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data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content whole type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yZ020250_0"><i class="anchor" id="yZ020250_0"></i><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH020107" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Torque provenant de la tombe de Vix (Côte-d'Or)" href="/media/torque-provenant-de-la-tombe-de-vix-cote-dor-ph020107/"><img id="PH020107" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/3/f/csm_ph020107_473a0b8d21.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Torque provenant de la tombe de Vix (Côte-d'Or) - crédits : Erich Lessing/ AKG-images" data-description="Torque provenant de la tombe de la princesse de Vix. Âge du fer, culture de Hallstatt. Vers 500 avant J.-C. Or. Diamètre : 27,4 cm. Les extrémités du torque ont la forme d'une patte de lion posée sur une sphère et accompagnée d'un petit cheval ailé. Le lieu de production de cette œuvre…" data-copyright="Erich Lessing/ AKG-images" width="797" height="600" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Torque provenant de la tombe de Vix (Côte-d'Or) </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Erich Lessing/ AKG-images </p></figcaption></figure></div><p> Connue des Hittites au <span class="pc">II</span><sup>e</sup> millénaire, la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="« Quelle est la différence entre le fer et l'acier ? » demandait, un jour de 1962, le professeur Cyril Stanley Smith, éminent métallurgiste, à un forgeron d'Iran réputé pour son habileté. L'homme lui répond : « Fer et acier sont deux espèces aussi différentes que le saule et le chêne. » Ainsi se trouvaient mis face à face l' homo sapiens de la seconde moitié du xx e sièc..." title="Article : MÉTALLURGIE" href="/encyclopedie/metallurgie/">métallurgie</a> du fer apparaît en Europe vers — 800. On parle alors d'Âge du fer (— 800-— 50), même s'il ne s'agit, comme pour le bronze, que d'une simple invention technique. Plus répandu dans la nature que le cuivre, le fer nécessite pour être réduit une température plus élevée, soit 1 500 degrés. Il est dans un premier temps, le Premier Âge du fer (— 800-— 480), réservé à des objets de prestige : épées en fer, plus résistantes que les épées en bronze, bracelets et colliers. Dans une zone comprise entre le Bassin parisien et la Bohême s'étend alors la civilisation de Hallstatt, du nom d'une riche nécropole d'Autriche. Au <span class="pc">vi</span><sup>e</sup> siècle avant notre ère apparaît une société plus hiérarchisée, organisée autour d'un système de places fortes dont les maîtres sont enterrés sous de grands tumulus, accompagnés d'objets somptueux, parfois importés de Grèce ou d'Italie (tombes de Vix, Châtillon-sur-Seine, Côte-d'Or, ou de Hochdorf, Bade-Wurtemberg, Allemagne).</p><div class="clearfix"></div><p class="author"> — Jean-Paul DEMOULE</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? 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Âge du fer, culture de Hallstatt. Vers 500 avant J.-C. Or. Diamètre : 27,4 cm. Les extrémités du torque ont la forme d'une patte de lion posée sur une sphère et accompagnée d'un petit cheval ailé. Le lieu de production de cette œuvre…" data-copyright="Erich Lessing/ AKG-images" width="797" height="600" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Torque provenant de la tombe de Vix (Côte-d'Or) </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Erich Lessing/ AKG-images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_f303c484f7.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item d-none d-md-inline-block"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2024 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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