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id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultivation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathogens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathogens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pathogens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathogens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nitrogen_fixation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nitrogen_fixation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Nitrogen fixation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nitrogen_fixation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conditions_for_sugarcane_workers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conditions_for_sugarcane_workers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Conditions for sugarcane workers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conditions_for_sugarcane_workers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Processing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Processing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Processing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Milling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Milling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Refining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ribbon_cane_syrup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ribbon_cane_syrup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Ribbon cane syrup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ribbon_cane_syrup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Environmental impacts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_impacts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environmental impacts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soil_degradation_and_erosion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil_degradation_and_erosion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Soil degradation and erosion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil_degradation_and_erosion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habitat_destruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat_destruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Habitat destruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitat_destruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitigation_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitigation_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Mitigation efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitigation_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethanol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethanol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ethanol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethanol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bagasse_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bagasse_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bagasse applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bagasse_applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bagasse applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bagasse_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electricity_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Electricity production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electricity_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biogas_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biogas_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Biogas production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biogas_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sugarcane_as_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sugarcane_as_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sugarcane as food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sugarcane_as_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sugarcane_as_feed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sugarcane_as_feed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sugarcane as feed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sugarcane_as_feed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sugarcane</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B8%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%AB_%E1%8A%A3%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%B3" title="ሸንኮራ ኣገዳ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሸንኮራ ኣገዳ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1" title="قصب السكر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قصب السكر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="কুঁহিয়াৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কুঁহিয়াৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%96" title="আখ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আখ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF" title="ऊखि – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ऊखि" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubo_(tinanom)" title="Tubo (tinanom) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tubo (tinanom)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Sugarcane" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="བུར་ཤིང་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བུར་ཤིང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupu" title="Tupu – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Tupu" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nzimbe" title="Nzimbe – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nzimbe" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakanda" title="Dakanda – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Dakanda" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuckerrohr" title="Zuckerrohr – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zuckerrohr" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AA%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%8B%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%91%DE%A8" title="އުއްދަނޑި – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އުއްދަނޑި" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%A1kaz_%C5%82ikan%C3%AD" title="Dáʼákaz łikaní – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dáʼákaz łikaní" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%B1a_de_az%C3%BAcar" title="Caña de azúcar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caña de azúcar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7" title="نیشکرها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیشکرها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canne_%C3%A0_sucre" title="Canne à sucre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Canne à sucre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1na_si%C3%BAcra" title="Cána siúcra – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cána siúcra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2m-ts%C3%A0" title="Kâm-tsà – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kâm-tsà" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%83%95%EC%88%98%EC%88%98" title="사탕수수 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사탕수수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="गन्ना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गन्ना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukrokano" title="Sukrokano – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sukrokano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykurreyr" title="Sykurreyr – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sykurreyr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebu" title="Tebu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tebu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikiri" title="Sikiri – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sikiri" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81" title="ಕಬ್ಬು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಬ್ಬು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atbu" title="Atbu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Atbu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkuku" title="Nkuku – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Nkuku" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Бал камыш – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бал камыш" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6wu" title="Töwu – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Töwu" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fary" title="Fary – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fary" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="കരിമ്പ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കരിമ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8D" title="Tō – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tō" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B8" title="ऊस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऊस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1" title="قصب السكر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قصب السكر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A8_%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯆꯨ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯆꯨ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8D" title="Чихрийн нишингэ – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чихрийн нишингэ" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovuititoko" title="Dovuititoko – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Dovuititoko" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81" title="उखु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उखु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cana_de_sucre" title="Cana de sucre – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cana de sucre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%96%E0%AD%81" title="ଆଖୁ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଖୁ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakarqamish" title="Shakarqamish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shakarqamish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਗੰਨਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੰਨਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A7" title="گنا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گنا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%8A" title="گني – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="گني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cana-de-a%C3%A7%C3%BAcar" title="Cana-de-açúcar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cana-de-açúcar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qassab" title="Qassab – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qassab" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0e%C4%87erna_trska" title="Šećerna trska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šećerna trska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sockerr%C3%B6r" title="Sockerrör – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sockerrör" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubo" title="Tubo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tubo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81" title="ಕರುಂಬು – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕರುಂಬು" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1ga%CC%B1faat_nya%CC%B1nyiat" title="A̱ga̱faat nya̱nyiat – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱ga̱faat nya̱nyiat" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Цукрова тростина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цукрова тростина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A7" title="گنا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گنا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oij" title="Oij – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Oij" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADa" title="Mía – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mía" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%94%97" title="甘蔗 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="甘蔗" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubo_(banwa)" title="Tubo (banwa) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tubo (banwa)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A8" title="צוקערראר – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צוקערראר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cr%C3%A8k%C3%A9" title="Ìrèké – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìrèké" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%94%97%E9%A1%9E" title="蔗類 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searchaux" style="display:none">Several species of grass used for sugar production</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the EP by Tiwa Savage, see <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_(EP)" title="Sugarcane (EP)"><i>Sugarcane</i> (EP)</a>. For the songs, see <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_(Camidoh_song)" title="Sugarcane (Camidoh song)">Sugarcane (Camidoh song)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_(New_Order_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugarcane (New Order song)">Sugarcane (New Order song)</a>. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_(film)" title="Sugarcane (film)">Sugarcane (film)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saccharum_officinarum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-125.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Saccharum_officinarum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-125.jpg/220px-Saccharum_officinarum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-125.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Saccharum_officinarum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-125.jpg/330px-Saccharum_officinarum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-125.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Saccharum_officinarum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-125.jpg 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Saccharum_officinarum" title="Saccharum officinarum">Saccharum officinarum</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sugarcane</b> or <b>sugar cane</b> is a species of tall, <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a> grass (in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharum" title="Saccharum">Saccharum</a></i>, tribe <a href="/wiki/Andropogoneae" title="Andropogoneae">Andropogoneae</a>) that is used for <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> <a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry" title="Sugar industry">production</a>. The plants are 2–6 m (6–20 ft) tall with stout, jointed, fibrous stalks that are rich in <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which accumulates in the <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stalk internodes</a>. Sugarcanes belong to the grass family, <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a>, an economically important <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plant</a> family that includes maize, wheat, rice, and <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, and many <a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">forage</a> crops. It is native to the warm temperate and tropical regions of India, Southeast Asia, and <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>. </p><p>Sugarcane was an ancient crop of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian people">Austronesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papuan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuan people">Papuan people</a>. The best evidence available today points to the New Guinea area as the site of the original domestication of <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharum_officinarum" title="Saccharum officinarum">Saccharum officinarum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> in prehistoric times via Austronesian sailors. It was also introduced to southern China and India by Austronesian traders around 1200 to 1000 BC. The Persians and Greeks encountered the famous "reeds that produce honey without bees" in India between the sixth and fourth centuries BC. They adopted and then spread sugarcane agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-agrisugar1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agrisugar1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Merchants began to trade in sugar, which was considered a luxurious and expensive spice, from India. In the 18th century, sugarcane plantations began in the Caribbean, South American, Indian Ocean, and Pacific island nations. The need for sugar crop laborers became a major driver of large migrations, some people voluntarily accepting <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indentured servitude</a><sup id="cite_ref-nationalarchives1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalarchives1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others forcibly imported as <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grown in tropical and subtropical regions, sugarcane is the world's largest crop by production quantity, totalling 1.9 billion <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> in 2020, with Brazil accounting for 40% of the world total. Sugarcane accounts for 79% of sugar produced globally (most of the rest is made from <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beets</a>). About 70% of the sugar produced comes from <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharum_officinarum" title="Saccharum officinarum">Saccharum officinarum</a></i> and its hybrids.<sup id="cite_ref-kew2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kew2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All sugarcane species can <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">interbreed</a>, and the major commercial <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> are complex <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/White_sugar" title="White sugar">White sugar</a> is produced from sugarcane in specialized mill factories. Sugarcane <a href="/wiki/Reed_(plant)" title="Reed (plant)">reeds</a> are used to make pens, mats, screens, and thatch. The young, unexpanded <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">flower head</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharum_edule" title="Saccharum edule">Saccharum edule</a></i> (<i>duruka</i>) is eaten raw, steamed, or toasted, and prepared in various ways in Southeast Asia, such as certain island communities of Indonesia as well as in <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceanic</a> countries like <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The direct use of sugar cane to produce <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> for <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a> is projected to potentially surpass the production of white sugar as an end product. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugarcane&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>sugarcane</i> is a combination of two words: "sugar" and "cane". The former ultimately derives from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> शर्करा (<i>śárkarā</i>) as the crop originated in Southeast Asia. As sugar was traded and spread West, this became سُكَّر (<i>sukkar</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <i>zúcchero</i> in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <i>zuccarum</i> in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, and eventually <i>sucre</i> in both <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>. The second term "cane" began to be used alongside it as the crop was grown on plantations in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. G<i>anna</i> is the Hindi word for sugarcane.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugarcane&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops,_Main_Commodities.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops%2C_Main_Commodities.svg/220px-World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops%2C_Main_Commodities.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops%2C_Main_Commodities.svg/330px-World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops%2C_Main_Commodities.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops%2C_Main_Commodities.svg/440px-World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops%2C_Main_Commodities.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Sugarcane is the most widely produced primary crop in the world</figcaption></figure> <p>Sugarcane, a perennial tropical <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grass</a>, exhibits a unique growth pattern characterized by lateral shoots emerging at its base, leading to the development of multiple stems. These stems typically attain a height of 3 to 4 meters (approximately 10 to 13 feet) and possess a diameter of about 5 centimeters (approximately 2 inches). As these stems mature, they evolve into cane stalks, constituting a substantial portion of the entire plant, accounting for roughly 75% of its composition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A fully mature cane stalk generally comprises a composition of around 11–16% fiber, 12–16% soluble sugars, 2–3% nonsugar carbohydrates, and 63–73% water content. The successful cultivation of sugarcane hinges on a delicate interplay of several factors, including climatic conditions, soil properties, irrigation methods, fertilization practices, pest and disease management, the selection of specific varieties, and the timing of the harvest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In terms of yield, the average production of cane stalk stands at 60–70 tonnes per hectare (equivalent to 24–28 long tons per acre or 27–31 short tons per acre) annually. However, this yield figure is not fixed and can vary significantly, ranging from 30 to 180 tonnes per hectare. This variance is contingent upon the level of knowledge applied and the approach to crop management embraced in the cultivation of sugarcane. Ultimately, the successful cultivation of this valuable crop demands a thoughtful integration of various factors to optimize its growth and productivity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sugarcane is a <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crop</a>, but it is also used as livestock fodder.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sugarcane genome is one of the most complex plant genomes known, mostly due to interspecific hybridization and polyploidization.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="line-height:130%"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cut_sugarcane.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cut sugarcane"><img alt="Cut sugarcane" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cut_sugarcane.jpg/303px-Cut_sugarcane.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cut_sugarcane.jpg/455px-Cut_sugarcane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cut_sugarcane.jpg/606px-Cut_sugarcane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cut sugarcane</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 378.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 376.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugarcane_canopy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sugarcane canopy"><img alt="Sugarcane canopy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sugarcane_canopy.jpg/565px-Sugarcane_canopy.jpg" decoding="async" width="377" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sugarcane_canopy.jpg/848px-Sugarcane_canopy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sugarcane_canopy.jpg/1129px-Sugarcane_canopy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2978" data-file-height="1188" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sugarcane canopy</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugarcane&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_sugar" title="History of sugar">History of sugar</a></div> <p>The two centers of domestication for sugarcane are one for <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharum_officinarum" title="Saccharum officinarum">Saccharum officinarum</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Papuan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuan people">Papuans</a> in New Guinea and another for <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharum_sinense" title="Saccharum sinense">Saccharum sinense</a></i> by Austronesians in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and southern China. Papuans and Austronesians originally primarily used sugarcane as food for domesticated pigs. The spread of both <i>S. officinarum</i> and <i>S. sinense</i> is closely linked to the migrations of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharum_barberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Saccharum barberi">Saccharum barberi</a></i> was only cultivated in India after the introduction of <i>S. officinarum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniels1993_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniels1993-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paterson2012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paterson2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_showing_centers_of_origin_of_Saccharum_officinarum_in_New_Guinea,_S._sinensis_in_China,_and_S._barberi_in_India.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Map_showing_centers_of_origin_of_Saccharum_officinarum_in_New_Guinea%2C_S._sinensis_in_China%2C_and_S._barberi_in_India.png/390px-Map_showing_centers_of_origin_of_Saccharum_officinarum_in_New_Guinea%2C_S._sinensis_in_China%2C_and_S._barberi_in_India.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Map_showing_centers_of_origin_of_Saccharum_officinarum_in_New_Guinea%2C_S._sinensis_in_China%2C_and_S._barberi_in_India.png/585px-Map_showing_centers_of_origin_of_Saccharum_officinarum_in_New_Guinea%2C_S._sinensis_in_China%2C_and_S._barberi_in_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Map_showing_centers_of_origin_of_Saccharum_officinarum_in_New_Guinea%2C_S._sinensis_in_China%2C_and_S._barberi_in_India.png/780px-Map_showing_centers_of_origin_of_Saccharum_officinarum_in_New_Guinea%2C_S._sinensis_in_China%2C_and_S._barberi_in_India.png 2x" data-file-width="3408" data-file-height="1192" /></a><figcaption>Map showing centers of origin of <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharum_officinarum" title="Saccharum officinarum">Saccharum officinarum</a></i> in New Guinea, <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharum_sinense" title="Saccharum sinense">S. sinensis</a></i> in southern China and Taiwan, and <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharum_barberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Saccharum barberi">S. barberi</a></i> in India; dotted arrows represent Austronesian introductions<sup id="cite_ref-danielsmenzies1996_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danielsmenzies1996-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><i>S. officinarum</i> was first domesticated in New Guinea and the islands east of the <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Line" title="Wallace Line">Wallace Line</a> by Papuans, where it is the modern <a href="/wiki/Center_of_diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of diversity">center of diversity</a>. Beginning around 6,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>, several strains were <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selectively bred</a> from the native <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharum_robustum" title="Saccharum robustum">Saccharum robustum</a></i>. From New Guinea, it spread westwards to <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a> after contact with Austronesians, where it hybridized with <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharum_spontaneum" title="Saccharum spontaneum">Saccharum spontaneum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paterson2012_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paterson2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second domestication center is southern China and Taiwan, where <i>S. sinense</i> was a primary <a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">cultigen</a> of the Austronesian peoples. Words for sugarcane are reconstructed as <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Austronesian/t%C9%99buS" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Austronesian/təbuS">*təbuS</a></i> or <i>*CebuS</i> in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Austronesian">Proto-Austronesian</a>, which became <i>*tebuh</i> in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian">Proto-Malayo-Polynesian</a>. It was one of the <a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">original major crops</a> of the Austronesian peoples from at least 5,500 BP. Introduction of the sweeter <i>S. officinarum</i> may have gradually replaced it throughout its cultivated range in maritime Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Blust1984_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blust1984-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spriggs2011_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spriggs2011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-danielsmenzies1996_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danielsmenzies1996-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aljanabi_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aljanabi-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baldick2013_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baldick2013-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spread_sugarcane.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing sugar cane India as the origin of the westward spread, followed by small areas in Africa, and then smaller areas on Atlantic Islands west of Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Spread_sugarcane.JPG/280px-Spread_sugarcane.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Spread_sugarcane.JPG/420px-Spread_sugarcane.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Spread_sugarcane.JPG 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption>The westward diffusion of sugarcane in pre-Islamic times (shown in red), in the medieval <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> (green), and in the 15th century by the Portuguese on the Madeira archipelago, and by the Spanish on the Canary Islands archipelago (islands west of Africa, circled by violet lines)<sup id="cite_ref-Watson_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>From Insular Southeast Asia, <i>S. officinarum</i> was spread eastward into <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a> by Austronesian voyagers as a <a href="/wiki/Canoe_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Canoe plant">canoe plant</a> by around 3,500 BP. It was also spread westward and northward by around 3,000 BP to China and India by Austronesian traders, where it further hybridized with <i>S. sinense</i> and <i>S. barberi</i>. From there, it spread further into western Eurasia and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paterson2012_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paterson2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-danielsmenzies1996_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danielsmenzies1996-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest known production of crystalline sugar began in northern India. The earliest evidence of sugar production comes from ancient Sanskrit and Pali texts.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the eighth century, Muslim and <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> traders introduced sugar from <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">medieval India</a> to the other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> in the Mediterranean, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, North Africa, and <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>. By the 10th century, sources state that every village in Mesopotamia grew sugarcane.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was among the early crops brought to the Americas by the Spanish, mainly Andalusians, from their fields in the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, and the Portuguese from their fields in the <a href="/wiki/Madeira_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Madeira Islands">Madeira Islands</a>. An article on sugarcane cultivation in Spain is included in <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-%27Awwam" title="Ibn al-'Awwam">Ibn al-'Awwam</a>'s 12th-century <i>Book on Agriculture</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In colonial times, sugar formed one side of the <a href="/wiki/Triangle_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Triangle trade">triangle trade</a> of New World raw materials, along with European manufactured goods, and African <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> first brought sugarcane to the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> (and the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>) during his second voyage to the Americas, initially to the island of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> (modern day <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>). The first sugar harvest happened in Hispaniola in 1501; many sugar mills were constructed in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> by the 1520s.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> introduced sugarcane to <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Brazil</a>. By 1540, there were 800 <a href="/wiki/Cane_sugar_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Cane sugar mill">cane sugar mills</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Catarina (island)">Santa Catarina Island</a> and another 2,000 on the north coast of Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Demarara" class="mw-redirect" title="Demarara">Demarara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sugar, often in the form of molasses, was shipped from the Caribbean to Europe or New England, where it was used to make <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a>. The profits from the sale of sugar were then used to purchase manufactured goods, which were then shipped to West Africa, where they were bartered for slaves. The slaves were then brought back to the Caribbean to be sold to sugar planters. The profits from the sale of the slaves were then used to buy more sugar, which was shipped to Europe. Toil in the sugar plantations became a main basis for a vast network of <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">forced population movement</a>, supplying people to work under brutal coercion. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mill_Yard_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_(1823),_plate_V_-_BL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Mill_Yard_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_V_-_BL.jpg/220px-The_Mill_Yard_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_V_-_BL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Mill_Yard_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_V_-_BL.jpg/330px-The_Mill_Yard_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_V_-_BL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Mill_Yard_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_V_-_BL.jpg/440px-The_Mill_Yard_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_V_-_BL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1784" data-file-height="1241" /></a><figcaption>Lithograph of a <a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_the_Caribbean" title="Sugar plantations in the Caribbean">sugar plantation</a> in the British colony of <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a>, 1823</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cane_cutters,_Jamaica,_1891.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white photograph of sugarcane standing in field" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Cane_cutters%2C_Jamaica%2C_1891.jpg/220px-Cane_cutters%2C_Jamaica%2C_1891.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Cane_cutters%2C_Jamaica%2C_1891.jpg/330px-Cane_cutters%2C_Jamaica%2C_1891.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Cane_cutters%2C_Jamaica%2C_1891.jpg/440px-Cane_cutters%2C_Jamaica%2C_1891.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>A sugar plantation on the island of <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> in the late 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The passage of the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">1833 Slavery Abolition Act</a> led to the abolition of slavery through most of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, and many of the emancipated slaves no longer worked on sugarcane plantations when they had a choice. West Indian planters, therefore, needed new workers, and they found cheap labour in <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">China</a> and India.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The people were subject to <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indenture</a>, a long-established form of contract, which bound them to unfree labour for a fixed term. The conditions where the indentured servants worked were frequently abysmal, owing to a lack of care among the planters.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first ships carrying indentured labourers from India left in 1836.<sup id="cite_ref-britain1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britain1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The migrations to serve sugarcane plantations led to a significant number of ethnic Indians, Southeast Asians, and Chinese people settling in various parts of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some islands and countries, the South Asian migrants now constitute between 10 and 50% of the population. Sugarcane plantations and Asian ethnic groups continue to thrive in countries such as <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, Jamaica, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>, Martinique, <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>, Guadeloupe, <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Vincent (island)">St. Vincent</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Kitts" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Kitts">St. Kitts</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Croix" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Croix">St. Croix</a>, Suriname, <a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britain1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britain1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old-fashioned_Indian_Sugar%3Dcane_Press.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Old-fashioned_Indian_Sugar%3Dcane_Press.jpg/220px-Old-fashioned_Indian_Sugar%3Dcane_Press.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Old-fashioned_Indian_Sugar%3Dcane_Press.jpg/330px-Old-fashioned_Indian_Sugar%3Dcane_Press.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Old-fashioned_Indian_Sugar%3Dcane_Press.jpg/440px-Old-fashioned_Indian_Sugar%3Dcane_Press.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>Old-fashioned Indian sugarcane press, <i>circa</i> 1905</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1863 and 1900, merchants and plantation owners in <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> (now part of the Commonwealth of Australia) brought between 55,000 and 62,500 people from the <a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="South Pacific islands">South Pacific islands</a> to work on sugarcane plantations. An estimated one-third of these workers were coerced or kidnapped into slavery (known as <a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">blackbirding</a>); many others were paid very low wages. Between 1904 and 1908, most of the 10,000 remaining workers were deported in <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="White Australia Policy">an effort to keep Australia racially homogeneous</a> and protect <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a> workers from cheap foreign labour.<sup id="cite_ref-AHRC_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHRC-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cuban sugar derived from sugarcane was exported to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>, where it received price supports and was ensured a guaranteed market. The <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">1991 dissolution of the Soviet state</a> forced the closure of most of Cuba's sugar industry. </p><p>Sugarcane remains an important part of the economy of Cuba, Guyana, <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, and Haiti, along with the Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, and other islands. </p><p>About 70% of the sugar produced globally comes from <i>S. officinarum</i> and hybrids using this species.<sup id="cite_ref-kew2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kew2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_3581-33h_Ingekleurde_litho_voorstellende_de_oo_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_3581-33h_Ingekleurde_litho_voorstellende_de_oo_%28crop%29.jpg/220px-Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_3581-33h_Ingekleurde_litho_voorstellende_de_oo_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_3581-33h_Ingekleurde_litho_voorstellende_de_oo_%28crop%29.jpg/330px-Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_3581-33h_Ingekleurde_litho_voorstellende_de_oo_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_3581-33h_Ingekleurde_litho_voorstellende_de_oo_%28crop%29.jpg/440px-Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_3581-33h_Ingekleurde_litho_voorstellende_de_oo_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>A 19th-century lithograph by Theodore Bray showing a sugarcane plantation: On the right is the "white officer", the European overseer. Slave workers toil during the harvest. To the left is a flat-bottomed vessel for cane transportation.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugarcane&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugarcane_plantation_in_Mauritius_(reduced_colour_saturation).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sugarcane_plantation_in_Mauritius_%28reduced_colour_saturation%29.jpg/220px-Sugarcane_plantation_in_Mauritius_%28reduced_colour_saturation%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sugarcane_plantation_in_Mauritius_%28reduced_colour_saturation%29.jpg/330px-Sugarcane_plantation_in_Mauritius_%28reduced_colour_saturation%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sugarcane_plantation_in_Mauritius_%28reduced_colour_saturation%29.jpg/440px-Sugarcane_plantation_in_Mauritius_%28reduced_colour_saturation%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Sugarcane plantation, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugarcane_fields.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sugarcane_fields.jpg/220px-Sugarcane_fields.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sugarcane_fields.jpg/330px-Sugarcane_fields.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sugarcane_fields.jpg/440px-Sugarcane_fields.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Sugarcane plantation in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Planting_Sugar_Cane_in_Puerto_Rico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Planting_Sugar_Cane_in_Puerto_Rico.jpg/220px-Planting_Sugar_Cane_in_Puerto_Rico.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Planting_Sugar_Cane_in_Puerto_Rico.jpg/330px-Planting_Sugar_Cane_in_Puerto_Rico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Planting_Sugar_Cane_in_Puerto_Rico.jpg/440px-Planting_Sugar_Cane_in_Puerto_Rico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3262" data-file-height="1997" /></a><figcaption>Planting sugarcane in Puerto Rico</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugarcane_field_in_Salem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sugarcane_field_in_Salem.jpg/220px-Sugarcane_field_in_Salem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sugarcane_field_in_Salem.jpg/330px-Sugarcane_field_in_Salem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sugarcane_field_in_Salem.jpg/440px-Sugarcane_field_in_Salem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Sugarcane fields</figcaption></figure> <p>Sugarcane cultivation requires a tropical or <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> climate, with a minimum of 60 cm (24 in) of annual moisture. It is one of the most <a href="/wiki/Photosynthetic_efficiency" title="Photosynthetic efficiency">efficient</a> <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesizers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Plant_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant kingdom">plant kingdom</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/C4_carbon_fixation" title="C4 carbon fixation">C<sub>4</sub> plant</a>, able to convert up to 1% of incident solar energy into <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In primary growing regions across the tropics and <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropics</a>, sugarcane crops can produce over 15 kg/m<sup>2</sup> of cane. </p><p>Sugar cane accounted for around 21% of the global crop production over the 2000–2021 period. The Americas was the leading region in the production of sugar cane (52% of the world total).<sup id="cite_ref-:142_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:142-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once a major crop of the southeastern region of the United States, sugarcane cultivation declined there during the late 20th century, and is primarily confined to small plantations in <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Cane_Growers_Cooperative_of_Florida" title="Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Texas" title="Southeast Texas">southeast Texas</a> in the 21st century. Sugarcane cultivation ceased in Hawaii when the last operating sugar plantation in the state shut down in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawaii_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawaii-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sugarcane is cultivated in the tropics and subtropics in areas with a plentiful supply of water for a continuous period of more than 6–7 months each year, either from natural rainfall or through irrigation. The crop does not tolerate severe frosts. Therefore, most of the world's sugarcane is grown between <a href="/wiki/22nd_parallel_north" title="22nd parallel north">22°N</a> and <a href="/wiki/22nd_parallel_south" title="22nd parallel south">22°S</a>, and some up to <a href="/wiki/33rd_parallel_north" title="33rd parallel north">33°N</a> and <a href="/wiki/33rd_parallel_south" title="33rd parallel south">33°S</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When sugarcane crops are found outside this range, such as the <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">Natal</a> region of South Africa, it is normally due to anomalous climatic conditions in the region, such as warm ocean currents that sweep down the coast. In terms of altitude, sugarcane crops are found up to 1,600 m or 5,200 ft close to the equator in countries such as <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sugarcane can be grown on many soils ranging from highly fertile, well-drained <a href="/wiki/Mollisol" title="Mollisol">mollisols</a>, through heavy cracking <a href="/wiki/Vertisol" title="Vertisol">vertisols</a>, infertile acid <a href="/wiki/Oxisol" title="Oxisol">oxisols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultisol" title="Ultisol">ultisols</a>, peaty <a href="/wiki/Histosol" title="Histosol">histosols</a>, to rocky <a href="/wiki/Andisol" title="Andisol">andisols</a>. Both plentiful sunshine and water supplies increase cane production. This has made desert countries with good irrigation facilities such as Egypt some of the highest-yielding sugarcane-cultivating regions. Sugarcane consumes 9% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a> fertilizer production.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although some sugarcanes produce seeds, modern stem cutting has become the most common reproduction method.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each cutting must contain at least one bud, and the cuttings are sometimes hand-planted. In more technologically advanced countries, such as the United States and Australia, billet planting is common. Billets (stalks or stalk sections) harvested by a mechanical harvester are planted by a machine that opens and recloses the ground. Once planted, a stand can be harvested several times; after each harvest, the cane sends up new stalks, called <a href="/wiki/Ratoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratoon">ratoons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Successive harvests give decreasing yields, eventually justifying replanting. Two to 10 harvests are usually made depending on the type of culture. In a country with a mechanical agriculture looking for a high production of large fields, as in North America, sugarcanes are replanted after two or three harvests to avoid a lowering yields. In countries with a more traditional type of agriculture with smaller fields and hand harvesting, as in the French island of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>, sugarcane is often harvested up to 10 years before replanting.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sugarcane is harvested by hand and mechanically. Hand harvesting accounts for more than half of production, and is dominant in the developing world. In hand harvesting, the field is first set on fire. The fire burns up dry leaves, and chases away or kills venomous snakes, without harming the stalks and roots. Harvesters then cut the cane just above ground-level using <a href="/wiki/Cane_knife" title="Cane knife">cane knives</a> or <a href="/wiki/Machete" title="Machete">machetes</a>. A skilled harvester can cut 500 kg (1,100 lb) of sugarcane per hour.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="reference doesn't support much of this (March 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mechanical harvesting uses a <a href="/wiki/Combine_harvester" title="Combine harvester">combine</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_harvester" title="Sugarcane harvester">sugarcane harvester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Austoft 7000 series, the original modern harvester design, has now been copied by other companies, including Cameco / <a href="/wiki/Deere_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Deere & Company">John Deere</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The machine cuts the cane at the base of the stalk, strips the leaves, chops the cane into consistent lengths and deposits it into a transporter following alongside. The harvester then blows the trash back onto the field. Such machines can harvest 100 long tons (100 t) each hour, but harvested cane must be rapidly processed. Once cut, sugarcane begins to lose its sugar content, and damage to the cane during mechanical harvesting accelerates this decline. This decline is offset because a modern chopper harvester can complete the harvest faster and more efficiently than hand cutting and loading. Austoft also developed a series of hydraulic high-lift infield transporters to work alongside its harvesters to allow even more rapid transfer of cane to, for example, the nearest railway siding. This mechanical harvesting does not require the field to be set on fire; the residue left in the field by the machine consists of cane tops and dead leaves, which serve as mulch for the next planting. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:608px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_canaviais_interior_Sao_Paulo_2006_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plantations in Brazil, the largest producer in the world"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Panorama_canaviais_interior_Sao_Paulo_2006_06.jpg/600px-Panorama_canaviais_interior_Sao_Paulo_2006_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Panorama_canaviais_interior_Sao_Paulo_2006_06.jpg/900px-Panorama_canaviais_interior_Sao_Paulo_2006_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Panorama_canaviais_interior_Sao_Paulo_2006_06.jpg/1200px-Panorama_canaviais_interior_Sao_Paulo_2006_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1631" data-file-height="449" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_canaviais_interior_Sao_Paulo_2006_06.jpg" title="File:Panorama canaviais interior Sao Paulo 2006 06.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">Plantations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugarcane_in_Brazil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sugarcane in Brazil (page does not exist)">largest producer in the world</a></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests">Pests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugarcane&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cane_beetle" class="mw-redirect" title="Cane beetle">cane beetle</a> (also known as cane grub) can substantially reduce crop yield by eating roots; it can be controlled with <a href="/wiki/Imidacloprid" title="Imidacloprid">imidacloprid</a> (Confidor) or <a href="/wiki/Chlorpyrifos" title="Chlorpyrifos">chlorpyrifos</a> (Lorsban). Other important pests are the <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> of some <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">butterfly/moth</a> species, including the <a href="/wiki/Turnip_moth" title="Turnip moth">turnip moth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_borer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugarcane borer">sugarcane borer</a> (<i>Diatraea saccharalis</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Eldana" title="Eldana">African sugarcane borer</a> (<i>Eldana saccharina</i>), the Mexican rice borer (<i><a href="/wiki/Eoreuma_loftini" title="Eoreuma loftini">Eoreuma loftini</a></i>), the <a href="/wiki/African_armyworm" title="African armyworm">African armyworm</a> (<i>Spodoptera exempta</i>), <a href="/wiki/Leafcutter_ant" title="Leafcutter ant">leafcutter ants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spittlebug" class="mw-redirect" title="Spittlebug">spittlebugs</a> (especially <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahanarva_fimbriolata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahanarva fimbriolata (page does not exist)">Mahanarva fimbriolata</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Deois_flavopicta" title="Deois flavopicta">Deois flavopicta</a></i>), and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migdolus_fryanus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Migdolus fryanus (page does not exist)">Migdolus fryanus</a></i> (a <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetle</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Planthopper" title="Planthopper">planthopper</a> insect <i><a href="/wiki/Eumetopina_flavipes" title="Eumetopina flavipes">Eumetopina flavipes</a></i> acts as a virus vector, which causes the sugarcane disease <a href="/wiki/Ramu_stunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramu stunt">ramu stunt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Sesamia_grisescens" title="Sesamia grisescens">Sesamia grisescens</a></i> is a major pest in <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> and so is a serious concern for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugarcane_in_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sugarcane in Australia (page does not exist)">the Australian industry</a> were it to cross over.<sup id="cite_ref-New-Threats_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New-Threats-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To head off such a problem, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">the Federal Government</a> has pre-announced that they would cover 80% of response costs if it were necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-New-Threats_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New-Threats-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pathogens">Pathogens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugarcane&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pathogens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sugarcane_diseases" title="List of sugarcane diseases">List of sugarcane diseases</a></div> <p>Numerous pathogens infect sugarcane, such as <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_grassy_shoot_disease" title="Sugarcane grassy shoot disease">sugarcane grassy shoot disease</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Candidatus_Phytoplasma_sacchari" title="Candidatus Phytoplasma sacchari"><i>Candidatus</i> Phytoplasma sacchari</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whiptail disease or <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_smut" title="Sugarcane smut">sugarcane smut</a>, <i>pokkah boeng</i> caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Fusarium_moniliforme" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusarium moniliforme">Fusarium moniliforme</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Xanthomonas_axonopodis" class="mw-redirect" title="Xanthomonas axonopodis">Xanthomonas axonopodis</a></i> bacteria causes Gumming Disease, and <a href="/wiki/Red_rot" title="Red rot">red rot</a> disease caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Colletotrichum_falcatum" class="mw-redirect" title="Colletotrichum falcatum">Colletotrichum falcatum</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Viral</a> diseases affecting sugarcane include <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_mosaic_virus" title="Sugarcane mosaic virus">sugarcane mosaic virus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize_streak_virus" title="Maize streak virus">maize streak virus</a>, and sugarcane yellow leaf virus.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yang <i>et al.</i>, 2017 provides a <a href="/wiki/Genetic_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic map">genetic map</a> developed for <a href="/wiki/USDA_ARS" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA ARS">USDA ARS</a>-run <a href="/wiki/Breeding_program" title="Breeding program">breeding programs</a> for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_rust_of_sugarcane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brown rust of sugarcane (page does not exist)">brown rust of sugarcane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NGS-SNP_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGS-SNP-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nitrogen_fixation">Nitrogen fixation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugarcane&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nitrogen fixation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some sugarcane varieties are capable of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">fixing atmospheric nitrogen</a> in association with the bacterium <i><a href="/wiki/Gluconacetobacter_diazotrophicus" title="Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus">Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a> and other nitrogen-fixing plants that form <a href="/wiki/Root_nodule" title="Root nodule">root nodules</a> in the soil in association with bacteria, <i>G. diazotrophicus</i> lives within the intercellular spaces of the sugarcane's stem.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coating seeds with the bacteria was assayed in 2006 with the intention of enabling crop species to fix nitrogen for its own use.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conditions_for_sugarcane_workers">Conditions for sugarcane workers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugarcane&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Conditions for sugarcane workers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At least 20,000 people are estimated to have died of chronic kidney disease in Central America in the past two decades, most of them sugarcane workers along the Pacific coast. This may be due to working long hours in the heat without adequate fluid intake.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, some of the workers are being exposed to hazards such as: high temperatures, harmful pesticides, and poisonous or venomous animals. This occurs during the process of cutting the sugarcane manually, causing physical ailments due to constant repetitive movements for hours every work day.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Processing">Processing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugarcane&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/MyanmarJaggery.webm/220px--MyanmarJaggery.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="119" data-mwtitle="MyanmarJaggery.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:MyanmarJaggery.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/MyanmarJaggery.webm/MyanmarJaggery.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/MyanmarJaggery.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/MyanmarJaggery.webm/MyanmarJaggery.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="960" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/MyanmarJaggery.webm/MyanmarJaggery.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/MyanmarJaggery.webm/MyanmarJaggery.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/MyanmarJaggery.webm/MyanmarJaggery.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/MyanmarJaggery.webm/MyanmarJaggery.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/MyanmarJaggery.webm/MyanmarJaggery.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Non-centrifugal_cane_sugar" title="Non-centrifugal cane sugar">Non-centrifugal cane sugar</a> (jaggery) production near <a href="/wiki/Inle_Lake" title="Inle Lake">Inle Lake</a> (<a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>), crushing and boiling stage</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditionally, sugarcane processing requires two stages. Mills extract raw sugar from freshly harvested cane and "mill-white" sugar is sometimes produced immediately after the first stage at sugar-extraction mills, intended for local consumption. Sugar crystals appear naturally white in color during the crystallization process. <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a> is added to inhibit the formation of color-inducing molecules and to stabilize the sugar juices during evaporation.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Refineries, often located nearer to consumers in North America, Europe, and Japan, then produce refined white sugar, which is 99% sucrose. These two stages are slowly merging. Increasing affluence in the sugarcane-producing tropics increases demand for refined sugar products, driving a trend toward combined milling and refining.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Milling">Milling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugarcane&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Milling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane mill">Sugar cane mill</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugarcane_drink.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of man holding bar that penetrates large tank" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sugarcane_drink.JPG/220px-Sugarcane_drink.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sugarcane_drink.JPG/330px-Sugarcane_drink.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sugarcane_drink.JPG/440px-Sugarcane_drink.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Manually extracting juice from sugarcane</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cane-truck-1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of truck hauling trailer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Cane-truck-1.JPG/220px-Cane-truck-1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Cane-truck-1.JPG/330px-Cane-truck-1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Cane-truck-1.JPG/440px-Cane-truck-1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2892" data-file-height="1466" /></a><figcaption>A truck hauls cane to a sugar mill in Florida.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sugarcane processing produces cane sugar (sucrose) from sugarcane. Other products of the processing include bagasse, molasses, and filtercake. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a>, the residual dry fiber of the cane after cane juice has been extracted, is used for several purposes:<sup id="cite_ref-epa2005_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa2005-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>fuel for the boilers and kilns</li> <li>production of paper, paperboard products, and reconstituted panelboard</li> <li>agricultural mulch</li> <li>as a raw material for production of chemicals</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UsinaSantaElisa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of shorter building with smoke coming out of smokestack next to five-story office building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/UsinaSantaElisa.jpg/220px-UsinaSantaElisa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/UsinaSantaElisa.jpg/330px-UsinaSantaElisa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/UsinaSantaElisa.jpg/440px-UsinaSantaElisa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1271" data-file-height="789" /></a><figcaption>Santa Elisa sugarcane processing plant in <a href="/wiki/Sert%C3%A3ozinho" title="Sertãozinho">Sertãozinho</a>, one of the largest and oldest in Brazil</figcaption></figure> <p>The primary use of bagasse and bagasse residue is as a fuel source for the boilers in the generation of process steam in sugar plants. Dried filtercake is used as an animal feed supplement, fertilizer, and source of <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_wax" title="Sugarcane wax">sugarcane wax</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Molasses is produced in two forms: <a href="/wiki/Molasses#Blackstrap_Molasses" title="Molasses">blackstrap</a>, which has a characteristic strong flavor, and a purer <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a> syrup. Blackstrap molasses is sold as a food and dietary supplement. It is also a common ingredient in animal feed, and is used to produce ethanol, rum, and <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">citric acid</a>. Purer molasses syrups are sold as molasses, and may also be blended with <a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">maple syrup</a>, invert sugars, or <a href="/wiki/Corn_syrup" title="Corn syrup">corn syrup</a>. Both forms of molasses are used in baking.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refining">Refining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugarcane&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Refining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sugarcane" title="Special:EditPage/Sugarcane">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sugarcane%22">"Sugarcane"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sugarcane%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sugarcane%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sugarcane%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sugarcane%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sugarcane%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sa_brownsugar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sa_brownsugar.jpg/220px-Sa_brownsugar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sa_brownsugar.jpg/330px-Sa_brownsugar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sa_brownsugar.jpg/440px-Sa_brownsugar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugar_2xmacro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sugar_2xmacro.jpg/220px-Sugar_2xmacro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sugar_2xmacro.jpg/330px-Sugar_2xmacro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sugar_2xmacro.jpg/440px-Sugar_2xmacro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Brown and white sugar crystals</div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sugar_refinery" title="Sugar refinery">Sugar refining</a> further purifies the raw sugar. It is first mixed with heavy syrup and then centrifuged in a process called "affination". Its purpose is to wash away the sugar crystals' outer coating, which is less pure than the crystal interior. The remaining sugar is then dissolved to make a syrup, about 60% solids by weight. </p><p>The sugar solution is clarified by the addition of <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">phosphoric acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">calcium hydroxide</a>, which combine to precipitate <a href="/wiki/Calcium_phosphate" title="Calcium phosphate">calcium phosphate</a>. The calcium phosphate particles entrap some impurities and absorb others, and then float to the top of the tank, where they can be skimmed off. An alternative to this "phosphatation" technique is "<a href="/wiki/Carbonatation" title="Carbonatation">carbonatation</a>", which is similar, but uses <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and calcium hydroxide to produce a <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> precipitate. </p><p>After filtering any remaining solids, the clarified syrup is decolorized by filtration through <a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">activated carbon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bone_char" title="Bone char">Bone char</a> or coal-based activated carbon is traditionally used in this role.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some remaining color-forming impurities are <a href="/wiki/Adsorb" class="mw-redirect" title="Adsorb">adsorbed</a> by the carbon. The purified syrup is then concentrated to supersaturation and repeatedly crystallized in a vacuum, to produce <a href="/wiki/White_refined_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="White refined sugar">white refined sugar</a>. As in a sugar mill, the sugar crystals are separated from the molasses by centrifuging. Additional sugar is recovered by blending the remaining syrup with the washings from affination and again crystallizing to produce <a href="/wiki/Brown_sugar" title="Brown sugar">brown sugar</a>. When no more sugar can be economically recovered, the final molasses still contains 20–30% sucrose and 15–25% glucose and fructose. </p><p>To produce <a href="/wiki/Granulated_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulated sugar">granulated sugar</a>, in which individual grains do not clump, sugar must be dried, first by heating in a rotary dryer, and then by blowing cool air through it for several days. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ribbon_cane_syrup">Ribbon cane syrup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugarcane&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ribbon cane syrup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ribbon cane is a subtropical type that was once widely grown in the Southern United States, as far north as coastal <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>. The juice was extracted with horse- or mule-powered crushers; the juice was boiled, like <a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">maple syrup</a>, in a flat pan, and then used in the syrup form as a food sweetener.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not currently a commercial crop, but a few growers find ready sales for their product.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Production_of_sugar_cane_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Production_of_sugar_cane_%282019%29.svg/250px-Production_of_sugar_cane_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Production_of_sugar_cane_%282019%29.svg/375px-Production_of_sugar_cane_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Production_of_sugar_cane_%282019%29.svg/500px-Production_of_sugar_cane_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption>Production of sugarcane (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugarcane&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ededed;">Top sugarcane producers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background:#ededed;">in 2022</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Numbers in million <a href="/wiki/Metric_tonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric tonne">tonnes</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="infobox-data">724.4 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,001,376,879,454,763,000♠" style="display:none"></span>37.69%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="infobox-data">439.4 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,001,228,604,130,899,000♠" style="display:none"></span>22.86%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">3. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></th><td class="infobox-data">103.4 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,537,953,280,266,000♠" style="display:none"></span>5.38%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">4. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></th><td class="infobox-data">92.1 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,479,163,415,014,000♠" style="display:none"></span>4.79%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">5. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">88 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,457,832,578,950,000♠" style="display:none"></span>4.58%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">6. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></th><td class="infobox-data">55.3 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,287,706,154,726,000♠" style="display:none"></span>2.88%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">7. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">35 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,182,092,502,992,000♠" style="display:none"></span>1.82%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">8. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">32.4 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,168,565,631,341,000♠" style="display:none"></span>1.69%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">9. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">31.5 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,163,883,252,692,000♠" style="display:none"></span>1.64%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">10. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">28.7 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,149,315,852,453,000♠" style="display:none"></span>1.49%)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">World total</th><td class="infobox-data">1,922.1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">Source: <a href="/wiki/FAOSTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FAOSTAT">FAOSTAT</a><sup id="cite_ref-faostat_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2022, global production of sugarcane was 1.92 billion tonnes, with Brazil producing 38% of the world total, India with 23%, and China producing 5% (table). </p><p>Worldwide, 26 million hectares were devoted to sugarcane cultivation in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-faostat_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average worldwide yield of sugarcane crops in 2022 was 74 tonnes per hectare, led by <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> with 121 tonnes per hectare.<sup id="cite_ref-faostat_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theoretical possible yield for sugarcane is about 280 tonnes per hectare per year, and small experimental plots in Brazil have demonstrated yields of 236–280 tonnes of cane per hectare.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2008 to 2016, production of standards-compliant sugarcane experienced a compound annual growth rate of about 52%, while conventional sugarcane increased at less than 1%.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impacts">Environmental impacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugarcane&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Environmental impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soil_degradation_and_erosion">Soil degradation and erosion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugarcane&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Soil degradation and erosion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cultivation of sugarcane can lead to increased soil loss through the removal of soil at harvest, as well as improper irrigation practices, which can result in erosion.<sup id="cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFN-1986-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cheesman-2004_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheesman-2004-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Erosion is especially significant when the sugarcane is grown on slopes or hillsides, which increases the rate of water runoff.<sup id="cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFN-1986-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cheesman-2004_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheesman-2004-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, it is recommended that sugarcane is not planted in areas with a slope greater than 8%.<sup id="cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFN-1986-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in certain areas, such as parts of the Caribbean and South Africa, slopes greater than 20% have been planted.<sup id="cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFN-1986-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increased erosion can lead to the removal of organic and nutrient-rich material, which can decrease future crop yields. It can also result in sediments and other pollutants being washed into aquatic habitats, which can result in a wide range of environmental issues, including eutrophication and acidification.<sup id="cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFN-1986-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cheesman-2004_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheesman-2004-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sugarcane cultivation can also result in soil compaction, which is caused by the use of heavy, infield machinery.<sup id="cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFN-1986-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with impacting invertebrate and fauna within the upper layers of the soil, compaction can also lead to decreased porosity.<sup id="cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFN-1986-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cheesman-2004_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheesman-2004-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This in turn can increase <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a>, resulting in greater leaching and erosion.<sup id="cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFN-1986-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitat_destruction">Habitat destruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugarcane&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Habitat destruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr-160324-0644-Saccharum_officinarum-sugar_mill_smoke_stacks_last_harvest_season-Puunene-Maui_(26861749342).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Starr-160324-0644-Saccharum_officinarum-sugar_mill_smoke_stacks_last_harvest_season-Puunene-Maui_%2826861749342%29.jpg/220px-Starr-160324-0644-Saccharum_officinarum-sugar_mill_smoke_stacks_last_harvest_season-Puunene-Maui_%2826861749342%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Starr-160324-0644-Saccharum_officinarum-sugar_mill_smoke_stacks_last_harvest_season-Puunene-Maui_%2826861749342%29.jpg/330px-Starr-160324-0644-Saccharum_officinarum-sugar_mill_smoke_stacks_last_harvest_season-Puunene-Maui_%2826861749342%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Starr-160324-0644-Saccharum_officinarum-sugar_mill_smoke_stacks_last_harvest_season-Puunene-Maui_%2826861749342%29.jpg/440px-Starr-160324-0644-Saccharum_officinarum-sugar_mill_smoke_stacks_last_harvest_season-Puunene-Maui_%2826861749342%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Gases produced from sugarcane processing. </figcaption></figure> <p>Due to the large quantity of water required, sugarcane cultivation heavily relies on irrigation.<sup id="cite_ref-epa20052_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa20052-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, since large amounts of soil are removed with the crop during harvest, significant washing occurs during the processing phase.<sup id="cite_ref-epa20052_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa20052-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many countries, such as India and Australia, this requirement has placed a strain on available resources, requiring the construction of barrages and other dams.<sup id="cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFN-1986-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-epa20052_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa20052-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has altered the amount of water reaching aquatic habitats, and has contributed to the degradation of ecosystems such as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a> and Indus Delta.<sup id="cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFN-1986-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-epa20052_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa20052-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_100219-N-9643W-340_Haitian_children_carry_sugarcane_across_a_field_as_Sailors_from_Amphibious_Construction_Battalion_(ACB)_2_clear_land_for_a_construction_site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/US_Navy_100219-N-9643W-340_Haitian_children_carry_sugarcane_across_a_field_as_Sailors_from_Amphibious_Construction_Battalion_%28ACB%29_2_clear_land_for_a_construction_site.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/US_Navy_100219-N-9643W-340_Haitian_children_carry_sugarcane_across_a_field_as_Sailors_from_Amphibious_Construction_Battalion_%28ACB%29_2_clear_land_for_a_construction_site.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/US_Navy_100219-N-9643W-340_Haitian_children_carry_sugarcane_across_a_field_as_Sailors_from_Amphibious_Construction_Battalion_%28ACB%29_2_clear_land_for_a_construction_site.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Land cleared for sugarcane production. </figcaption></figure> <p>Sugarcane has also contributed to <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a> through the clearance of land.<sup id="cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFN-1986-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seven countries around the world devote more than 50% of their land to the cultivation of sugarcane.<sup id="cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFN-1986-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sugarcane fields have replaced tropical rain forests and wetlands.<sup id="cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFN-1986-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the majority of this clearance occurred in the past, expansions have occurred within the past couple decades, further contributing to habitat destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-Cheesman-2004_67-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheesman-2004-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitigation_efforts">Mitigation efforts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugarcane&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mitigation efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A wide variety of mitigation efforts can be implemented to reduce the impacts of sugarcane cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFN-1986-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these efforts is switching to alternative irrigation techniques, such as drip irrigation, which are more water efficient.<sup id="cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFN-1986-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water efficiency can also be improved by employing methods such as trash mulching, which has been shown to increase water intake and storage.<sup id="cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFN-1986-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with reducing the overall water use, this method can also decrease soil runoff, and therefore prevent pollutants from entering the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFN-1986-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In areas with a slope greater than 11%, it is also recommended that zero tillage or cane strip planting are implemented to help prevent soil loss.<sup id="cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFN-1986-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sugarcane processing produces a wide variety of pollutants, including heavy metals and bagasse, which can be released into the environment through wastewater discharge.<sup id="cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFN-1986-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To prevent this, alternative treatment methods such as high rate anaerobic digestions can be implemented to better treat this wastewater.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stormwater drains can also be installed to prevent uncontrolled runoff from reaching aquatic ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFN-1986-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethanol">Ethanol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugarcane&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ethanol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol fuel</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sao_Paulo_ethanol_pump_04_2008_74_zoom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Sao_Paulo_ethanol_pump_04_2008_74_zoom.jpg/220px-Sao_Paulo_ethanol_pump_04_2008_74_zoom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Sao_Paulo_ethanol_pump_04_2008_74_zoom.jpg/330px-Sao_Paulo_ethanol_pump_04_2008_74_zoom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Sao_Paulo_ethanol_pump_04_2008_74_zoom.jpg/440px-Sao_Paulo_ethanol_pump_04_2008_74_zoom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A fuel pump in Brazil, offering cane ethanol (A) and gasoline (G)</figcaption></figure> <p>Ethanol is generally available as a byproduct of sugar production. It can be used as a biofuel alternative to gasoline, and is widely used in cars in Brazil. It is an alternative to gasoline, and may become the primary product of sugarcane processing, rather than sugar<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Brazil, gasoline is required to contain at least 22% bioethanol.<sup id="cite_ref-iea1_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iea1-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This bioethanol is sourced from Brazil's large sugarcane crop. </p><p>The production of ethanol from sugarcane is more energy efficient than from corn or sugar beets or palm/vegetable oils, particularly if cane bagasse is used to produce heat and power for the process. Furthermore, if biofuels are used for crop production and transport, the <a href="/wiki/Fossil_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil energy">fossil energy</a> input needed for each ethanol energy unit can be very low. EIA estimates that with an integrated sugarcane to ethanol technology, the well-to-wheels CO<sub>2</sub> emissions can be 90% lower than conventional gasoline.<sup id="cite_ref-iea1_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iea1-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A textbook on renewable energy<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describes the energy transformation: </p> <blockquote> <p>Presently, 75 tons of raw sugarcane are produced annually per hectare in Brazil. The cane delivered to the processing plant is called burned and cropped (b&c), and represents 77% of the mass of the raw cane. The reason for this reduction is that the stalks are separated from the leaves (which are burned and whose ashes are left in the field as fertilizer), and from the roots that remain in the ground to sprout for the next crop. Average cane production is, therefore, 58 tons of b&c per hectare per year. </p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p>Each ton of b&c yields 740 kg of juice (135 kg of sucrose and 605 kg of water) and 260 kg of moist bagasse (130 kg of dry bagasse). Since the lower heating value of sucrose is 16.5 M<a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">J</a>/kg, and that of the bagasse is 19.2 MJ/kg, the total heating value of a ton of b&c is 4.7 GJ of which 2.2 GJ come from the sucrose and 2.5 from the bagasse. </p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p>Per hectare per year, the biomass produced corresponds to 0.27 TJ. This is equivalent to 0.86 W per square meter. Assuming an average insolation of 225 W per square meter, the photosynthetic efficiency of sugar cane is 0.38%. </p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p>The 135 kg of sucrose found in 1 ton of b&c are transformed into 70 litres of ethanol with a combustion energy of 1.7 GJ. The practical sucrose-ethanol conversion efficiency is, therefore, 76% (compare with the theoretical 97%). </p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p>One hectare of sugar cane yields 4,000 litres of ethanol per year (without any additional energy input, because the bagasse produced exceeds the amount needed to distill the final product). This, however, does not include the energy used in tilling, transportation, and so on. Thus, the solar energy-to-ethanol conversion efficiency is 0.13%. </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bagasse_applications">Bagasse applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugarcane&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bagasse applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugarcane_bagasse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Sugarcane_bagasse.jpg/220px-Sugarcane_bagasse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Sugarcane_bagasse.jpg/330px-Sugarcane_bagasse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Sugarcane_bagasse.jpg/440px-Sugarcane_bagasse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Sugarcane bagasse</figcaption></figure> <p>Sugarcane is a major crop in many countries. It is one of the plants with the highest bioconversion efficiency. Sugarcane crop is able to efficiently fix solar energy, yielding some 55 tonnes of dry matter per hectare of land annually. After harvest, the crop produces sugar juice and bagasse, the fibrous dry matter. This dry matter is biomass with potential as fuel for energy production. Bagasse can also be used as an alternative source of pulp for paper production.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sugarcane bagasse is a potentially abundant source of energy for large producers of sugarcane, such as Brazil, India, and China. According to one report, with use of latest technologies, bagasse produced annually in Brazil has the potential of meeting 20% of Brazil's energy consumption by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-bw2009_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bw2009-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electricity_production">Electricity production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugarcane&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Electricity production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of countries, in particular those lacking fossil fuels, have implemented energy conservation and efficiency measures to minimize the energy used in cane processing, and export any excess electricity to the grid. Bagasse is usually burned to produce steam, which in turn creates electricity. Current technologies, such as those in use in <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, produce over 100 kWh of electricity per tonne of bagasse. With a total world harvest of over one billion tonnes of sugarcane per year, the global energy potential from bagasse is over 100,000 GWh.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using Mauritius as a reference, an annual potential of 10,000 GWh of additional electricity could be produced throughout Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electrical generation from bagasse could become quite important, particularly to the rural populations of sugarcane producing nations. </p><p>Recent cogeneration technology plants are being designed to produce from 200 to over 300 kWh of electricity per tonne of bagasse.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As sugarcane is a seasonal crop, shortly after harvest the supply of bagasse would peak, requiring power generation plants to strategically manage the storage of bagasse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biogas_production">Biogas production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugarcane&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Biogas production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A greener alternative to burning bagasse for the production of electricity is to convert bagasse into <a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">biogas</a>. Technologies are being developed to use <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> to transform bagasse into advanced <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a> and biogas.<sup id="cite_ref-bw2009_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bw2009-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sugarcane_as_food">Sugarcane as food</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugarcane&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sugarcane as food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox nowrap" style="float:right;"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Cane juice<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugarcanejuice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sugarcanejuice.jpg/235px-Sugarcanejuice.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sugarcanejuice.jpg/353px-Sugarcanejuice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sugarcanejuice.jpg/470px-Sugarcanejuice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Freshly squeezed sugarcane juice</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 grams</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">242 kJ (58 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">13.11 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a> <div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a></div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">12.85 g <div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;">2.27 g</div> <div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;">0.55 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.56 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.40</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.16 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">24%</div> 0.40 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">11%</div> 44.53 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 6.73 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 18 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 1.12 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 13.03 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 22.08 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 150 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 1.16 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.14 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;">Nutrient Information from Indian Food Composition Database</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In most countries where sugarcane is cultivated, several foods and popular dishes are derived directly from it, such as: </p> <ul><li>Raw sugarcane: chewed to extract the juice</li> <li><i>Sayur nganten</i>: an <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a> soup made with the stem of trubuk (<i>Saccharum edule</i>), a type of sugarcane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_juice" title="Sugarcane juice">Sugarcane juice</a>: a combination of fresh juice, extracted by hand or small mills, with a touch of lemon and ice to make a popular drink, known variously as <i>air tebu</i>, <i>usacha rass</i>, <i>guarab</i>, <i>guarapa,</i> <i>guarapo,</i> <i>papelón</i>, <i>aseer asab</i>, <i>ganna sharbat</i>, <i>mosto</i>, <i>caldo de cana</i>, or <i>nước mía</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrup" title="Syrup">Syrup</a>: a traditional sweetener in soft drinks worldwide but now largely supplanted in the US by <a href="/wiki/High_fructose_corn_syrup" class="mw-redirect" title="High fructose corn syrup">high fructose corn syrup</a>, which is less expensive because of corn subsidies and sugar tariffs<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">Molasses</a>: used as a <a href="/wiki/Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">sweetener</a> and a syrup accompanying other foods, such as cheese or cookies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggery" title="Jaggery">Jaggery</a>: a solidified molasses, known as <i>gur</i>, <i>gud</i>, or <i>gul</i> in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Indo-Aryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Indo-Aryan">modern Indo-Aryan</a>, is traditionally produced by evaporating juice to make a thick sludge, and then cooling and molding it in buckets. Modern production partially freeze dries the juice to reduce caramelization and lighten its color. It is used as sweetener in cooking traditional entrees, sweets, and desserts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falernum" title="Falernum">Falernum</a>: a sweet, and slightly alcoholic drink made from sugarcane juice</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cacha%C3%A7a" title="Cachaça">Cachaça</a></i>: the most popular <a href="/wiki/Distilled" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled">distilled</a> alcoholic beverage in Brazil; it is a liquor made of the distillation of sugarcane juice.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Rum</a> is a liquor made from sugarcane products, typically molasses, but sometimes also cane juice. It is most commonly produced in the Caribbean and environs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basi" title="Basi">Basi</a> is a fermented alcoholic beverage made from sugarcane juice produced in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panela" title="Panela">Panela</a></i>, solid pieces of sucrose and <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a> obtained from the boiling and evaporation of sugarcane juice, is a food staple in Colombia and other countries in South and Central America.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rapadura" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapadura">Rapadura</a></i> is a sweet flour that is one of the simplest refinings of sugarcane juice, common in Latin American countries such as Brazil, Argentina, and Venezuela (where it is known as <i>papelón</i>) and the Caribbean.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_candy" title="Rock candy">Rock candy</a>: crystallized cane juice</li> <li><i> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2teau_de_Sirop" title="Gâteau de Sirop">Gâteau de Sirop</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viche_(drink)" title="Viche (drink)">Viche</a>, a homebrewed Colombian alcoholic beverage</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sugarcane_as_feed">Sugarcane as feed</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugarcane&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sugarcane as feed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many parts of the sugarcane are commonly used as animal feeds where the plants are cultivated. The leaves make a good forage for ruminants.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugarcane&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugarcane_flowering.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sugarcane flowering"><img alt="Sugarcane flowering" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sugarcane_flowering.JPG/90px-Sugarcane_flowering.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sugarcane_flowering.JPG/135px-Sugarcane_flowering.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sugarcane_flowering.JPG/180px-Sugarcane_flowering.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sugarcane flowering</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugarcane_Flowers_in_Java.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flowers of sugarcane"><img alt="Flowers of sugarcane" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sugarcane_Flowers_in_Java.jpg/120px-Sugarcane_Flowers_in_Java.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sugarcane_Flowers_in_Java.jpg/180px-Sugarcane_Flowers_in_Java.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sugarcane_Flowers_in_Java.jpg/240px-Sugarcane_Flowers_in_Java.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flowers of sugarcane</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cane_syrup_evaporator_1330.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Evaporator with baffled pan and foam dipper for making ribbon cane syrup"><img alt="Outdoor photo of series of rectangular metal trays divided by short internal metal sheets" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Cane_syrup_evaporator_1330.jpg/120px-Cane_syrup_evaporator_1330.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Cane_syrup_evaporator_1330.jpg/180px-Cane_syrup_evaporator_1330.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Cane_syrup_evaporator_1330.jpg/240px-Cane_syrup_evaporator_1330.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="753" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Evaporator with baffled pan and foam dipper for making ribbon cane syrup</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/A_video_of_Sugarcane_juice_extraction.ogv/120px--A_video_of_Sugarcane_juice_extraction.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="90" data-durationhint="65" data-mwtitle="A_video_of_Sugarcane_juice_extraction.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/A_video_of_Sugarcane_juice_extraction.ogv/A_video_of_Sugarcane_juice_extraction.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/A_video_of_Sugarcane_juice_extraction.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/A_video_of_Sugarcane_juice_extraction.ogv/A_video_of_Sugarcane_juice_extraction.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/A_video_of_Sugarcane_juice_extraction.ogv/A_video_of_Sugarcane_juice_extraction.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A video of sugarcane juice extraction</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cocktail_Caipirinha_raw.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caipirinha, a cocktail made from sugarcane-derived cachaça"><img alt="Caipirinha, a cocktail made from sugarcane-derived cachaça" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Cocktail_Caipirinha_raw.jpg/96px-Cocktail_Caipirinha_raw.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Cocktail_Caipirinha_raw.jpg/143px-Cocktail_Caipirinha_raw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Cocktail_Caipirinha_raw.jpg/191px-Cocktail_Caipirinha_raw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="1822" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Caipirinha</i>, a cocktail made from sugarcane-derived <i>cachaça</i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugarcane&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_the_Caribbean" title="Sugar plantations in the Caribbean">Sugar plantations in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_Hawaii" title="Sugar plantations in Hawaii">Sugar plantations in Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_the_Philippines" title="Sugar industry of the Philippines">Sugar industry of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapiche" title="Trapiche">Trapiche</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugarcane&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPapini-TerziRochaVêncioFelix2009" class="citation journal cs1">Papini-Terzi, Flávia S.; Rocha, Flávia R.; Vêncio, Ricardo ZN; Felix, Juliana M.; Branco, Diana S.; Waclawovsky, Alessandro J.; Del Bem, Luiz EV; Lembke, Carolina G.; Costa, Maximiller DL; Nishiyama, Milton Y.; Vicentini, Renato (21 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2666766">"Sugarcane genes associated with sucrose content"</a>. <i>BMC Genomics</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2164-10-120">10.1186/1471-2164-10-120</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2164">1471-2164</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2666766">2666766</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19302712">19302712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Genomics&rft.atitle=Sugarcane+genes+associated+with+sucrose+content&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=120&rft.date=2009-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2666766%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1471-2164&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19302712&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2164-10-120&rft.aulast=Papini-Terzi&rft.aufirst=Fl%C3%A1via+S.&rft.au=Rocha%2C+Fl%C3%A1via+R.&rft.au=V%C3%AAncio%2C+Ricardo+ZN&rft.au=Felix%2C+Juliana+M.&rft.au=Branco%2C+Diana+S.&rft.au=Waclawovsky%2C+Alessandro+J.&rft.au=Del+Bem%2C+Luiz+EV&rft.au=Lembke%2C+Carolina+G.&rft.au=Costa%2C+Maximiller+DL&rft.au=Nishiyama%2C+Milton+Y.&rft.au=Vicentini%2C+Renato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2666766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugarcane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John N. Warner, “Sugar Cane: An Indigenous Papuan Cultigen.” <i>Ethnology</i>, vol. 1, no. 4, 1962, pp. 405–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-agrisugar1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-agrisugar1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905234431/http://www.eastagri.org/publications/pub_docs/4_Sugar_web.pdf">"Agribusiness Handbook: Sugar beet white sugar"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastagri.org/publications/pub_docs/4_Sugar_web.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Archaeology and the Austronesian expansion: where are we now?". <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>85</b> (328): 510–528. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00067910">10.1017/S0003598X00067910</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162491927">162491927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Archaeology+and+the+Austronesian+expansion%3A+where+are+we+now%3F&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=328&rft.pages=510-528&rft.date=2015-01-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00067910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162491927%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Spriggs&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugarcane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aljanabi-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aljanabi_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAljanabi1998" class="citation book cs1">Aljanabi, Salah M. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sXuUuIp18n0C&pg=PA285">"Genetics, phylogenetics, and comparative genetics of <i>Saccharum</i> L., a polysomic polyploid Poales: Andropogoneae"</a>. In El-Gewely, M. Raafat (ed.). <i>Biotechnology Annual Review</i>. Vol. 4. Elsevier Science B.V. pp. 285–320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-82971-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-82971-9"><bdi>978-0-444-82971-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genetics%2C+phylogenetics%2C+and+comparative+genetics+of+Saccharum+L.%2C+a+polysomic+polyploid+Poales%3A+Andropogoneae&rft.btitle=Biotechnology+Annual+Review&rft.pages=285-320&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science+B.V.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-444-82971-9&rft.aulast=Aljanabi&rft.aufirst=Salah+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsXuUuIp18n0C%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugarcane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baldick2013-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baldick2013_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldick2013" class="citation book cs1">Baldick, Julian (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7U6oBAAAQBAJ&pg=PP6"><i>Ancient Religions of the Austronesian World: From Australasia to Taiwan</i></a>. 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Vol. 1, Ch. 1. p. 7. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0849305429" title="Special:BookSources/978-0849305429">978-0849305429</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2004) <i>Encyclopedia of Kitchen History</i>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, pp. 145–146. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1579583804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1579583804">978-1579583804</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_al-'Awwam1864" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-%27Awwam" title="Ibn al-'Awwam">Ibn al-'Awwam, Yaḥyá</a> (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lelivredelagric00algoog/page/n14/mode/2up"><i>Le livre de l'agriculture d'Ibn-al-Awam (kitab-al-felahah)</i></a> (in French). 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In GS Singhal; G Renger; SK Sopory; K-D Irrgang; Govindjee (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.illinois.edu/govindjee/paper/gov.html#58"><i>Concepts in Photobiology: Photosynthesis and Photomorphogenesis</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Narosa_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narosa Publishers (page does not exist)">Narosa Publishers</a>/<a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kluwer_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kluwer Academic">Kluwer Academic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Dordrecht</a>. pp. 11–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9401060264" title="Special:BookSources/978-9401060264"><bdi>978-9401060264</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100814191216/http://www.life.illinois.edu/govindjee/paper/gov.html#58">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Photosynthetic+Process&rft.btitle=Concepts+in+Photobiology%3A+Photosynthesis+and+Photomorphogenesis&rft.pages=11-51&rft.pub=Narosa+Publishers%2FNew+Delhi+and+Kluwer+Academic%2FDordrecht&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-9401060264&rft.au=Whitmarsh%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.life.illinois.edu%2Fgovindjee%2Fpaper%2Fgov.html%2358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugarcane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:142-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:142_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en?details=cc8166en"><i>World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saccharum+officinarum+L.&rft.pub=Purdue+University&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Duke%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hort.purdue.edu%2Fnewcrop%2Fduke_energy%2FSaccharum_officinarum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugarcane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoora,_V.Bermudez,_S.and_Larrea,_C.2019" class="citation web cs1">Voora, V.; Bermudez, S.; and Larrea, C. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iisd.org/ssi/commodities/sugar-coverage/">"Sugar Coverage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Sustainable_Development" title="International Institute for Sustainable Development">International Institute for Sustainable Development</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220320062933/https://www.iisd.org/ssi/commodities/sugar-coverage/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Institute+for+Sustainable+Development&rft.atitle=Sugar+Coverage&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Voora%2C+V.&rft.au=Bermudez%2C+S.&rft.au=and+Larrea%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iisd.org%2Fssi%2Fcommodities%2Fsugar-coverage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugarcane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WWFN-1986-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WWFN-1986_66-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foodsecurecanada.org/sites/foodsecurecanada.org/files/sugarandtheenvironmentnovember2004.pdf">"Sugar and the Environment: Encouraging Better Management Practices in Sugar Production and Processing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. World Wide Fund for Nature. 1986. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327161413/https://foodsecurecanada.org/sites/foodsecurecanada.org/files/sugarandtheenvironmentnovember2004.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 (<a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/whttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_Food_and_Agriculture_-_Statistical_Yearbook_2023.pdf">license statement/permission</a>). 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.plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sugar_cane" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sugar cane"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Sugar cane</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Global sugar & sugar cane production stats <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/969526b0-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/969526b0-en">from oecd</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sugar_as_food_commodity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sugar" title="Template:Sugar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sugar" title="Template talk:Sugar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sugar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sugar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sugar_as_food_commodity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a> as food commodity</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_sugars" title="List of sugars">List of sugars and sugar products</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemistry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">Monosaccharide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylose" title="Xylose">Xylose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">Disaccharide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">Lactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">Maltose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">Sucrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trehalose" title="Trehalose">Trehalose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Added_sugar" title="Added sugar">Added sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_sugar" title="Reducing sugar">Reducing sugar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sugarcane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agave_syrup" title="Agave syrup">Agave syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeydew_(secretion)" title="Honeydew (secretion)">Honeydew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malt_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Malt sugar">Malt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syrup" title="Syrup">Syrups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_syrups" title="List of syrups">List of syrups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agave_syrup" title="Agave syrup">Agave syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barley_malt_syrup" title="Barley malt syrup">Barley malt syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_rice_syrup" title="Brown rice syrup">Brown rice syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheong_(food)" title="Cheong (food)">Cheong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maesil-cheong" class="mw-redirect" title="Maesil-cheong">Maesil-cheong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogwa-cheong" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogwa-cheong">Mogwa-cheong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuja-cheong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuja-cheong">Yuja-cheong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_syrup" title="Corn syrup">Corn syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose_syrup" title="Glucose syrup">Glucose syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_syrup" title="Golden syrup">Golden syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">High-fructose corn syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-maltose_corn_syrup" title="High-maltose corn syrup">High-maltose corn syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_sugar_syrup" title="Inverted sugar syrup">Inverted sugar syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuromitsu" title="Kuromitsu">Kuromitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizuame" title="Mizuame">Mizuame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">Molasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_honey" title="Pine honey">Pine honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steen%27s_cane_syrup" title="Steen's cane syrup">Steen's cane syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_syrup" title="Table syrup">Table syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treacle" title="Treacle">Treacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yac%C3%B3n_syrup" title="Yacón syrup">Yacón syrup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Solid forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_sugar" title="Brown sugar">Brown</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peen_tong" title="Peen tong">Peen tong</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_sugar" title="Candi sugar">Candi sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancaca" title="Chancaca">Chancaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystalline_fructose" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystalline fructose">Crystalline fructose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelling_sugar" title="Gelling sugar">Gelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gula_melaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Gula melaka">Gula melaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggery" title="Jaggery">Jaggery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misri" class="mw-redirect" title="Misri">Misri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_sugar" title="Molasses sugar">Molasses sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovado" title="Muscovado">Muscovado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nib_sugar" title="Nib sugar">Nib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-centrifugal_cane_sugar" title="Non-centrifugal cane sugar">Non-centrifugal cane sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panela" title="Panela">Panela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_Reserve" title="Plantation Reserve">Plantation Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powdered_sugar" title="Powdered sugar">Powdered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preserving_sugar" title="Preserving sugar">Preserving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucanat" title="Sucanat">Sucanat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_candy" title="Sugar candy">Sugar candy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley_sugar" title="Barley sugar">Barley sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterscotch" title="Butterscotch">Butterscotch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy" title="Candy">Candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_candy" title="Hard candy">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_candy" title="Rock candy">Rock candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toffee" title="Toffee">Toffee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_glass" title="Sugar glass">Sugar glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarloaf" title="Sugarloaf">Sugarloaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasanbon" title="Wasanbon">Wasanbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_sugar" title="White sugar">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caramel" title="Caramel">Caramel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_candy" title="Cotton candy">Cotton candy floss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foods_made_from_maple" title="List of foods made from maple">Maple sugar foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_alcohol" title="Sugar alcohol">Sugar alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confectionery#Sugar_confectionery" title="Confectionery">Sugar confectionery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_juice" title="Sugarcane juice">Sugarcane juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuzem%C3%A1k" title="Tuzemák">Tuzemák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unrefined_sweeteners" title="List of unrefined sweeteners">Unrefined sweeteners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry" title="Sugar industry">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boilery" title="Boilery">Boilery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation#Sugar" title="Plantation">Plantation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casa-grande" title="Casa-grande">Casa-grande</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_refinery" title="Sugar refinery">Refinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_bush" title="Sugar bush">Sugar bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_mill" title="Sugarcane mill">Sugarcane mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engenho" title="Engenho">Engenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batey_(sugar_workers%27_town)" title="Batey (sugar workers' town)">Batey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafra_(agriculture)" title="Zafra (agriculture)">Zafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_marketing" title="Sugar marketing">Sugar marketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region (current)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sugar_mills_in_Queensland" title="List of sugar mills in Queensland">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundaberg_Sugar" title="Bundaberg Sugar">Bundaberg Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSR_Limited" title="CSR Limited">CSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmar_Sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmar Sugar">Wilmar Sugar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_sugar_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban sugar economy">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_the_Caribbean" title="Sugar plantations in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sugar_manufacturers_in_Kenya" title="List of sugar manufacturers in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_India" title="Sugar industry of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_Mauritius" title="Sugar industry of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_the_Philippines" title="Sugar industry of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_Rwanda" title="Sugar industry of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Sugar industry of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_South_Africa#Sugarcane" title="Agriculture in South Africa">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illovo_Sugar" title="Illovo Sugar">Illovo Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongaat_Hulett" title="Tongaat Hulett">Tongaat Hulett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sugar_manufacturers_in_Tanzania" title="List of sugar manufacturers in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_Uganda" title="Sugar industry of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sugar" title="British Sugar">British Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_%26_Lyle" title="Tate & Lyle">Tate & Lyle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_the_United_States" title="Sugar industry of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Association" title="Sugar Association">Sugar Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Sugar_Program" title="U.S. Sugar Program">U.S. Sugar Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region (historical)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_production_in_the_Danish_West_Indies" title="Sugar production in the Danish West Indies">Danish West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_mills_in_Fiji" title="Sugar mills in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_Hawaii" title="Sugar plantations in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_sugar" title="History of sugar">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1811_German_Coast_uprising" title="1811 German Coast uprising">1811 German Coast uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelioration_Act_1798" title="Amelioration Act 1798">Amelioration Act 1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_molasses_trade" title="Colonial molasses trade">Colonial molasses trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara_rebellion_of_1823" title="Demerara rebellion of 1823">Demerara rebellion of 1823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holing_cane" title="Holing cane">Holing cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith_Sugar_House" title="Leith Sugar House">Leith Sugar House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_Treaty_of_1875" title="Reciprocity Treaty of 1875">Reciprocity Treaty of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Slavery in the British and French Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Duties_Acts_1846" title="Sugar Duties Acts 1846">Sugar Duties Acts 1846</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Intervention" title="Sugar Intervention">Sugar Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Sugar_Railways" title="Taiwan Sugar Railways">Taiwan Sugar Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">Triangular trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Added_sugar" title="Added sugar">Added sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_Over" title="Crop Over">Crop Over</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_shack" title="Sugar shack">Sugar shack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugaring" title="Sugaring">Sugaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_nips" title="Sugar nips">Sugar nips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_packet" title="Sugar packet">Sugar packet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sucrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Sucrology">Sucrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_people" title="Sugar people">Sugar people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_tit" title="Sugar tit">Sugar tit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_sculpture" title="Sugar sculpture">Sugar sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treacle_mining" title="Treacle mining">Treacle mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sweet_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal sweet foods">Australian Aboriginal sweet foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_sugar_level" title="Blood sugar level">Blood sugar level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cane_knife" title="Cane knife">Cane knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavored_syrup" title="Flavored syrup">Flavored syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Date_honey" title="Date honey">Date honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_syrup" title="Grape syrup">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallab" title="Jallab">Jallab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Health effects of sugar">Health effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar addiction">Sugar addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Residual_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Residual sugar">Residual sugar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">Sugar substitute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetened_beverage" title="Sweetened beverage">Sweetened beverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetener" title="Sweetener">Sweetener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetness" title="Sweetness">Sweetness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinasse" title="Vinasse">Vinasse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lustig" title="Robert Lustig">Robert Lustig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Yudkin" title="John Yudkin">John Yudkin</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pure,_White_and_Deadly" title="Pure, White and Deadly">Pure, White and Deadly</a></i> (1972)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sugar" title="Category:Sugar">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sugar_production" title="Category:Sugar production">Production</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_countries_by_agricultural_output_rankings" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture_country_lists" title="Template:Agriculture country lists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture_country_lists" title="Template talk:Agriculture country lists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture_country_lists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture country lists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_countries_by_agricultural_output_rankings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories" title="Lists of sovereign states and dependent territories">Lists of countries</a> by <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_producing_countries_of_agricultural_commodities" title="List of largest producing countries of agricultural commodities">agricultural output</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rankings" title="List of international rankings">rankings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cereal_production" title="List of countries by cereal production">Cereals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_barley_production" title="List of countries by barley production">Barley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat#Production" title="Buckwheat">Buckwheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_corn_production_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="International corn production statistics">Corn/Maize</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_maize_exports" title="List of countries by maize exports">exports</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millet#Production" title="Millet">Millet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat#Production_and_trade" title="Oat">Oat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rice_production" title="List of countries by rice production">Rice</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rice_exports" title="List of countries by rice exports">exports</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye#Production_and_consumption" title="Rye">Rye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_sorghum#Cultivation_and_uses" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial sorghum">Sorghum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triticale#Conventional_breeding_approaches" title="Triticale">Triticale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_wheat_production_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="International wheat production statistics">Wheat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wheat_exports" title="List of countries by wheat exports">exports</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_fruit_production" title="List of countries by fruit production">Fruit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_apple_production" title="List of countries by apple production">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_apricot_production" title="List of countries by apricot production">Apricot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_avocado_production" title="List of countries by avocado production">Avocado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana#Production_and_export" title="Banana">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cherry_production" title="List of countries by cherry production">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_production" title="Citrus production">Citrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)#Production" title="Orange (fruit)">Orange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coconut_production" title="List of countries by coconut production">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cucumber_production" title="List of countries by cucumber production">Cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_eggplant_production" title="List of countries by eggplant production">Eggplant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_grape_production" title="List of countries by grape production">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon#Production" title="Lemon">Lemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lime_(fruit)#Production" title="Lime (fruit)">Lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango#Cultivation" title="Mango">Mango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_papaya_production" title="List of countries by papaya production">Papaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pear_production_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Pear production by country">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_pineapple_production" title="List of countries by pineapple production">Pineapple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_plum_production" title="List of countries by plum production">Plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry#Production" title="Raspberry">Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tomato_production" title="List of countries by tomato production">Tomato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_vegetable_production" title="List of countries by vegetable production">Vegetables</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_artichoke_production" title="List of countries by artichoke production">Artichoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrot#Production" title="Carrot">Carrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_garlic_production" title="List of countries by garlic production">Garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_onion_production" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by onion production">Onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_potato_production" title="List of countries by potato production">Potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed#Production" title="Rapeseed">Rapeseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_soybean_production" title="List of countries by soybean production">Soybean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrot#Production" title="Carrot">Turnip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_cacao#Cultivation" title="Theobroma cacao">Cacao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">Cassava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coffee_production" title="List of countries by coffee production">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton#Leading_producer_countries" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_by_country" title="Fishing industry by country">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_production" title="List of countries by meat production">Meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_milk_production" title="List of countries by milk production">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil#Production" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet#Production_statistics" title="Sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Production">Sugar cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_seed#Cultivation" title="Sunflower seed">Sunflower seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea#Production" title="Tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry#Production_by_country_or_region" title="Tobacco industry">Tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine-producing countries">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_irrigated_land_area" title="List of countries by irrigated land area">Irrigated land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use_statistics_by_country" title="Land use statistics by country">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_organic_farmland" title="List of countries by organic farmland">Organic farmland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rankings" title="List of international rankings">List of international rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_by_country" title="Lists by country">Lists by country</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bioenergy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bioenergy" title="Template:Bioenergy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bioenergy" title="Template talk:Bioenergy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bioenergy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bioenergy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bioenergy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bioenergy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_fuel" title="Alcohol fuel">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algae_fuel" title="Algae fuel">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Biobutanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioliquids" title="Bioliquids">Bioliquids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(energy)" title="Biomass (energy)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">Cooking oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil_fuel" title="Vegetable oil fuel">vegetable oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">cellulosic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">mixtures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_fuel" title="Methanol fuel">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stover" title="Stover">Stover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_stover" title="Corn stover">corn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontederia_crassipes#Bioenergy" title="Pontederia crassipes">Water hyacinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy from<br />foodstock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelina_sativa#Biodiesel_and_jet_fuel" title="Camelina sativa">Camelina sativa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">Cassava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil#Industry" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">Oat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">Potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">Rapeseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sugarcane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sunflower" title="Common sunflower">Sunflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">Yam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonfood_crop" title="Nonfood crop">Non-food<br />energy crops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arundo" title="Arundo">Arundo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andropogon_gerardi" title="Andropogon gerardi">Big bluestem</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelina" title="Camelina">Camelina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triadica_sebifera" title="Triadica sebifera">Chinese tallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemnoideae" title="Lemnoideae">Duckweed</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jatropha_curcas" title="Jatropha curcas">Jatropha curcas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscanthus_%C3%97_giganteus" title="Miscanthus × giganteus"><i>Miscanthus</i> × <i>giganteus</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pongamia" title="Pongamia">Pongamia pinnata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicornia#Industrial_use" title="Salicornia">Salicornia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panicum_virgatum" title="Panicum virgatum">Switchgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioconversion_of_biomass_to_mixed_alcohol_fuels" title="Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels">Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy_with_carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage">Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_heating_system" title="Biomass heating system">Biomass heating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorefinery" title="Biorefinery">Biorefinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process" title="Fischer–Tropsch process">Fischer–Tropsch process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_biotechnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial biotechnology">Industrial biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_fuel" title="Pellet fuel">Pellet fuel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_mill" title="Pellet mill">mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_stove" title="Pellet stove">stove</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabatier_reaction" title="Sabatier reaction">Sabatier reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_depolymerization" title="Thermal depolymerization">Thermal depolymerization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agflation" title="Agflation">Agflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol_commercialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellulosic ethanol commercialization">Cellulosic ethanol commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_content_of_biofuel" title="Energy content of biofuel">Energy content of biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_return_on_investment" title="Energy return on 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