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Âge du fer — Wikipédia

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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Début</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historiographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historiographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Émergence_de_la_métallurgie_du_fer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Émergence_de_la_métallurgie_du_fer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Émergence de la métallurgie du fer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Émergence_de_la_métallurgie_du_fer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Europe</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Âge_du_fer_celtique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Âge_du_fer_celtique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Âge du fer celtique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Âge_du_fer_celtique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Âge_du_fer_en_Scandinavie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Âge_du_fer_en_Scandinavie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Âge du fer en Scandinavie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Âge_du_fer_en_Scandinavie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Les_complexes_techno-économiques_en_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Les_complexes_techno-économiques_en_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Les complexes techno-économiques en Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Les_complexes_techno-économiques_en_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Asie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afrique_du_Nord" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afrique_du_Nord"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Afrique du Nord</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afrique_du_Nord-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afrique_subsaharienne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afrique_subsaharienne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Afrique subsaharienne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afrique_subsaharienne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amérique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amérique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Amérique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amérique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Notes et références</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Âge du fer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 148 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-148" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">148 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ystertydperk" title="Ystertydperk – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ystertydperk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenzeit" title="Eisenzeit – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Eisenzeit" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B5_%E1%8B%98%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95" title="የብረት ዘመን – amharique" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የብረት ዘመን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edat_de_Fierro" title="Edat de Fierro – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Edat de Fierro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="العصر الحديدي – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر الحديدي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%89" title="عصر حديدى – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عصر حديدى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97" title="লৌহ যুগ – assamais" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লৌহ যুগ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed%C3%A1_del_fierro" title="Edá del fierro – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Edá del fierro" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azilugal" title="Azilugal – kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Azilugal" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99mir_d%C3%B6vr%C3%BC" title="Dəmir dövrü – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dəmir dövrü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A4%D9%86%D9%85%DB%8C" title="دمیر دؤنمی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دمیر دؤنمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Тимер быуат – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тимер быуат" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel%C5%BE%C4%97is_om%C5%BEios" title="Gelžėis omžios – samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gelžėis omžios" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Жалезны век – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жалезны век" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Жалезны век – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жалезны век" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Желязна епоха – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Желязна епоха" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Besi" title="Zaman Besi – banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Zaman Besi" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%82%8F%E1%80%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ပသီႏခေတ် – Pa&#039;O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပသီႏခေတ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa&#039;O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97" title="লৌহ যুগ – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লৌহ যুগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%95%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ལྕགས་ཆས་སྤྱོད་པའི་དུས་རབས། – tibétain" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལྕགས་ཆས་སྤྱོད་པའི་དུས་རབས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibétain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oadvezh_an_houarn" title="Oadvezh an houarn – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Oadvezh an houarn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeljezno_doba" title="Željezno doba – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Željezno doba" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edat_del_ferro" title="Edat del ferro – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edat del ferro" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аьчка оьмар – tchétchène" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Аьчка оьмар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tchétchène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86" title="سەردەمی ئاسن – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەردەمی ئاسن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demir_devri" title="Demir devri – tatar de Crimée" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Demir devri" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="tatar de Crimée" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doba_%C5%BEelezn%C3%A1" title="Doba železná – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Doba železná" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C3%B2ka_%C5%BCelaz%C5%82a" title="Epòka żelazła – kachoube" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Epòka żelazła" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kachoube" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%80_%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%80%C4%95" title="Тимĕр ĕмĕрĕ – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тимĕр ĕмĕрĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oes_yr_Haearn" title="Oes yr Haearn – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Oes yr Haearn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jernalder" title="Jernalder – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jernalder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenzeit" title="Eisenzeit – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eisenzeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wext%C3%AA_As%C4%B1ni" title="Wextê Asıni – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Wextê Asıni" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Εποχή του Σιδήρου – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εποχή του Σιδήρου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A8_dal_f%C3%A8r" title="Etè dal fèr – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Etè dal fèr" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Iron Age" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferepoko" title="Ferepoko – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ferepoko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edad_del_Hierro" title="Edad del Hierro – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edad del Hierro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauaaeg" title="Rauaaeg – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rauaaeg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burdin_Aroa" title="Burdin Aroa – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Burdin Aroa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%87%D9%86" title="عصر آهن – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عصر آهن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rautakausi" title="Rautakausi – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rautakausi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravvaaig" title="Ravvaaig – võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ravvaaig" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iisentidj" title="Iisentidj – frison septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Iisentidj" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frison septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izertiid" title="Izertiid – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Izertiid" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Iarannaois" title="An Iarannaois – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Iarannaois" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="鐵器時代 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="鐵器時代" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laj_di_fer" title="Laj di fer – créole guyanais" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Laj di fer" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="créole guyanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idade_de_Ferro" title="Idade de Ferro – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Idade de Ferro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%9C" title="תקופת הברזל – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תקופת הברזל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="लौह युग – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लौह युग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loha_Yug" title="Loha Yug – hindi fidjien" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Loha Yug" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi fidjien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeljezno_doba" title="Željezno doba – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Željezno doba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaskor" title="Vaskor – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vaskor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Երկաթի դար – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկաթի դար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A7_%D4%B4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Երկաթէ Դար – arménien occidental" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Երկաթէ Դար" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="arménien occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Besi" title="Zaman Besi – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zaman Besi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panawen_ti_Landok" title="Panawen ti Landok – ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Panawen ti Landok" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Аьшка зама – ingouche" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Аьшка зама" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingouche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fer-epoko" title="Fer-epoko – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fer-epoko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1rn%C3%B6ld" title="Járnöld – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Járnöld" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A0_del_ferro" title="Età del ferro – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Età del ferro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%84%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="鉄器時代 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鉄器時代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayan_Iej" title="Ayan Iej – créole jamaïcain" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ayan Iej" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="créole jamaïcain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaman_wesi" title="Jaman wesi – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jaman wesi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="რკინის ხანა – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რკინის ხანა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91%C9%A9%C9%A3y%CA%8A%CA%8A_p%C9%A9nz%C9%A9_(Age_du_fer)" title="Ñɩɣyʊʊ pɩnzɩ (Age du fer) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ñɩɣyʊʊ pɩnzɩ (Age du fer)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80_%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%83%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96" title="Темір дәуірі – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Темір дәуірі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%A0%EA%B8%B0_%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80" title="철기 시대 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="철기 시대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serdema_hesin%C3%AE" title="Serdema hesinî – kurde" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Serdema hesinî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oos_Horn" title="Oos Horn – cornique" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Oos Horn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83" title="Темир доору – kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Темир доору" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aetas_ferrea" title="Aetas ferrea – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aetas ferrea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eda_de_Fero" title="Eda de Fero – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Eda de Fero" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iezertied" title="Iezertied – limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Iezertied" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A6_do_f%C3%A6ro" title="Etæ do færo – ligure" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Etæ do færo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligure" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A9_dl_Fer" title="Eté dl Fer – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Eté dl Fer" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etaa_del_Ferr" title="Etaa del Ferr – lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Etaa del Ferr" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%BC%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81" title="ອາຍຸທາດເຫຼັກ – lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອາຍຸທາດເຫຼັກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gele%C5%BEies_am%C5%BEius" title="Geležies amžius – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Geležies amžius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dze%C4%BC%C5%BEalaiki" title="Dzeļžalaiki – latgalien" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Dzeļžalaiki" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="latgalien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzelzs_laikmets" title="Dzelzs laikmets – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzelzs laikmets" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andron%27_ny_Vy" title="Andron&#039; ny Vy – malgache" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Andron&#039; ny Vy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%B1%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8C%D3%A7_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Кӱртньӧ курым – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кӱртньӧ курым" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Железно време – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Железно време" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="അയോയുഗം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അയോയുഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%80_%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D0%B5" title="Төмөр зэвсгийн үе – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Төмөр зэвсгийн үе" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="लोह युग – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लोह युग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Besi" title="Zaman Besi – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zaman Besi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidade_de_l_Fierro" title="Eidade de l Fierro – mirandais" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eidade de l Fierro" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6%E1%80%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="သံခေတ် – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သံခေတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A0_d%22o_fierro" title="Età d&quot;o fierro – napolitain" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Età d&quot;o fierro" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iesentiet" title="Iesentiet – bas-allemand" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Iesentiet" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bas-allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iezertied" title="Iezertied – bas-saxon néerlandais" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Iezertied" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="bas-saxon néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="लौह युग – népalais" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लौह युग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="népalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="न युग – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="न युग" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJzertijd" title="IJzertijd – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="IJzertijd" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarnalderen" title="Jarnalderen – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jarnalderen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jernalderen" title="Jernalderen – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jernalderen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edat_dau_F%C3%A8rre" title="Edat dau Fèrre – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Edat dau Fèrre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%97" title="ਲੋਹਾ ਯੁੱਗ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੋਹਾ ਯੁੱਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoka_%C5%BCelaza" title="Epoka żelaza – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Epoka żelaza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A0_d%C3%ABl_fer" title="Età dël fer – piémontais" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Età dël fer" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piémontais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%81%D8%A7_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7" title="لوہا ویلا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوہا ویلا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%90_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="د اوسپنې زمانه – pachto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د اوسپنې زمانه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pachto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idade_do_Ferro" title="Idade do Ferro – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Idade do Ferro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temp_da_fier" title="Temp da fier – romanche" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Temp da fier" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoca_Fierului" title="Epoca Fierului – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Epoca Fierului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Железный век – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Железный век" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Желїзна доба – ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Желїзна доба" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="लोहयुगम् – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लोहयुगम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="Тимир үйэ – iakoute" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тимир үйэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iakoute" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edade_de_su_Ferru" title="Edade de su Ferru – sarde" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Edade de su Ferru" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sarde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etati_d%C3%BB_ferru" title="Etati dû ferru – sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Etati dû ferru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airn_Age" title="Airn Age – écossais" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Airn Age" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeljezno_doba" title="Željezno doba – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Željezno doba" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%A9_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BA" title="යකඩ යුගය – cingalais" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යකඩ යුගය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iron Age" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelezn%C3%A1_doba" title="Železná doba – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Železná doba" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelezna_doba" title="Železna doba – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Železna doba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zera_re_Utare" title="Zera re Utare – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Zera re Utare" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koha_e_Hekurit" title="Koha e Hekurit – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Koha e Hekurit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Гвоздено доба – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гвоздено доба" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iersentied" title="Iersentied – saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Iersentied" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4rn%C3%A5ldern" title="Järnåldern – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Järnåldern" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zama_za_Chuma" title="Zama za Chuma – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Zama za Chuma" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இரும்புக் காலம் – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரும்புக் காலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AA_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82" title="ఇనుప యుగం – télougou" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇనుప యుగం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="télougou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81" title="ยุคเหล็ก – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุคเหล็ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demir_asyry" title="Demir asyry – turkmène" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Demir asyry" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panahong_Bakal" title="Panahong Bakal – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panahong Bakal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demir_%C3%87a%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Demir Çağı – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Demir Çağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Тимер гасыр – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тимер гасыр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Залізна доба – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Залізна доба" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%81%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="آہنی دور – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آہنی دور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temir_davri" title="Temir davri – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Temir davri" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A0_del_fero" title="Età del fero – vénitien" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Età del fero" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vénitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raudaig" title="Raudaig – vepse" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Raudaig" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%9Di_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_s%E1%BA%AFt" title="Thời đại đồ sắt – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thời đại đồ sắt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yzertyd" title="Yzertyd – flamand occidental" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Yzertyd" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="flamand occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panahon_han_Puthaw" title="Panahon han Puthaw – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Panahon han Puthaw" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%81%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="铁器时代 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="铁器时代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="რკინაშ ხანა – mingrélien" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რკინაშ ხანა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrélien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%A2" title="אייזן עפאכע – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אייזן עפאכע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%81%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="铁器时代 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="铁器时代" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E4%B8%96" title="鐵世 – chinois littéraire" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鐵世" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="chinois littéraire" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thih-kh%C3%AC_S%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="Thih-khì Sî-tāi – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thih-khì Sî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="鐵器時代 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鐵器時代" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11764#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l&#039;encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Confusion_colour.svg/20px-Confusion_colour.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Confusion_colour.svg/30px-Confusion_colour.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Confusion_colour.svg/40px-Confusion_colour.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Ne doit pas être confondu avec <a href="/wiki/%C3%82ge_de_fer_(mythologie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Âge de fer (mythologie)">Âge de fer (mythologie)</a>. </p> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Celtic-roundhouse-1994.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Celtic-roundhouse-1994.jpg/330px-Celtic-roundhouse-1994.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Celtic-roundhouse-1994.jpg/495px-Celtic-roundhouse-1994.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Celtic-roundhouse-1994.jpg/660px-Celtic-roundhouse-1994.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Reconstitution d'une maison de l'âge du fer au <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_en_plein_air_de_Chiltern&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée en plein air de Chiltern (page inexistante)">musée en plein air de Chiltern</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiltern_Open_Air_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Chiltern Open Air Museum"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Chiltern Open Air Museum&#160;»">(en)</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Royaume-Uni" title="Royaume-Uni">Royaume-Uni</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>L’<b>âge du fer</b><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>a<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> est une période archéologique caractérisée par la <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tallurgie" title="Métallurgie">métallurgie</a> du <a href="/wiki/Fer" title="Fer">fer</a> et faisant généralement suite à l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%82ge_du_bronze" title="Âge du bronze">âge du bronze</a>, dans la tradition historique européenne. Toutefois, les limites chronologiques de l'âge du fer varient considérablement selon l'aire culturelle et géographique considérée. L'âge du fer peut être considéré comme appartenant à la <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9histoire" title="Préhistoire">Préhistoire</a>, à la <a href="/wiki/Protohistoire" title="Protohistoire">Protohistoire</a> ou à l'<a href="/wiki/Histoire" title="Histoire">Histoire</a> selon les populations et régions concernées. </p><p>L'âge du fer débute vers <time class="nowrap" datetime="U-1199" data-sort-value="U-1199">1200 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time> en <a href="/wiki/Anatolie" title="Anatolie">Anatolie</a>, vers 1020 à <time class="nowrap" datetime="U-999" data-sort-value="U-999">1000 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time> en <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce_antique" title="Grèce antique">Grèce</a>, vers 800 à <time class="nowrap" datetime="U-0699" data-sort-value="U-0699">700 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time> en <a href="/wiki/Europe_de_l%27Ouest" title="Europe de l&#39;Ouest">Europe de l'Ouest</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, et sans doute beaucoup plus tôt dès le <a href="/wiki/IIe_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C." title="IIe millénaire av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ millénaire">II<sup>e</sup></abbr>&#160;millénaire&#160;<abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> en Afrique centrale<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La métallurgie du fer nécessite une température plus élevée que celle du bronze, atteignable grâce à l'évolution technologique des fours<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiographie">Historiographie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_du_fer&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier la section : Historiographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_du_fer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Historiographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'existence d'un âge du fer est déjà évoquée dans le <i><a href="/wiki/De_rerum_natura" title="De rerum natura">De rerum natura</a></i> de <a href="/wiki/Lucr%C3%A8ce" title="Lucrèce">Lucrèce</a>, mais comme simple hypothèse philosophique<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'invention de l'expression «&#160;âge du fer&#160;» est attribuée au chercheur <a href="/wiki/Danemark" title="Danemark">danois</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_J%C3%BCrgensen_Thomsen" title="Christian Jürgensen Thomsen">Christian Jürgensen Thomsen</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Elle se fonde sur des idées plus anciennes, notamment celles du français <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Mahudel" title="Nicolas Mahudel">Nicolas Mahudel</a> et de l’historien Lauritz Schebye Vedel Simonsen, professeur à l'université de <a href="/wiki/Copenhague" title="Copenhague">Copenhague</a>, qui avait envisagé en 1813 que les outils des peuples antiques scandinaves avaient d’abord été de bois et de pierre avant d’être de cuivre et de fer<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Thomsen eut l'intuition, en 1816, de l'emploi successif par l'humanité de la pierre, du bronze et du fer, alors qu'il devait classer les antiquités nationales danoises. Il énonce sa théorie des trois périodes préhistoriques —&#160;l’<a href="/wiki/%C3%82ge_de_la_pierre" title="Âge de la pierre">âge de la pierre</a>, l’<a href="/wiki/%C3%82ge_du_bronze" title="Âge du bronze">âge du bronze</a> et l’âge du fer&#160;—, en 1836 dans <i><span class="lang-da" lang="da">Ledetraad til Nordisk Oldkyndighed</span></i> (Guide des antiquités nordiques). </p><p>Cette période succède, en <a href="/wiki/Eurasie" title="Eurasie">Eurasie</a> et en <a href="/wiki/Afrique_du_Nord" title="Afrique du Nord">Afrique du Nord</a>, à l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%82ge_du_bronze" title="Âge du bronze">âge du bronze</a> et accompagne ou précède l'entrée des peuples concernés dans l'<a href="/wiki/Histoire" title="Histoire">Histoire</a>. Certaines régions n'ont jamais connu d'âge du fer tout en connaissant très tôt certaines caractéristiques d'un développement social ou technique important. C'est le cas par exemple des <a href="/wiki/Civilisation_pr%C3%A9colombienne" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilisation précolombienne">civilisations précolombiennes</a> qui connurent une <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tallurgie" title="Métallurgie">métallurgie</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/Or" title="Or">or</a> et du <a href="/wiki/Cuivre" title="Cuivre">cuivre</a> jusqu'à la conquête espagnole. L'Afrique, au contraire, n'a pas connu d'âge du bronze, mais directement celui du fer<sup id="cite_ref-Grand_Mourre_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grand_Mourre-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&#160;; la métallurgie du bronze (Ife, Benin…) y est très postérieure. </p><p>La notion d'âge du fer ne doit donc pas s'entendre partout comme une notion chronologique ou comme un stade d'évolution. Cette technique influença néanmoins durablement et en profondeur les sociétés d'Eurasie. Elle se traduit notamment par un renforcement de la domination des chefs de guerre en liaison avec les nouvelles conditions techniques de la guerre (remplacement de l'armement en bronze par des armes de fer, plus percutantes)&#160;; l'augmentation des rendements agricoles avec la fabrication d'instruments <a href="/wiki/Instrument_aratoire" title="Instrument aratoire">aratoires</a> en fer (<a href="/wiki/Araire" title="Araire">araire</a> et <a href="/wiki/Charrue" title="Charrue">charrue</a> pourvues d'un soc en fer, hache qui permet de défricher plus largement les «&#160;bordures&#160;» des <a href="/wiki/Terre_arable" title="Terre arable">terres arables</a>, faux et faucilles<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>) favorisant l'extension des <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9frichement" title="Défrichement">défrichements</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, l'<a href="/wiki/Croissance_d%C3%A9mographique" title="Croissance démographique">essor démographique</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>b<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Cette force de travail accrue permet de dégager <span class="citation">«&#160;des travailleurs de la production agricole autarcique, et de les utiliser dans l'artisanat et les échanges beaucoup plus largement que précédemment&#160;; il permet enfin aux cités en gestation de participer à une expansion coloniale lointaine&#160;»</span><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Émergence_de_la_métallurgie_du_fer"><span id=".C3.89mergence_de_la_m.C3.A9tallurgie_du_fer"></span>Émergence de la métallurgie du fer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_du_fer&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier la section : Émergence de la métallurgie du fer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_du_fer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Émergence de la métallurgie du fer"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dans le <a href="/wiki/Proche-Orient_ancien" title="Proche-Orient ancien">Proche-Orient ancien</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Fer_m%C3%A9t%C3%A9orique" title="Fer météorique">fer météorique</a> a été travaillé dès la fin du <a href="/wiki/IVe_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C." title="IVe millénaire av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="4ᵉ millénaire">IV<sup>e</sup></abbr>&#160;millénaire&#160;<abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a>, comme l'attestent des perles de fer de la <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_pr%C3%A9dynastique_%C3%A9gyptienne" title="Période prédynastique égyptienne">période prédynastique égyptienne</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, ou un poignard (quelques parcelles de rouille adhérant au manche) découvert en <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9sopotamie" title="Mésopotamie">Mésopotamie</a> à <a href="/wiki/Eshnunna" title="Eshnunna">Tell Asmar</a>. Mais les premiers fers obtenus par réduction de minerai dans un four remonteraient au <a href="/wiki/IIIe_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C." title="IIIe millénaire av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ millénaire">III<sup>e</sup></abbr>&#160;millénaire&#160;<abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> en <a href="/wiki/Anatolie" title="Anatolie">Anatolie</a>. Un des plus anciens objets en fer connus qui pourrait être issu d'un travail au <a href="/wiki/Bas_fourneau" title="Bas fourneau">bas fourneau</a> date des environs de <time class="nowrap" datetime="U-2499" data-sort-value="U-2499">2500 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time> et provient d'une tombe royale du <a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hatti</a>, dans le Nord de l'<a href="/wiki/Anatolie" title="Anatolie">Anatolie</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, mais cette technique se développe surtout à partir du <a href="/wiki/XVIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="XVIIe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="17ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle&#160;<abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> Les Hatti pratiquaient déjà un art du bronze très sophistiqué. </p><p>Pendant longtemps les archéologues ont estimé que les premiers à utiliser le fer furent les <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>, au <a href="/wiki/IIe_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C." title="IIe millénaire av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ millénaire">II<sup>e</sup></abbr>&#160;millénaire&#160;<abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> Puis on a considéré que la métallurgie du fer était née en Syrie du Nord et en Anatolie, sur les piémonts du <a href="/wiki/Monts_Taurus" title="Monts Taurus">Taurus</a>, dans une région susceptible de fournir du minerai et des forêts (pour le charbon nécessaire à la production du fer)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Cependant, les Hittites semblent avoir été les premiers à faire un grand usage du fer dans l'armement. Si l'armée hittite utilisait surtout des armes de bronze, elle fut la première à employer le fer pour la guerre<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'«&#160;âge du fer&#160;» commence un peu plus tard dans le reste de l'Eurasie. La Grèce passe à l'âge du fer vers <time class="nowrap" datetime="U-1049" data-sort-value="U-1049">1050 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time>, l'<a href="/wiki/Europe_de_l%27Ouest" title="Europe de l&#39;Ouest">Europe de l'Ouest</a> vers <time class="nowrap" datetime="U-0799" data-sort-value="U-0799">800 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time> La métallurgie du fer supplante alors la métallurgie du bronze dans l'armement et l'outillage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_du_fer&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier la section : Europe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_du_fer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Europe"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Rasoir_Acy-Romance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Rasoir_Acy-Romance.jpg/220px-Rasoir_Acy-Romance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Rasoir_Acy-Romance.jpg/330px-Rasoir_Acy-Romance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Rasoir_Acy-Romance.jpg/440px-Rasoir_Acy-Romance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Rasoir en bronze, premier âge du fer, Acy-Romance.</figcaption></figure> <p>Le travail du fer a été introduit en Grèce au <a href="/wiki/XIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="XIe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="11ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle&#160;<abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a>, puis s'est diffusé vers le nord et vers l'ouest au cours des 500 années suivantes. L'Italie entre dans l'âge du fer vers <time class="nowrap" datetime="U-0899" data-sort-value="U-0899">900 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time> et l'Europe de l'Ouest vers <time class="nowrap" datetime="U-0799" data-sort-value="U-0799">800 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time>. La métallurgie du fer ne gagne l'Irlande que vers <time class="nowrap" datetime="U-0499" data-sort-value="U-0499">500 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time> L'âge du fer n'a réellement débuté que lorsque le fer a commencé à remplacer le bronze dans la fabrication des outils et des armes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Âge_du_fer_celtique"><span id=".C3.82ge_du_fer_celtique"></span>Âge du fer celtique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_du_fer&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier la section : Âge du fer celtique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_du_fer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Âge du fer celtique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'âge du fer débute en <a href="/wiki/Europe_centrale" title="Europe centrale">Europe centrale</a> aux environs de <time class="nowrap" datetime="U-0799" data-sort-value="U-0799">800 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time> et coïncide avec l'apparition d'une nouvelle élite masculine inhumée sous des <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumulus</a> avec de grandes épées en fer<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il est subdivisé en deux périodes, nommées d'après deux sites&#160;: </p> <ul><li>la <a href="/wiki/Culture_de_Hallstatt" title="Culture de Hallstatt">culture de Hallstatt</a>, ou «&#160;premier âge du fer&#160;»&#160;;</li> <li>la culture de <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne" title="La Tène">La Tène</a>, ou «&#160;second âge du fer&#160;».</li></ul> <p>Durant les sept derniers siècles du dernier millénaire av. J.-C., des villes sont nées, des États se sont créés, des périodes de développement et de déclin se sont succédé, les marchandises et les techniques ont circulé dans toute l'Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Âge_du_fer_en_Scandinavie"><span id=".C3.82ge_du_fer_en_Scandinavie"></span>Âge du fer en Scandinavie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_du_fer&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier la section : Âge du fer en Scandinavie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_du_fer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Âge du fer en Scandinavie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Histoire_de_la_Scandinavie#âge_du_fer" title="Histoire de la Scandinavie">Histoire de la Scandinavie#âge du fer</a>.</div></div> <p>Les limites chronologiques de l’Âge du fer varient considérablement selon les régions géographiques et culturelles considérées<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Vers le <abbr class="abbr" title="5ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">V</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle avant notre ère, l'extraction du fer se développe en Scandinavie. Jusqu'alors, le bronze reposait sur des importations de cuivre et d'étain tandis que l'exploitation du fer peut se faire à une échelle locale. Afin d'alimenter les bas fourneau, l'exploitation des tourbières danoises s'accentue. Le bronze continue d'être utilisé afin de fabriquer des bijoux et accessoires vestimentaires tandis que le fer est destinés aux armes et aux outils<sup id="cite_ref-Malbos202430_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malbos202430-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Selon <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Montelius" title="Oscar Montelius">Oscar Montelius</a>, en Scandinavie, l'<a href="/wiki/Histoire_de_la_Scandinavie#Âge_du_fer_romain" title="Histoire de la Scandinavie">âge du fer romain</a> est un segment de l'âge du fer et s'étend du <abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle au <abbr class="abbr" title="5ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">V</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle. Il étend également l'usage de ce terme au nord de l'Allemagne et aux Pays-Bas<sup id="cite_ref-Malbos202419_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malbos202419-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Les_complexes_techno-économiques_en_Europe"><span id="Les_complexes_techno-.C3.A9conomiques_en_Europe"></span>Les complexes techno-économiques en Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_du_fer&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifier la section : Les complexes techno-économiques en Europe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_du_fer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Les complexes techno-économiques en Europe"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Ironageroof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ironageroof.jpg/220px-Ironageroof.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ironageroof.jpg/330px-Ironageroof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ironageroof.jpg/440px-Ironageroof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Reconstitution d'un toit de chaume dans le <a href="/wiki/Hampshire_(comt%C3%A9)" title="Hampshire (comté)">Hampshire</a>, une technique répandue à l'âge du fer.</figcaption></figure> <p>À défaut de connaissances étendues sur les ensembles culturels et politiques de l'âge du fer, la culture matérielle des cultures européennes de cette période permet de dessiner de grands ensembles géographiques à l'intérieur desquels le matériel des fouilles présente une remarquable homogénéité, tant sur le plan technique que des décors. La <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce" title="Grèce">Grèce</a>, qui est déjà entrée dans l'<a href="/wiki/Histoire" title="Histoire">Histoire</a> durant le premier âge du fer, est un cas à part, s'agissant de la seule région du Vieux Continent où la métallurgie du fer est attestée dès le <a href="/wiki/IIe_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C." title="IIe millénaire av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ millénaire">II<sup>e</sup></abbr>&#160;millénaire&#160;<abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> Du côté de l'<a href="/wiki/Italie" title="Italie">Italie</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Fondation_de_Rome" title="Fondation de Rome">fondation de Rome</a> (<a href="/wiki/753_av._J.-C." class="mw-redirect" title="753 av. J.-C.">753 av. J.-C.</a>) eut lieu durant l'âge du fer et la première période de l'histoire de la <a href="/wiki/Rome_antique" title="Rome antique">Rome antique</a> (la <a href="/wiki/Royaut%C3%A9_romaine" title="Royauté romaine">Royauté romaine</a>) correspond à peu près aux bornes chronologiques du second âge du fer italien. </p><p>Ces ensembles ou «&#160;complexes techno-économiques&#160;» persistent durant les deux âges du fer, «&#160;se dilatant et se contractant au gré des circonstances&#160;»<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&#160;: </p> <ul><li>le complexe atlantique&#160;: <a href="/wiki/%C3%82ge_du_fer_britannique" title="Âge du fer britannique">îles Britanniques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flandre_maritime" title="Flandre maritime">Flandre maritime</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> occidentale<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>c<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et quart nord-ouest de la <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ninsule_Ib%C3%A9rique" title="Péninsule Ibérique">péninsule Ibérique</a>&#160;;</li> <li>le complexe nordique&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Scandinavie" title="Scandinavie">Scandinavie</a> et <a href="/wiki/Allemagne" title="Allemagne">Allemagne</a> septentrionale&#160;;</li> <li>le complexe lusacien&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Lusace" title="Lusace">Lusace</a> et <a href="/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne">Pologne</a>&#160;;</li> <li>le complexe nord-alpin&#160;: <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> orientale, <a href="/wiki/Allemagne" title="Allemagne">Allemagne</a> méridionale, <a href="/wiki/Suisse" title="Suisse">Suisse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autriche" title="Autriche">Autriche</a> et <a href="/wiki/Tch%C3%A9quie" title="Tchéquie">Tchéquie</a> (qualifié de «&#160;celtique&#160;» par <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9rodote" title="Hérodote">Hérodote</a> dès le <a href="/wiki/Ve_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="Ve siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="5ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">V</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle&#160;<abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a>)&#160;;</li> <li>le complexe ibérique&#160;: <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ninsule_Ib%C3%A9rique" title="Péninsule Ibérique">péninsule Ibérique</a> (excepté son quart nord-ouest)&#160;;</li> <li>le complexe italique&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Italie" title="Italie">Italie</a> (dont <a href="/wiki/Sicile" title="Sicile">Sicile</a> et <a href="/wiki/Sardaigne" title="Sardaigne">Sardaigne</a>), <a href="/wiki/Slov%C3%A9nie" title="Slovénie">Slovénie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatie" title="Croatie">Croatie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnie-Herz%C3%A9govine" title="Bosnie-Herzégovine">Bosnie-Herzégovine</a> et <a href="/wiki/Corse" title="Corse">Corse</a>&#160;;</li> <li>le complexe carpatique&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">bassin inférieur du Danube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carpates" title="Carpates">Carpates</a> orientales et méridionales&#160;;</li> <li>le complexe grec&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce" title="Grèce">Grèce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> méridionaux et <a href="/wiki/Mer_%C3%89g%C3%A9e" title="Mer Égée">monde égéen</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asie">Asie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_du_fer&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifier la section : Asie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_du_fer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Asie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>C'est au cours du <a href="/wiki/Ier_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C." title="Ier millénaire av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ millénaire">I<sup>er</sup></abbr>&#160;millénaire&#160;<abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> que le travail du fer apparait en <a href="/wiki/Inde" title="Inde">Inde</a>, puis en <a href="/wiki/Chine" title="Chine">Chine</a> (<a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_des_Printemps_et_Automnes" title="Période des Printemps et Automnes">période des Printemps et Automnes</a>, 771 à 481-453 av. J.-C., avec quelques centaines d'objets seulement ), et enfin au <a href="/wiki/Japon" title="Japon">Japon</a> où les armes de fer ne deviennent courantes qu'au <a href="/wiki/IIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="IIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">II</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle</a><sup id="cite_ref-Grand_Mourre_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grand_Mourre-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L’âge du fer en <a href="/wiki/Mongolie" title="Mongolie">Mongolie</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ne commence qu’au <a href="/wiki/IIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="IIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">III</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle</a>. Les objets de fer trouvés dans les tombes à dalles montrent que l’expansion de la ferronnerie s’est faite progressivement vers le sud du <a href="/wiki/Lac_Ba%C3%AFkal" title="Lac Baïkal">lac Baïkal</a>. Il s’ensuit l’émergence d’une aristocratie de la steppe, même si certaines formes collectives de l’exercice du pouvoir subsistent parallèlement, comme l’assemblée des chefs de clan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Afrique_du_Nord">Afrique du Nord</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_du_fer&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifier la section : Afrique du Nord" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_du_fer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Afrique du Nord"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Des datations ont été avancées autour du <a href="/wiki/IIIe_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C." title="IIIe millénaire av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ millénaire">III<sup>e</sup></abbr>&#160;millénaire&#160;<abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> en Égypte (Gizeh&#160;: -2565/-2440, Abydos&#160;: -2345/-2181)<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_1999UNESCO_199911_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_1999UNESCO_199911-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Certaines théories proposent une première diffusion des techniques de métallurgie du fer le long du Nil vers l'Afrique subsaharienne via la Nubie (<a href="/wiki/Napata" title="Napata">Napata</a> et <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ro%C3%A9" title="Méroé">Méroé</a>, respectivement au <a href="/wiki/VIIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="VIIIe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="8ᵉ siècle avant Jésus-Christ"><span class="romain">VIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr></a>&#32;et au&#32;<a href="/wiki/VIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="VIe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="6ᵉ siècle avant Jésus-Christ"><span class="romain">VI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr></a>&#160;siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_1999UNESCO_19999_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_1999UNESCO_19999-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>À Carthage (<a href="/wiki/Tunisie" title="Tunisie">Tunisie</a>), le travail du fer remonte au <a href="/wiki/VIIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="VIIIe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="8ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle&#160;<abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> et certaines théories proposent une diffusion vers l'Afrique subsaharienne à partir de là, au <a href="/wiki/IIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="IIIe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">III</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle&#160;<abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a><sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_1999UNESCO_19999_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_1999UNESCO_19999-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Afrique_subsaharienne">Afrique subsaharienne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_du_fer&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifier la section : Afrique subsaharienne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_du_fer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Afrique subsaharienne"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Carte-afrique.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Carte-afrique.png/310px-Carte-afrique.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Carte-afrique.png 1.5x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Introduction ou invention de la métallurgie du fer en Afrique.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r160408543">.mw-parser-output .legende-bloc-centre{display:table;margin:0 auto;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .legende-bloc ul li{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .legende-bloc-vertical ul li{list-style:none;margin:1px 0 0 -1.5em}.mw-parser-output .legende-bloc-vertical ul li li{list-style:none;margin:1px 0 0 -1.0em}</style><div class="legende-bloc legende-bloc-vertical"><ul> <li><span style="border-top:2px; border-top:Green dashed 1px; margin-right:0.3em; vertical-align:middle; display:inline-block; width:1.6em;"></span> Chemins d'introduction du fer selon la thèse diffusionniste.</li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article connexe&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Urewe" title="Urewe">Urewe</a>.</div></div> <p>L'émergence du travail du fer en Afrique subsaharienne fait l'objet de deux thèses différenciantes. </p><p>La thèse diffusionniste, théorie la plus ancienne émise par les historiens européens, mais la plus contestée aujourd'hui, considère que le travail du fer a d'abord été introduit en <a href="/wiki/%C3%89gypte" title="Égypte">Égypte</a> et à <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> vers <time class="nowrap" datetime="U-0749" data-sort-value="U-0749">750 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time>, avant de se diffuser, via la <a href="/wiki/Nubie" title="Nubie">Nubie</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>, vers l'Afrique subsaharienne, franchissant le désert aux alentours de <time class="nowrap" datetime="U-0499" data-sort-value="U-0499">500 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time><sup id="cite_ref-Pringle20091_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle20091-30"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>27<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La généralisation du travail du fer s'étagerait de <time class="nowrap" datetime="U-0499" data-sort-value="U-0499">500 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time> jusqu'à <time datetime="0500" data-sort-value="0500">500</time> <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="après Jésus-Christ">apr. J.-C.</abbr> environ<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>30<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>31<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>À l'opposé, la thèse autochtone estime que le travail du fer a été inventé beaucoup plus précocement en Afrique subsaharienne, dans divers foyers indépendants d'Afrique centrale<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_1999UNESCO_199911_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_1999UNESCO_199911-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pringle20092_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle20092-35"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.<span class="citation">«&#160;L'Afrique au sud du Sahara, semble-t-il désormais, est le foyer d'une invention distincte et indépendante de la métallurgie du fer… Pour résumer les données disponibles, la technologie du fer de la majeure partie de l'Afrique subsaharienne a une origine africaine datant d'avant <time class="nowrap" datetime="U-999" data-sort-value="U-999">1000 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time>&#160;»</span><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>33<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>Selon la thèse autochtone, qui tend à prévaloir, les traces les plus anciennes de métallurgie du fer remontent, pour le continent africain, au <a href="/wiki/IIIe_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C." title="IIIe millénaire av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ millénaire">III<sup>e</sup></abbr>&#160;millénaire&#160;<abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a><sup id="cite_ref-ParisPersonQuéchonSaliège199258_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParisPersonQuéchonSaliège199258-37"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>34<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>35<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les motifs d'opposition à cette dernière théorie concernent principalement la validité des <a href="/wiki/Datation_par_le_carbone_14" class="mw-redirect" title="Datation par le carbone 14">datations au carbone 14</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>36<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pringle20092_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle20092-35"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Contrairement à l'Eurasie, l'âge du fer en Afrique subsaharienne ne fait pas suite à un âge du bronze. La technologie du fer fait directement suite à l'usage de la pierre et du cuivre. Des découvertes, à Egaro près de <a href="/wiki/Massif_de_Termit" title="Massif de Termit">Termit</a>, au <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> oriental<sup id="cite_ref-ParisPersonQuéchonSaliège199255-68_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParisPersonQuéchonSaliège199255-68-40"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>37<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, et à Ôbui, en <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_centrafricaine" title="République centrafricaine">République centrafricaine</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>38<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, laissent penser que le travail du fer a commencé en ces endroits dès le <a href="/wiki/IIIe_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C." title="IIIe millénaire av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ millénaire">III<sup>e</sup></abbr>&#160;millénaire&#160;<abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a>&#160;; ces découvertes sont cependant l'objet de controverses<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle2009200-202_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle2009200-202-42"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>39<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les datations les plus anciennes dans le Sahel vont jusqu'à -2900/-2300<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_1999UNESCO_199911_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_1999UNESCO_199911-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Plus au sud, dans le contexte de la culture <a href="/wiki/Nok_(culture)" title="Nok (culture)">Nok</a> (actuel Nigeria), le fer remonte à -925/±70. On trouve du fer encore plus ancien plus au sud (Cameroun), avec des datations autour du <a href="/wiki/IIe_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C." title="IIe millénaire av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ millénaire">II<sup>e</sup></abbr>&#160;millénaire&#160;<abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a><sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_1999UNESCO_199911_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_1999UNESCO_199911-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Dans la <a href="/wiki/Afrique_des_Grands_Lacs" title="Afrique des Grands Lacs">région des Grands Lacs</a>, la métallurgie du fer est attestée dès le <a href="/wiki/IIe_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C." title="IIe millénaire av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ millénaire">II<sup>e</sup></abbr>&#160;millénaire&#160;<abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a>, avec des datations obtenues au Burundi et en Tanzanie<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>d<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Il a été supposé que l'<a href="/wiki/Expansion_bantoue" title="Expansion bantoue">expansion bantoue</a> avait apporté le fer en Afrique subéquatoriale, mais l'archéologie semble montrer que bien que maîtrisant l'agriculture, les peuples locuteurs du proto-bantou n'utilisent le fer qu'à partir de <time class="nowrap" datetime="U-0499" data-sort-value="U-0499">500 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time><sup id="cite_ref-pmd_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmd-45"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>41<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-rfho_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfho-46"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>42<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amérique"><span id="Am.C3.A9rique"></span>Amérique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_du_fer&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifier la section : Amérique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_du_fer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Amérique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les <a href="/wiki/Autochtones_d%27Am%C3%A9rique" title="Autochtones d&#39;Amérique">autochtones d'Amérique</a> n'ont jamais développé de métallurgie du fer, bien qu'ils aient pratiqué la <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tallurgie_dans_l%27Am%C3%A9rique_pr%C3%A9colombienne" title="Métallurgie dans l&#39;Amérique précolombienne">métallurgie du cuivre, de l'or et de l'argent</a> plus de 2&#160;000&#160;ans avant l'arrivée des <a href="/wiki/Espagnols" title="Espagnols">Espagnols</a>, notamment dans les <a href="/wiki/Cordill%C3%A8re_des_Andes" title="Cordillère des Andes">Andes</a> et en <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9soam%C3%A9rique" title="Mésoamérique">Mésoamérique</a>.<sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire">[<abbr class="abbr" title="référence">réf.</abbr>&#160;souhaitée]</a></sup> </p><p>En revanche, les <a href="/wiki/Inuits" title="Inuits">Inuits</a> du <a href="/wiki/Groenland" title="Groenland">Groenland</a> ont commencé à exploiter le <a href="/wiki/Fer_m%C3%A9t%C3%A9orique" title="Fer météorique">fer météorique</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Fer_natif" title="Fer natif">fer tellurique</a> vers l'an 1000, en le martelant à froid pour fabriquer de petits objets comme des pointes de flèche<sup id="cite_ref-Buchwald_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchwald-47"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>43<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_du_fer&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_du_fer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_du_fer&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifier la section : Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_du_fer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small lower-alpha" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Graphie conforme aux <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Conventions_typographiques" title="Wikipédia:Conventions typographiques">conventions typographiques générales</a>, en référence à l'ensemble des dictionnaires et des guides généraux de typographie.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">L'essor démographique est mis en évidence lors des fouilles archéologiques des nécropoles.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">On peut y particulariser un complexe aquitain&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine_protohistorique" title="Aquitaine protohistorique">sud-ouest</a> de la France, entre Garonne et Pyrénées<sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire"><span title="Ce passage nécessite une référence ; voir l&#39;aide.">&#91;réf.&#160;nécessaire&#93;</span></a></sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">BuHaya -1740/-770<sup id="cite_ref-BissonVogel200015_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BissonVogel200015-43"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>40<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, Mubuga -1230/-1210<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_1999UNESCO_19999_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_1999UNESCO_19999-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-BissonVogel200015_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BissonVogel200015-43"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>40<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, Kuturuka -1470/-1030<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_1999UNESCO_19999_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_1999UNESCO_19999-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, Rwiyange -1230/-905<sup id="cite_ref-BissonVogel200015_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BissonVogel200015-43"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>40<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, Kabacusi -865<sup id="cite_ref-BissonVogel200015_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BissonVogel200015-43"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>40<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_du_fer&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_du_fer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Fourdrignier1904"><span class="ouvrage" id="Édouard_Fourdrignier1904"><small>[Fourdrignier 1904]</small> Édouard Fourdrignier, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal">L'âge du Fer&#160;: Halstatt - Le Marnien - La Tène</cite>&#160;», <i>Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;1, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;6,&#8206; <time>1904</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">207-215</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/bspf_0249-7638_1904_num_1_6_11280">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=L%27%C3%A2ge+du+Fer+%3A+Halstatt+-+Le+Marnien+-+La+T%C3%A8ne&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+pr%C3%A9historique+fran%C3%A7aise&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.aulast=Fourdrignier&amp;rft.aufirst=%C3%89douard&amp;rft.date=1904&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.pages=207-215&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lugan"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bernard_Lugan">Bernard Lugan, <cite class="italique">Atlas historique de l'Afrique&#160;: des origines à nos jours</cite> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-268-09644-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-268-09644-5"><span class="nowrap">978-2-268-09644-5</span></a> et <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-268-09644-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-268-09644-0"><span class="nowrap">2-268-09644-0</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/fr/title/1073205736">1073205736</a></span>)</small>, page&#160;?<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Atlas+historique+de+l%27Afrique+%3A+des+origines+%C3%A0+nos+jours&amp;rft.aulast=Lugan&amp;rft.aufirst=Bernard&amp;rft.pages=page+%3F&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-268-09644-5&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1073205736&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/Z020250/AGE_DU_FER_EN_EUROPE.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Âge du fer en Europe</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">universalis.fr</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-02-14" data-sort-value="2020-02-14">14 février 2020</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Richard2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nathalie_Richard2008">Nathalie Richard, <cite class="italique">Inventer la préhistoire. Les débuts de l'archéologie en France</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Vuibert" title="Vuibert">Vuibert</a>, <time>2008</time>, page&#160;?<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Inventer+la+pr%C3%A9histoire.+Les+d%C3%A9buts+de+l%27arch%C3%A9ologie+en+France&amp;rft.pub=Vuibert&amp;rft.aulast=Richard&amp;rft.aufirst=Nathalie&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.pages=page+%3F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Thomsen1836"><span class="ouvrage" id="C._J._Thomsen1836"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : danois">(da)</abbr> C. J. Thomsen, <cite class="italique" lang="da">Ledetraad til Nordisk Oldkyndighed</cite> [«&#160;Guide des antiquités nordiques&#160;»], <time>1836</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ledetraad+til+Nordisk+Oldkyndighed&amp;rft.aulast=Thomsen&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+J.&amp;rft.date=1836&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Trigger1990"><span class="ouvrage" id="B._G._Trigger1990"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Trigger" title="Bruce Trigger">B. G. Trigger</a>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">A History of Archaeological Thought</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <time>1990</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;75<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Archaeological+Thought&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.aulast=Trigger&amp;rft.aufirst=B.+G.&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.pages=75&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Maisels1999"><span class="ouvrage" id="C._K._Maisels1999"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> C. K. Maisels, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Near East&#160;: archaeology in the 'Cradle of civilization'</cite>, Londres, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <time>1999</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;20<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Near+East+%3A+archaeology+in+the+%27Cradle+of+civilization%27&amp;rft.place=Londres&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.aulast=Maisels&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+K.&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.pages=20&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grand_Mourre-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Grand_Mourre_9-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Grand_Mourre_9-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mourre1978"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michel_Mourre1978"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Mourre" title="Michel Mourre">Michel Mourre</a>, <cite class="italique">Dictionnaire encyclopédique d'histoire</cite>, Paris, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Bordas" title="Éditions Bordas">Bordas</a>, <time>1978</time>, 4894&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-04-006513-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-04-006513-3"><span class="nowrap">978-2-04-006513-3</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;1757<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+encyclop%C3%A9dique+d%27histoire&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Bordas&amp;rft.aulast=Mourre&amp;rft.aufirst=Michel&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.pages=1757&amp;rft.tpages=4894&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-04-006513-3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Ces deux outils témoignent de deux activités différentes, la faucille n'étant employée que pour la moisson et la faux pour la <a href="/wiki/Fenaison" title="Fenaison">fenaison</a>. Voir <span class="ouvrage" id="CoudartPion1986"><span class="ouvrage" id="Anick_CoudartPatrick_Pion1986">Anick Coudart et Patrick Pion, <cite class="italique">Archéologie de la France rurale&#160;: de la préhistoire aux temps modernes</cite>, Belin, <time>1986</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;73<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Arch%C3%A9ologie+de+la+France+rurale+%3A+de+la+pr%C3%A9histoire+aux+temps+modernes&amp;rft.pub=Belin&amp;rft.aulast=Coudart&amp;rft.aufirst=Anick&amp;rft.au=Patrick+Pion&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.pages=73&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Les études en <a href="/wiki/Palynologie" title="Palynologie">palynologie</a> révèlent une chute des pollens d'arbres forestiers et une multiplication des pollens de plantes cultivées. Voir <span class="ouvrage" id="Gateau1996"><span class="ouvrage" id="Fabienne_Gateau1996"><small>[Gateau 1996]</small> Fabienne Gateau, <cite class="italique">Carte archéologique de la Gaule</cite>, Les Éditions de la MSH, <time>1996</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;100<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Carte+arch%C3%A9ologique+de+la+Gaule&amp;rft.pub=Les+%C3%89ditions+de+la+MSH&amp;rft.aulast=Gateau&amp;rft.aufirst=Fabienne&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.pages=100&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lévêque1985"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pierre_Lévêque1985"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_L%C3%A9v%C3%AAque_(professeur)" title="Pierre Lévêque (professeur)">Pierre Lévêque</a>, <cite class="italique">Bêtes, dieux et hommes&#160;: l'imaginaire des premières religions</cite>, Messidor/Temps Actuels, <time>1985</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;189<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=B%C3%AAtes%2C+dieux+et+hommes&amp;rft.pub=Messidor%2FTemps+Actuels&amp;rft.stitle=l%27imaginaire+des+premi%C3%A8res+religions&amp;rft.aulast=L%C3%A9v%C3%AAque&amp;rft.aufirst=Pierre&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.pages=189&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="RehrenBelgyaJambonKáli2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Thilo_RehrenTamás_BelgyaAlbert_JambonGyörgy_Káli2013"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Thilo Rehren, Tamás Belgya, Albert Jambon, György Káli, Zsolt Kasztovszky, Zoltán Kis, Imre Kovács, Boglárka Maróti, Marcos Martinón-Torres, Gianluca Miniaci, Vincent C. Pigott, Miljana Radivojević, László Rosta, László Szentmiklósi et Zoltán Szőkefalvi-Nagy, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">5,000 years old Egyptian iron beads made from hammered meteoritic iron</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Journal of Archaeological Science</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;40, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;12,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-12" data-sort-value="2013-12">décembre 2013</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">4785–4792</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.06.002">10.1016/j.jas.2013.06.002</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=5%2C000+years+old+Egyptian+iron+beads+made+from+hammered+meteoritic+iron&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.aulast=Rehren&amp;rft.aufirst=Thilo&amp;rft.au=Tam%C3%A1s+Belgya&amp;rft.au=Albert+Jambon&amp;rft.au=Gy%C3%B6rgy+K%C3%A1li&amp;rft.au=Zsolt+Kasztovszky&amp;rft.au=Zolt%C3%A1n+Kis&amp;rft.au=Imre+Kov%C3%A1cs&amp;rft.au=Bogl%C3%A1rka+Mar%C3%B3ti&amp;rft.au=Marcos+Martin%C3%B3n-Torres&amp;rft.au=Gianluca+Miniaci&amp;rft.au=Vincent+C.+Pigott&amp;rft.au=Miljana+Radivojevi%C4%87&amp;rft.au=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3+Rosta&amp;rft.au=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3+Szentmikl%C3%B3si&amp;rft.au=Zolt%C3%A1n+Sz%C5%91kefalvi-Nagy&amp;rft.date=2013-12&amp;rft.volume=40&amp;rft.pages=4785%E2%80%934792&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2013.06.002&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lecomte2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Erwan_Lecomte2013">Erwan Lecomte, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal">Des bijoux d’Égypte ancienne venus de l'espace&#160;!</cite>&#160;», <i><a href="/wiki/Sciences_et_Avenir" title="Sciences et Avenir">Sciences et Avenir</a></i>,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-06-05" data-sort-value="2013-06-05">5 juin 2013</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/archeo-paleo/20130603.OBS1755/des-bijoux-d-egypte-prehistorique-faconnes-dans-une-roche-extraterrestre.html">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Des+bijoux+d%E2%80%99%C3%89gypte+ancienne+venus+de+l%27espace+%21&amp;rft.jtitle=Sciences+et+Avenir&amp;rft.aulast=Lecomte&amp;rft.aufirst=Erwan&amp;rft.date=2013-06-05&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencesetavenir.fr%2Farcheo-paleo%2F20130603.OBS1755%2Fdes-bijoux-d-egypte-prehistorique-faconnes-dans-une-roche-extraterrestre.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Cowen"><span class="ouvrage" id="Richard_Cowen"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Richard Cowen, <span class="noarchive">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mygeologypage.ucdavis.edu/cowen/~GEL115/115CH5.html"><cite style="font-style:normal; color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);" lang="en">The Age of Iron, chap. 5</cite></a>&#160;»<sup class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://mygeologypage.ucdavis.edu/cowen/~GEL115/115CH5.html">Archive.org</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http://mygeologypage.ucdavis.edu/cowen/~GEL115/115CH5.html">Wikiwix</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/http://mygeologypage.ucdavis.edu/cowen/~GEL115/115CH5.html">Archive.is</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl=fr&amp;q=cache:http://mygeologypage.ucdavis.edu/cowen/~GEL115/115CH5.html">Google</a> • <a href="/wiki/Projet:Correction_des_liens_externes#J&#39;ai_trouvé_un_lien_mort,_que_faire_?" title="Projet:Correction des liens externes">Que faire&#160;?</a>)</sup></span>, sur <span class="italique">mygeologypage.ucdavis.edu</span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="MargueronPfirsch2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Claude_MargueronLuc_Pfirsch2005"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Margueron" title="Jean-Claude Margueron">Jean-Claude Margueron</a> et Luc Pfirsch, <cite class="italique">Le Proche-Orient et l'Égypte antique</cite>, Paris, Hachette Supérieur, <time>2005</time>, page&#160;?<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Le+Proche-Orient+et+l%27%C3%89gypte+antique&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Hachette+Sup%C3%A9rieur&amp;rft.aulast=Margueron&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean-Claude&amp;rft.au=Luc+Pfirsch&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=page+%3F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="FreuMazoyer2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jacques_FreuMichel_Mazoyer2008">Jacques Freu et Michel Mazoyer, <cite class="italique">L'apogée du nouvel Empire hittite</cite>, Paris, L'Harmattan, <time>2008</time>, page&#160;?<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=L%27apog%C3%A9e+du+nouvel+Empire+hittite&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&amp;rft.aulast=Freu&amp;rft.aufirst=Jacques&amp;rft.au=Michel+Mazoyer&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.pages=page+%3F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="BrunRuby2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Patrice_BrunPascal_Ruby2008"><a href="/wiki/Patrice_Brun_(arch%C3%A9ologue)" title="Patrice Brun (archéologue)">Patrice Brun</a> et Pascal Ruby, <cite class="italique">L'Âge du Fer en France&#160;: premières villes, premiers états celtiques</cite>, Paris, <a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9couverte" title="La Découverte">La Découverte</a>, <time>2008</time>, page&#160;?<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=L%27%C3%82ge+du+Fer+en+France&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=La+D%C3%A9couverte&amp;rft.stitle=premi%C3%A8res+villes%2C+premiers+%C3%A9tats+celtiques&amp;rft.aulast=Brun&amp;rft.aufirst=Patrice&amp;rft.au=Pascal+Ruby&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.pages=page+%3F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">voir <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.provence7.com/portails/histoire-portails/histoire-antique/age-du-fer-en-provence/">https://www.provence7.com/portails/histoire-portails/histoire-antique/age-du-fer-en-provence/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">voir <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.futura-sciences.com/sciences/dossiers/chimie-fer-tombe-masque-565/page/3/">https://www.futura-sciences.com/sciences/dossiers/chimie-fer-tombe-masque-565/page/3/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malbos202430-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Malbos202430_22-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Malbos2024">Malbos 2024</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&#160;30. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malbos202419-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Malbos202419_23-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Malbos2024">Malbos 2024</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&#160;19. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Brun1987"><span class="ouvrage" id="Patrice_Brun1987"><a href="/wiki/Patrice_Brun_(arch%C3%A9ologue)" title="Patrice Brun (archéologue)">Patrice Brun</a>, <cite class="italique">Princes et princesses de la Celtique. Le premier âge du fer en Europe, 850-450 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></cite>, Arles, Errance, <time>1987</time>, page&#160;?<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Princes+et+princesses+de+la+Celtique.+Le+premier+%C3%A2ge+du+fer+en+Europe%2C+850-450+av.+J.-C.&amp;rft.place=Arles&amp;rft.pub=Errance&amp;rft.aulast=Brun&amp;rft.aufirst=Patrice&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.pages=page+%3F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="OtteDavid-ElbialiÉluèreMohen"><span class="ouvrage" id="Marcel_OtteMireille_David-ElbialiChristiane_ÉluèreJean-Pierre_Mohen"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Otte" title="Marcel Otte">Marcel Otte</a>, Mireille David-Elbiali, <a href="/wiki/Christiane_%C3%89lu%C3%A8re" title="Christiane Éluère">Christiane Éluère</a> et Jean-Pierre Mohen, <cite class="italique">La protohistoire</cite>, Bruxelles, De Boeck Université (<abbr class="abbr" title="réimpression">réimpr.</abbr>&#160;2008) (<abbr class="abbr" title="première">1<sup>re</sup></abbr>&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr> 2002) <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-8041-5923-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-8041-5923-8"><span class="nowrap">978-2-8041-5923-8</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;186<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=La+protohistoire&amp;rft.place=Bruxelles&amp;rft.pub=De+Boeck+Universit%C3%A9&amp;rft.aulast=Otte&amp;rft.aufirst=Marcel&amp;rft.au=Mireille+David-Elbiali&amp;rft.au=Christiane+%C3%89lu%C3%A8re&amp;rft.au=Jean-Pierre+Mohen&amp;rft.pages=186&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Manchot2010"><span class="ouvrage" id="Philipp_Manchot2010"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : allemand">(de)</abbr> Philipp <span class="nom_auteur">Manchot</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="de">Secondary Buyouts&#160;: Eine empirische Untersuchung von Werttreibern</cite>, Wiesbaden, Gabler, <time>2010</time>, page&#160;?<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Secondary+Buyouts&amp;rft.place=Wiesbaden&amp;rft.pub=Gabler&amp;rft.stitle=Eine+empirische+Untersuchung+von+Werttreibern&amp;rft.aulast=Manchot&amp;rft.aufirst=Philipp&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.pages=page+%3F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO_1999UNESCO_199911-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_1999UNESCO_199911_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_1999UNESCO_199911_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_1999UNESCO_199911_28-2">c</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_1999UNESCO_199911_28-3">d</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#UNESCO_1999">UNESCO 1999</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&#160;11. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO_1999UNESCO_19999-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_1999UNESCO_19999_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_1999UNESCO_19999_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_1999UNESCO_19999_29-2">c</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_1999UNESCO_19999_29-3">d</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#UNESCO_1999">UNESCO 1999</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&#160;9. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pringle20091-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Pringle20091_30-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Pringle2009">Pringle 2009</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&#160;1. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="LanfranchiSchwartz1990"><span class="ouvrage" id="Raymond_LanfranchiDominique_Schwartz1990">Raymond Lanfranchi et Dominique Schwartz, <cite class="italique">Paysages quaternaires de l'Afrique centrale atlantique</cite>, IRD Éditions, <time>1990</time>, 535&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers11-10/34762.pdf">lire en ligne</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d&#39;Adobe">&#91;PDF&#93;</abbr>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Paysages+quaternaires+de+l%27Afrique+centrale+atlantique&amp;rft.pub=IRD+%C3%89ditions&amp;rft.aulast=Lanfranchi&amp;rft.aufirst=Raymond&amp;rft.au=Dominique+Schwartz&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.tpages=535&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span>&#32;— <span class="citation">«&#160;L'âge du Fer ancien est désormais attesté dès <i><abbr class="abbr" title="circa (environ / aux environs de)" lang="la">c.</abbr></i> 2350 A.P. [<i>~ 400 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></i>] dans les savanes du Moyen et du Haut-Ogooué et en forêt près d'Oyem au Gabon. Par la suite, autour de 2150 A.P. [<i>~ 200 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></i>] le fer est fondu un peu partout dans la région.&#160;»</span> -- <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-3118808">recension par Bernard-Olivier Clist (Université de Gand)</a>..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="O&#39;brien2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Patrick_K._O&#39;brien2007"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Patrick K. O'brien (<span class="lang-en" lang="en">general ed.</span>), <cite class="italique" lang="en">Philip's Atlas of World History, concise edition</cite>, Philip's, <time>2007</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="troisième">3<sup>e</sup></abbr>&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 312&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-540-08867-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-540-08867-6"><span class="nowrap">978-0-540-08867-6</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;23<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Philip%27s+Atlas+of+World+History%2C+concise+edition&amp;rft.pub=Philip%27s&amp;rft.edition=3&amp;rft.aulast=O%27brien&amp;rft.aufirst=Patrick+K.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.pages=23&amp;rft.tpages=312&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-540-08867-6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Van_GrunderbeekRocheDoutrelepont1982"><span class="ouvrage" id="Marie-Claude_Van_GrunderbeekÉmile_RocheHugues_Doutrelepont1982">Marie-Claude Van Grunderbeek, Émile Roche et Hugues Doutrelepont, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal">L'âge du Fer ancien au Rwanda et au Burundi</cite>&#160;», <i>Journal des africanistes</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;52, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;1,&#8206; <time>1982</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&#160;5-58 (<abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;17) <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3406/jafr.1982.2122">10.3406/jafr.1982.2122</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=L%27%C3%A2ge+du+Fer+ancien+au+Rwanda+et+au+Burundi&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+des+africanistes&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.au=Marie-Claude+Van+Grunderbeek&amp;rft.au=%C3%89mile+Roche&amp;rft.au=Hugues+Doutrelepont&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.volume=52&amp;rft.pages=5-58+%28%3Cabbr+class%3D%22abbr%22+title%3D%22page%22%3Ep.%3C%2Fabbr%3E%26nbsp%3B17%29&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fjafr.1982.2122&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Schwartzde_ForestaDechampsLafranchi1990"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dominique_SchwartzHubert_de_ForestaRoger_DechampsRaymond_Lafranchi1990">Dominique Schwartz, Hubert de Foresta, Roger Dechamps et Raymond Lafranchi, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal">Découverte d'un premier site de l'âge du Fer ancien (2110 A.P.) dans le Mayombe congolais. Implications paléobotaniques et pédologiques</cite>&#160;», <i>C. R. Acad. Sci.</i>, Paris, <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="tome">t.</abbr>&#160;310,&#8206; <time>1990</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&#160;1293-12198 (p. 1295) <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_5/b_fdi_30-30/31903.pdf">lire en ligne</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d&#39;Adobe">&#91;PDF&#93;</abbr>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=D%C3%A9couverte+d%27un+premier+site+de+l%27%C3%A2ge+du+Fer+ancien+%282110+A.P.%29+dans+le+Mayombe+congolais.+Implications+pal%C3%A9obotaniques+et+p%C3%A9dologiques&amp;rft.jtitle=C.+R.+Acad.+Sci.&amp;rft.aulast=Schwartz&amp;rft.aufirst=Dominique&amp;rft.au=Hubert+de+Foresta&amp;rft.au=Roger+Dechamps&amp;rft.au=Raymond+Lafranchi&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.pages=1293-12198+%28p.+1295%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhorizon.documentation.ird.fr%2Fexl-doc%2Fpleins_textes%2Fpleins_textes_5%2Fb_fdi_30-30%2F31903.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pringle20092-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Pringle20092_35-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle20092_35-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Pringle2009">Pringle 2009</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&#160;2. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Alpern2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="Stanley_B._Alpern2005"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Stanley B. <span class="nom_auteur">Alpern</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Did they or didn’t they invent it? Iron in sub-Saharan Africa</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">History in Africa</span></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;32,&#8206; <time>2005</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">41-94</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&amp;aid=9008878&amp;fileId=S0361541300003703">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Did+they+or+didn%E2%80%99t+they+invent+it%3F+Iron+in+sub-Saharan+Africa&amp;rft.jtitle=History+in+Africa&amp;rft.issue=32&amp;rft.aulast=Alpern&amp;rft.aufirst=Stanley+B.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=41-94&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ParisPersonQuéchonSaliège199258-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-ParisPersonQuéchonSaliège199258_37-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#ParisPersonQuéchonSaliège1992">Paris <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (« et d’autres »)" lang="la">et al.</abbr></i> 1992</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&#160;58. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="HumphrisRehren2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jane_HumphrisThilo_Rehren2013"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Jane Humphris (éd.) et Thilo Rehren (éd.), <cite class="italique" lang="en">The world of iron</cite>, Archetype publications, <time>2013</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-904982-97-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-904982-97-5"><span class="nowrap">978-1-904982-97-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flipsnack.com/9ECE8CF569B/the-world-of-iron.html">présentation en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;4<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+world+of+iron&amp;rft.pub=Archetype+publications&amp;rft.aulast=Humphris&amp;rft.aufirst=Jane&amp;rft.au=Thilo+Rehren&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.pages=4&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-904982-97-5&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Killick2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="D._J._Killick2004"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> D. J. Killick, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">What do we know about african iron working?</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Journal of African Archaeology</span></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;2, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;1,&#8206; <time>2004</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">97-112</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/17039802/Review_Essay._What_do_we_know_about_African_iron_working">présentation en ligne</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/17039802/Review_Essay._What_do_we_know_about_African_iron_working">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=What+do+we+know+about+african+iron+working%3F&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Archaeology&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.aulast=Killick&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+J.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.pages=97-112&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F17039802%2FReview_Essay._What_do_we_know_about_African_iron_working&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ParisPersonQuéchonSaliège199255-68-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-ParisPersonQuéchonSaliège199255-68_40-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#ParisPersonQuéchonSaliège1992">Paris <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (« et d’autres »)" lang="la">et al.</abbr></i> 1992</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&#160;55-68. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Zangato2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Étienne_Zangato2008">Étienne Zangato, <cite class="italique">Les ateliers d'Ôboui&#160;: Premières communautés métallurgistes dans le nord-est du Centrafrique</cite>, Paris, éd. Recherche sur les Civilisations (ERC), <time>2008</time>, 149&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-86538-316-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-86538-316-0"><span class="nowrap">978-2-86538-316-0</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Les+ateliers+d%27%C3%94boui&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=%C3%A9d.+Recherche+sur+les+Civilisations+%28ERC%29&amp;rft.stitle=Premi%C3%A8res+communaut%C3%A9s+m%C3%A9tallurgistes+dans+le+nord-est+du+Centrafrique&amp;rft.aulast=Zangato&amp;rft.aufirst=%C3%89tienne&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.tpages=149&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-86538-316-0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span><div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;">«&#160;Les datations <i>[des forges]</i> montrent qu'elles ont fonctionné durant une période allant de 2343-2058 à 2312-1900 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr>&#160;» (Zangato 2008, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;55)</div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pringle2009200-202-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Pringle2009200-202_42-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Pringle2009">Pringle 2009</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&#160;200-202. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BissonVogel200015-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BissonVogel200015_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BissonVogel200015_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BissonVogel200015_43-2">c</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-BissonVogel200015_43-3">d</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#BissonVogel2000">Bisson et Vogel 2000</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&#160;15. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmd-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-pmd_45-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mouguiama-Daouda2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="Patrick_Mouguiama-Daouda2005"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Mouguiama-Daouda" title="Patrick Mouguiama-Daouda">Patrick Mouguiama-Daouda</a>, <cite style="font-style:normal">«&#160;Langue et histoire des Bantu&#160;»</cite>, dans <cite class="italique">Contribution de la linguistique à l’histoire des peuples du Gabon. La méthode comparative et son application au bantu</cite>, Paris, CNRS Éditions, <time>2005</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-271-07820-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-271-07820-9"><span class="nowrap">978-2-271-07820-9</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.openedition.org/editionscnrs/3955">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Contribution+de+la+linguistique+%C3%A0+l%E2%80%99histoire+des+peuples+du+Gabon.+La+m%C3%A9thode+comparative+et+son+application+au+bantu&amp;rft.atitle=Langue+et+histoire+des+Bantu&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=CNRS+%C3%89ditions&amp;rft.aulast=Mouguiama-Daouda&amp;rft.aufirst=Patrick&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Feditionscnrs%2F3955&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfho-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-rfho_46-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Vansina1978"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jan_Vansina1978"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Vansina" title="Jan Vansina">Jan Vansina</a>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal">Le phénomène bantou et les savants</cite>&#160;», <i>Revue française d'histoire d'outre-mer</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;65, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;241,&#8206; <time>1978</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">543-551</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3406/outre.1978.2151">10.3406/outre.1978.2151</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/outre_0300-9513_1978_num_65_241_2151">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-01-19" data-sort-value="2015-01-19">19 janvier 2015</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Le+ph%C3%A9nom%C3%A8ne+bantou+et+les+savants&amp;rft.jtitle=Revue+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27histoire+d%27outre-mer&amp;rft.issue=241&amp;rft.aulast=Vansina&amp;rft.aufirst=Jan&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.volume=65&amp;rft.pages=543-551&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Foutre.1978.2151&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fweb%2Frevues%2Fhome%2Fprescript%2Farticle%2Foutre_0300-9513_1978_num_65_241_2151&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchwald-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Buchwald_47-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Fabritius_Buchwald2005"><span class="ouvrage" id=":Vagn_Fabritius_Buchwald2005"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagn_Fabritius_Buchwald&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vagn Fabritius Buchwald (page inexistante)">Vagn Fabritius Buchwald</a>&#160;<a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagn_Fabritius_Buchwald" class="extiw" title="da:Vagn Fabritius Buchwald"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en danois&#160;: «&#160;Vagn Fabritius Buchwald&#160;»">(da)</span></a>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Iron and steel in ancient times</cite>, Copenhague, <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_royale_danoise_des_sciences_et_des_lettres" title="Académie royale danoise des sciences et des lettres">Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab</a>, <time>2005</time>, 372&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/87-7304-308-7" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/87-7304-308-7"><span class="nowrap">87-7304-308-7</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Iron+and+steel+in+ancient+times&amp;rft.place=Copenhague&amp;rft.pub=Det+Kongelige+Danske+Videnskabernes+Selskab&amp;rft.au=%3AVagn+Fabritius+Buchwald&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.tpages=372&amp;rft.isbn=87-7304-308-7&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_du_fer&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_du_fer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_du_fer&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_du_fer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span>&#160;: document utilisé comme source pour la rédaction de cet article. </p> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="ParisPersonQuéchonSaliège1992"><span class="ouvrage" id="François_ParisAlain_PersonGérard_QuéchonJean-François_Saliège1992"><small>[Paris <i>et al.</i> 1992]</small> François Paris, Alain Person, Gérard Quéchon et Jean-François Saliège, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal">Les débuts de la métallurgie au Niger septentrional</cite>&#160;», <i>Journal des africanistes</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;62, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;2 «&#160;Mémoire de sable&#160;»,&#8206; <time>1992</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">55-68</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/jafr_0399-0346_1992_num_62_2_2352">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Les+d%C3%A9buts+de+la+m%C3%A9tallurgie+au+Niger+septentrional&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+des+africanistes&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.aulast=Paris&amp;rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&amp;rft.au=Alain+Person&amp;rft.au=G%C3%A9rard+Qu%C3%A9chon&amp;rft.au=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Sali%C3%A8ge&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.volume=62&amp;rft.pages=55-68&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fjafr_0399-0346_1992_num_62_2_2352&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span>. <span title="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="UNESCO_1999">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001202/120220f.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Les routes du fer en Afrique</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">unesdoc.unesco.org</span>, UNESCO, <time>1999</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-02-14" data-sort-value="2020-02-14">14 février 2020</time>)</small></span>. <span title="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="BissonVogel2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michael_S._BissonJoseph_O._Vogel2000"><small>[Bisson &amp; Vogel 2000]</small> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Michael S. Bisson et Joseph O. Vogel, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Ancient African Metallurgy&#160;: The Sociocultural Context</cite>, Rowman &amp; Littlefield, <time>2000</time>, 294&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>, sur <i>books.google.fr <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-7425-0261-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-7425-0261-1"><span class="nowrap">978-0-7425-0261-1</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=oMgkHFiBTMEC">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ancient+African+Metallurgy&amp;rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&amp;rft.stitle=The+Sociocultural+Context&amp;rft.aulast=Bisson&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&amp;rft.au=Joseph+O.+Vogel&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.tpages=294&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7425-0261-1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></i></span></span><i>. <span title="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span></i></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Pringle2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Heather_Pringle2009"><small>[Pringle 2009]</small> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Heather Pringle, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Seeking Africa's First Iron Men</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Science</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;323, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;5911,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-01-09" data-sort-value="2009-01-09">9 janvier 2009</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">200-202</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.323.5911.200">10.1126/science.323.5911.200</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Seeking+Africa%27s+First+Iron+Men&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.issue=5911&amp;rft.aulast=Pringle&amp;rft.aufirst=Heather&amp;rft.date=2009-01-09&amp;rft.volume=323&amp;rft.pages=200-202&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span>. <span title="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Malbos2024"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lucie_Malbos2024">Lucie <span class="nom_auteur">Malbos</span>, <cite class="italique">Les peuples du Nord&#160;: De Fróði à Harald l'Impitoyable (<abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr>-<abbr class="abbr" title="Onzième">XI<sup>e</sup></abbr> siècle)</cite>, Belin, <time>2024</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-410-02741-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-410-02741-9"><span class="nowrap">978-2-410-02741-9</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.be/books?id=PBPL0AEACAAJ&amp;dq=les+peuples+du+nord+lucie+malbos&amp;hl=fr&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Les+peuples+du+Nord+%3A+De+Fr%C3%B3%C3%B0i+%C3%A0+Harald+l%27Impitoyable+%28Ier-XIe+si%C3%A8cle%29&amp;rft.pub=Belin&amp;rft.aulast=Malbos&amp;rft.aufirst=Lucie&amp;rft.date=2024&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-410-02741-9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+du+fer"></span></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_du_fer&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" 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<tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_%C3%82ges_pr%C3%A9historiques" title="Modèle:Palette Âges préhistoriques"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a>&#160;· <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_%C3%82ges_pr%C3%A9historiques&amp;action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9histoire" title="Préhistoire">Âges préhistoriques</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="" colspan="2">La <b><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9histoire" title="Préhistoire">Préhistoire</a></b> s'étend du <a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A9olithique_archa%C3%AFque" title="Paléolithique archaïque">Paléolithique archaïque</a> à l'<a class="mw-selflink selflink">âge du fer</a>.</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A9olithique" title="Paléolithique">Paléolithique</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A9olithique_archa%C3%AFque" title="Paléolithique archaïque">Paléolithique archaïque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A9olithique_inf%C3%A9rieur" title="Paléolithique inférieur">Paléolithique inférieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A9olithique_moyen" title="Paléolithique moyen">Paléolithique moyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A9olithique_sup%C3%A9rieur" title="Paléolithique supérieur">Paléolithique supérieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pipal%C3%A9olithique" title="Épipaléolithique">Épipaléolithique</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9solithique" title="Mésolithique">Mésolithique</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9solithique" title="Mésolithique">Mésolithique</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9olithique" title="Néolithique">Néolithique</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9olithique" title="Néolithique">Néolithique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%82ge_du_cuivre" title="Âge du cuivre">Âge du cuivre</a> (Chalcolithique)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/%C3%82ge_du_bronze" title="Âge du bronze">Âge du bronze</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_ancien" title="Bronze ancien">Bronze ancien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_moyen" title="Bronze moyen">Bronze moyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%82ge_du_bronze_final" title="Âge du bronze final">Bronze final</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Âge du fer</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_de_Hallstatt" title="Culture de Hallstatt">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne" title="La Tène">La Tène</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="" colspan="2">Le <a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A9istoc%C3%A8ne" title="Pléistocène">Pléistocène</a> inclut toutes les périodes du <a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A9olithique" title="Paléolithique">Paléolithique</a>. L'<a href="/wiki/Holoc%C3%A8ne" title="Holocène">Holocène</a> inclut toutes les périodes allant du <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9solithique" title="Mésolithique">Mésolithique</a> à l'<a class="mw-selflink selflink">âge du fer</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Arch%C3%A9ologie" title="Portail de l’archéologie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Woman_head_louvre.gif/23px-Woman_head_louvre.gif" decoding="async" width="23" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Woman_head_louvre.gif/35px-Woman_head_louvre.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Woman_head_louvre.gif/46px-Woman_head_louvre.gif 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="681" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Arch%C3%A9ologie" title="Portail:Archéologie">Portail de l’archéologie</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Pr%C3%A9histoire" title="Portail de la Préhistoire"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Venus_of_Brassempouy.jpg/30px-Venus_of_Brassempouy.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Venus_of_Brassempouy.jpg/45px-Venus_of_Brassempouy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Venus_of_Brassempouy.jpg/61px-Venus_of_Brassempouy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="589" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Pr%C3%A9histoire" title="Portail:Préhistoire">Portail de la Préhistoire</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Monde_antique" title="Portail du monde antique"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Agrigente_Temple_concorde2.jpg/32px-Agrigente_Temple_concorde2.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Agrigente_Temple_concorde2.jpg/48px-Agrigente_Temple_concorde2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Agrigente_Temple_concorde2.jpg/64px-Agrigente_Temple_concorde2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Monde_antique" title="Portail:Monde antique">Portail du monde antique</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:M%C3%A9tallurgie" title="Portail de la métallurgie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Circle-icons-metallurgy-logo.svg/24px-Circle-icons-metallurgy-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Circle-icons-metallurgy-logo.svg/36px-Circle-icons-metallurgy-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Circle-icons-metallurgy-logo.svg/48px-Circle-icons-metallurgy-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:M%C3%A9tallurgie" title="Portail:Métallurgie">Portail de la métallurgie</a></span> </span></li> </ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐q7b5q Cached time: 20241124014056 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.509 seconds Real time usage: 0.717 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 9022/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 145040/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 16213/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 58392/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.149/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6412432/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 517.672 1 -total 29.80% 154.270 2 Modèle:Références 11.68% 60.445 22 Modèle:Ouvrage 9.36% 48.453 1 Modèle:Autorité 8.12% 42.017 10 Modèle:Article 7.02% 36.349 1 Modèle:Portail 6.39% 33.086 20 Modèle:Sfn 4.78% 24.721 1 Modèle:Confusion 4.50% 23.277 1 Modèle:Méta_bandeau 4.39% 22.735 4 Modèle:Lang --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key frwiki:pcache:idhash:44376-0!canonical and timestamp 20241124014056 and revision id 220143664. 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