Tomasik_p._74-46">[46]</a> Crystallization is also affected by water content, because a high percentage of water inhibits crystallization, as does a high <a href="/wiki/Dextrin" title="Dextrin">dextrin</a> content. Temperature also affects the rate of crystallization, with the fastest growth occurring between 13 and 17 °C (55 and 63 °F). Crystal nuclei (seeds) tend to form more readily if the honey is disturbed, by stirring, shaking, or agitating, rather than if left at rest. However, the <a href="/wiki/Nucleation" title="Nucleation">nucleation</a> of microscopic seed-crystals is greatest between 5 and 8 °C (41 and 46 °F). Therefore, larger but fewer crystals tend to form at higher temperatures, while smaller but more-numerous crystals usually form at lower temperatures. Below 5 °C, the honey will not crystallize, thus the original texture and flavor can be preserved indefinitely.<a href="#cite_note-Piotr_Tomasik_p._74-46">[46]</a> Honey is a supercooled liquid when stored below its melting point, as is normal. At very low temperatures, honey does not freeze solid; rather its viscosity increases. Like most <a href="/wiki/Viscous_liquid" title="Viscous liquid">viscous liquids</a>, the honey becomes thick and sluggish with decreasing temperature. At −20 °C (−4 °F), honey may appear or even feel solid, but it continues to flow at very low rates. Honey has a <a href="/wiki/Glass_transition" title="Glass transition">glass transition</a> between −42 and −51 °C (−44 and −60 °F). Below this temperature, honey enters a <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glassy</a> state and becomes an <a href="/wiki/Amorphous_solid" title="Amorphous solid">amorphous solid</a> (noncrystalline).<a href="#cite_note-Kántor_Pitsi_Thoen_1999_pp._2327–2330-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rheology">Rheology</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Honey-miel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Honey-miel.jpg/220px-Honey-miel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Honey-miel.jpg/330px-Honey-miel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Honey-miel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>Pouring raw honey. The sheet-like appearance of the flow is the result of high viscosity and low surface tension, contributing to the stickiness of honey.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> of honey is affected greatly by both temperature and water content. The higher the water percentage, the more easily honey <a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">flows</a>. Above its melting point, however, water has little effect on viscosity. Aside from water content, the composition of most types of honey also has little effect on viscosity. At 25 °C (77 °F), honey with 14% water content generally has a viscosity around 400 <a href="/wiki/Poise_(unit)" title="Poise (unit)">poise</a>, while a honey containing 20% water has a viscosity around 20 poise. Viscosity increases very slowly with moderate cooling; a honey containing 16% water, at 70 °C (158 °F), has a viscosity around 2 poise, while at 30 °C (86 °F), the viscosity is around 70 poise. With further cooling, the increase in viscosity is more rapid, reaching 600 poise at around 14 °C (57 °F).<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-bee-hexagon.net-52">[52]</a> However, while honey is viscous, it has low <a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">surface tension</a> of 50–60 mJ/m2, making its <a href="/wiki/Wettability" class="mw-redirect" title="Wettability">wettability</a> similar to water, <a href="/wiki/Glycerin" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerin">glycerin</a>, or most other liquids.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The high viscosity and wettability of honey cause <a href="/wiki/Adhesion" title="Adhesion">stickiness</a>, which is a time-dependent process in supercooled liquids between the glass-transition temperature (Tg) and the crystalline-melting temperature.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Most types of honey are <a href="/wiki/Newtonian_liquid" class="mw-redirect" title="Newtonian liquid">Newtonian liquids</a>, but a few types have <a href="/wiki/Non-Newtonian_fluid" title="Non-Newtonian fluid">non-Newtonian</a> viscous properties. Honeys from <a href="/wiki/Calluna_vulgaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Calluna vulgaris">heather</a> or <a href="/wiki/Leptospermum_scoparium" title="Leptospermum scoparium">manuka</a> display <a href="/wiki/Thixotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thixotropic">thixotropic</a> properties. These types of honey enter a gel-like state when motionless, but liquefy when stirred.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrical_and_optical_properties">Electrical and optical properties</h3></div> Because honey contains <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a>, in the form of acids and minerals, it exhibits varying degrees of <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a>. Measurements of the electrical conductivity are used to determine the quality of honey in terms of <a href="/wiki/Ash_(analytical_chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash (analytical chemistry)">ash</a> content.<a href="#cite_note-bee-hexagon.net-52">[52]</a> The effect honey has on light is useful for determining the type and quality. Variations in its water content alter its <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a>. Water content can easily be measured with a <a href="/wiki/Refractometer" title="Refractometer">refractometer</a>. Typically, the refractive index for honey ranges from 1.504 at 13% water content to 1.474 at 25%. Honey also has an effect on <a href="/wiki/Polarized_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarized light">polarized light</a>, in that it rotates the polarization plane. The fructose gives a negative rotation, while the glucose gives a positive one. The overall rotation can be used to measure the ratio of the mixture.<a href="#cite_note-bee-hexagon.net-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bee_Culture'_Page_348-31">[31]</a> Honey is generally pale yellow and dark brown in color,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] but other colors can occur, depending on the sugar source.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Bee colonies that forage on <a href="/wiki/Kudzu" title="Kudzu">Kudzu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pueraria_montana_var._lobata" title="Pueraria montana var. lobata">Pueraria montana var. lobata</a>) flowers, for example, produce honey that varies in color from red to purple.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hygroscopy_and_fermentation">Hygroscopy and fermentation</h3></div> Honey has the ability to absorb moisture directly from the air, a phenomenon called <a href="/wiki/Hygroscopy" title="Hygroscopy">hygroscopy</a>. The amount of water the honey absorbs is dependent on the relative humidity of the air. Because honey contains yeast, this hygroscopic nature requires that honey be stored in sealed containers to prevent fermentation, which usually begins if the honey's water content rises much above 25%. Honey tends to absorb more water in this manner than the individual sugars allow on their own, which may be due to other ingredients it contains.<a href="#cite_note-Bee_Culture'_Page_348-31">[31]</a> Fermentation of honey usually occurs after crystallization, because without the glucose, the liquid portion of the honey primarily consists of a concentrated mixture of fructose, acids, and water, providing the yeast with enough of an increase in the water percentage for growth. Honey that is to be stored at room temperature for long periods of time is often <a href="/wiki/Pasteurized" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteurized">pasteurized</a>, to kill any yeast, by heating it above 70 °C (158 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Bee_Culture'_Page_348-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermal_characteristics">Thermal characteristics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Creamed_honey_Maillard_reaction_after_aging.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Creamed_honey_Maillard_reaction_after_aging.jpg/220px-Creamed_honey_Maillard_reaction_after_aging.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Creamed_honey_Maillard_reaction_after_aging.jpg/330px-Creamed_honey_Maillard_reaction_after_aging.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Creamed_honey_Maillard_reaction_after_aging.jpg/440px-Creamed_honey_Maillard_reaction_after_aging.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Creamed honey: the honey on the left is fresh, and the honey on the right has been aged at room temperature for two years. The Maillard reaction produces considerable differences in the color and flavor of the aged honey, which remains edible.</figcaption></figure> Like all sugar compounds, honey <a href="/wiki/Caramelize" class="mw-redirect" title="Caramelize">caramelizes</a> if heated sufficiently, becoming darker in color, and eventually burns. However, honey contains fructose, which caramelizes at lower temperatures than glucose.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The temperature at which caramelization begins varies, depending on the composition, but is typically between 70 and 110 °C (158 and 230 °F). Honey also contains acids, which act as <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalysts</a> for caramelization. The specific types of acids and their amounts play a primary role in determining the exact temperature.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Of these acids, the amino acids, which occur in very small amounts, play an important role in the darkening of honey. The amino acids form darkened compounds called <a href="/wiki/Melanoidin" title="Melanoidin">melanoidins</a>, during a <a href="/wiki/Maillard_reaction" title="Maillard reaction">Maillard reaction</a>. The Maillard reaction occurs slowly at room temperature, taking from a few to several months to show visible darkening, but speeds up dramatically with increasing temperatures. However, the reaction can also be slowed by storing the honey at colder temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Unlike many other liquids, honey has very poor <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a> of 0.5 W/(m⋅K) at 13% water content (compared to 401 W/(m⋅K) of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>), taking a long time to reach <a href="/wiki/Thermal_equilibrium" title="Thermal equilibrium">thermal equilibrium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Due to its high <a href="/wiki/Kinematic_viscosity" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinematic viscosity">kinematic viscosity</a> honey does not transfer heat through momentum diffusion (<a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a>) but rather through <a href="/wiki/Heat_conduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat conduction">thermal diffusion</a> (more like a solid), so melting crystallized honey can easily result in localized caramelization if the heat source is too hot or not evenly distributed. However, honey takes substantially longer to liquefy when just above the melting point than at elevated temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-bee-hexagon.net-52">[52]</a> Melting 20 kg (44 lb) of crystallized honey at 40 °C (104 °F) can take up to 24 hours, while 50 kg (110 lb) may take twice as long. These times can be cut nearly in half by heating at 50 °C (122 °F); however, many of the minor substances in honey can be affected greatly by heating, changing the flavor, aroma, or other properties, so heating is usually done at the lowest temperature and for the shortest time possible.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acid_content_and_flavor_effects">Acid content and flavor effects</h3></div> The average <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of honey is 3.9, but can range from 3.4 to 6.1.<a href="#cite_note-nhbtech-63">[63]</a> Honey contains many kinds of acids, both <a href="/wiki/Organic_acid" title="Organic acid">organic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino</a>. However, the different types and their amounts vary considerably, depending on the type of honey. These acids may be <a href="/wiki/Aromaticity" title="Aromaticity">aromatic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aliphatic_compound#Aliphatic_acids" title="Aliphatic compound">aliphatic</a> (nonaromatic). The aliphatic acids contribute greatly to the flavor of honey by interacting with the flavors of other ingredients.<a href="#cite_note-nhbtech-63">[63]</a> Organic acids comprise most of the acids in honey, accounting for 0.17–1.17% of the mixture, with <a href="/wiki/Gluconic_acid" title="Gluconic acid">gluconic acid</a> formed by the actions of <a href="/wiki/Glucose_oxidase" title="Glucose oxidase">glucose oxidase</a> as the most prevalent.<a href="#cite_note-nhbtech-63">[63]</a> Minor amounts of other organic acids are present, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">formic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butyric_acid" title="Butyric acid">butyric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">citric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malic_acid" title="Malic acid">malic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyroglutamic_acid" title="Pyroglutamic acid">pyroglutamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propionic_acid" title="Propionic acid">propionic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valeric_acid" title="Valeric acid">valeric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capronic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Capronic acid">capronic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmitic_acid" title="Palmitic acid">palmitic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Succinic_acid" title="Succinic acid">succinic</a>, among many others.<a href="#cite_note-nhbtech-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volatile_organic_compounds">Volatile organic compounds</h3></div> Individual honeys from different plant sources contain over 100 <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">volatile organic compounds</a> (VOCs), which play a primary role in determining honey <a href="/wiki/Flavor_(taste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavor (taste)">flavors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">aromas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-patt-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patrignani-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-suarez-67">[67]</a> VOCs are carbon-based compounds that readily <a href="/wiki/Vaporization" title="Vaporization">vaporize</a> into the air, providing aroma, including the scents of flowers, essential oils, or ripening fruit.<a href="#cite_note-patt-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-suarez-67">[67]</a> The typical chemical families of VOCs found in honey include <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">aldehydes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone">ketones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Furan" title="Furan">furans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyran" title="Pyran">pyrans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norisoprenoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Norisoprenoid">norisoprenoids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Terpene" title="Terpene">terpenes</a>, among many others and their derivatives.<a href="#cite_note-patt-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-suarez-67">[67]</a> The specific VOCs and their amounts vary considerably between different types of honey obtained by bees foraging on different plant sources.<a href="#cite_note-patt-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patrignani-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-suarez-67">[67]</a> By example, when comparing the mixture of VOCs in different honeys in one review, <a href="/wiki/Longan" title="Longan">longan</a> honey had a higher amount of volatiles (48 VOCs), while <a href="/wiki/Sunflower" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunflower">sunflower</a> honey had the lowest number of volatiles (8 VOCs).<a href="#cite_note-patt-65">[65]</a> VOCs are primarily introduced into the honey from the nectar, where they are excreted by the flowers imparting individual scents.<a href="#cite_note-patt-65">[65]</a> The specific types and concentrations of certain VOCs can be used to determine the type of flora used to produce monofloral honeys.<a href="#cite_note-patt-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-suarez-67">[67]</a> The specific geography, soil composition and acidity used to grow the flora also have an effect on honey aroma properties,<a href="#cite_note-Patrignani-66">[66]</a> such as a "fruity" or "grassy" aroma from longan honey, or a "waxy" aroma from sunflower honey.<a href="#cite_note-patt-65">[65]</a> Dominant VOCs in one study were <a href="/wiki/Linalool" title="Linalool">linalool</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxide</a>, trans-linalool oxide, 2-<a href="/wiki/Phenylacetaldehyde" title="Phenylacetaldehyde">phenylacetaldehyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzyl">benzyl</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isophorone" title="Isophorone">isophorone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Methyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl">methyl</a> <a href="/wiki/Nonanoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonanoate">nonanoate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-patt-65">[65]</a> VOCs can also be introduced from the bodies of the bees, be produced by the enzymatic actions of digestion, or from chemical reactions that occur between different substances within the honey during storage, and therefore may change, increase, or decrease over long periods of time.<a href="#cite_note-patt-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patrignani-66">[66]</a> VOCs may be produced, altered, or greatly affected by temperature and processing.<a href="#cite_note-Patrignani-66">[66]</a> Some VOCs are heat labile, and are destroyed at elevated temperatures, while others can be created during non-enzymatic reactions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Maillard_reaction" title="Maillard reaction">Maillard reaction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-suarez-67">[67]</a> VOCs are responsible for nearly all of the aroma produced by a honey, which may be described as "sweet", "flowery", "citrus", "almond" or "rancid", among other terms.<a href="#cite_note-patt-65">[65]</a> In addition, VOCs play a large role in determining the specific flavor of the honey, both through the aromas and flavor.<a href="#cite_note-patt-65">[65]</a> VOCs from honeys in different geographic regions can be used as floral markers of those regions, and as markers of the bees that foraged the nectars.<a href="#cite_note-patt-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patrignani-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div> Honey is classified by its source (floral or not), and divisions are made according to the packaging and processing used. <a href="/wiki/Regional_honeys" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional honeys">Regional honeys</a> are also identified. In the US, honey is also graded on its color and optical density by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">USDA</a> standards, graded on the Pfund scale, which ranges from 0 for "water white" honey to more than 114 for "dark amber" honey.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plant_source">Plant source</h3></div> Generally, honey is classified by the floral source of the nectar from which it was made. Honeys can be from specific types of flower nectars or can be blended after collection. The pollen in honey is traceable to floral source and therefore region of origin. The <a href="/wiki/Rheology" title="Rheology">rheological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melissopalynology" title="Melissopalynology">melissopalynological</a> properties of honey can be used to identify the major plant nectar source used in its production.<a href="#cite_note-honeyRheo-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monofloral">Monofloral</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Monofloral_honey" title="Monofloral honey">Monofloral honey</a> is made primarily from the nectar of one type of flower. Monofloral honeys have distinctive flavors and colors because of differences between their principal <a href="/wiki/Nectar_source" title="Nectar source">nectar sources</a>.<a href="#cite_note-honeydefs-70">[70]</a> To produce monofloral honey, beekeepers keep beehives in an area where the bees have access, as far as possible, to only one type of flower. In practice, a small proportion of any monofloral honey will be from other flower types. Typical examples of North American monofloral honeys are <a href="/wiki/Clover" title="Clover">clover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_blossom" title="Orange blossom">orange blossom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvia" title="Salvia">sage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tupelo_(tree)" title="Tupelo (tree)">tupelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">buckwheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fireweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Fireweed">fireweed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesquite" title="Mesquite">mesquite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sourwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Sourwood">sourwood</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Honey_Grading_Manual-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">blueberry</a>. Some typical European examples include <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thistle" title="Thistle">thistle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ericaceae" title="Ericaceae">heather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">acacia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dandelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandelion">dandelion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunflower" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunflower">sunflower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lavender" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender">lavender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honeysuckle" title="Honeysuckle">honeysuckle</a>, and varieties from <a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">lime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">chestnut</a> trees.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> (e.g. Egypt), examples include clover, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus</a> (mainly orange blossoms).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The unique flora of Australia yields a number of distinctive honeys, with some of the most popular being <a href="/wiki/Yellow_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow box">yellow box</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_gum" title="Blue gum">blue gum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ironbark" title="Ironbark">ironbark</a>, bush <a href="/wiki/List_of_Eucalyptus_species" title="List of Eucalyptus species">mallee</a>, Tasmanian <a href="/wiki/Eucryphia_lucida" title="Eucryphia lucida">leatherwood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macadamia" title="Macadamia">macadamia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polyfloral">Polyfloral</h4></div> Polyfloral honey, also known as wildflower honey,<a href="#cite_note-Honey_Floral_Source_Guide-72">[72]</a> is derived from the nectar of many types of flowers.<a href="#cite_note-honeydefs-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-honeybook_polyfloral-73">[73]</a> The taste may vary from year to year, and the aroma and the flavor can be more or less intense, depending on which flowers are blooming.<a href="#cite_note-honeydefs-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Honeydew_honey">Honeydew honey</h4></div> Honeydew honey is made from bees taking direct secretions from trees such as <a href="/wiki/Pinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus">pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abies" class="mw-redirect" title="Abies">fir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castanea" class="mw-redirect" title="Castanea">chestnut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quercus" class="mw-redirect" title="Quercus">oak</a> or primarily <a href="/wiki/Honeydew_(secretion)" title="Honeydew (secretion)">honeydew</a>, the sweet secretions of <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphids</a> or other plant-sap-sucking insects, to produce honey rather than from <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pita2017-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> This honey has a much larger proportion of indigestibles than light floral honeys, thus causing <a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_the_honey_bee#Dysentery" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases of the honey bee">dysentery to the bees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Honeydew honey has a stronger and less sweet flavor than nectar-based honey, and European countries have been the primary market for honeydew honey.<a href="#cite_note-Pita2017-74">[74]</a> In Greece, <a href="/wiki/Pine_honey" title="Pine honey">pine honey</a>, a type of honeydew honey, constitutes 60–65% of honey production.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification_by_packaging_and_processing">Classification by packaging and processing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_State_Fair_honey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Texas_State_Fair_honey.jpg/220px-Texas_State_Fair_honey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Texas_State_Fair_honey.jpg/330px-Texas_State_Fair_honey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Texas_State_Fair_honey.jpg/440px-Texas_State_Fair_honey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A variety of honey flavors and container sizes and styles from the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas State Fair">Texas State Fair</a></figcaption></figure> Generally, honey is bottled in its familiar liquid form, but it is sold in other forms, and can be subjected to a variety of processing methods. <ul><li>Crystallized honey occurs when some of the glucose content has spontaneously crystallized from solution as the monohydrate. It is also called "granulated honey" or "candied honey". Honey that has crystallized (or is commercially purchased crystallized) can be returned to a liquid state by warming.<a href="#cite_note-Flottum2010-78">[78]</a> Despite a common misconception, honey crystallizing does not mean it has expired.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></li> <li>Pasteurized honey has been heated in a <a href="/wiki/Pasteurization" title="Pasteurization">pasteurization</a> process which requires temperatures of 72 °C (161 °F) or higher. Pasteurization destroys yeast cells. It also liquefies any microcrystals in the honey, which delays the onset of visible crystallization. However, excessive heat exposure also results in product deterioration, as it increases the level of <a href="/wiki/Hydroxymethylfurfural" title="Hydroxymethylfurfural">hydroxymethylfurfural</a> (HMF)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Increases the level of something not even proven to be there? How about some citation of a scientifically and statistically relevant study proving both the existence of HMF in honey in any significant quantity AND its increase to significant or dangerous levels by heating? I.e. Onus probandi. (January 2014)">citation needed</a>] and reduces enzyme (e.g. diastase) activity. Heat also darkens the honey, and affects taste and fragrance.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></li> <li>Raw honey is as it exists in the beehive or as obtained by extraction, settling, or straining, without adding heat (although some honey that has been "minimally processed" is often labeled as raw honey).<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Raw honey contains some pollen and may contain small particles of wax.</li> <li>Strained honey has been passed through a mesh material to remove particulate material<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> (pieces of wax, <a href="/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis">propolis</a>, other defects) without removing pollen, minerals, or enzymes.</li> <li>Filtered honey of any type has been filtered to the extent that all or most of the fine particles, pollen grains, air bubbles, or other materials normally found in suspension, have been removed.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The process typically heats honey to 66–77 °C (150–170 °F) to more easily pass through the filter.<a href="#cite_note-Damerow2011-85">[85]</a> Filtered honey is very clear and will not crystallize as quickly,<a href="#cite_note-Damerow2011-85">[85]</a> making it preferred by supermarkets.<a href="#cite_note-FRTWfB-86">[86]</a> The most common method involves the addition of <a href="/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth" title="Diatomaceous earth">diatomaceous earth</a> to honey that is heated to 60 °C (140 °F) and passed through filter paper or canvas until a cake of diatomaceous earth builds up on the filter.<a href="#cite_note-Honey_Grading_Manual-71">[71]</a></li> <li>Ultrasonicated honey has been processed by <a href="/wiki/Sonication" title="Sonication">ultrasonication</a>, a nonthermal processing alternative for honey. When honey is exposed to ultrasonication, most of the yeast cells are destroyed. Those cells that survive sonication generally lose their ability to grow, which reduces the rate of honey fermentation substantially. Ultrasonication also eliminates existing crystals and inhibits further crystallization in honey. Ultrasonically aided liquefaction can work at substantially lower temperatures around 35 °C (95 °F) and can reduce liquefaction time to less than 30 seconds.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creamed_honey" title="Creamed honey">Creamed honey</a>, also called whipped honey, spun honey, churned honey, honey fondant, and, in the UK, set honey, has been processed to control crystallization. Creamed honey contains a large number of small crystals, which prevent the formation of larger crystals that can occur in unprocessed honey. The processing also produces a honey with a smooth, spreadable consistency.<a href="#cite_note-Sharma2005-88">[88]</a></li> <li>Dried honey has the moisture extracted from liquid honey to create completely solid, nonsticky granules. This process may or may not include the use of drying and <a href="/wiki/Anticaking_agent" title="Anticaking agent">anticaking agents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Krell1996-89">[89]</a> Dried honey is used in baked goods,<a href="#cite_note-Krell1996-89">[89]</a> and to garnish desserts.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comb_honey" title="Comb honey">Comb honey</a> is still in the honey bees' wax comb. It is traditionally collected using standard wooden <a href="/wiki/Hive_frame" title="Hive frame">frames</a> in <a href="/wiki/Honey_super" title="Honey super">honey supers</a>. The frames are collected and the comb is cut out in chunks before packaging. As an alternative to this labor-intensive method, plastic rings or cartridges can be used that do not require manual cutting of the comb, and speed packaging. Comb honey harvested in the traditional manner is also referred to as "cut-comb honey".<a href="#cite_note-Flottum2010-78">[78]</a>: 13 <a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></li> <li>Chunk honey is packed in wide-mouthed containers; it consists of one or more pieces of comb honey immersed in extracted liquid honey.<a href="#cite_note-Flottum2010-78">[78]</a>: 13 </li> <li>Honey decoctions are made from honey or honey byproducts which have been dissolved in water, then reduced (usually by means of boiling). Other ingredients may then be added. (For example, <a href="/wiki/Abbamele" title="Abbamele">abbamele</a> has added citrus.) The resulting product may be similar to <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a>.</li> <li>Baker's honey is outside the normal specification for honey, due to a "foreign" taste or odor, or because it has begun to ferment or has been overheated. It is generally used as an ingredient in food processing. Additional requirements exist for labeling baker's honey, including that it may not be sold labeled simply as "honey".<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grading">Grading</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Food_grading" title="Food grading">Food grading</a></div> Countries have differing standards for grading honey. In the US, honey grading is performed voluntarily based upon <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">USDA</a> standards. USDA offers inspection and grading "as on-line (in-plant) or lot inspection...upon application, on a fee-for-service basis." Honey is graded based upon a number of factors, including water content, flavor and aroma, absence of defects, and clarity. Honey is also classified by color, though it is not a factor in the grading scale.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The USDA honey grade scale is: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Grade </th> <th>Soluble solids </th> <th>Flavor and aroma </th> <th>Absence of defects </th> <th>Clarity </th></tr> <tr> <th>A </th> <td>≥ 81.4% </td> <td>Good—"has a good, normal flavor and aroma for the predominant floral source or, when blended, a good flavor for the blend of floral sources and the honey is free from caramelized flavor or objectionable flavor caused by fermentation, smoke, chemicals, or other causes with the exception of the predominant floral source" </td> <td>Practically free—"contains practically no defects that affect the appearance or edibility of the product" </td> <td>Clear—"may contain air bubbles which do not materially affect the appearance of the product and may contain a trace of pollen grains or other finely divided particles of suspended material which do not affect the appearance of the product" </td></tr> <tr> <th>B </th> <td>≥ 81.4% </td> <td>Reasonably good—"has a reasonably good, normal flavor and aroma for the predominant floral source or, when blended, a reasonably good flavor for the blend of floral sources and the honey is practically free from caramelized flavor and is free from objectionable flavor caused by fermentation, smoke, chemicals, or other causes with the exception of the predominant floral source" </td> <td>Reasonably free—"may contain defects which do not materially affect the appearance or edibility of the product" </td> <td>Reasonably clear—"may contain air bubbles, pollen grains, or other finely divided particles of suspended material which do not materially affect the appearance of the product" </td></tr> <tr> <th>C </th> <td>≥ 80.0% </td> <td>Fairly good—"has a fairly good, normal flavor and aroma for the predominant floral source or, when blended, a fairly good flavor for the blend of floral sources and the honey is reasonably free from caramelized flavor and is free from objectionable flavor caused by fermentation, smoke, chemicals, or other causes with the exception of the predominant floral source" </td> <td>Fairly free—"may contain defects which do not seriously affect the appearance or edibility of the product" </td> <td>Fairly clear—"may contain air bubbles, pollen grains, or other finely divided particles of suspended material which do not seriously affect the appearance of the product" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Substandard </th> <td>Fails Grade C </td> <td>Fails Grade C </td> <td>Fails Grade C </td> <td>Fails Grade C </td></tr></tbody></table> India certifies honey grades based on additional factors, such as the Fiehe's test, and other empirical measurements.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indicators_of_quality">Indicators of quality</h3></div> High-quality honey can be distinguished by fragrance, taste, and consistency. Ripe, freshly collected, high-quality honey at 20 °C (68 °F) should flow from a knife in a straight stream, without breaking into separate drops.<a href="#cite_note-Honey_production-95">[95]</a> After falling down, the honey should form a bead. The honey, when poured, should form small, temporary layers that disappear fairly quickly, indicating high viscosity. If not, it indicates honey with excessive water content of over 20%,<a href="#cite_note-Honey_production-95">[95]</a> not suitable for long-term preservation.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In jars, fresh honey should appear as a pure, consistent fluid, and should not set in layers. Within a few weeks to a few months of extraction, many varieties of honey crystallize into a cream-colored solid. Some varieties of honey, including tupelo, acacia, and sage, crystallize less regularly. Honey may be heated during bottling at temperatures of 40–49 °C (104–120 °F) to delay or inhibit crystallization. Overheating is indicated by change in enzyme levels, for instance, <a href="/wiki/Diastase" title="Diastase">diastase</a> activity, which can be determined with the Schade or the <a href="/wiki/Phadebas" title="Phadebas">Phadebas</a> methods. A fluffy film on the surface of the honey (like a white foam), or marble-colored or white-spotted crystallization on a container's sides, is formed by air bubbles trapped during the bottling process. A 2008 Italian study determined that <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy">nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy</a> can be used to distinguish between different honey types, and can be used to pinpoint the area where it was produced. Researchers were able to identify differences in acacia and polyfloral honeys by the differing proportions of fructose and sucrose, as well as differing levels of aromatic <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> <a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">phenylalanine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">tyrosine</a>. This ability allows greater ease of selecting compatible stocks.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Honey</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,272 kJ (304 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">82.4 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">82.12 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.2 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.3 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B2)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.038 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B3)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.121 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B5)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.068 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B6</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.024 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B9)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 2 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.5 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 6 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.42 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 2 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 4 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 52 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 4 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.22 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Other constituents</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">17.10 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312070344/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/6287?fg=&man=&lfacet=&count=&max=35&sort=&qlookup=honey&offset=&format=Full&new=&measureby=">Full Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em">†Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-98">[98]</a> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-99">[99]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> One hundred grams of honey provides about 1,270 kJ (304 kcal) of energy with no significant amounts of essential <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nutrient_Data-7">[7]</a> Composed of 17% water and 82% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, honey has low content of <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sugar_profile">Sugar profile</h3></div> A mixture of sugars and other carbohydrates, honey is mainly <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a> (about 38%) and <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> (about 32%),<a href="#cite_note-NHB_carbs-5">[5]</a> with remaining sugars including <a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">maltose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide" title="Oligosaccharide">complex carbohydrates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NHB_carbs-5">[5]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Glycemic_index" title="Glycemic index">glycemic index</a> ranges from 31 to 78, depending on the variety.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The specific composition, color, aroma, and flavor of any batch of honey depend on the flowers foraged by bees that produced the honey.<a href="#cite_note-hunt-10">[10]</a> One 1980 study found that mixed <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">floral</a> honey from several United States regions typically contains the following:<a href="#cite_note-Comp-101">[101]</a> <ul><li>Fructose: 38.2%</li> <li>Glucose: 31.3%</li> <li>Maltose: 7.1%</li> <li>Sucrose: 1.3%</li> <li>Water: 17.2%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltodextrin" title="Maltodextrin">Higher sugars</a>: 1.5%</li> <li>Ash: 0.2%</li> <li>Other/undetermined: 3.2%</li></ul> This means that 55% of the combined fructose and glucose content was fructose and 45% was glucose, which enables comparison with the essentially identical result (average of 56% and 44%) in the study described below: A 2013 <a href="/wiki/NMR_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="NMR spectroscopy">NMR spectroscopy</a> study of 20 different honeys from Germany found that their sugar contents comprised: <ul><li>Fructose: 28% to 41%</li> <li>Glucose: 22% to 35%</li></ul> The average ratio was 56% fructose to 44% glucose, but the ratios in the individual honeys ranged from a high of 64% fructose and 36% glucose (one type of flower honey; table 3 in reference) to a low of 50% fructose and 50% glucose (a different floral source). This NMR method was not able to quantify maltose, <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">galactose</a>, and the other minor sugars as compared to fructose and glucose.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_use_and_research">Medical use and research</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Apitherapy" title="Apitherapy">Apitherapy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wounds_and_burns">Wounds and burns</h3></div> Honey is a <a href="/wiki/Folk_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk treatment">folk treatment</a> for burns and other skin injuries. Preliminary evidence suggests that it aids in the healing of partial thickness burns 4–5 days faster than other dressings, and moderate evidence suggests that post-operative infections treated with honey heal faster and with fewer adverse events than with <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antiseptic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gauze" title="Gauze">gauze</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jull2015-103">[103]</a> The evidence for the use of honey in various other wound treatments is of low quality, and firm conclusions cannot be drawn.<a href="#cite_note-Jull2015-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Evidence does not support the use of honey-based products for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Venous_ulcer" title="Venous ulcer">venous stasis ulcers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ingrown_toenail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingrown toenail">ingrown toenail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OMeara_Al-Kurdi_Ologun_Ovington_2014-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eekhof_Van_Wijk_Knuistingh_Neven_van_der_Wouden_2012-106">[106]</a> Several medical-grade honey products have been approved by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> for use in treating minor wounds and burns.<a href="#cite_note-Saikaly2017-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antibiotic">Antibiotic</h3></div> Honey has long been used as a <a href="/wiki/Topical_antibiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical antibiotic">topical antibiotic</a> by practitioners of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">herbal medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Buhner-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boukraa-109">[109]</a> Honey's antibacterial effects were first demonstrated by the Dutch scientist Bernardus Adrianus van Ketel in 1892.<a href="#cite_note-Dustmann-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nolan2019-111">[111]</a> Since then, numerous studies have shown that honey has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against <a href="/wiki/Gram-positive_bacteria" title="Gram-positive bacteria">gram-positive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria" title="Gram-negative bacteria">gram-negative</a> bacteria, although potency varies widely between different honeys.<a href="#cite_note-Saikaly2017-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nolan2019-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Molan2015-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-future-113">[113]</a> Due to the proliferation of <a href="/wiki/List_of_antibiotic-resistant_bacteria" title="List of antibiotic-resistant bacteria">antibiotic-resistant bacteria</a> in the last few decades, there has been renewed interest in researching the antibacterial properties of honey.<a href="#cite_note-Boukraa-109">[109]</a> Components of honey under preliminary research for potential antibiotic use include <a href="/wiki/Methylglyoxal" title="Methylglyoxal">methylglyoxal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a>, and royalisin (also called defensin-1).<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cough">Cough</h3></div> For chronic and acute coughs, a <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)" title="Cochrane (organisation)">Cochrane</a> review found no strong evidence for or against the use of honey.<a href="#cite_note-lozenges-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oduwole-2018-117">[117]</a> For treating children, the systematic review concluded with moderate to low evidence that honey helps more than no treatment, <a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">diphenhydramine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a> at giving relief from coughing.<a href="#cite_note-Oduwole-2018-117">[117]</a> Honey does not appear to work better than <a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">dextromethorphan</a> at relieving coughing in children.<a href="#cite_note-Oduwole-2018-117">[117]</a> Other reviews have also supported the use of honey for treating children.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman2014-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paul2012-119">[119]</a> The UK <a href="/wiki/Medicines_and_Healthcare_products_Regulatory_Agency" title="Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency">Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency</a> recommends avoiding giving <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-counter">over-the-counter</a> cough and <a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a> medication to children under six, and suggests "a homemade remedy containing honey and lemon is likely to be just as useful and safer to take", but warns that honey should not be given to babies because of the risk of infant <a href="/wiki/Botulism" title="Botulism">botulism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nhs-cough-120">[120]</a> The World Health Organization recommends honey as a treatment for coughs and sore throats, including for children, stating that no reason exists to believe it is less effective than a commercial remedy.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> The use of honey has been recommended as a temporary intervention for known or suspected <a href="/wiki/Button_cell" title="Button cell">button cell</a> battery ingestions to reduce the risk and severity of injury to the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a> caused by the battery prior to its removal.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mubarak_Benninga_Broekaert_Dolinsek_2021_pp._129–136-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sethia_Gibbs_Jacobs_Reilly_2021_pp._549–563-124">[124]</a> There is no evidence that honey is beneficial for treating <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-mayo-125">[125]</a> although honey may be useful for controlling <a href="/wiki/Side_effect" title="Side effect">side effects</a> of <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> used to treat cancer.<a href="#cite_note-Bardy_Slevin_Mais_Molassiotis_2008_pp._2604–2623-126">[126]</a> Consumption is sometimes advocated as a treatment for <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_allergies" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasonal allergies">seasonal allergies</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a>, but scientific evidence to support the claim is inconclusive.<a href="#cite_note-mayo-125">[125]</a> Honey is generally considered ineffective for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Allergic_conjunctivitis" title="Allergic conjunctivitis">allergic conjunctivitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mayo-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rudmik_Hoy_Schlosser_Harvey_2012_pp._281–298-127">[127]</a> The majority of calories in honey are from fructose. When consumed in addition to a normal diet, fructose causes significant weight gain, but when fructose was substituted for other carbohydrates of equal energy value there was no effect on body weight.<a href="#cite_note-aim-128">[128]</a> Honey has a mild laxative effect which has been noted as being helpful in alleviating constipation and bloating.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_hazards">Health hazards</h3></div> Honey is generally safe when taken in typical food amounts,<a href="#cite_note-Goldman2014-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-mayo-125">[125]</a> but it may have various, potential <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">adverse effects</a> or <a href="/wiki/Drug_interaction" title="Drug interaction">interactions</a> in combination with excessive consumption, existing <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a> conditions, or <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drugs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mayo-125">[125]</a> Included among these are mild reactions to high intake, such as <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_(mood)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxiety (mood)">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hyperactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperactivity">hyperactivity</a> in about 10% of children, according to one study.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman2014-118">[118]</a> No symptoms of anxiety, insomnia, or hyperactivity were detected with honey consumption compared to <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a>, according to another study.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman2014-118">[118]</a> Honey consumption may interact adversely with existing <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergies</a>, high <a href="/wiki/Blood_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood sugar">blood sugar</a> levels (as in <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>), or <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">anticoagulants</a> used to control <a href="/wiki/Bleeding" title="Bleeding">bleeding</a>, among other <a href="/wiki/Clinical_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical medicine">clinical</a> conditions.<a href="#cite_note-mayo-125">[125]</a> People who have a <a href="/wiki/Immunocompromised" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunocompromised">weakened immune system</a> may be at risk of bacterial or fungal infection from eating honey.<a href="#cite_note-safety-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Botulism">Botulism</h4></div> Infants can develop botulism after consuming honey contaminated with <a href="/wiki/Clostridium_botulinum" title="Clostridium botulinum">Clostridium botulinum</a> endospores.<a href="#cite_note-NHB_botulism-131">[131]</a> Infantile botulism shows geographical variation. In the UK, only six cases were reported between 1976 and 2006,<a href="#cite_note-FSA_botulism-132">[132]</a> yet the US has much higher rates: 1.9 per 100,000 live births, 47.2% of which are in California.<a href="#cite_note-CdcBotulism-133">[133]</a> While the risk honey poses to infant health is small, taking the risk is not recommended until after one year of age, and then giving honey is considered safe.<a href="#cite_note-ENY128-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Toxic_honey">Toxic honey</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mad_honey" title="Mad honey">Mad honey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bees_and_toxic_chemicals#Toxic_honey" title="Bees and toxic chemicals">Bees and toxic chemicals § Toxic honey</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Mad_honey_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Mad honey disease">Mad honey intoxication</a> is a result of eating honey containing <a href="/wiki/Grayanotoxin" title="Grayanotoxin">grayanotoxins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JansenKleerekooper2012-135">[135]</a> Honey produced from flowers of <a href="/wiki/Rhododendron" title="Rhododendron">rhododendrons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalmia_latifolia" title="Kalmia latifolia">mountain laurels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalmia_angustifolia" title="Kalmia angustifolia">sheep laurel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Azalea" title="Azalea">azaleas</a> may cause honey intoxication. Symptoms include dizziness, weakness, excessive perspiration, nausea, and vomiting. Less commonly, low blood pressure, shock, heart rhythm irregularities, and convulsions may occur, with rare cases resulting in death. According to the FDA, honey intoxication is more likely when using "natural" unprocessed honey from farmers who may have a small number of hives because commercial processing, which pools of honey from numerous sources, dilutes the toxins.<a href="#cite_note-FDA-136">[136]</a> Toxic honey may also result when bees are proximate to <a href="/wiki/Tutu_(plant)" title="Tutu (plant)">tutu</a> bushes (Coriaria arborea) and the vine hopper insect (<a href="/wiki/Scolypopa_australis" title="Scolypopa australis">Scolypopa australis</a>). Both are found throughout New Zealand. Bees gather honeydew produced by the vine hopper insects feeding on the tutu plant. This introduces the poison <a href="/wiki/Tutin_(toxin)" title="Tutin (toxin)">tutin</a> into honey.<a href="#cite_note-NBA-137">[137]</a> Only a few areas in New Zealand (the <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Peninsula" title="Coromandel Peninsula">Coromandel Peninsula</a>, Eastern <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty_Region" title="Bay of Plenty Region">Bay of Plenty Region</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Marlborough_Sounds" title="Marlborough Sounds">Marlborough Sounds</a>) frequently produce toxic honey. Symptoms of tutin poisoning include vomiting, delirium, giddiness, increased excitability, stupor, coma, and violent convulsions.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> To reduce the risk of tutin poisoning, humans should not eat honey taken from feral hives in the risk areas of New Zealand. Since December 2001, New Zealand beekeepers have been required to reduce the risk of producing toxic honey by closely monitoring tutu, vine hopper, and foraging conditions within 3 km (2 mi) of their apiary. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Intoxication is rarely dangerous.<a href="#cite_note-JansenKleerekooper2012-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_medicine">Folk medicine</h3></div> In <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk medicine">folk medicine</a>, honey was used both orally and topically to treat various ailments including <a href="/wiki/Gastric" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric">gastric</a> disturbances, <a href="/wiki/Ulcer" title="Ulcer">ulcers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a> <a href="/wiki/Wound" title="Wound">wounds</a>, and skin <a href="/wiki/Burn" title="Burn">burns</a> by ancient Greeks and Egyptians, and in <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pećanac--139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cueva_arana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cueva_arana.svg/150px-Cueva_arana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cueva_arana.svg/225px-Cueva_arana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cueva_arana.svg/300px-Cueva_arana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Honey seeker depicted in an 8000-year-old cave painting at <a href="/wiki/Cuevas_de_la_Ara%C3%B1a_en_Bicorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuevas de la Araña en Bicorp">Coves de L'Aranya, Bicorp</a> in València</figcaption></figure> Honey collection is an ancient activity,<a href="#cite_note-Crane83-11">[11]</a> long preceding the honey bee's domestication; this traditional practice is known as <a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">honey hunting</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> rock painting in a cave in <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencia</a>, Spain, dating back at least 8,000 years, depicts two honey foragers collecting honey and honeycomb from a wild bees' nest. The figures are depicted carrying baskets or gourds, and using a <a href="/wiki/Ladder" title="Ladder">ladder</a> or series of ropes to reach the nest.<a href="#cite_note-Crane83-11">[11]</a> Humans followed the <a href="/wiki/Greater_honeyguide" title="Greater honeyguide">greater honeyguide</a> bird to wild beehives;<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> this behavior may have evolved with early hominids.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> The oldest known honey remains were found in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> during the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Baku%E2%80%93Tbilisi%E2%80%93Ceyhan_pipeline" title="Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline">Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline</a>: archaeologists found honey remains on the inner surface of clay vessels unearthed in an ancient tomb, dating back between 4,700 and 5,500 years.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> In ancient Georgia, several types of honey were buried with a person for journeys into the afterlife, including linden, berry, and meadow-flower varieties.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> The first written records of beekeeping are from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>], where honey was used to sweeten cakes, biscuits, and other foods and as a base for <a href="/wiki/Unguents" class="mw-redirect" title="Unguents">unguents</a> in Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a>. The dead were often buried in or with honey in Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and other regions. Bees were kept at temples to produce honey for temple offerings, mummification and other uses.<a href="#cite_note-med-147">[147]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, honey was produced from the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic periods</a>. In 594 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> beekeeping around <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> was so widespread that <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a> passed a law about it: "He who sets up hives of bees must put them 300 feet [90 metres] away from those already installed by another".<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-crane_book-4">[4]</a> Greek archaeological excavations of pottery located ancient hives.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton_University_Press-150">[150]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a>, Greek beekeepers of the Hellenistic period did not hesitate to move their hives over rather long distances to maximize production, taking advantage of the different vegetative cycles in different regions.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton_University_Press-150">[150]</a> The spiritual and supposed therapeutic use of honey in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">ancient India</a> was documented in both the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a> texts.<a href="#cite_note-Pećanac--139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_significance">Religious significance</h2></div> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">ancient Greek religion</a>, the food of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and the twelve <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Gods of Olympus</a> was honey in the form of nectar and <a href="/wiki/Ambrosia" title="Ambrosia">ambrosia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a> (Canaan, the Land of Israel) is described 16 times as "the <a href="/wiki/Exodus_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus 3">land of milk and honey</a>"<a href="#cite_note-1stANE-152">[152]</a> as a metaphor for its bounty. Of the 55 times the word "honey" appears in the Hebrew Bible, 16 are part of the expression "the land of milk and honey", and only twice is "honey" explicitly associated with bees, both being related to wild bees.<a href="#cite_note-1stANE-152">[152]</a> Modern biblical researchers long considered that the original Hebrew word used in the Bible, (דבש, devash), refers to the <a href="/wiki/Date_honey" title="Date honey">sweet syrup</a> produced from <a href="/wiki/Fig" title="Fig">figs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_dactylifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix dactylifera">dates</a>, because the domestication of the honey bee was completely undocumented through archaeology anywhere in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a> (excluding Egypt) at the time associated with the earlier biblical narratives<a href="#cite_note-1stANE-152">[152]</a> (books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a>, etc.). In 2005, however, an apiary dating from the 10th century BC was found in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Rehov" title="Tel Rehov">Tel Rehov</a>, Israel that contained 100 hives, estimated to produce half a ton of honey annually.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-1stANE-152">[152]</a> This was, as of 2007, the only such finding made by archaeologists in the entire ancient Near East region, and it opens the possibility that biblical honey was indeed bee honey.<a href="#cite_note-1stANE-152">[152]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:May_you_all_have_a_sweet_year_(365-271)_(6194230350).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/May_you_all_have_a_sweet_year_%28365-271%29_%286194230350%29.jpg/220px-May_you_all_have_a_sweet_year_%28365-271%29_%286194230350%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/May_you_all_have_a_sweet_year_%28365-271%29_%286194230350%29.jpg/330px-May_you_all_have_a_sweet_year_%28365-271%29_%286194230350%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/May_you_all_have_a_sweet_year_%28365-271%29_%286194230350%29.jpg/440px-May_you_all_have_a_sweet_year_%28365-271%29_%286194230350%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4622" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, honey symbolizes the sweetness of the New Year, <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a>, and is traditionally eaten with apple slices</figcaption></figure> In Jewish tradition, honey is a symbol for the new year, <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a>. At the traditional meal for that holiday, apple slices are dipped in honey and eaten to bring a sweet new year. Some Rosh Hashanah greetings show honey and an apple, symbolizing the feast. In some congregations, small straws of honey are given out to usher in the new year.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Pure honey is considered <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kosher</a> (permitted to be eaten by religious Jews), though it is produced by a flying insect, a non-kosher creature; eating other products of non-kosher animals is forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> It belongs among the parve (neutral) foods, containing neither meat nor dairy products and allowed to be eaten together with either. <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christians</a> used honey as a symbol of spiritual perfection in christening ceremonies.<a href="#cite_note-med-147">[147]</a> In Islam, an entire chapter (<a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">Surah</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> is called <a href="/wiki/An-Nahl" title="An-Nahl">an-Nahl</a> (the Bees). According to his teachings (<a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>), <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> strongly recommended <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_medicine" title="Prophetic medicine">honey for healing purposes</a>.The Quran promotes honey as a nutritious and healthy food, saying: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">And thy Lord taught the Bee to build its cells in hills, on trees, and in (men's) habitations; Then to eat of all the produce (of the earth), and find with skill the spacious paths of its Lord: there issues from within their bodies a drink of varying colours, wherein is healing for men: verily in this is a Sign for those who give thought.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-'Abdullah_Yusuf_'Ali-157">[157]</a></blockquote> In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, honey (<a href="/wiki/Madhu" title="Madhu">Madhu</a>) is one of the five elixirs of life (<a href="/wiki/Panchamrita" title="Panchamrita">Panchamrita</a>). In temples, honey is poured over the deities in a ritual called Madhu <a href="/wiki/Abhisheka" title="Abhisheka">abhisheka</a>. The Vedas and other ancient literature mention the use of honey as a great medicinal and health food.<a href="#cite_note-fjnet.com-158">[158]</a> In Buddhism, honey plays an important role in the festival of <a href="/wiki/Madhu_Purnima" title="Madhu Purnima">Madhu Purnima</a>, celebrated in India and Bangladesh. The day commemorates <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha's</a> making peace among his disciples by retreating into the wilderness. According to legend, while he was there a <a href="/wiki/Old_World_monkey" title="Old World monkey">monkey</a> brought him honey to eat. On Madhu Purnima, Buddhists remember this act by giving honey to <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">monks</a>. The monkey's gift is frequently depicted in <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fjnet.com-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2></div> Honey is especially associated with <a href="/wiki/Winnie-the-Pooh" title="Winnie-the-Pooh">Winnie-the-Pooh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bamse" title="Bamse">Bamse</a>'s thunder honey.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bee_pollen" title="Bee pollen">Bee pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spreads" title="List of spreads">List of spreads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellivory" title="Mellivory">Mellivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_than_Honey" title="More than Honey">More than Honey</a>‍—‌a 2012 Swiss documentary film on the current state of honey bees and beekeeping</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Honey_Show" title="National Honey Show">National Honey Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">Royal jelly</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Crane1990-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crane1990_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crane1990_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCrane1990" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eva_Crane" title="Eva Crane">Crane, Eva</a> (1990). "Honey from honeybees and other insects". Ethology Ecology & Evolution. 3 (sup1): 100–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03949370.1991.10721919">10.1080/03949370.1991.10721919</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0394-9370">0394-9370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethology+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=Honey+from+honeybees+and+other+insects&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=sup1&rft.pages=100-105&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03949370.1991.10721919&rft.issn=0394-9370&rft.aulast=Crane&rft.aufirst=Eva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grüter-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grüter_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grüter_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grüter_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrüter2020" class="citation book cs1">Grüter, Christoph (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-030-60090-7#toc">Stingless Bees: Their Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution</a>. Fascinating Life Sciences. Springer New York. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-60090-7">10.1007/978-3-030-60090-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-60089-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-60089-1"><bdi>978-3-030-60089-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:227250633">227250633</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420072205/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-60090-7#toc">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stingless+Bees%3A+Their+Behaviour%2C+Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.series=Fascinating+Life+Sciences&rft.pub=Springer+New+York&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A227250633%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-60090-7&rft.isbn=978-3-030-60089-1&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%BCter&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%252F978-3-030-60090-7%23toc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <div><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraneWalkerDay1984" class="citation book cs1">Crane, Eva; Walker, P.; Day, R. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ibra.org.uk/product/directory-of-important-world-honey-sources">Directory of important world honey sources</a>. International Bee Research Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86098-141-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86098-141-1"><bdi>978-0-86098-141-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230713201544/https://ibra.org.uk/product/directory-of-important-world-honey-sources">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Directory+of+important+world+honey+sources&rft.pub=International+Bee+Research+Association&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-86098-141-1&rft.aulast=Crane&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft.au=Walker%2C+P.&rft.au=Day%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fibra.org.uk%2Fproduct%2Fdirectory-of-important-world-honey-sources&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrüter2020" class="citation book cs1">Grüter, Christoph (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-030-60090-7#toc">Stingless Bees: Their Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution</a>. Fascinating Life Sciences. Springer New York. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-60090-7">10.1007/978-3-030-60090-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-60089-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-60089-1"><bdi>978-3-030-60089-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:227250633">227250633</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420072205/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-60090-7#toc">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stingless+Bees%3A+Their+Behaviour%2C+Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.series=Fascinating+Life+Sciences&rft.pub=Springer+New+York&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A227250633%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-60090-7&rft.isbn=978-3-030-60089-1&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%BCter&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%252F978-3-030-60090-7%23toc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-crane_book-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crane_book_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crane_book_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrane1999" class="citation book cs1">Crane, Ethel Eva (1999). The World History of Beekeeping and Honey Hunting. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-74670-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-74670-3"><bdi>978-1-136-74670-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+History+of+Beekeeping+and+Honey+Hunting&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-136-74670-3&rft.aulast=Crane&rft.aufirst=Ethel+Eva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHB_carbs-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NHB_carbs_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHB_carbs_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHB_carbs_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHB_carbs_5-3">d</a> National Honey Board. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.honey.com/images/downloads/carb.pdf">"Carbohydrates and the Sweetness of Honey"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110701123525/http://www.honey.com/images/downloads/carb.pdf">Archived</a> 1 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Last accessed 1 June 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-Oregon_State_University-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Oregon_State_University_6-0">^</a> Oregon State University <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101092211/http://food.oregonstate.edu/learn/faq/faq_sugar53.html">"What is the relative sweetness of different sugars and sugar substitutes?"</a>. Retrieved 1 June 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nutrient_Data-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nutrient_Data_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nutrient_Data_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312070344/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/6287?fg=&man=&lfacet=&count=&max=35&sort=&qlookup=honey&offset=&format=Full&new=&measureby=">"Full Report (All Nutrients): 19296, Honey"</a>. USDA National Nutrient Database, Agricultural Research Service, Release 28. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/6287?fg=&man=&lfacet=&count=&max=35&sort=&qlookup=honey&offset=&format=Full&new=&measureby=">the original</a> on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Full+Report+%28All+Nutrients%29%3A+19296%2C+Honey&rft.pub=USDA+National+Nutrient+Database%2C+Agricultural+Research+Service%2C+Release+28&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fndb.nal.usda.gov%2Fndb%2Ffoods%2Fshow%2F6287%3Ffg%3D%26man%3D%26lfacet%3D%26count%3D%26max%3D35%26sort%3D%26qlookup%3Dhoney%26offset%3D%26format%3DFull%26new%3D%26measureby%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geiling-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geiling_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geiling_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeiling2013" class="citation news cs1">Geiling, Natasha (22 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-science-behind-honeys-eternal-shelf-life-1218690/?no-ist">"The Science Behind Honey's Eternal Shelf Life"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230610150040/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-science-behind-honeys-eternal-shelf-life-1218690/?no-ist">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=The+Science+Behind+Honey%27s+Eternal+Shelf+Life&rft.date=2013-08-22&rft.aulast=Geiling&rft.aufirst=Natasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fscience-nature%2Fthe-science-behind-honeys-eternal-shelf-life-1218690%2F%3Fno-ist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prescott_1999-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Prescott_1999_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrescott,_LansingHarley,_John_P.Klein,_Donald_A.1999" class="citation book cs1">Prescott, Lansing; Harley, John P.; Klein, Donald A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/microbiology00pres">Microbiology</a>. Boston: WCB/McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-697-35439-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-697-35439-6"><bdi>978-0-697-35439-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microbiology&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=WCB%2FMcGraw-Hill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-697-35439-6&rft.au=Prescott%2C+Lansing&rft.au=Harley%2C+John+P.&rft.au=Klein%2C+Donald+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmicrobiology00pres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hunt-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hunt_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hunt_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hunt_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntAtwater1915" class="citation book cs1">Hunt CL, Atwater HW (7 April 1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89094204153;view=1up;seq=3">Honey and Its Uses in the Home</a>. US Department of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin, No. 653. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231015114113/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89094204153;view=1up;seq=3">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Honey+and+Its+Uses+in+the+Home&rft.pub=US+Department+of+Agriculture%2C+Farmers%27+Bulletin%2C+No.+653&rft.date=1915-04-07&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=CL&rft.au=Atwater%2C+HW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dwu.89094204153%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crane83-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crane83_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crane83_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crane83_11-2">c</a> Crane, Eva (1983) The Archaeology of Beekeeping, Cornell University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-1609-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-1609-4">0-8014-1609-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quezada-Euan-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Quezada-Euan_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuezada-Euán2018" class="citation book cs1">Quezada-Euán, José Javier G. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-319-77785-6#about">Stingless Bees of Mexico</a>. Springer New York. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-77785-6">10.1007/978-3-319-77785-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-08539-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-08539-1"><bdi>978-3-030-08539-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51912114">51912114</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240713173055/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-77785-6#about">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stingless+Bees+of+Mexico&rft.pub=Springer+New+York&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51912114%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-77785-6&rft.isbn=978-3-030-08539-1&rft.aulast=Quezada-Eu%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Javier+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%252F978-3-319-77785-6%23about&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suarez_Lighton_Joos_Roberts_1996_pp._12616–12620-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suarez_Lighton_Joos_Roberts_1996_pp._12616–12620_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suarez_Lighton_Joos_Roberts_1996_pp._12616–12620_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suarez_Lighton_Joos_Roberts_1996_pp._12616–12620_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suarez_Lighton_Joos_Roberts_1996_pp._12616–12620_13-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuarezLightonJoosRoberts1996" class="citation journal cs1">Suarez, R. K.; Lighton, J. R.; Joos, B.; Roberts, S. P.; Harrison, J. F. (29 October 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC38041">"Energy metabolism, enzymatic flux capacities, and metabolic flux rates in flying honeybees"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 93 (22): 12616–12620. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996PNAS...9312616S">1996PNAS...9312616S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.93.22.12616">10.1073/pnas.93.22.12616</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC38041">38041</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8901631">8901631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Energy+metabolism%2C+enzymatic+flux+capacities%2C+and+metabolic+flux+rates+in+flying+honeybees.&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=12616-12620&rft.date=1996-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC38041%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996PNAS...9312616S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8901631&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.93.22.12616&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Suarez&rft.aufirst=R.+K.&rft.au=Lighton%2C+J.+R.&rft.au=Joos%2C+B.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+S.+P.&rft.au=Harrison%2C+J.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC38041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHB_Bee_facts-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NHB_Bee_facts_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHB_Bee_facts_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHB_Bee_facts_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHB_Bee_facts_14-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100305094736/http://www.honey.com/honey-at-home/learn-about-honey/how-honey-is-made">"Honey and Bees"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.honey.com/honey-at-home/learn-about-honey/how-honey-is-made">the original</a> on 5 March 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honey+and+Bees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.honey.com%2Fhoney-at-home%2Flearn-about-honey%2Fhow-honey-is-made&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> National Honey Board </li> <li id="cite_note-cd-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cd_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cd_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cd_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cd_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cd_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cd_15-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinkley2014" class="citation news cs1">Binkley, D. (31 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/technology/2014/08/31/how-bees-make-honey-is/23975471007/">"How bees make honey is complex process"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Columbus_Dispatch" title="The Columbus Dispatch">The Columbus Dispatch</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231014203304/http://www.dispatch.com/story/news/technology/2014/08/31/how-bees-make-honey-is/23975471007/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Columbus+Dispatch&rft.atitle=How+bees+make+honey+is+complex+process&rft.date=2014-08-31&rft.aulast=Binkley&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dispatch.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Ftechnology%2F2014%2F08%2F31%2Fhow-bees-make-honey-is%2F23975471007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-South_Mountain_Bees-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-South_Mountain_Bees_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-South_Mountain_Bees_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://southmountainbees.com/blogs/on-bees-and-honey/how-much-water-is-there-in-honey">"Did you know there's water in honey?"</a>. South Mountain Bees. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240713173049/https://southmountainbees.com/blogs/on-bees-and-honey/how-much-water-is-there-in-honey">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 24 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Mountain+Bees&rft.atitle=Did+you+know+there%27s+water+in+honey%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsouthmountainbees.com%2Fblogs%2Fon-bees-and-honey%2Fhow-much-water-is-there-in-honey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Beekeeping: Everything You Need to Know to Start Your First Beehive by Joachim Petterson – Weldonowen 2015 Page 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb1959" class="citation journal cs1">Lamb, K. P. (1 February 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910%2859%2990054-X">"Composition of the honeydew of the aphid Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) feeding on swedes (Brassica napobrassica DC.)"</a>. Journal of Insect Physiology. 3 (1): 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1959JInsP...3....1L">1959JInsP...3....1L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-1910%2859%2990054-X">10.1016/0022-1910(59)90054-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1910">0022-1910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Insect+Physiology&rft.atitle=Composition+of+the+honeydew+of+the+aphid+Brevicoryne+brassicae+%28L.%29+feeding+on+swedes+%28Brassica+napobrassica+DC.%29&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=1959-02-01&rft.issn=0022-1910&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-1910%2859%2990054-X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1959JInsP...3....1L&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=K.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2F0022-1910%252859%252990054-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rossano_Larocca_Polito_Perna_2012_p._e49164-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Rossano_Larocca_Polito_Perna_2012_p._e49164_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossanoLaroccaPolitoPerna2012" class="citation journal cs1">Rossano, Rocco; Larocca, Marilena; Polito, Teresa; Perna, Anna Maria; Padula, Maria Carmela; Martelli, Giuseppe; Riccio, Paolo (7 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3492327">"What Are the Proteolytic Enzymes of Honey and What They Do Tell Us? A Fingerprint Analysis by 2-D Zymography of Unifloral Honeys"</a>. PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e49164. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...749164R">2012PLoSO...749164R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0049164">10.1371/journal.pone.0049164</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3492327">3492327</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23145107">23145107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=What+Are+the+Proteolytic+Enzymes+of+Honey+and+What+They+Do+Tell+Us%3F+A+Fingerprint+Analysis+by+2-D+Zymography+of+Unifloral+Honeys&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e49164&rft.date=2012-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3492327%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...749164R&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23145107&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0049164&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Rossano&rft.aufirst=Rocco&rft.au=Larocca%2C+Marilena&rft.au=Polito%2C+Teresa&rft.au=Perna%2C+Anna+Maria&rft.au=Padula%2C+Maria+Carmela&rft.au=Martelli%2C+Giuseppe&rft.au=Riccio%2C+Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3492327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStandifer2020" class="citation web cs1">Standifer, L. N. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maarec.cas.psu.edu/bkCD/HBBiology/nutrition_supplements.htm">"Fact sheets"</a>. Mid-Atlantic Apiculture Research and Extension Consortium. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991004222025/http://maarec.cas.psu.edu/bkCD/HBBiology/nutrition_supplements.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 1999. Retrieved 13 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fact+sheets&rft.pub=Mid-Atlantic+Apiculture+Research+and+Extension+Consortium&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Standifer&rft.aufirst=L.+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaarec.cas.psu.edu%2FbkCD%2FHBBiology%2Fnutrition_supplements.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <div><ul><li>Beekeeping as a Business by Richard Jones – Commonwealth Secretariat 1999 Page 49</li><li>The BBKA Guide to Beekeeping, Second Edition by Ivor Davis, Roger Cullum-Kenyon – Bloomsbury Publishing 2015 Page 173-174</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121205012233/http://www.honey.com/honey-at-home/learn-about-honey/how-honey-is-made/">"Honey and Bees"</a>. Archived from the original on 5 March 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2015. National Honey Board</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBequaert1932" class="citation journal cs1">Bequaert, J.Q. (1932). "The Nearctic social wasps of the subfamily polybiinae (Hymenoptera; Vespidae)". Entomologica Americana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entomologica+Americana&rft.atitle=The+Nearctic+social+wasps+of+the+subfamily+polybiinae+%28Hymenoptera%3B+Vespidae%29&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Bequaert&rft.aufirst=J.Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrittoCaetano2006" class="citation journal cs1">Britto, Fábio Barros; Caetano, Flávio Henrique (2006). "Morphological Features and Occurrence of Degenerative Characteristics in the Hypopharyngeal Glands of the Paper Wasp Polistes versicolor (Olivier) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)". Micron. 37 (8): 742–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.micron.2006.03.002">10.1016/j.micron.2006.03.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16632372">16632372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Micron&rft.atitle=Morphological+Features+and+Occurrence+of+Degenerative+Characteristics+in+the+Hypopharyngeal+Glands+of+the+Paper+Wasp+Polistes+versicolor+%28Olivier%29+%28Hymenoptera%3A+Vespidae%29&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=742-47&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.micron.2006.03.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16632372&rft.aulast=Britto&rft.aufirst=F%C3%A1bio+Barros&rft.au=Caetano%2C+Fl%C3%A1vio+Henrique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeeley2019" class="citation book cs1">Seeley, Thomas D. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1059264208">The lives of bees : the untold story of the honey bee in the wild</a>. Princeton, NJ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16676-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16676-6"><bdi>978-0-691-16676-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1059264208">1059264208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+lives+of+bees+%3A+the+untold+story+of+the+honey+bee+in+the+wild&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1059264208&rft.isbn=978-0-691-16676-6&rft.aulast=Seeley&rft.aufirst=Thomas+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1059264208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCivitts2019" class="citation web cs1">Civitts, Ray (15 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mountainsweethoney.com/add-honey-super/">"When do you add a honey super?"</a>. Mountain Sweet Honey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220924032503/https://mountainsweethoney.com/add-honey-super/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mountain+Sweet+Honey&rft.atitle=When+do+you+add+a+honey+super%3F&rft.date=2019-04-15&rft.aulast=Civitts&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmountainsweethoney.com%2Fadd-honey-super%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.honey.com/about-honey/how-honey-is-made">"How honey is made"</a>. National Honey Board (NHB). 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170611170408/https://www.honey.com/about-honey/how-honey-is-made">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+honey+is+made&rft.pub=National+Honey+Board+%28NHB%29&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.honey.com%2Fabout-honey%2Fhow-honey-is-made&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopf1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Lightner_Hopf" title="Alice Lightner Hopf">Hopf, Alice L.</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=STYkAAAAMAAJ">Animals that eat nectar and honey</a>. Holiday House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8234-0338-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8234-0338-7"><bdi>978-0-8234-0338-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240713173051/https://books.google.com/books?id=STYkAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 28 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animals+that+eat+nectar+and+honey&rft.pub=Holiday+House&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8234-0338-7&rft.aulast=Hopf&rft.aufirst=Alice+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSTYkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagen1876" class="citation cs1">Hagen, H. A. (1876). Packard, Alpheus Spring (ed.). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Naturalist/Volume_10/Number_2/The_History_of_the_Origin_and_Development_of_Museums">"The History of the Origin and Development of Museums" </a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Naturalist" title="The American Naturalist">The American Naturalist</a>. 10 (2): 82–83. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2448028">2448028</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+Origin+and+Development+of+Museums&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=82-83&rft.date=1876&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2448028%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hagen&rft.aufirst=H.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> [<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_American_naturalist._(IA_mobot31753002156567).pdf/88" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Page:The American naturalist. (IA mobot31753002156567).pdf/88">scan</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wikisource link" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> 1894. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mummychapterson00budggoog">The Mummy: A Handbook of Egyptian Funerary Archaeology</a>. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Reprinted New York: Dover Publications, 1989) </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gwern.net/doc/history/1975-leek.pdf#page=3">"Some Evidence of Bees and Honey in Ancient Egypt"</a>, F. Filce Leek 1975 (DOI: 10.1080/0005772x.1975.11097564) </li> <li id="cite_note-Bee_Culture'_Page_348-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bee_Culture'_Page_348_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bee_Culture'_Page_348_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bee_Culture'_Page_348_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bee_Culture'_Page_348_31-3">d</a> <a href="#Root">Root</a>, p. 348 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> The Hive: The Story of the Honeybee and Us By Bee Wilson --St. Martins Press 2004 Page 167 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolan1996" class="citation book cs1">Molan, P. C. (1996). "Authenticity of honey". Food Authentication. pp. 259–303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4613-1119-5_8">10.1007/978-1-4613-1119-5_8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4612-8426-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4612-8426-0"><bdi>978-1-4612-8426-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Authenticity+of+honey&rft.btitle=Food+Authentication&rft.pages=259-303&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4613-1119-5_8&rft.isbn=978-1-4612-8426-0&rft.aulast=Molan&rft.aufirst=P.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhb-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nhb_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nhb_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nhb_34-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://honey.com/images/files/NHB-Honey-Testing-FAQs.pdf">"FAQS on honey testing methods for detecting adulteration with sugar syrups"</a> (PDF). National Honey Board. 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240711234128/https://honey.com/images/files/NHB-Honey-Testing-FAQs.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Honey+Board&rft.atitle=FAQS+on+honey+testing+methods+for+detecting+adulteration+with+sugar+syrups&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhoney.com%2Fimages%2Ffiles%2FNHB-Honey-Testing-FAQs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-faostat-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-faostat_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-faostat_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-faostat_35-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QL">"Production quantity of honey (natural) in 2020, Livestock Primary/World Regions/Production Quantity from picklists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> of the United Nations. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200831082444/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QL">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Production+quantity+of+honey+%28natural%29+in+2020%2C+Livestock+Primary%2FWorld+Regions%2FProduction+Quantity+from+picklists&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=2020&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffaostat%2Fen%2F%23data%2FQL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1978" class="citation cs2">White, Jonathan W. (1978), Chichester, C. O. (ed.), Honey, Advances in Food Research, vol. 24, Academic Press, pp. 287–374, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0065-2628%2808%2960160-3">10.1016/s0065-2628(08)60160-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-016424-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-016424-0"><bdi>978-0-12-016424-0</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/367113">367113</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Honey&rft.series=Advances+in+Food+Research&rft.pages=287-374&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F367113&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0065-2628%2808%2960160-3&rft.isbn=978-0-12-016424-0&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarloweBerbesqueWoodCrittenden2014" class="citation journal cs1">Marlowe, Frank W.; Berbesque, J. Colette; Wood, Brian; Crittenden, Alyssa; Porter, Claire; Mabulla, Audax (1 June 2014). "Honey, Hadza, hunter-gatherers, and human evolution". Journal of Human Evolution. 71: 119–128. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JHumE..71..119M">2014JHumE..71..119M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2014.03.006">10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.03.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24746602">24746602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Evolution&rft.atitle=Honey%2C+Hadza%2C+hunter-gatherers%2C+and+human+evolution&rft.volume=71&rft.pages=119-128&rft.date=2014-06-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24746602&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2014.03.006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014JHumE..71..119M&rft.aulast=Marlowe&rft.aufirst=Frank+W.&rft.au=Berbesque%2C+J.+Colette&rft.au=Wood%2C+Brian&rft.au=Crittenden%2C+Alyssa&rft.au=Porter%2C+Claire&rft.au=Mabulla%2C+Audax&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpottiswoodeBeggBegg2016" class="citation journal cs1">Spottiswoode, Claire N.; Begg, Keith S.; Begg, Colleen M. (22 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaf4885">"Reciprocal signaling in honeyguide-human mutualism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 353 (6297). <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>: 387–389. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Sci...353..387S">2016Sci...353..387S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aaf4885">10.1126/science.aaf4885</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27463674">27463674</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206648494">206648494</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220622123816/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaf4885">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Reciprocal+signaling+in+honeyguide-human+mutualism&rft.volume=353&rft.issue=6297&rft.pages=387-389&rft.date=2016-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206648494%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Sci...353..387S&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aaf4885&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27463674&rft.aulast=Spottiswoode&rft.aufirst=Claire+N.&rft.au=Begg%2C+Keith+S.&rft.au=Begg%2C+Colleen+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aaf4885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGovernZhangTangZhang2004" class="citation journal cs1">McGovern, Patrick E.; Zhang, Juzhong; Tang, Jigen; et al. (21 December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539767">"Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (51): 17593–17598. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PNAS..10117593M">2004PNAS..10117593M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0407921102">10.1073/pnas.0407921102</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539767">539767</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15590771">15590771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Fermented+beverages+of+pre-+and+proto-historic+China&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=51&rft.pages=17593-17598&rft.date=2004-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC539767%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15590771&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0407921102&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PNAS..10117593M&rft.aulast=McGovern&rft.aufirst=Patrick+E.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Juzhong&rft.au=Tang%2C+Jigen&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Zhiqing&rft.au=Hall%2C+Gretchen+R.&rft.au=Moreau%2C+Robert+A.&rft.au=Nu%C3%B1ez%2C+Alberto&rft.au=Butrym%2C+Eric+D.&rft.au=Richards%2C+Michael+P.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Chen-shan&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Guangsheng&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Zhijun&rft.au=Wang%2C+Changsui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC539767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jib-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jib_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jib_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPereiraMendes-FerreiraEstevinhoMendes-Faia2015" class="citation journal cs1">Pereira, Ana Paula; Mendes-Ferreira, Ana; Estevinho, Leticia M.; Mendes-Faia, Arlete (2015). "Improvement of mead fermentation by honey-must supplementation". Journal of the Institute of Brewing. 121 (3): 405–410. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjib.239">10.1002/jib.239</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10198%2F16120">10198/16120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Institute+of+Brewing&rft.atitle=Improvement+of+mead+fermentation+by+honey-must+supplementation&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=405-410&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10198%2F16120&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjib.239&rft.aulast=Pereira&rft.aufirst=Ana+Paula&rft.au=Mendes-Ferreira%2C+Ana&rft.au=Estevinho%2C+Leticia+M.&rft.au=Mendes-Faia%2C+Arlete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mol-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mol_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mol_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mol_41-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIglesiasPascoalChoupinaCarvalho2014" class="citation journal cs1">Iglesias, A.; Pascoal, A.; Choupina, A. B.; Carvalho, C. A.; Feás, X.; Estevinho, L. M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6271869">"Developments in the fermentation process and quality improvement strategies for mead production"</a>. Molecules. 19 (8): 12577–12590. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmolecules190812577">10.3390/molecules190812577</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6271869">6271869</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25153872">25153872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecules&rft.atitle=Developments+in+the+fermentation+process+and+quality+improvement+strategies+for+mead+production&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=12577-12590&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6271869%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25153872&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fmolecules190812577&rft.aulast=Iglesias&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Pascoal%2C+A.&rft.au=Choupina%2C+A.+B.&rft.au=Carvalho%2C+C.+A.&rft.au=Fe%C3%A1s%2C+X.&rft.au=Estevinho%2C+L.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6271869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tierney-42"><a href="#cite_ref-tierney_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTierney2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Tierney, John (21 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/10/making-mead-in-a-space-age-world/381433/">"Making Mead in a Space-Age World"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170328190429/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/10/making-mead-in-a-space-age-world/381433/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Making+Mead+in+a+Space-Age+World&rft.date=2014-10-21&rft.aulast=Tierney&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fbusiness%2Farchive%2F2014%2F10%2Fmaking-mead-in-a-space-age-world%2F381433%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.homebrewersassociation.org/how-to-brew/braggot-the-best-of-mead-and-beer/">"Braggot: The Best of Mead and Beer"</a>. American Home Brewers Association. 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180220092350/https://www.homebrewersassociation.org/how-to-brew/braggot-the-best-of-mead-and-beer/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Braggot%3A+The+Best+of+Mead+and+Beer&rft.pub=American+Home+Brewers+Association&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.homebrewersassociation.org%2Fhow-to-brew%2Fbraggot-the-best-of-mead-and-beer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tomasik2003-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Tomasik2003_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasik2003" class="citation book cs1">Tomasik, Piotr (20 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6RfVqdqxCiUC&pg=PA74">Chemical and Functional Properties of Food Saccharides</a>. CRC Press. pp. 74–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-49572-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-49572-8"><bdi>978-0-203-49572-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+and+Functional+Properties+of+Food+Saccharides&rft.pages=74-&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2003-10-20&rft.isbn=978-0-203-49572-8&rft.aulast=Tomasik&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6RfVqdqxCiUC%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#Root">Root</a>, p. 355 </li> <li id="cite_note-Piotr_Tomasik_p._74-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Piotr_Tomasik_p._74_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piotr_Tomasik_p._74_46-1">b</a> Tomasik, Piotr (2004) Chemical and functional properties of food saccharides, CRC Press, p. 74, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-1486-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-1486-0">0-8493-1486-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kántor_Pitsi_Thoen_1999_pp._2327–2330-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Kántor_Pitsi_Thoen_1999_pp._2327–2330_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKántorPitsiThoen1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kántor, Zoltán; Pitsi, Guido; Thoen, Jan (6 May 1999). "Glass Transition Temperature of Honey as a Function of Water Content As Determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 47 (6). American Chemical Society (ACS): 2327–2330. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf981070g">10.1021/jf981070g</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8561">0021-8561</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10794630">10794630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Food+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Glass+Transition+Temperature+of+Honey+as+a+Function+of+Water+Content+As+Determined+by+Differential+Scanning+Calorimetry&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2327-2330&rft.date=1999-05-06&rft.issn=0021-8561&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10794630&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf981070g&rft.aulast=K%C3%A1ntor&rft.aufirst=Zolt%C3%A1n&rft.au=Pitsi%2C+Guido&rft.au=Thoen%2C+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussellIsraeloff2000" class="citation journal cs1">Russell, E. V.; Israeloff, N. E. (2000). "Direct observation of molecular cooperativity near the glass transition". Nature. 408 (6813): 695–698. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0012245">cond-mat/0012245</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Natur.408..695V">2000Natur.408..695V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35047037">10.1038/35047037</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11130066">11130066</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4365023">4365023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Direct+observation+of+molecular+cooperativity+near+the+glass+transition&rft.volume=408&rft.issue=6813&rft.pages=695-698&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4365023%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Natur.408..695V&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fcond-mat%2F0012245&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11130066&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35047037&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=E.+V.&rft.au=Israeloff%2C+N.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLautrup2011" class="citation book cs1">Lautrup, B. (2011). Physics of Continuous Matter, Second Edition: Exotic and Everyday Phenomena in the macroscopic world. CRC Press. p. 207.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+of+Continuous+Matter%2C+Second+Edition%3A+Exotic+and+Everyday+Phenomena+in+the+macroscopic+world&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Lautrup&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~helenj/Fluids/Fluids06.pdf">"Lecture 6: Real fluids – viscosity and turbulence"</a> (PDF). physics.usyd.edu.au. 23 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240713173051/http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~helenj/Fluids/Fluids06.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=physics.usyd.edu.au&rft.atitle=Lecture+6%3A+Real+fluids+%E2%80%93+viscosity+and+turbulence&rft.date=2014-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physics.usyd.edu.au%2F~helenj%2FFluids%2FFluids06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BzzBBbnIJhIC">Value-added products from beekeeping</a>. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1996. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BzzBBbnIJhIC/page/n196">7</a>–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-103819-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-103819-2"><bdi>978-92-5-103819-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Value-added+products+from+beekeeping&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-92-5-103819-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_BzzBBbnIJhIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bee-hexagon.net-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bee-hexagon.net_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bee-hexagon.net_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bee-hexagon.net_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bee-hexagon.net_52-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdanov2009" class="citation web cs1">Bogdanov, Stefan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090920094501/http://www.bee-hexagon.net/files/file/fileE/Honey/4PhysicalPropertiesHoney.pdf">"Physical Properties of Honey"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bee-hexagon.net/files/file/fileE/Honey/4PhysicalPropertiesHoney.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Physical+Properties+of+Honey&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Bogdanov&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bee-hexagon.net%2Ffiles%2Ffile%2FfileE%2FHoney%2F4PhysicalPropertiesHoney.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Wetting of Real Surfaces by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bormashenko" title="Edward Bormashenko">Edward Yu. Bormashenko</a> – Walter D Gruyter 2013 Page 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Food Engineering Interfaces by José Miguel Aguilera, Ricardo Simpson, Jorge Welti-Chanes, Daniela Bermudez Aguirre, Gustavo Barbosa-Canovas – Springer 2011 Pages 479–487 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#Krell">Krell</a>, pp. 5–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/9587260/Bees-producing-MandMs-coloured-honey.html">"Bees 'producing M&M's coloured honey'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. 4 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/9587260/Bees-producing-MandMs-coloured-honey.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Bees+%27producing+M%26M%27s+coloured+honey%27&rft.date=2012-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnewstopics%2Fhowaboutthat%2F9587260%2FBees-producing-MandMs-coloured-honey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusty2012" class="citation web cs1">Rusty (17 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.honeybeesuite.com/purple-honey/">"Kudzu: the dark secret of purple honey?"</a>. Honey Bee Suite. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213638/https://www.honeybeesuite.com/purple-honey/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Honey+Bee+Suite&rft.atitle=Kudzu%3A+the+dark+secret+of+purple+honey%3F&rft.date=2012-09-17&rft.au=Rusty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.honeybeesuite.com%2Fpurple-honey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Hans-Dieter Belitz, Werner Grosch, Peter Schieberle <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xteiARU46SQC">Food chemistry</a> Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg 2004 p. 884 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-69933-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-69933-3">3-540-69933-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Zdzisław E. Sikorski Chemical and functional properties of food components CRC Press 2007 p. 121 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-9675-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-9675-1">0-8493-9675-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#Root">Root</a>, p. 350 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html">"Solids, Liquids and Gases – Thermal Conductivities"</a>. www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723215428/https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.engineeringtoolbox.com&rft.atitle=Solids%2C+Liquids+and+Gases+%E2%80%93+Thermal+Conductivities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineeringtoolbox.com%2Fthermal-conductivity-d_429.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="#Krell">Krell</a>, pp. 40–43 </li> <li id="cite_note-nhbtech-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nhbtech_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nhbtech_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nhbtech_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nhbtech_63-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110701123559/http://www.honey.com/images/downloads/ph-acidsinhoney.pdf">"pH and acids in honey"</a> (PDF). National Honey Board Food Technology/Product Research Program. April 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.honey.com/images/downloads/ph-acidsinhoney.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 July 2011. Retrieved 1 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=pH+and+acids+in+honey&rft.pub=National+Honey+Board+Food+Technology%2FProduct+Research+Program&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.honey.com%2Fimages%2Fdownloads%2Fph-acidsinhoney.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkins,_Alistair_L.Lu,_Yinrong1995" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkins, Alistair L.; Lu, Yinrong (1995). "Extractives from New Zealand Honeys. 5. Aliphatic Dicarboxylic Acids in New Zealand Rewarewa (Knightea excelsa) Honey". J. Agric. Food Chem. 43 (12): 3021–3025. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf00060a006">10.1021/jf00060a006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Agric.+Food+Chem.&rft.atitle=Extractives+from+New+Zealand+Honeys.+5.+Aliphatic+Dicarboxylic+Acids+in+New+Zealand+Rewarewa+%28Knightea+excelsa%29+Honey&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=3021-3025&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf00060a006&rft.au=Wilkins%2C+Alistair+L.&rft.au=Lu%2C+Yinrong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-patt-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-patt_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-patt_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-patt_65-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-patt_65-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-patt_65-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-patt_65-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-patt_65-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-patt_65-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-patt_65-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-patt_65-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-patt_65-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-patt_65-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-patt_65-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattamayutanonAngeliThakeowAbraham2017" class="citation journal cs1">Pattamayutanon, Praetinee; Angeli, Sergio; Thakeow, Prodpran; Abraham, John; Disayathanoowat, Terd; Chantawannakul, Panuwan (13 February 2017). Rueppell, Olav (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5305196">"Volatile organic compounds of Thai honeys produced from several floral sources by different honey bee species"</a>. PLOS ONE. 12 (2): e0172099. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PLoSO..1272099P">2017PLoSO..1272099P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0172099">10.1371/journal.pone.0172099</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5305196">5305196</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28192487">28192487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Volatile+organic+compounds+of+Thai+honeys+produced+from+several+floral+sources+by+different+honey+bee+species&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e0172099&rft.date=2017-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5305196%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PLoSO..1272099P&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28192487&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0172099&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Pattamayutanon&rft.aufirst=Praetinee&rft.au=Angeli%2C+Sergio&rft.au=Thakeow%2C+Prodpran&rft.au=Abraham%2C+John&rft.au=Disayathanoowat%2C+Terd&rft.au=Chantawannakul%2C+Panuwan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5305196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patrignani-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patrignani_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patrignani_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patrignani_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patrignani_66-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patrignani_66-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patrignani_66-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrignaniFagúndezTananakiThrasyvoulou2018" class="citation journal cs1">Patrignani, Mariela; Fagúndez, Guillermina Andrea; Tananaki, Chrysoula; Thrasyvoulou, Andreas; Lupano, Cecilia Elena (2018). "Volatile compounds of Argentinean honeys: Correlation with floral and geographical origin". Food Chemistry. 246: 32–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foodchem.2017.11.010">10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F63467">11336/63467</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0308-8146">0308-8146</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29291855">29291855</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Volatile+compounds+of+Argentinean+honeys%3A+Correlation+with+floral+and+geographical+origin&rft.volume=246&rft.pages=32-40&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11336%2F63467&rft.issn=0308-8146&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29291855&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.foodchem.2017.11.010&rft.aulast=Patrignani&rft.aufirst=Mariela&rft.au=Fag%C3%BAndez%2C+Guillermina+Andrea&rft.au=Tananaki%2C+Chrysoula&rft.au=Thrasyvoulou%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Lupano%2C+Cecilia+Elena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-suarez-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-suarez_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-suarez_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-suarez_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-suarez_67-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-suarez_67-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-suarez_67-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosé_M_Alvarez-Suarez2017" class="citation book cs1">José M Alvarez-Suarez, ed. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hlU0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114">Bee Products: Chemical and Biological Properties (volatiles, page 61--67, 114)</a>. Springer International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-59689-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-59689-1"><bdi>978-3-319-59689-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240713173052/https://books.google.com/books?id=hlU0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 19 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bee+Products%3A+Chemical+and+Biological+Properties+%28volatiles%2C+page+61--67%2C+114%29&rft.pub=Springer+International&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-59689-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhlU0DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/w0076E/w0076e04.htm">Value-added products from beekeeping. Chapter 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100510065302/http://www.fao.org/docrep/w0076e/w0076e04.htm">Archived</a> 10 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Fao.org. Retrieved on 14 April 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-honeyRheo-69"><a href="#cite_ref-honeyRheo_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510105340/http://www.minervascientific.co.uk/bulletins/Rheological_Properties_of_Honey.pdf">"The Rheological & Mellisopalynological Properties of Honey"</a> (PDF). Minerva Scientific. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minervascientific.co.uk/bulletins/Rheological_Properties_of_Honey.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2012. <q>If however, rheological measurements are made on a given sample it can be deduced that the sample is predominantly Manuka (Graph 2) or Kanuka (Graph 3) or a mixture of the two plant species</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rheological+%26+Mellisopalynological+Properties+of+Honey&rft.pub=Minerva+Scientific&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minervascientific.co.uk%2Fbulletins%2FRheological_Properties_of_Honey.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-honeydefs-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-honeydefs_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-honeydefs_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-honeydefs_70-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.honey.com/about-honey/honey-varietals">"Honey Varietals"</a>. National Honey Board. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180625190154/https://www.honey.com/about-honey/honey-varietals">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018. <q>The color, flavor and even aroma of honey differs, depending on the nectar of flowers visited by the bees that made it. There are more than 300 unique types of honey available in the United States alone, each originating from a different floral source.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honey+Varietals&rft.pub=National+Honey+Board&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.honey.com%2Fabout-honey%2Fhoney-varietals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Honey_Grading_Manual-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Honey_Grading_Manual_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Honey_Grading_Manual_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/Extracted_Honey_Inspection_Instructions%5B1%5D.pdf">"Extracted Honey Grading Manual"</a> (PDF). U.S. <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Marketing_Service" title="Agricultural Marketing Service">Agricultural Marketing Service</a> (AMS). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801170649/https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/Extracted_Honey_Inspection_Instructions%5B1%5D.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extracted+Honey+Grading+Manual&rft.pub=U.S.+Agricultural+Marketing+Service+%28AMS%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.usda.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmedia%2FExtracted_Honey_Inspection_Instructions%255B1%255D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Honey_Floral_Source_Guide-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Honey_Floral_Source_Guide_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017072336/http://www.honey.com/newsroom/press-kits/honey-color-and-flavor">"Honey Color and Flavor"</a>. National Honey Board. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.honey.com/newsroom/press-kits/honey-color-and-flavor">the original</a> on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2011. <q>Wildflower honey is often used to describe honey from miscellaneous and undefined flower sources.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honey+Color+and+Flavor&rft.pub=National+Honey+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.honey.com%2Fnewsroom%2Fpress-kits%2Fhoney-color-and-flavor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-honeybook_polyfloral-73"><a href="#cite_ref-honeybook_polyfloral_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080309203727/http://www.honeybook.net/polyfloral_honey.shtml">"Varieties of honey: Polyfloral honey"</a>. The Honey Book. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.honeybook.net/polyfloral_honey.shtml">the original</a> on 9 March 2008. Retrieved 10 November 2007. <q>Honey that is from wild or commercialized honeybees that is derived from many types of flowers is a resulting polyfloral honey.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Varieties+of+honey%3A+Polyfloral+honey&rft.pub=The+Honey+Book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.honeybook.net%2Fpolyfloral_honey.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pita2017-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pita2017_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pita2017_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPita-CalvoVázquez2017" class="citation journal cs1">Pita-Calvo, Consuelo; Vázquez, Manuel (January 2017). "Differences between honeydew and blossom honeys: A review". Trends in Food Science & Technology. 59: 79–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tifs.2016.11.015">10.1016/j.tifs.2016.11.015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Food+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Differences+between+honeydew+and+blossom+honeys%3A+A+review&rft.volume=59&rft.pages=79-87&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tifs.2016.11.015&rft.aulast=Pita-Calvo&rft.aufirst=Consuelo&rft.au=V%C3%A1zquez%2C+Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeraglioSilvaBergamoBrugnerotto2019" class="citation journal cs1">Seraglio, Siluana Katia Tischer; Silva, Bibiana; Bergamo, Greici; Brugnerotto, Patricia; Gonzaga, Luciano Valdemiro; Fett, Roseane; Costa, Ana Carolina Oliveira (May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foodres.2019.01.028">"An overview of physicochemical characteristics and health-promoting properties of honeydew honey"</a>. Food Research International. 119: 44–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foodres.2019.01.028">10.1016/j.foodres.2019.01.028</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30884675">30884675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Research+International&rft.atitle=An+overview+of+physicochemical+characteristics+and+health-promoting+properties+of+honeydew+honey&rft.volume=119&rft.pages=44-66&rft.date=2019-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.foodres.2019.01.028&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30884675&rft.aulast=Seraglio&rft.aufirst=Siluana+Katia+Tischer&rft.au=Silva%2C+Bibiana&rft.au=Bergamo%2C+Greici&rft.au=Brugnerotto%2C+Patricia&rft.au=Gonzaga%2C+Luciano+Valdemiro&rft.au=Fett%2C+Roseane&rft.au=Costa%2C+Ana+Carolina+Oliveira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.foodres.2019.01.028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beeculture.com/a-short-story-about-a-wintering-colony-with-dysentery/">"A Short Story About A Wintering Colony With Dysentery | Bee Culture"</a>. Bee Culture. 19 April 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bee+Culture&rft.atitle=A+Short+Story+About+A+Wintering+Colony+With+Dysentery+%7C+Bee+Culture&rft.date=2015-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beeculture.com%2Fa-short-story-about-a-wintering-colony-with-dysentery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGounari2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gounari, Sofia (2006). "Studies on the phenology of <a href="/wiki/Marchalina_hellenica" title="Marchalina hellenica">Marchalina hellenica</a> (gen.) (Hemiptera: coccoidea, margarodidae) in relation to honeydew flow". Journal of Apicultural Research. 45 (1): 8–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3896%2FIBRA.1.45.1.03">10.3896/IBRA.1.45.1.03</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Apicultural+Research&rft.atitle=Studies+on+the+phenology+of+Marchalina+hellenica+%28gen.%29+%28Hemiptera%3A+coccoidea%2C+margarodidae%29+in+relation+to+honeydew+flow&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8-12&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3896%2FIBRA.1.45.1.03&rft.aulast=Gounari&rft.aufirst=Sofia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flottum2010-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flottum2010_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flottum2010_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flottum2010_78-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlottum,_Kim2010" class="citation book cs1">Flottum, Kim (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5xmAIU0MY64C&pg=PA170">The Backyard Beekeeper: An Absolute Beginner's Guide to Keeping Bees in Your Yard and Garden</a>. Quarry Books. pp. 170–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61673-860-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61673-860-0"><bdi>978-1-61673-860-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Backyard+Beekeeper%3A+An+Absolute+Beginner%27s+Guide+to+Keeping+Bees+in+Your+Yard+and+Garden&rft.pages=170-&rft.pub=Quarry+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61673-860-0&rft.au=Flottum%2C+Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5xmAIU0MY64C%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSertich_Velie" class="citation web cs1">Sertich Velie, Marissa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seriouseats.com/the-serious-eats-guide-to-sugar-syrup-honey-natural-sweetners">"August 10, 2018"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Serious_Eats" title="Serious Eats">Serious Eats</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240527130509/https://www.seriouseats.com/the-serious-eats-guide-to-sugar-syrup-honey-natural-sweetners">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2024. Retrieved 24 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Serious+Eats&rft.atitle=August+10%2C+2018&rft.aulast=Sertich+Velie&rft.aufirst=Marissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seriouseats.com%2Fthe-serious-eats-guide-to-sugar-syrup-honey-natural-sweetners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Pearson, Gwen (7 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2014/03/crystalized-honey/">"What Do You Do With Crystallized Honey?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230614101914/https://www.wired.com/2014/03/crystalized-honey/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=What+Do+You+Do+With+Crystallized+Honey%3F&rft.date=2014-03-07&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Gwen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2014%2F03%2Fcrystalized-honey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubramanianHebbarRastogi2007" class="citation journal cs1">Subramanian, R.; Hebbar, H. Umesh; Rastogi, N. K. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10942910600981708">"Processing of Honey: A Review"</a>. International Journal of Food Properties. 10: 127–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10942910600981708">10.1080/10942910600981708</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:98158536">98158536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Properties&rft.atitle=Processing+of+Honey%3A+A+Review&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=127-143&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10942910600981708&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A98158536%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Subramanian&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Hebbar%2C+H.+Umesh&rft.au=Rastogi%2C+N.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F10942910600981708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203010606/http://www.honey.com/downloads/honeydefs.pdf">"Definition of Honey and Honey Products"</a> (PDF). National Honey Board. 15 June 1996. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.honey.com/downloads/honeydefs.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Honey+Board&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Honey+and+Honey+Products&rft.date=1996-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.honey.com%2Fdownloads%2Fhoneydefs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaven2013" class="citation book cs1">Chaven, Suchart (1 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zztzDAAAQBAJ&q=%C2%A0Strained+honey+has+been+passed+through+a+mesh+material+to+remove+particulate+material&pg=PT10">Food Safety Management: Chapter 11. Honey, Confectionery and Bakery Products</a>. Elsevier Inc. Chapters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-805650-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-805650-9"><bdi>978-0-12-805650-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Safety+Management%3A+Chapter+11.+Honey%2C+Confectionery+and+Bakery+Products&rft.pub=Elsevier+Inc.+Chapters&rft.date=2013-11-01&rft.isbn=978-0-12-805650-9&rft.aulast=Chaven&rft.aufirst=Suchart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzztzDAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%25C2%25A0Strained%2Bhoney%2Bhas%2Bbeen%2Bpassed%2Bthrough%2Ba%2Bmesh%2Bmaterial%2Bto%2Bremove%2Bparticulate%2Bmaterial%26pg%3DPT10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140315015648/http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELDEV3011895">"United States Standards for Grades of Extracted Honey"</a>. U.S. <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Marketing_Service" title="Agricultural Marketing Service">Agricultural Marketing Service</a> (AMS). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELDEV3011895">the original</a> on 15 March 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Standards+for+Grades+of+Extracted+Honey&rft.pub=U.S.+Agricultural+Marketing+Service+%28AMS%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.usda.gov%2FAMSv1.0%2Fgetfile%3FdDocName%3DSTELDEV3011895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Damerow2011-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Damerow2011_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Damerow2011_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamerow,_Gail2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gail_Damerow" title="Gail Damerow">Damerow, Gail</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mmhsorsesy0C&pg=PA167">The Backyard Homestead Guide to Raising Farm Animals: Choose the Best Breeds for Small-Space Farming, Produce Your Own Grass-Fed Meat, Gather Fresh Eggs, Collect Fresh Milk, Make Your Own Cheese, Keep Chickens, Turkeys, Ducks, Rabbits, Goats, Sheep, Pigs, Cattle, & Bees</a>. Storey Publishing, LLC. pp. 167–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60342-697-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60342-697-8"><bdi>978-1-60342-697-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Backyard+Homestead+Guide+to+Raising+Farm+Animals%3A+Choose+the+Best+Breeds+for+Small-Space+Farming%2C+Produce+Your+Own+Grass-Fed+Meat%2C+Gather+Fresh+Eggs%2C+Collect+Fresh+Milk%2C+Make+Your+Own+Cheese%2C+Keep+Chickens%2C+Turkeys%2C+Ducks%2C+Rabbits%2C+Goats%2C+Sheep%2C+Pigs%2C+Cattle%2C+%26+Bees&rft.pages=167-&rft.pub=Storey+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60342-697-8&rft.au=Damerow%2C+Gail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMmhsorsesy0C%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FRTWfB-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FRTWfB_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GsMOAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA55">First Regional Training Workshop for Beekeepers</a>. Bib. Orton IICA / CATIE. 1992. pp. 55–. Retrieved 5 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Regional+Training+Workshop+for+Beekeepers&rft.pages=55-&rft.pub=Bib.+Orton+IICA+%2F+CATIE&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGsMOAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hielscher.com/ultrasonics/honey_01.htm">Ultrasonic Honey Processing</a>. Hielscher.com. Retrieved on 6 February 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharma2005-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Sharma2005_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma,_Rajeev2005" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Rajeev (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h1FkltLNQ-AC&pg=PA33">Improve your Health! with Honey</a>. Diamond Pocket Books. pp. 33–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-288-0920-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-288-0920-0"><bdi>978-81-288-0920-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Improve+your+Health%21+with+Honey&rft.pages=33-&rft.pub=Diamond+Pocket+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-288-0920-0&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Rajeev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh1FkltLNQ-AC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krell1996-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krell1996_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krell1996_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrell,_Rainer1996" class="citation book cs1">Krell, Rainer (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BzzBBbnIJhIC&pg=PA25">Value-added Products Froom Beekeeping</a>. Food & Agriculture Org. pp. 25–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-103819-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-103819-2"><bdi>978-92-5-103819-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Value-added+Products+Froom+Beekeeping&rft.pages=25-&rft.pub=Food+%26+Agriculture+Org.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-92-5-103819-2&rft.au=Krell%2C+Rainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBzzBBbnIJhIC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThacker2012" class="citation book cs1">Thacker, Emily (22 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UDQSCgAAQBAJ&q=Dry+honey+used+to++garnish+desserts&pg=PT23">The Honey Book</a>. James Direct, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62397-061-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62397-061-1"><bdi>978-1-62397-061-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Honey+Book&rft.pub=James+Direct%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2012-04-22&rft.isbn=978-1-62397-061-1&rft.aulast=Thacker&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUDQSCgAAQBAJ%26q%3DDry%2Bhoney%2Bused%2Bto%2B%2Bgarnish%2Bdesserts%26pg%3DPT23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beeworks.com/informationcentre/honey_processing.html">Honey Processing</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090213235637/http://beeworks.com/informationcentre/honey_processing.html">Archived</a> 13 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Beeworks.com. Retrieved on 6 February 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/multimedia/pdfs/honeyguidance.pdf">Honey Regulations 2003</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126001746/https://www.food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/multimedia/pdfs/honeyguidance.pdf">Archived</a> 26 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, UK Food Standards Agency. Section 2.5 (p 8), section 4.2 (pp 12–14). </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/Extracted_Honey_Standard%5B1%5D.pdf">"United States Standards for Grades of Extracted Honey"</a> (PDF). U.S. <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Marketing_Service" title="Agricultural Marketing Service">Agricultural Marketing Service</a> (AMS). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160419031259/https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/Extracted_Honey_Standard%5B1%5D.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Standards+for+Grades+of+Extracted+Honey&rft.pub=U.S.+Agricultural+Marketing+Service+%28AMS%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.usda.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmedia%2FExtracted_Honey_Standard%255B1%255D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agmarknet.nic.in/honeygmr.pdf">NOTIFICATION</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101213163011/http://agmarknet.nic.in/honeygmr.pdf">Archived</a> 13 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE (Department of Agriculture and Co-operation) New Delhi, 24 December 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-Honey_production-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Honey_production_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Honey_production_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdanov,_Stefan2008" class="citation web cs1">Bogdanov, Stefan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090305184128/http://www.bee-hexagon.net/files/file/fileE/Honey/Honey%20ProductionCorr.pdf">"Honey production"</a> (PDF). Bee Product Science. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bee-hexagon.net/files/file/fileE/Honey/Honey%20ProductionCorr.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bee+Product+Science&rft.atitle=Honey+production&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Bogdanov%2C+Stefan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bee-hexagon.net%2Ffiles%2Ffile%2FfileE%2FHoney%2FHoney%2520ProductionCorr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan,_Matthew" class="citation journal cs1">Allan, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010217104623/http://www.beedata.com/data2/basic_honey_processing.htm">"Basic Honey Processing"</a>. Beekeeping in a Nutshell. 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beedata.com/data2/basic_honey_processing.htm">the original</a> on 17 February 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Beekeeping+in+a+Nutshell&rft.atitle=Basic+Honey+Processing&rft.volume=5&rft.au=Allan%2C+Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beedata.com%2Fdata2%2Fbasic_honey_processing.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Keeping Tabs on Honey". <a href="/wiki/Chemical_%26_Engineering_News" title="Chemical & Engineering News">Chemical & Engineering News</a>. 86 (35): 43–44. 2008. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-v086n035.p043">10.1021/cen-v086n035.p043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+%26+Engineering+News&rft.atitle=Keeping+Tabs+on+Honey&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=35&rft.pages=43-44&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcen-v086n035.p043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDADailyValues-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FDADailyValues_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Food_and_Drug_Administration2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels">"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"</a>. FDA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240327175201/https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FDA&rft.atitle=Daily+Value+on+the+Nutrition+and+Supplement+Facts+Labels&rft.date=2024&rft.au=United+States+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Ffood%2Fnutrition-facts-label%2Fdaily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-99"><a href="#cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_MedicineHealth_and_Medicine_DivisionFood_and_Nutrition_BoardCommittee_to_Review_the_Dietary_Reference_Intakes_for_Sodium_and_Potassium2019" class="citation book cs1">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538102/">Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium</a>. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1"><bdi>978-0-309-48834-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844154">30844154</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240509063633/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538102/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Sodium+and+Potassium&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=The+National+Academies+Collection%3A+Reports+funded+by+National+Institutes+of+Health&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press+%28US%29&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30844154&rft.isbn=978-0-309-48834-1&rft.au=National+Academies+of+Sciences%2C+Engineering%2C+and+Medicine&rft.au=Health+and+Medicine+Division&rft.au=Food+and+Nutrition+Board&rft.au=Committee+to+Review+the+Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Sodium+and+Potassium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK538102%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Arcot, Jayashree and Brand-Miller, Jennie (March 2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agrifutures.com.au/wp-content/uploads/publications/05-027.pdf">A Preliminary Assessment of the Glycemic Index of Honey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200412195947/https://www.agrifutures.com.au/wp-content/uploads/publications/05-027.pdf">Archived</a> 12 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. A report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. RIRDC Publication No 05/027. rirdc.infoservices.com.au </li> <li id="cite_note-Comp-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Comp_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101224183023/http://www.beesource.com/resources/usda/honey-composition-and-properties/">"Beesource Beekeeping: Honey Composition and Properties"</a>. Beesource.com. October 1980. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beesource.com/resources/usda/honey-composition-and-properties">the original</a> on 24 December 2010. Retrieved 6 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beesource+Beekeeping%3A+Honey+Composition+and+Properties&rft.pub=Beesource.com&rft.date=1980-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beesource.com%2Fresources%2Fusda%2Fhoney-composition-and-properties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhmenhaeuserMonakhovaKuballaLachenmeier2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ohmenhaeuser, Marc; Monakhova, Yulia B.; Kuballa, Thomas; Lachenmeier, Dirk W. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/438103">"Qualitative and Quantitative Control of Honeys Using NMR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics"</a>. ISRN Analytical Chemistry. 2013: 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2013%2F825318">10.1155/2013/825318</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801154657/https://zenodo.org/record/438103">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ISRN+Analytical+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Qualitative+and+Quantitative+Control+of+Honeys+Using+NMR+Spectroscopy+and+Chemometrics&rft.volume=2013&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2013%2F825318&rft.aulast=Ohmenhaeuser&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Monakhova%2C+Yulia+B.&rft.au=Kuballa%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Lachenmeier%2C+Dirk+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F438103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jull2015-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jull2015_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jull2015_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJullCullumDumvilleWestby2015" class="citation journal cs1">Jull, Andrew B.; Cullum, Nicky; Dumville, Jo C.; Westby, Maggie J.; Deshpande, Sohan; Walker, Natalie (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:370288/UQ370288_OA.pdf">"Honey as a topical treatment for wounds"</a> (PDF). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (3): CD005083. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.cd005083.pub4">10.1002/14651858.cd005083.pub4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9719456">9719456</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25742878">25742878</a>. <q>Honey appears to heal partial thickness burns more quickly than conventional treatment (which included polyurethane film, paraffin gauze, soframycin-impregnated gauze, sterile linen and leaving the burns exposed) and infected post-operative wounds more quickly than antiseptics and gauze.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Honey+as+a+topical+treatment+for+wounds&rft.volume=2015&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=CD005083&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9719456%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25742878&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.cd005083.pub4&rft.aulast=Jull&rft.aufirst=Andrew+B.&rft.au=Cullum%2C+Nicky&rft.au=Dumville%2C+Jo+C.&rft.au=Westby%2C+Maggie+J.&rft.au=Deshpande%2C+Sohan&rft.au=Walker%2C+Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fespace.library.uq.edu.au%2Fview%2FUQ%3A370288%2FUQ370288_OA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajtan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Majtan, J. (2014). "Honey: an immunomodulator in wound healing". Wound Repair and Regeneration. 22 (2 Mar–Apr): 187–192. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fwrr.12117">10.1111/wrr.12117</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24612472">24612472</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40188613">40188613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wound+Repair+and+Regeneration&rft.atitle=Honey%3A+an+immunomodulator+in+wound+healing&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2+Mar%E2%80%93Apr&rft.pages=187-192&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40188613%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24612472&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fwrr.12117&rft.aulast=Majtan&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OMeara_Al-Kurdi_Ologun_Ovington_2014-105"><a href="#cite_ref-OMeara_Al-Kurdi_Ologun_Ovington_2014_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'MearaAl-KurdiOlogunOvington2014" class="citation journal cs1">O'Meara, Susan; Al-Kurdi, Deyaa; Ologun, Yemisi; Ovington, Liza G.; Martyn-St James, Marrissa; Richardson, Rachel (10 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10580125">"Antibiotics and antiseptics for venous leg ulcers"</a>. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (1). Wiley: CD003557. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.cd003557.pub5">10.1002/14651858.cd003557.pub5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1465-1858">1465-1858</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10580125">10580125</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24408354">24408354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Antibiotics+and+antiseptics+for+venous+leg+ulcers&rft.volume=2014&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=CD003557&rft.date=2014-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10580125%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1465-1858&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24408354&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.cd003557.pub5&rft.aulast=O%27Meara&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Al-Kurdi%2C+Deyaa&rft.au=Ologun%2C+Yemisi&rft.au=Ovington%2C+Liza+G.&rft.au=Martyn-St+James%2C+Marrissa&rft.au=Richardson%2C+Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10580125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eekhof_Van_Wijk_Knuistingh_Neven_van_der_Wouden_2012-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Eekhof_Van_Wijk_Knuistingh_Neven_van_der_Wouden_2012_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEekhofVan_WijkKnuistingh_Nevenvan_der_Wouden2012" class="citation journal cs1">Eekhof, Just A.H.; Van Wijk, Bart; Knuistingh Neven, Arie; van der Wouden, Johannes C. (18 April 2012). "Interventions for ingrowing toenails". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4). Wiley: CD001541. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.cd001541.pub3">10.1002/14651858.cd001541.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F117180">1887/117180</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1465-1858">1465-1858</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22513901">22513901</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44706332">44706332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Interventions+for+ingrowing+toenails&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=CD001541&rft.date=2012-04-18&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F117180&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44706332%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.cd001541.pub3&rft.issn=1465-1858&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22513901&rft.aulast=Eekhof&rft.aufirst=Just+A.H.&rft.au=Van+Wijk%2C+Bart&rft.au=Knuistingh+Neven%2C+Arie&rft.au=van+der+Wouden%2C+Johannes+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saikaly2017-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saikaly2017_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saikaly2017_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaikalyKhachemoune2017" class="citation journal cs1">Saikaly, Sami K.; Khachemoune, Amor (6 January 2017). "Honey and Wound Healing: An Update". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 18 (2): 237–251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40257-016-0247-8">10.1007/s40257-016-0247-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28063093">28063093</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207482579">207482579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Clinical+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Honey+and+Wound+Healing%3A+An+Update&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=237-251&rft.date=2017-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207482579%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28063093&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40257-016-0247-8&rft.aulast=Saikaly&rft.aufirst=Sami+K.&rft.au=Khachemoune%2C+Amor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buhner-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Buhner_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuhner2012" class="citation book cs1">Buhner, Stephen Harrod (2012). Herbal Antibiotics: Natural Alternatives for Treating Drug-Resistant Bacteria (2nd ed.). Storey Publishing. pp. 188–196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60342-987-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60342-987-0"><bdi>978-1-60342-987-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herbal+Antibiotics%3A+Natural+Alternatives+for+Treating+Drug-Resistant+Bacteria&rft.pages=188-196&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Storey+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-60342-987-0&rft.aulast=Buhner&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Harrod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boukraa-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boukraa_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boukraa_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoukraâ2014" class="citation book cs1">Boukraâ, Laïd, ed. (2014). Honey in Traditional and Modern Medicine. CRC Press. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-4016-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-4016-0"><bdi>978-1-4398-4016-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Honey+in+Traditional+and+Modern+Medicine&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4398-4016-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dustmann-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Dustmann_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDustmann1979" class="citation journal cs1">Dustmann, J. H. (1979). "Antibacterial Effect of Honey". Apiacta. 14 (1): 7–11. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1221-7816">1221-7816</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Apiacta&rft.atitle=Antibacterial+Effect+of+Honey&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-11&rft.date=1979&rft.issn=1221-7816&rft.aulast=Dustmann&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nolan2019-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nolan2019_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nolan2019_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolanHarrisonCox2019" class="citation journal cs1">Nolan, Victoria C.; Harrison, James; Cox, Jonathan A. G. (5 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6963415">"Dissecting the Antimicrobial Composition of Honey"</a>. Antibiotics. 8 (4): 251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fantibiotics8040251">10.3390/antibiotics8040251</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6963415">6963415</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31817375">31817375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antibiotics&rft.atitle=Dissecting+the+Antimicrobial+Composition+of+Honey&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=251&rft.date=2019-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6963415%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31817375&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fantibiotics8040251&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=Victoria+C.&rft.au=Harrison%2C+James&rft.au=Cox%2C+Jonathan+A.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6963415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Molan2015-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Molan2015_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolanRhodes2015" class="citation journal cs1">Molan, P.; Rhodes, T. (June 2015). "Honey: A Biologic Wound Dressing". Wounds. 27 (6): 141–51. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26061489">26061489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wounds&rft.atitle=Honey%3A+A+Biologic+Wound+Dressing.&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=141-51&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26061489&rft.aulast=Molan&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Rhodes%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-future-113"><a href="#cite_ref-future_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddocksJenkins2013" class="citation journal cs1">Maddocks, Sarah E; Jenkins, Rowena E (2013). "Honey: a sweet solution to the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance?". Future Microbiology. 8 (11): 1419–1429. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2217%2Ffmb.13.105">10.2217/fmb.13.105</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24199801">24199801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Future+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Honey%3A+a+sweet+solution+to+the+growing+problem+of+antimicrobial+resistance%3F&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1419-1429&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2217%2Ffmb.13.105&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24199801&rft.aulast=Maddocks&rft.aufirst=Sarah+E&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+Rowena+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajtanKlaudinyBohovaKohutova2012" class="citation journal cs1">Majtan, Juraj; Klaudiny, Jaroslav; Bohova, Jana; Kohutova, Lenka; Dzurova, Maria; Sediva, Maria; Bartosova, Maria; Majtan, Viktor (1 June 2012). "Methylglyoxal-induced modifications of significant honeybee proteinous components in manuka honey: Possible therapeutic implications". Fitoterapia. 83 (4): 671–677. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fitote.2012.02.002">10.1016/j.fitote.2012.02.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22366273">22366273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fitoterapia&rft.atitle=Methylglyoxal-induced+modifications+of+significant+honeybee+proteinous+components+in+manuka+honey%3A+Possible+therapeutic+implications&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=671-677&rft.date=2012-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fitote.2012.02.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22366273&rft.aulast=Majtan&rft.aufirst=Juraj&rft.au=Klaudiny%2C+Jaroslav&rft.au=Bohova%2C+Jana&rft.au=Kohutova%2C+Lenka&rft.au=Dzurova%2C+Maria&rft.au=Sediva%2C+Maria&rft.au=Bartosova%2C+Maria&rft.au=Majtan%2C+Viktor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwakmanZaat2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kwakman, P. H.; Zaat, S. A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fiub.578">"Antibacterial components of honey"</a>. IUBMB Life. 64 (1): 48–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fiub.578">10.1002/iub.578</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22095907">22095907</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19954920">19954920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUBMB+Life&rft.atitle=Antibacterial+components+of+honey&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=48-55&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19954920%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22095907&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fiub.578&rft.aulast=Kwakman&rft.aufirst=P.+H.&rft.au=Zaat%2C+S.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fiub.578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lozenges-116"><a href="#cite_ref-lozenges_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulhollandChang2009" class="citation journal cs1">Mulholland S, Chang AB (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:263794/UQ263794_OA.pdf">"Honey and lozenges for children with non-specific cough"</a> (PDF). Cochrane Database Syst Rev (Systematic review). 2009 (2): CD007523. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD007523.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD007523.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7202236">7202236</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19370690">19370690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+Syst+Rev&rft.atitle=Honey+and+lozenges+for+children+with+non-specific+cough&rft.volume=2009&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=CD007523&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7202236%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19370690&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD007523.pub2&rft.aulast=Mulholland&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Chang%2C+AB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fespace.library.uq.edu.au%2Fview%2FUQ%3A263794%2FUQ263794_OA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oduwole-2018-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oduwole-2018_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oduwole-2018_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oduwole-2018_117-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOduwoleUdohOyo-ItaMeremikwu2018" class="citation journal cs1">Oduwole, Olabisi; Udoh, Ekong E.; Oyo-Ita, Angela; Meremikwu, Martin M. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6513626">"Honey for acute cough in children"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4 (12): CD007094. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD007094.pub5">10.1002/14651858.CD007094.pub5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-493X">1469-493X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6513626">6513626</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29633783">29633783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Honey+for+acute+cough+in+children&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=CD007094&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6513626%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1469-493X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29633783&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD007094.pub5&rft.aulast=Oduwole&rft.aufirst=Olabisi&rft.au=Udoh%2C+Ekong+E.&rft.au=Oyo-Ita%2C+Angela&rft.au=Meremikwu%2C+Martin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6513626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldman2014-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman2014_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman2014_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman2014_118-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman2014_118-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2014" class="citation journal cs1">Goldman, Ran D. (December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfp.ca/content/60/12/1107.long">"Honey for treatment of cough in children"</a>. Canadian Family Physician (Systematic review). 60 (12): 1107–1110. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4264806">4264806</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25642485">25642485</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160119001454/http://www.cfp.ca/content/60/12/1107.long">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Family+Physician&rft.atitle=Honey+for+treatment+of+cough+in+children&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1107-1110&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4264806%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25642485&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Ran+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfp.ca%2Fcontent%2F60%2F12%2F1107.long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul2012-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Paul2012_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2012" class="citation journal cs1">Paul, Ian M. (February 2012). "Therapeutic Options for Acute Cough Due to Upper Respiratory Infections in Children". Lung. 190 (1): 41–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00408-011-9319-y">10.1007/s00408-011-9319-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21892785">21892785</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23865647">23865647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lung&rft.atitle=Therapeutic+Options+for+Acute+Cough+Due+to+Upper+Respiratory+Infections+in+Children&rft.volume=190&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-44&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23865647%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21892785&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00408-011-9319-y&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ian+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhs-cough-120"><a href="#cite_ref-nhs-cough_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cough/pages/introduction.aspx">"Cough"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NHS_Choices" class="mw-redirect" title="NHS Choices">NHS Choices</a>. 20 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140609162422/http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Cough/Pages/Introduction.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cough&rft.pub=NHS+Choices&rft.date=2013-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhs.uk%2Fconditions%2Fcough%2Fpages%2Fintroduction.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrganization2001" class="citation web cs1">Organization, World Health (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130825012135/http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/fch_cah_01_02/en/">"Cough and cold remedies for the treatment of acute respiratory infections in young children"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO). <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10665%2F66856">10665/66856</a>. WHO/FCH/CAH/01.02. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/fch_cah_01_02/en/">the original</a> on 25 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cough+and+cold+remedies+for+the+treatment+of+acute+respiratory+infections+in+young+children&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization+%28WHO%29&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10665%2F66856&rft.aulast=Organization&rft.aufirst=World+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmaternal_child_adolescent%2Fdocuments%2Ffch_cah_01_02%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poison.org/battery/guideline">"Button Battery Ingestion: Triage and Treatment Guideline"</a>. National Capital Poison Center, Washington, DC. June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210323062616/https://www.poison.org/battery/guideline">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Button+Battery+Ingestion%3A+Triage+and+Treatment+Guideline&rft.pub=National+Capital+Poison+Center%2C+Washington%2C+DC&rft.date=2018-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poison.org%2Fbattery%2Fguideline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mubarak_Benninga_Broekaert_Dolinsek_2021_pp._129–136-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Mubarak_Benninga_Broekaert_Dolinsek_2021_pp._129–136_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMubarakBenningaBroekaertDolinsek2021" class="citation journal cs1">Mubarak, Amani; Benninga, Marc A.; Broekaert, Ilse; Dolinsek, Jernej; Homan, Matjaž; Mas, Emmanuel; Miele, Erasmo; Pienar, Corina; Thapar, Nikhil; Thomson, Mike; Tzivinikos, Christos; de Ridder, Lissy (14 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2Fmpg.0000000000003048">"Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Button Battery Ingestion in Childhood: A European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition Position Paper"</a>. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition. 73 (1). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 129–136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2Fmpg.0000000000003048">10.1097/mpg.0000000000003048</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-2116">0277-2116</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33555169">33555169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pediatric+Gastroenterology+%26+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Diagnosis%2C+Management%2C+and+Prevention+of+Button+Battery+Ingestion+in+Childhood%3A+A+European+Society+for+Paediatric+Gastroenterology+Hepatology+and+Nutrition+Position+Paper&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=129-136&rft.date=2021-01-14&rft.issn=0277-2116&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33555169&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2Fmpg.0000000000003048&rft.aulast=Mubarak&rft.aufirst=Amani&rft.au=Benninga%2C+Marc+A.&rft.au=Broekaert%2C+Ilse&rft.au=Dolinsek%2C+Jernej&rft.au=Homan%2C+Matja%C5%BE&rft.au=Mas%2C+Emmanuel&rft.au=Miele%2C+Erasmo&rft.au=Pienar%2C+Corina&rft.au=Thapar%2C+Nikhil&rft.au=Thomson%2C+Mike&rft.au=Tzivinikos%2C+Christos&rft.au=de+Ridder%2C+Lissy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252Fmpg.0000000000003048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sethia_Gibbs_Jacobs_Reilly_2021_pp._549–563-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Sethia_Gibbs_Jacobs_Reilly_2021_pp._549–563_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSethiaGibbsJacobsReilly2021" class="citation journal cs1">Sethia, Rishabh; Gibbs, Hannah; Jacobs, Ian N.; Reilly, James S.; Rhoades, Keith; Jatana, Kris R. (15 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8223456">"Current management of button battery injuries"</a>. Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology. 6 (3). Wiley: 549–563. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Flio2.535">10.1002/lio2.535</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2378-8038">2378-8038</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8223456">8223456</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34195377">34195377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Laryngoscope+Investigative+Otolaryngology&rft.atitle=Current+management+of+button+battery+injuries&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=549-563&rft.date=2021-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8223456%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2378-8038&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34195377&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Flio2.535&rft.aulast=Sethia&rft.aufirst=Rishabh&rft.au=Gibbs%2C+Hannah&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Ian+N.&rft.au=Reilly%2C+James+S.&rft.au=Rhoades%2C+Keith&rft.au=Jatana%2C+Kris+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8223456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mayo-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mayo_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mayo_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mayo_125-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mayo_125-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mayo_125-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mayo_125-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/honey/evidence/hrb-20059618">"Honey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a>. 1 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925132729/http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/honey/evidence/hrb-20059618">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honey&rft.pub=Mayo+Clinic&rft.date=2013-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinic.org%2Fdrugs-supplements%2Fhoney%2Fevidence%2Fhrb-20059618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bardy_Slevin_Mais_Molassiotis_2008_pp._2604–2623-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Bardy_Slevin_Mais_Molassiotis_2008_pp._2604–2623_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardySlevinMaisMolassiotis2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bardy, Joy; Slevin, Nicholas J; Mais, Kathleen L; Molassiotis, Alexander (17 September 2008). "A systematic review of honey uses and its potential value within oncology care". Journal of Clinical Nursing. 17 (19). Wiley: 2604–2623. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2702.2008.02304.x">10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02304.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-1067">0962-1067</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18808626">18808626</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Nursing&rft.atitle=A+systematic+review+of+honey+uses+and+its+potential+value+within+oncology+care&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=2604-2623&rft.date=2008-09-17&rft.issn=0962-1067&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18808626&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2702.2008.02304.x&rft.aulast=Bardy&rft.aufirst=Joy&rft.au=Slevin%2C+Nicholas+J&rft.au=Mais%2C+Kathleen+L&rft.au=Molassiotis%2C+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudmik_Hoy_Schlosser_Harvey_2012_pp._281–298-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Rudmik_Hoy_Schlosser_Harvey_2012_pp._281–298_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudmikHoySchlosserHarvey2012" class="citation journal cs1">Rudmik, Luke; Hoy, Monica; Schlosser, Rodney J.; Harvey, Richard J.; Welch, Kevin C.; Lund, Valerie; Smith, Timothy L. (8 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Falr.21096">"Topical therapies in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis: an evidence-based review with recommendations"</a>. International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology. 3 (4). Wiley: 281–298. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Falr.21096">10.1002/alr.21096</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2042-6976">2042-6976</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23044832">23044832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Forum+of+Allergy+%26+Rhinology&rft.atitle=Topical+therapies+in+the+management+of+chronic+rhinosinusitis%3A+an+evidence-based+review+with+recommendations&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=281-298&rft.date=2012-10-08&rft.issn=2042-6976&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23044832&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Falr.21096&rft.aulast=Rudmik&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft.au=Hoy%2C+Monica&rft.au=Schlosser%2C+Rodney+J.&rft.au=Harvey%2C+Richard+J.&rft.au=Welch%2C+Kevin+C.&rft.au=Lund%2C+Valerie&rft.au=Smith%2C+Timothy+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Falr.21096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aim-128"><a href="#cite_ref-aim_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSievenpiperde_SouzaMirrahimiYu2012" class="citation journal cs1">Sievenpiper JL, de Souza RJ, Mirrahimi A, Yu ME, Carleton AJ, Beyene J, Chiavaroli L, Di Buono M, Jenkins AL, Leiter LA, Wolever TM, Kendall CW, Jenkins DJ (2012). "Effect of Fructose on Body Weight in Controlled Feeding Trials: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Ann Intern Med. 156 (4): 291–304. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-156-4-201202210-00007">10.7326/0003-4819-156-4-201202210-00007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22351714">22351714</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207536440">207536440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann+Intern+Med&rft.atitle=Effect+of+Fructose+on+Body+Weight+in+Controlled+Feeding+Trials%3A+A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-analysis&rft.volume=156&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=291-304&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207536440%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22351714&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7326%2F0003-4819-156-4-201202210-00007&rft.aulast=Sievenpiper&rft.aufirst=JL&rft.au=de+Souza%2C+RJ&rft.au=Mirrahimi%2C+A&rft.au=Yu%2C+ME&rft.au=Carleton%2C+AJ&rft.au=Beyene%2C+J&rft.au=Chiavaroli%2C+L&rft.au=Di+Buono%2C+M&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+AL&rft.au=Leiter%2C+LA&rft.au=Wolever%2C+TM&rft.au=Kendall%2C+CW&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+DJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttermann2013" class="citation web cs1">Ottermann, Birgit (23 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news24.com/health24/natural/natural-living/the-health-benefits-of-honey-20130523">"The health benefits of honey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/News24_(website)" title="News24 (website)">News24</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220501080918/https://www.news24.com/health24/natural/natural-living/The-health-benefits-of-honey-20130523">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2022. <q>Honey has a mild laxative effect which can help combat constipation and bloating.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+health+benefits+of+honey&rft.pub=News24&rft.date=2013-05-23&rft.aulast=Ottermann&rft.aufirst=Birgit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2Fhealth24%2Fnatural%2Fnatural-living%2Fthe-health-benefits-of-honey-20130523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-safety-130"><a href="#cite_ref-safety_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrakashMartin-BellosoKeenerAstley2015" class="citation book cs1">Prakash, V.; Martin-Belloso, Olga; Keener, Larry; Astley, Siân B.; Braun, Susanne; McMahon, Helena; Lelieveld, Huub (25 November 2015). Regulating Safety of Traditional and Ethnic Foods. Academic Press. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-800620-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-800620-7"><bdi>978-0-12-800620-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regulating+Safety+of+Traditional+and+Ethnic+Foods&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2015-11-25&rft.isbn=978-0-12-800620-7&rft.aulast=Prakash&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Martin-Belloso%2C+Olga&rft.au=Keener%2C+Larry&rft.au=Astley%2C+Si%C3%A2n+B.&rft.au=Braun%2C+Susanne&rft.au=McMahon%2C+Helena&rft.au=Lelieveld%2C+Huub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHB_botulism-131"><a href="#cite_ref-NHB_botulism_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.honey.com/faq">"Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. National Honey Board. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100201094727/http://www.honey.com/nhb/about-honey/frequently-asked-questions/category/honey-properties/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2010. Retrieved 6 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Honey+Board&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.honey.com%2Ffaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FSA_botulism-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FSA_botulism_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101019005426/http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/infantbotulismreport.pdf">"Report on Minimally Processed Infant Weaning Foods and the Risk of Infant Botulism"</a> (PDF). Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food. July 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/infantbotulismreport.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 October 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Advisory+Committee+on+the+Microbiological+Safety+of+Food&rft.atitle=Report+on+Minimally+Processed+Infant+Weaning+Foods+and+the+Risk+of+Infant+Botulism&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.food.gov.uk%2Fmultimedia%2Fpdfs%2Finfantbotulismreport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CdcBotulism-133"><a href="#cite_ref-CdcBotulism_133-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/botulism/pdf/bot-manual.pdf">Botulism in the United States, 1899–1996</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200312143416/https://www.cdc.gov/botulism/pdf/bot-manual.pdf">Archived</a> 12 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Handbook for Epidemiologists, Clinicians, and Laboratory Workers, Atlanta, GA. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1998) </li> <li id="cite_note-ENY128-134"><a href="#cite_ref-ENY128_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanfordAtkinsonKlopchinEllis2019" class="citation web cs1">Sanford, Malcolm T.; Atkinson, Eddie; Klopchin, Jeanette; Ellis, Jamie R. (4 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/aa142">"Infant Botulism and Honey"</a>. Every Day Information Source. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017082318/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/aa142">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Every+Day+Information+Source&rft.atitle=Infant+Botulism+and+Honey&rft.date=2019-04-04&rft.aulast=Sanford&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+T.&rft.au=Atkinson%2C+Eddie&rft.au=Klopchin%2C+Jeanette&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Jamie+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedis.ifas.ufl.edu%2Faa142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JansenKleerekooper2012-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JansenKleerekooper2012_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JansenKleerekooper2012_135-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansenKleerekooperHofmanKappen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Jansen, Suze A.; Kleerekooper, Iris; Hofman, Zonne L. M.; Kappen, Isabelle F. P. M.; Stary-Weinzinger, Anna; van der Heyden, Marcel A. G. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3404272">"Grayanotoxin Poisoning: 'Mad Honey Disease' and Beyond"</a>. Cardiovascular Toxicology. 12 (3): 208–215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12012-012-9162-2">10.1007/s12012-012-9162-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3404272">3404272</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22528814">22528814</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cardiovascular+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Grayanotoxin+Poisoning%3A+%27Mad+Honey+Disease%27+and+Beyond&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=208-215&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3404272%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22528814&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12012-012-9162-2&rft.aulast=Jansen&rft.aufirst=Suze+A.&rft.au=Kleerekooper%2C+Iris&rft.au=Hofman%2C+Zonne+L.+M.&rft.au=Kappen%2C+Isabelle+F.+P.+M.&rft.au=Stary-Weinzinger%2C+Anna&rft.au=van+der+Heyden%2C+Marcel+A.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3404272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDA-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FDA_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130308010321/http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/ucm071128.htm">""Grayanotoxin""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/ucm071128.htm">the original</a> on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.atitle=%22Grayanotoxin%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2FFood%2FFoodSafety%2FFoodborneIllness%2FFoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins%2FBadBugBook%2Fucm071128.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> in the Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook, FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. </li> <li id="cite_note-NBA-137"><a href="#cite_ref-NBA_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005173024/http://nba.org.nz/uploads/starting-with-bees-tutin-section.pdf">"Tutu Bush and Toxic Honey"</a> (PDF), National Beekeepers Association, New Zealand, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nba.org.nz/uploads/starting-with-bees-tutin-section.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 October 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Beekeepers+Association%2C+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Tutu+Bush+and+Toxic+Honey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnba.org.nz%2Fuploads%2Fstarting-with-bees-tutin-section.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211830/https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/read-the-journal/all-issues/2010-2019/2013/vol-126-no-1370/cc-belcher">"Tutu toxicity: three case reports of Coriaria arborea ingestion, review of literature and recommendations for management – New Zealand Medical Journal"</a>. www.nzma.org.nz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/read-the-journal/all-issues/2010-2019/2013/vol-126-no-1370/cc-belcher">the original</a> on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nzma.org.nz&rft.atitle=Tutu+toxicity%3A+three+case+reports+of+Coriaria+arborea+ingestion%2C+review+of+literature+and+recommendations+for+management+%E2%80%93+New+Zealand+Medical+Journal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzma.org.nz%2Fjournal%2Fread-the-journal%2Fall-issues%2F2010-2019%2F2013%2Fvol-126-no-1370%2Fcc-belcher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pećanac--139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pećanac-_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pećanac-_139-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPećanacJanjićKomarcevićPajić2013" class="citation journal cs1">Pećanac M, Janjić Z, Komarcević A, Pajić M, Dobanovacki D, Misković SS (2013). "Burns treatment in ancient times". Med Pregl. 66 (5–6): 263–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0264-410x%2802%2900603-5">10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00603-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23888738">23888738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Med+Pregl&rft.atitle=Burns+treatment+in+ancient+times&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=263-7&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0264-410x%2802%2900603-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23888738&rft.aulast=Pe%C4%87anac&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Janji%C4%87%2C+Z&rft.au=Komarcevi%C4%87%2C+A&rft.au=Paji%C4%87%2C+M&rft.au=Dobanovacki%2C+D&rft.au=Miskovi%C4%87%2C+SS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsackReyer1989" class="citation journal cs1">Isack HA, Reyer HU (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190307030337/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d05b/5dc81c11741b9430c3ed49aed270e6bf83fe.pdf">"Honeyguides and honey gatherers: interspecific communication in a symbiotic relationship"</a> (PDF). Science. 243 (4896): 1343–6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Sci...243.1343I">1989Sci...243.1343I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.243.4896.1343">10.1126/science.243.4896.1343</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17808267">17808267</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4220280">4220280</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d05b/5dc81c11741b9430c3ed49aed270e6bf83fe.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Honeyguides+and+honey+gatherers%3A+interspecific+communication+in+a+symbiotic+relationship&rft.volume=243&rft.issue=4896&rft.pages=1343-6&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.243.4896.1343&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4220280%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17808267&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989Sci...243.1343I&rft.aulast=Isack&rft.aufirst=HA&rft.au=Reyer%2C+HU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2Fd05b%2F5dc81c11741b9430c3ed49aed270e6bf83fe.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Short, Lester, Horne, Jennifer and Diamond, A. W. (2003). "Honeyguides". In Christopher Perrins (Ed.). Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds. Firefly Books. pp. 396–397. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55297-777-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-55297-777-3">1-55297-777-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeanMacDonald1981" class="citation journal cs1">Dean, W. R. J.; MacDonald, I. A. W. (1981). "A Review of African Birds Feeding in Association with Mammals". Ostrich. 52 (3): 135–155. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Ostri..52..135D">1981Ostri..52..135D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00306525.1981.9633599">10.1080/00306525.1981.9633599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ostrich&rft.atitle=A+Review+of+African+Birds+Feeding+in+Association+with+Mammals&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=135-155&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00306525.1981.9633599&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981Ostri..52..135D&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=W.+R.+J.&rft.au=MacDonald%2C+I.+A.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKvavadzeGambashidzeMindiashviliGogochuri2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kvavadze, Eliso; Gambashidze, Irina; Mindiashvili, Giorgi; Gogochuri, Giorgi (2006). "The first find in southern Georgia of fossil honey from the Bronze Age, based on palynological data". Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. 16 (5): 399–404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00334-006-0067-5">10.1007/s00334-006-0067-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128835308">128835308</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vegetation+History+and+Archaeobotany&rft.atitle=The+first+find+in+southern+Georgia+of+fossil+honey+from+the+Bronze+Age%2C+based+on+palynological+data&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=399-404&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00334-006-0067-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128835308%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kvavadze&rft.aufirst=Eliso&rft.au=Gambashidze%2C+Irina&rft.au=Mindiashvili%2C+Giorgi&rft.au=Gogochuri%2C+Giorgi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cncworld.tv/news/v_show/23243_Georgian_ancient_honey.shtml">Georgian ancient honey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120704110909/http://www.cncworld.tv/news/v_show/23243_Georgian_ancient_honey.shtml">Archived</a> 4 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. cncworld.tv (31 March 2012). Retrieved on 10 July 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasianet.org/node/65204">Report: Georgia Unearths the World's Oldest Honey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180717020849/https://eurasianet.org/node/65204">Archived</a> 17 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/EurasiaNet" class="mw-redirect" title="EurasiaNet">EurasiaNet</a> (30 March 2012). Retrieved on 3 July 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guildofscientifictroubadours.com/2012/04/02/the-worlds-first-winemakers-were-the-worlds-first-beekeepers/">The world's first winemakers were the world's first beekeepers.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221113015430/http://guildofscientifictroubadours.com/2012/04/02/the-worlds-first-winemakers-were-the-worlds-first-beekeepers/">Archived</a> 13 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> guildofscientifictroubadours.com (2 April 2012). Retrieved on 10 July 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-med-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-med_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-med_147-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachel_Hajar2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_and_Medicine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honey and Medicine (page does not exist)">Rachel Hajar</a> (2008). Selin, Helaine (ed.). Encyclopedia of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Springer. p. 89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+History+of+Science%2C+Technology+and+Medicine+in+Non-Western+Cultures&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Rachel+Hajar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPliny" class="citation book cs1">Pliny. XI.9.19.</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch" class="citation book cs1">Plutarch. Life of Solon. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Solon&rft.pages=23&rft.au=Plutarch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Princeton_University_Press-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Princeton_University_Press_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Princeton_University_Press_150-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBresson2015" class="citation book cs1">Bresson, Alain (3 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wU9FCQAAQBAJ&q=honey+ancient+greek&pg=PA130">The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy: Institutions, Markets and Growth</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5245-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5245-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-5245-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240713180655/https://books.google.com/books?id=wU9FCQAAQBAJ&q=honey+ancient+greek&pg=PA130#v=snippet&q=honey%20ancient%20greek&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Ancient+Greek+Economy%3A+Institutions%2C+Markets+and+Growth&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015-11-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-5245-1&rft.aulast=Bresson&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwU9FCQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dhoney%2Bancient%2Bgreek%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenrichs1980" class="citation book cs1">Henrichs, Albert (1 April 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kNeTxae8vV4C">Harvard Studies in Classical Philology</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-37930-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-37930-5"><bdi>978-0-674-37930-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvard+Studies+in+Classical+Philology&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1980-04-01&rft.isbn=978-0-674-37930-5&rft.aulast=Henrichs&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkNeTxae8vV4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1stANE-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1stANE_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1stANE_152-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1stANE_152-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1stANE_152-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1stANE_152-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" class="citation web cs1">The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/09/070904114558.htm">"First Beehives In Ancient Near East Discovered"</a>. ScienceDaily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240713180652/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/09/070904114558.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=First+Beehives+In+Ancient+Near+East+Discovered&rft.au=The+Hebrew+University+of+Jerusalem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2007%2F09%2F070904114558.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazarPanitz-Cohen2007" class="citation journal cs1">Mazar, Amihai; Panitz-Cohen, Nava (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200215174239/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5c6d/b8daed1b1fd569827468b0b80ffb5d35a109.pdf">"It Is the Land of Honey: beekeeping at Tel Rehov"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_Archaeology_(journal)" title="Near Eastern Archaeology (journal)">Near Eastern Archaeology</a>. 70 (4): 202–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fnea20361335">10.1086/nea20361335</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158044206">158044206</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5c6d/b8daed1b1fd569827468b0b80ffb5d35a109.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Near+Eastern+Archaeology&rft.atitle=It+Is+the+Land+of+Honey%3A+beekeeping+at+Tel+Rehov&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=202-219&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fnea20361335&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158044206%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mazar&rft.aufirst=Amihai&rft.au=Panitz-Cohen%2C+Nava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F5c6d%2Fb8daed1b1fd569827468b0b80ffb5d35a109.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichalskiMendelsohnValley2012" class="citation book cs1">Michalski, Henry; Mendelsohn, Donna; Valley, Jewish Historical Society of Napa (1 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CD8U0PXesiMC&q=straws&pg=PA121">Napa Valley's Jewish Heritage</a>. Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-8898-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-8898-8"><bdi>978-0-7385-8898-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240713180656/https://books.google.com/books?id=CD8U0PXesiMC&q=straws&pg=PA121#v=snippet&q=straws&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 12 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napa+Valley%27s+Jewish+Heritage&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-8898-8&rft.aulast=Michalski&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Mendelsohn%2C+Donna&rft.au=Valley%2C+Jewish+Historical+Society+of+Napa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCD8U0PXesiMC%26q%3Dstraws%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/712032/jewish/Why-Is-honey-kosher.htm">"Why is honey kosher?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100913082138/http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/712032/jewish/Why-Is-honey-kosher.htm">Archived</a> 13 September 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Chabad.org. Retrieved 30 November 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> [Al-Quran 16:68–69] </li> <li id="cite_note-'Abdullah_Yusuf_'Ali-157"><a href="#cite_ref-'Abdullah_Yusuf_'Ali_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYusuf_'Ali" class="citation book cs1">Yusuf 'Ali, 'Abdullah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130226013840/http://muslimaccess.com/quraan/translations/yusufali/016.htm">An Nahl, Al-Quran Chapter 16 (The Bee) quoted from "The Holy Qur'an: Original Arabic Text with English Translation & Selected Commentaries"</a>. Saba Islamic Media. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muslimaccess.com/quraan/translations/yusufali/016.htm">the original</a> on 26 February 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Nahl%2C+Al-Quran+Chapter+16+%28The+Bee%29+quoted+from+%22The+Holy+Qur%27an%3A+Original+Arabic+Text+with+English+Translation+%26+Selected+Commentaries%22&rft.pub=Saba+Islamic+Media&rft.aulast=Yusuf+%27Ali&rft.aufirst=%27Abdullah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuslimaccess.com%2Fquraan%2Ftranslations%2Fyusufali%2F016.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fjnet.com-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fjnet.com_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fjnet.com_158-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fjnet.com/english/society/t20061117_41041.htm">A Meaningful Story of Buddha, Elephant and Monkey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080319080236/http://www.fjnet.com/english/society/t20061117_41041.htm">Archived</a> 19 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Marguerite Theophil, United Press International, 16 November 2006, accessed 9 August 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/46916003">"Winnie the Pooh Day 2023"</a>. BBC. 18 January 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230627122010/https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/46916003">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Winnie+the+Pooh+Day+2023&rft.date=2023-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnewsround%2F46916003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/6348955">"The world's 'strongest bear' celebrates 50th anniversary"</a>. Sveriges Radio. 19 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230628025537/https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/6348955">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+world%27s+%27strongest+bear%27+celebrates+50th+anniversary&rft.date=2016-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsverigesradio.se%2Fartikel%2F6348955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Krell" class="citation book cs1">Krell, R. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BzzBBbnIJhIC">Value-added products from beekeeping</a>. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BzzBBbnIJhIC/page/n167">5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-103819-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-103819-2"><bdi>978-92-5-103819-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Value-added+products+from+beekeeping&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-92-5-103819-2&rft.au=Krell%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_BzzBBbnIJhIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Root" class="citation book cs1">Root, A. I.; Root, E. R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i0PoSYNEsh0C&pg=PA355">The ABC and Xyz of Bee Culture</a>. Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-2427-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-2427-1"><bdi>978-1-4179-2427-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ABC+and+Xyz+of+Bee+Culture&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4179-2427-1&rft.au=Root%2C+A.+I.&rft.au=Root%2C+E.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di0PoSYNEsh0C%26pg%3DPA355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> Honey at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Honey" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Honey">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Honey" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Honey">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Honey" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Honey">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Honey" class="extiw" title="q:Honey">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Honey" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Honey">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Honey" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Honey">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Honey" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Honey">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/3/y5110e/y5110e00.htm">Beekeeping and Sustainable Livelihoods</a> (2004), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Honey">"Honey" </a>. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work">The New Student's Reference Work </a>. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Honey&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sugar_as_food_commodity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sugar" title="Template:Sugar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sugar" title="Template talk:Sugar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sugar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sugar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sugar_as_food_commodity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a> as food commodity</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_sugars" title="List of sugars">List of sugars and sugar products</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemistry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">Monosaccharide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylose" title="Xylose">Xylose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">Disaccharide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">Lactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">Maltose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">Sucrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trehalose" title="Trehalose">Trehalose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Added_sugar" title="Added sugar">Added sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_sugar" title="Reducing sugar">Reducing sugar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agave_syrup" title="Agave syrup">Agave syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeydew_(secretion)" title="Honeydew (secretion)">Honeydew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malt_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Malt sugar">Malt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syrup" title="Syrup">Syrups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_syrups" title="List of syrups">List of syrups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agave_syrup" title="Agave syrup">Agave syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barley_malt_syrup" title="Barley malt syrup">Barley malt syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_rice_syrup" title="Brown rice syrup">Brown rice syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheong_(food)" title="Cheong (food)">Cheong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maesil-cheong" class="mw-redirect" title="Maesil-cheong">Maesil-cheong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogwa-cheong" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogwa-cheong">Mogwa-cheong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuja-cheong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuja-cheong">Yuja-cheong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_syrup" title="Corn syrup">Corn syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose_syrup" title="Glucose syrup">Glucose syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_syrup" title="Golden syrup">Golden syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">High-fructose corn syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-maltose_corn_syrup" title="High-maltose corn syrup">High-maltose corn syrup</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_sugar_syrup" title="Inverted sugar syrup">Inverted sugar syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuromitsu" title="Kuromitsu">Kuromitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizuame" title="Mizuame">Mizuame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">Molasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_honey" title="Pine honey">Pine honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steen%27s_cane_syrup" title="Steen's cane syrup">Steen's cane syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_syrup" title="Table syrup">Table syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treacle" title="Treacle">Treacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yac%C3%B3n_syrup" title="Yacón syrup">Yacón syrup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Solid forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_sugar" title="Brown sugar">Brown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peen_tong" title="Peen tong">Peen tong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_sugar" title="Candi sugar">Candi sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancaca" title="Chancaca">Chancaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystalline_fructose" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystalline fructose">Crystalline fructose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelling_sugar" title="Gelling sugar">Gelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gula_melaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Gula melaka">Gula melaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggery" title="Jaggery">Jaggery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misri" class="mw-redirect" title="Misri">Misri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_sugar" title="Molasses sugar">Molasses sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovado" title="Muscovado">Muscovado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nib_sugar" title="Nib sugar">Nib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-centrifugal_cane_sugar" title="Non-centrifugal cane sugar">Non-centrifugal cane sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panela" title="Panela">Panela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_Reserve" title="Plantation Reserve">Plantation Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powdered_sugar" title="Powdered sugar">Powdered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preserving_sugar" title="Preserving sugar">Preserving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucanat" title="Sucanat">Sucanat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_candy" title="Sugar candy">Sugar candy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley_sugar" title="Barley sugar">Barley sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterscotch" title="Butterscotch">Butterscotch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy" title="Candy">Candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_candy" title="Hard candy">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_candy" title="Rock candy">Rock candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toffee" title="Toffee">Toffee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_glass" title="Sugar glass">Sugar glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarloaf" title="Sugarloaf">Sugarloaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasanbon" title="Wasanbon">Wasanbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_sugar" title="White sugar">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caramel" title="Caramel">Caramel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_candy" title="Cotton candy">Cotton candy floss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foods_made_from_maple" title="List of foods made from maple">Maple sugar foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_alcohol" title="Sugar alcohol">Sugar alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confectionery#Sugar_confectionery" title="Confectionery">Sugar confectionery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_juice" title="Sugarcane juice">Sugarcane juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuzem%C3%A1k" title="Tuzemák">Tuzemák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unrefined_sweeteners" title="List of unrefined sweeteners">Unrefined sweeteners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry" title="Sugar industry">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boilery" title="Boilery">Boilery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation#Sugar" title="Plantation">Plantation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casa-grande" title="Casa-grande">Casa-grande</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_refinery" title="Sugar refinery">Refinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_bush" title="Sugar bush">Sugar bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_mill" title="Sugarcane mill">Sugarcane mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engenho" title="Engenho">Engenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batey_(sugar_workers%27_town)" title="Batey (sugar workers' town)">Batey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafra_(agriculture)" title="Zafra (agriculture)">Zafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_marketing" title="Sugar marketing">Sugar marketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region (current)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sugar_mills_in_Queensland" title="List of sugar mills in Queensland">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundaberg_Sugar" title="Bundaberg Sugar">Bundaberg Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSR_Limited" title="CSR Limited">CSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmar_Sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmar Sugar">Wilmar Sugar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_sugar_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban sugar economy">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_the_Caribbean" title="Sugar plantations in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sugar_manufacturers_in_Kenya" title="List of sugar manufacturers in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_India" title="Sugar industry of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_Mauritius" title="Sugar industry of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_the_Philippines" title="Sugar industry of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_Rwanda" title="Sugar industry of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Sugar industry of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_South_Africa#Sugarcane" title="Agriculture in South Africa">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illovo_Sugar" title="Illovo Sugar">Illovo Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongaat_Hulett" title="Tongaat Hulett">Tongaat Hulett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sugar_manufacturers_in_Tanzania" title="List of sugar manufacturers in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_Uganda" title="Sugar industry of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sugar" title="British Sugar">British Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_%26_Lyle" title="Tate & Lyle">Tate & Lyle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_the_United_States" title="Sugar industry of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Association" title="Sugar Association">Sugar Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Sugar_Program" title="U.S. Sugar Program">U.S. Sugar Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region (historical)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_production_in_the_Danish_West_Indies" title="Sugar production in the Danish West Indies">Danish West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_mills_in_Fiji" title="Sugar mills in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_Hawaii" title="Sugar plantations in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_sugar" title="History of sugar">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1811_German_Coast_uprising" title="1811 German Coast uprising">1811 German Coast uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelioration_Act_1798" title="Amelioration Act 1798">Amelioration Act 1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_molasses_trade" title="Colonial molasses trade">Colonial molasses trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara_rebellion_of_1823" title="Demerara rebellion of 1823">Demerara rebellion of 1823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holing_cane" title="Holing cane">Holing cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith_Sugar_House" title="Leith Sugar House">Leith Sugar House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_Treaty_of_1875" title="Reciprocity Treaty of 1875">Reciprocity Treaty of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Slavery in the British and French Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Duties_Acts_1846" title="Sugar Duties Acts 1846">Sugar Duties Acts 1846</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Intervention" title="Sugar Intervention">Sugar Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Sugar_Railways" title="Taiwan Sugar Railways">Taiwan Sugar Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">Triangular trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Added_sugar" title="Added sugar">Added sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_Over" title="Crop Over">Crop Over</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_shack" title="Sugar shack">Sugar shack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugaring" title="Sugaring">Sugaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_nips" title="Sugar nips">Sugar nips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_packet" title="Sugar packet">Sugar packet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sucrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Sucrology">Sucrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_people" title="Sugar people">Sugar people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_tit" title="Sugar tit">Sugar tit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_sculpture" title="Sugar sculpture">Sugar sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treacle_mining" title="Treacle mining">Treacle mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sweet_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal sweet foods">Australian Aboriginal sweet foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_sugar_level" title="Blood sugar level">Blood sugar level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cane_knife" title="Cane knife">Cane knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavored_syrup" title="Flavored syrup">Flavored syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Date_honey" title="Date honey">Date honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_syrup" title="Grape syrup">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallab" title="Jallab">Jallab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Health effects of sugar">Health effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar addiction">Sugar addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Residual_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Residual sugar">Residual sugar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">Sugar substitute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetened_beverage" title="Sweetened beverage">Sweetened beverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetener" title="Sweetener">Sweetener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetness" title="Sweetness">Sweetness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinasse" title="Vinasse">Vinasse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lustig" title="Robert Lustig">Robert Lustig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Yudkin" title="John Yudkin">John Yudkin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pure,_White_and_Deadly" title="Pure, White and Deadly">Pure, White and Deadly</a> (1972)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sugar" title="Category:Sugar">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sugar_production" title="Category:Sugar production">Production</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Honey_bee_types_and_characteristics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BeeColonyMemberTypes" title="Template:BeeColonyMemberTypes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:BeeColonyMemberTypes" title="Template talk:BeeColonyMemberTypes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BeeColonyMemberTypes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:BeeColonyMemberTypes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Honey_bee_types_and_characteristics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bee</a> types and characteristics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bee castes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_bee" title="Queen bee">Queen bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_bee" title="Worker bee">Worker bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laying_worker_bee" title="Laying worker bee">Laying worker bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_(bee)" title="Drone (bee)">Drone bee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life cycle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beehive" title="Beehive">Bee colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_bee_life_cycle" title="Honey bee life cycle">Honey bee life cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brood_(honey_bee)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brood (honey bee)">Brood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bee_learning_and_communication" title="Bee learning and communication">Bee learning and communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(honey_bee)" title="Swarming (honey bee)">Swarming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subspecies, Breeds and Phenotypes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanized_bee" title="Africanized bee">Africanized bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckfast_bee" title="Buckfast bee">Buckfast bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_honey_bee" title="Cape honey bee">Cape honey bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carniolan_honey_bee" title="Carniolan honey bee">Carniolan honey bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_dark_bee" title="European dark bee">European dark bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bee" title="Italian bee">Italian bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_honey_bee" title="Maltese honey bee">Maltese honey bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_honey_bee" title="Russian honey bee">Russian honey bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">Western honey bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_laboriosa" title="Apis laboriosa">Apis laboriosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_adansonii" title="Apis mellifera adansonii">Apis mellifera adansonii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_artemisia" title="Apis mellifera artemisia">Apis mellifera artemisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_litorea" title="Apis mellifera litorea">Apis mellifera litorea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_pomonella" title="Apis mellifera pomonella">Apis mellifera pomonella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_meda" title="Apis mellifera meda">Apis mellifera meda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_monticola" title="Apis mellifera monticola">Apis mellifera monticola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_remipes" title="Apis mellifera remipes">Apis mellifera remipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_bee" class="mw-redirect" title="African bee">Apis mellifera scutellata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_siciliana" title="Apis mellifera siciliana">Apis mellifera siciliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_simensis" title="Apis mellifera simensis">Apis mellifera simensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_sinisxinyuan" title="Apis mellifera sinisxinyuan">Apis mellifera sinisxinyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_sossimai" title="Apis mellifera sossimai">Apis mellifera sossimai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_syriaca" title="Apis mellifera syriaca">Apis mellifera syriaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_taurica" title="Apis mellifera taurica">Apis mellifera taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_unicolor" title="Apis mellifera unicolor">Apis mellifera unicolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_bee_race" title="Honey bee race">Honey bee race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultivation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">Beekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Apiology">Apiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">Beeswax</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Honey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Honey-based_alcoholic_drinks" title="Template:Honey-based alcoholic drinks">Alcoholic drinks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_extraction" title="Honey extraction">Honey extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeycomb" title="Honeycomb">Honeycomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis">Propolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">Royal jelly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apiary" title="Apiary">Apiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beehive" title="Beehive">Beehive</a> (<a href="/wiki/BS_National_Beehive" title="BS National Beehive">BS National Beehive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flow_Hive" title="Flow Hive">Flow Hive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_top-bar_hive" title="Horizontal top-bar hive">Horizontal top-bar hive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langstroth_hive" title="Langstroth hive">Langstroth hive</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nuc" title="Nuc">Nuc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stewarton_hive" title="Stewarton hive">Stewarton hive</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hive_frame" title="Hive frame">Hive frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_super" title="Honey super">Honey super</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax_foundation" title="Wax foundation">Wax foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hive_tool" title="Hive tool">Hive tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_clip" title="Queen clip">Queen clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bee_smoker" title="Bee smoker">Bee smoker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_extractor" title="Honey extractor">Honey extractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_excluder" title="Queen excluder">Queen excluder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenter_kit" title="Jenter kit">Jenter kit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parasites and diseases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varroa_destructor" title="Varroa destructor">Varroa destructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varroa_sensitive_hygiene" title="Varroa sensitive hygiene">Varroa sensitive hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hive_beetle" title="Small hive beetle">Small hive beetle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxworm" title="Waxworm">Waxworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_foulbrood" title="American foulbrood">American foulbrood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deformed_wing_virus" title="Deformed wing virus">Deformed wing virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_in_beekeeping" class="mw-redirect" title="List of topics in beekeeping">Topics in beekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diseases_of_the_honey_bee" title="List of diseases of the honey bee">Diseases of the honey bee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beekeeping by countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping_in_Australia" title="Beekeeping in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_production_in_Hungary" title="Honey production in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping_in_India" title="Beekeeping in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping_in_Ireland" title="Beekeeping in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping_in_Nepal" title="Beekeeping in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping_in_New_Zealand" title="Beekeeping in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping_in_Ukraine" title="Beekeeping in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Beekeeping in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping_in_the_United_States" title="Beekeeping in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums and insectariums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malacca_Bee_Gallery" title="Malacca Bee Gallery">Malacca Bee Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bee_Museum_of_Rhodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bee Museum of Rhodes">Bee Museum of Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_Museum" title="Honey Museum">Honey Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeybee_Discovery_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeybee Discovery Center">Honeybee Discovery Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Non-timber_forest_products" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template talk:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Non-timber_forest_products" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">Animal products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">Furs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Honey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pine_honey" title="Pine honey">pine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Wild game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berry" title="Berry">Berries</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree" title="Fruit tree">tree fruit</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">Bilberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_binucao" title="Garcinia binucao">Binukaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">Blackberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">Breadfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_gummi-gutta" title="Garcinia gummi-gutta">Gambooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huckleberry" title="Huckleberry">Huckleberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea" title="Vaccinium vitis-idaea">Lingonberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_vesca" title="Fragaria vesca">Woodland strawberry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaf_vegetables" title="List of leaf vegetables">Edible plants</a> / <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddlehead" title="Fiddlehead">Fiddlehead ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_palm" title="Heart of palm">Heart of palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Mahuwa_flowers" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahuwa flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroxylon_sagu" title="Metroxylon sagu">Sago palm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycas_circinalis" title="Cycas circinalis">queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fil%C3%A9_powder" title="Filé powder">filé powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_beer" title="Root beer">root beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenoa" title="Serenoa">Saw palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng#Wild_ginseng" title="Ginseng">Wild ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_onion" title="Wild onion">Wild onions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">Bear garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">Canada onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_vineale" title="Allium vineale">Crow garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_bisceptrum" title="Allium bisceptrum">Twincrest onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_validum" title="Allium validum">Pacific mountain onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">Ramps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">Mushrooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russula_vesca" title="Russula vesca">Bare-toothed russula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imleria_badia" title="Imleria badia">Bay bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_scabrum" title="Leccinum scabrum">Birch bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis">Cep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantharellus" title="Cantharellus">Chanterelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillaria_mellea" title="Armillaria mellea">Honey mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a> (reishi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsutake" title="Matsutake">Matsutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_campestris" title="Agaricus campestris">Meadow mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morchella" title="Morchella">Morel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleurotus_ostreatus" title="Pleurotus ostreatus">Oyster mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrolepiota_procera" title="Macrolepiota procera">Parasol mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_aurantiacum" title="Leccinum aurantiacum">Red cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactarius_deliciosus" title="Lactarius deliciosus">Saffron milk cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suillus_luteus" title="Suillus luteus">Slippery jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">Truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricholoma_equestre" title="Tricholoma equestre">Yellow knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphium_affine" title="Scaphium affine">Malva nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allanblackia_oil" title="Allanblackia oil">Allanblackia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonia" title="Platonia">Bacuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlenut_oil" title="Candlenut oil">Candlenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_grandiflorum" title="Theobroma grandiflorum">Capuacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">Carnauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydnocarpus_wightiana_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydnocarpus wightiana seed oil">Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus wightiana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil" title="Eucalyptus oil">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illipe" title="Illipe">Illipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_wax" title="Japan wax">Japan wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokum_butter" title="Kokum butter">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pycnanthus_angolensis" title="Pycnanthus angolensis">Kombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadesma_butyracea" title="Pentadesma butyracea">Kpangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusum_oil" title="Kusum oil">Kusum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichilia_emetica" title="Trichilia emetica">Mafura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Oil" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_oil" title="Mango oil">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_murumuru" title="Astrocaryum murumuru">Murumuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagkesar_seed_oil" title="Nagkesar seed oil">Nagkesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">kernel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulwara_oil" title="Phulwara oil">Phulwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilu_oil" title="Pilu oil">Pilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongamia_oil" title="Pongamia oil">Pongamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta_seed_oil" title="Shorea robusta seed oil">Sal-seed (Shorea robusta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanu_oil" title="Tamanu oil">Tamanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea-seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_tree_oil" title="Tea tree oil">Tea-tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_aculeatum" title="Astrocaryum aculeatum">Tucuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucuhuba_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucuhuba seed oil">Ucuuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vateria_indica_oil" title="Vateria indica oil">Vateria indica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">Resins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoin_(resin)" title="Benzoin (resin)">Benzoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch tar">Birch tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creosote#Wood-tar_creosote" title="Creosote">Creosote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">Turpentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a> / <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gum</a> / etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">Chicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">Gum arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_(botany)" title="Kino (botany)">Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">Latex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akpeteshie" title="Akpeteshie">akpeteshie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogogoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogogoro">ogogoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_gum" title="Spruce gum">Spruce gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadou" title="Amadou">Amadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_musical_instruments" title="Bamboo musical instruments">musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">Birch bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_beer" title="Birch beer">Birch beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">Forage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaria" title="Uncaria">Gambier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss#Commercial" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural dyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">Quinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diospyros_melanoxylon" title="Diospyros melanoxylon">Tendu leaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">Thatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_ivory" title="Vegetable ivory">Vegetable ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow#Medicinal" title="Willow">Willow bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa">Dehesa (Iberian agroforestry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_produce_(India)" title="Forest produce (India)">Indian forest produce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_stores" title="Naval stores">Naval stores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcrafting" title="Wildcrafting">Wildcrafting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Category:Non-timber forest products">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Non-timber_forest_products" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Non-timber forest products">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10987#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10987#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10987#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4025823-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85061842">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932357r">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932357r">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563015">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph122729&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4576464">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565317505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/bal">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honey&oldid=1259905630">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honey&oldid=1259905630</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Honey" title="Category:Honey">Honey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Beekeeping" title="Category:Beekeeping">Beekeeping</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Demulcents" title="Category:Demulcents">Demulcents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Category:Non-timber forest products">Non-timber forest products</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia semi-protected pages">Wikipedia semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2024">Use dmy dates from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2021">Articles needing additional references from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from November 2023">Articles lacking reliable references from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_April_2023" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from April 2023">Vague or ambiguous time from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_namespace_mismatch" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch">Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_citation_to_the_NSRW" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW">Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_citation_to_the_NSRW_with_an_wstitle_parameter" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter">Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 19:02 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honey&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-skmml","wgBackendResponseTime":271,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.010","walltime":"2.352","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15390,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":482867,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10124,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":19,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":605436,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1981.985 1 -total"," 50.51% 1001.167 1 Template:Reflist"," 22.05% 436.965 49 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.69% 172.143 34 Template:Cite_book"," 8.54% 169.170 37 Template:Cite_web"," 7.09% 140.451 7 Template:Infobox"," 5.67% 112.302 5 Template:Navbox"," 5.01% 99.334 1 Template:Sugar"," 4.78% 94.679 1 Template:Nutritional_value"," 4.55% 90.174 1 Template:Sister_project_links"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.197","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":12568774,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","18.8"],["?","140","10.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","7.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","7.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","6.2"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","40","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","40","3.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","3.1"],["[others]","400","31.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-74d78f4769-6tv8t","timestamp":"20241127190255","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Honey","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Honey","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q10987","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q10987","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-12-30T08:19:11Z","dateModified":"2024-11-27T19:02:53Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cc\/Runny_hunny.jpg","headline":"sweet food made by bees mostly using nectar from flowers"}</script> </body> </html>