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<span>Ideology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ideology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Party_programme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_programme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Party programme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_programme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_factions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_factions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Internal factions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_factions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Party structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Party_structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Party structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Party_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>International cooperation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Finances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_support_and_electoral_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_support_and_electoral_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Popular support and electoral results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popular_support_and_electoral_results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Popular support and electoral results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Popular_support_and_electoral_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidential_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Presidential elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliamentary_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliamentary_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Parliamentary elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliamentary_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Regional elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunistiese_Party_van_die_Russiese_Federasie" title="Kommunistiese Party van die Russiese Federasie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kommunistiese Party van die Russiese Federasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحزب الشيوعي لروسيا الاتحادية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحزب الشيوعي لروسيا الاتحادية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%C3%ADu_Comunista_de_la_Federaci%C3%B3n_Rusa" title="Partíu Comunista de la Federación Rusa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Partíu Comunista de la Federación Rusa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiya_Federasiyas%C4%B1_Kommunist_Partiyas%C4%B1" title="Rusiya Federasiyası Kommunist Partiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rusiya Federasiyası Kommunist Partiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%99%D1%81%D3%99%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Рәсәй Федерацияһы Коммунистар партияһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рәсәй Федерацияһы Коммунистар партияһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Камуністычная партыя Расійскай Федэрацыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Камуністычная партыя Расійскай Федэрацыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Камуністычная партыя Расейскай Фэдэрацыі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Камуністычная партыя Расейскай Фэдэрацыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Комунистическа партия на Руската федерация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Комунистическа партия на Руската федерация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_Comunista_de_la_Federaci%C3%B3_Russa" title="Partit Comunista de la Federació Russa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Partit Comunista de la Federació Russa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%C3%A7%C3%A7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95" title="Раççей Федерацин коммунизм партийĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Раççей Федерацин коммунизм партийĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunistick%C3%A1_strana_Rusk%C3%A9_federace" title="Komunistická strana Ruské federace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Komunistická strana Ruské federace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Russiske_F%C3%B8derations_Kommunistiske_Parti" title="Den Russiske Føderations Kommunistiske Parti – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den Russiske Føderations Kommunistiske Parti" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunistische_Partei_der_Russischen_F%C3%B6deration" title="Kommunistische Partei der Russischen Föderation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kommunistische Partei der Russischen Föderation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venemaa_F%C3%B6deratsiooni_Kommunistlik_Partei" title="Venemaa Föderatsiooni Kommunistlik Partei – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Venemaa Föderatsiooni Kommunistlik Partei" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%9F%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ρωσικής Ομοσπονδίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ρωσικής Ομοσπονδίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Comunista_de_la_Federaci%C3%B3n_de_Rusia" title="Partido Comunista de la Federación de Rusia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido Comunista de la Federación de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunista_Partio_de_Rusia_Federacio" title="Komunista Partio de Rusia Federacio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Komunista Partio de Rusia Federacio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87" title="حزب کمونیست فدراسیون روسیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حزب کمونیست فدراسیون روسیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_communiste_de_la_f%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_de_Russie" title="Parti communiste de la fédération de Russie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti communiste de la fédération de Russie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Comunista_da_Federaci%C3%B3n_Rusa" title="Partido Comunista da Federación Rusa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Partido Comunista da Federación Rusa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%EC%97%B0%EB%B0%A9%EA%B3%B5%EC%82%B0%EB%8B%B9" title="러시아 연방공산당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러시아 연방공산당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunisti%C4%8Dka_stranka_Ruske_Federacije" title="Komunistička stranka Ruske Federacije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Komunistička stranka Ruske Federacije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Komunis_Federasi_Rusia" title="Partai Komunis Federasi Rusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Partai Komunis Federasi Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komm%C3%BAnistaflokkur_r%C3%BAssneska_sambandsr%C3%ADkisins" title="Kommúnistaflokkur rússneska sambandsríkisins – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kommúnistaflokkur rússneska sambandsríkisins" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Comunista_della_Federazione_Russa" title="Partito Comunista della Federazione Russa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito Comunista della Federazione Russa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המפלגה הקומוניסטית של הפדרציה הרוסית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המפלגה הקומוניסטית של הפדרציה הרוסית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="რუსეთის ფედერაციის კომუნისტური პარტია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუსეთის ფედერაციის კომუნისტური პარტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Ресей Коммунистік партиясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ресей Коммунистік партиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krievijas_Komunistisk%C4%81_partija" title="Krievijas Komunistiskā partija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krievijas Komunistiskā partija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusijos_Federacijos_komunist%C5%B3_partija" title="Rusijos Federacijos komunistų partija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rusijos Federacijos komunistų partija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroszorsz%C3%A1gi_F%C3%B6der%C3%A1ci%C3%B3_Kommunista_P%C3%A1rtja" title="Oroszországi Föderáció Kommunista Pártja – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oroszországi Föderáció Kommunista Pártja" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%89_%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الحزب الشيوعى لروسيا الاتحاديه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الحزب الشيوعى لروسيا الاتحاديه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Komunis_Persekutuan_Rusia" title="Parti Komunis Persekutuan Rusia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Parti Komunis Persekutuan Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communistische_Partij_van_de_Russische_Federatie" title="Communistische Partij van de Russische Federatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Communistische Partij van de Russische Federatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A3%E5%85%9A" title="ロシア連邦共産党 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロシア連邦共産党" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Российн Федерацин Коммунистийн парти – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Российн Федерацин Коммунистийн парти" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_russiske_f%C3%B8derasjons_kommunistparti" title="Den russiske føderasjons kommunistparti – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den russiske føderasjons kommunistparti" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_russiske_f%C3%B8derasjonens_kommunistiske_parti" title="Den russiske føderasjonens kommunistiske parti – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den russiske føderasjonens kommunistiske parti" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunistyczna_Partia_Federacji_Rosyjskiej" title="Komunistyczna Partia Federacji Rosyjskiej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Komunistyczna Partia Federacji Rosyjskiej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Comunista_da_Federa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Russa" title="Partido Comunista da Federação Russa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partido Comunista da Federação Russa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partidul_Comunist_al_Federa%C8%9Biei_Ruse" title="Partidul Comunist al Federației Ruse – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Partidul Comunist al Federației Ruse" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Коммунистическая партия Российской Федерации – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коммунистическая партия Российской Федерации" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%A4" title="КПРФ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="КПРФ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partia_Komuniste_e_Federat%C3%ABs_Ruse" title="Partia Komuniste e Federatës Ruse – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Partia Komuniste e Federatës Ruse" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Комунистичка партија Руске Федерације – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Комунистичка партија Руске Федерације" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunisti%C4%8Dka_partija_Ruske_Federacije" title="Komunistička partija Ruske Federacije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Komunistička partija Ruske Federacije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4n_federaation_kommunistinen_puolue" title="Venäjän federaation kommunistinen puolue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venäjän federaation kommunistinen puolue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryska_federationens_kommunistiska_parti" title="Ryska federationens kommunistiska parti – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ryska federationens kommunistiska parti" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Россия Федерациясе коммунистик фиркасе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Россия Федерациясе коммунистик фиркасе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="พรรคคอมมิวนิสต์แห่งสหพันธรัฐรัสเซีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พรรคคอมมิวนิสต์แห่งสหพันธรัฐรัสเซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ҳизби коммунистии Русия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳизби коммунистии Русия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya_Federasyonu_Kom%C3%BCnist_Partisi" title="Rusya Federasyonu Komünist Partisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rusya Federasyonu Komünist Partisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" title="Комуністична партія Російської Федерації – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Комуністична партія Російської Федерації" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/VFKP" title="VFKP – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="VFKP" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_C%E1%BB%99ng_s%E1%BA%A3n_Li%C3%AAn_bang_Nga" title="Đảng Cộng sản Liên bang Nga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đảng Cộng sản Liên bang Nga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="俄罗斯联邦共产党 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political party in Russia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Russia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Communist Party of Russia (disambiguation)">Communist Party of Russia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the radio station in Amarillo, Texas, see <a href="/wiki/KPRF" title="KPRF">KPRF</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" 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Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #CC1111; border-bottom:2px solid #CC1111; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname">Коммунистическая партия Российской Федерации</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:KPRF_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/KPRF_Logo.svg/180px-KPRF_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/KPRF_Logo.svg/270px-KPRF_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/KPRF_Logo.svg/360px-KPRF_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="616" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;">CPRF (English)<br />КПРФ (Russian)<br /> KPRF (Romanized)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">General Secretary</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">First Deputy Chairmen</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Melnikov_(politician)" title="Ivan Melnikov (politician)">Ivan Melnikov</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yury_Afonin" title="Yury Afonin">Yury Afonin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Deputy Chairmen</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kashin" title="Vladimir Kashin">Vladimir Kashin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Novikov" title="Dmitry Novikov">Dmitry Novikov</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kalashnikov" title="Leonid Kalashnikov">Leonid Kalashnikov</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Parliamentary Leader</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;">Gennady Zyuganov</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">14 February 1993<span class="noprint">; 32 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1993-02-14</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">CP RSFSR</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;">16th building, Ol'khovskaya Ulitsa<br /><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> 105066</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i> (81 regional editions)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Leninist_Komsomol_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation">Komsomol</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2024)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>160,000<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a><sup id="cite_ref-baijp241_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baijp241-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nordsieck_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordsieck-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nordsieck_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordsieck-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-baijp245_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baijp245-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_patriotism" title="Soviet patriotism">Soviet patriotism</a><sup id="cite_ref-baijp245_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baijp245-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">National affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Patriotic_Forces_of_Russia" title="National Patriotic Forces of Russia">National Patriotic Forces of Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Continental affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Communist_Parties_%E2%80%93_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Union of Communist Parties – Communist Party of the Soviet Union">UCP–CPSU</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">International affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Meeting_of_Communist_and_Workers%27_Parties" title="International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties">IMCWP</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CC1111; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Slogan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>"Russia! Labour! Democracy! Socialism!"</li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">«Россия! Труд! Народовластие! Социализм!»</span>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Anthem</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">«Интернациона́л»</span></span><br />("<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>")</div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="239" data-mwtitle="Internationale-ru.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Internationale-ru.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Internationale-ru.ogg/Internationale-ru.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=lzh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="lzh" label="文言 ‪(lzh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=nl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nl" label="Nederlands ‪(nl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=sr-ec&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sr-Cyrl" label="српски (ћирилица) ‪(sr-ec)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=zh-cn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-CN" label="中文（中国大陆） ‪(zh-cn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">Seats in the State Duma</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">57 / 450</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CC1111; color:inherit; width: 13%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Federation_Council_(Russia)" title="Federation Council (Russia)">Seats in the Federation Council</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">4 / 178</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CC1111; color:inherit; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="List of heads of federal subjects of Russia">Governors</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">3 / 85</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CC1111; color:inherit; width: 4%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Regional_parliaments_of_Russia" title="Regional parliaments of Russia">Seats in the Regional Parliaments</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">449 / 3,928</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CC1111; color:inherit; width: 11%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Ministers</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 31</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CC1111; color:inherit; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Party flag</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:KPRF_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/KPRF_Flag.svg/180px-KPRF_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/KPRF_Flag.svg/270px-KPRF_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/KPRF_Flag.svg/360px-KPRF_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="267" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kprf.ru/">kprf<wbr />.ru</a></span> (Russian)<br /><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cprf.ru/">cprf<wbr />.ru</a></span> (English)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #CC1111;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Politics of Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Russia" title="List of political parties in Russia">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Russia" title="Elections in Russia">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Communist Party of the Russian Federation</b> (<b>CPRF</b>; Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Коммунистическая партия Российской Федерации; КПРФ</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Kommunisticheskaya partiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii; KPRF</i></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">communist political party</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> that officially adheres to <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-Nordsieck_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordsieck-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the second-largest <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Russia">political party in Russia</a> after <a href="/wiki/United_Russia" title="United Russia">United Russia</a>. The youth organisation of the party is the <a href="/wiki/Leninist_Komsomol_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation">Leninist Young Communist League</a>. </p><p>The CPRF can trace its origin to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> which was established in March 1898. The party split in 1903 into a <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Menshevik</a> (minority) and <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevik</a> (majority) faction; the latter, led by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, is the direct ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (CPSU) and is the party that seized power in the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> of 1917. After the CPSU was banned in 1991 by <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Russia" title="List of presidents of Russia">Russian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> in the aftermath of a <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">failed coup attempt</a>, the CPRF was founded at the Second Extraordinary Congress of Russian Communists on 14 February 1993 as the successor organisation of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> (CPRSFSR). It was the ruling party in the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a>, the lower house of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Russia)" title="Federal Assembly (Russia)">Russian Federal Assembly</a> from 1998 to 1999. </p><p>The party's stated goal is to establish a new, modernized form of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">socialism</a> in Russia through peaceful means.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediate goals of the party include the <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalisation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources of Russia">natural resources</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Russia" title="Agriculture in Russia">agriculture</a>, and large industries within the framework of a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a>, with socialist <a href="/wiki/Relations_of_production" title="Relations of production">relations of production</a> that allow for the growth of small and medium enterprises in the private/non-state sector.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Communist_parties" title="Category:Communist parties">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist parties</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000; background:transparent; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Africa</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Party_for_Democracy_and_Socialism" title="Algerian Party for Democracy and Socialism">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Benin" title="Communist Party of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MELS_Movement_of_Botswana" title="MELS Movement of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaic_Revolutionary_Communist_Party" title="Voltaic Revolutionary Communist Party">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Communist_Party" title="Egyptian Communist Party">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Swaziland" title="Communist Party of Swaziland">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Revolutionary Communist Party of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kenya" title="Communist Party of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Lesotho" title="Communist Party of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Communist_Party" title="Libyan Communist Party">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Party_for_the_Independence_of_Madagascar" title="Congress Party for the Independence of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Namibia_(2009)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Namibia (2009)">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Communist_Party" title="Moroccan Communist Party">Morocco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Communist Party of Réunion">Réunion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Independence_and_Labour" title="Party of Independence and Labour">Senegal</a></li> <li>South Africa <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fighters" title="Economic Freedom Fighters">EFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party" title="South African Communist Party">SACP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_South_Sudan" title="Communist Party of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Communist_Party" title="Sudanese Communist Party">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Togo" title="Communist Party of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Tunisia)" title="Workers' Party (Tunisia)">Tunisia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000; background:transparent; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Americas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Argentina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Argentina" title="Communist Party of Argentina">PCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Argentina_(Extraordinary_Congress)" title="Communist Party of Argentina (Extraordinary Congress)">PCCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_of_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Communist Party of Argentina">PCRA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bolivia" title="Communist Party of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li>Brazil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Brazil" title="Communist Party of Brazil">PCdoB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Communist_Party" title="Brazilian Communist Party">PCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_(Brazil)" title="Revolutionary Communist Party (Brazil)">PCR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Canada" title="Socialism in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada" title="Communist Party of Canada">CPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)">CPC-ML</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chile <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Chile" title="Communist Party of Chile">PCCh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Communist_Party_(Proletarian_Action)" title="Chilean Communist Party (Proletarian Action)">PC(AP)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Colombia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Communist_Party" title="Colombian Communist Party">PCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Colombia_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Colombia (Marxist–Leninist)">PC de C (M–L)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Communist Party of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Labour" title="Communist Party of Labour">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li>Ecuador <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ecuador" title="Communist Party of Ecuador">PCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Communist_Party_of_Ecuador" title="Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador">PCMLE</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Mexico_(2011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Mexico (2011)">PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Socialist_Party_(Mexico)" title="Popular Socialist Party (Mexico)">PPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Socialist_Party_of_Mexico" title="Popular Socialist Party of Mexico">PPSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Mexico_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Mexico (Marxist–Leninist)">PCMML</a></li></ul></li> <li>Panama <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_Panama" title="People's Party of Panama">PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_of_Panama" title="Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist) of Panama">PC(ml)P</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Communist_Party" title="Paraguayan Communist Party">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Peru" title="Communism in Peru">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Communist_Party" title="Peruvian Communist Party">PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shining_Path" title="Shining Path">PCP-SL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarized_Communist_Party_of_Peru" title="Militarized Communist Party of Peru">MPCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Peru_%E2%80%93_Red_Fatherland" title="Communist Party of Peru – Red Fatherland">PCdelP–PR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Uruguay" title="Communist Party of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">CPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">WWP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">PSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party,_USA" title="Revolutionary Communist Party, USA">RCPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">PLP</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="Communist Party of Venezuela">PCV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Communist_Party_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Venezuela">PCMLV</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000; background:transparent; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Asia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_%E2%80%93_Bahrain" title="National Liberation Front – Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li>Bangladesh <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bangladesh" title="Communist Party of Bangladesh">CPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_Bangladesh" title="Workers Party of Bangladesh">WPB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bhutan_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist%E2%80%93Maoist)" title="Communist Party of Bhutan (Marxist–Leninist–Maoist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Burma" title="Communist Party of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">China</a></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">CPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">CPI(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_Liberation" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation">CPI-ML(L)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Maoist)" title="Communist Party of India (Maoist)">CPI(Mst)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Centre_of_India_(Communist)" title="Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)">SUCI(C)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Iran" title="Communist Party of Iran">CPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudeh_Party_of_Iran" title="Tudeh Party of Iran">Tudeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Party of Iran">Toufan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Communist_Party" title="Iraqi Communist Party">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maki_(political_party)" title="Maki (political party)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party" title="Japanese Communist Party">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Communist_Party" title="Jordanian Communist Party">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kazakhstan" title="Communist Party of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Communist_Party" title="Lebanese Communist Party">Lebanon</a></li> <li>Nepal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)">CPN (UML)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist_Centre)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)">CPN (MC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Socialist)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist)">CPN (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Workers_Peasants_Party" title="Nepal Workers Peasants Party">NWPP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Pakistan" title="Communist Party of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_People%27s_Party" title="Palestinian People's Party">Palestine</a></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippines" title="Communist Party of the Philippines">CPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Komunista_ng_Pilipinas-1930" title="Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930">PKP-1930</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sri Lanka <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Communist Party of Sri Lanka">CPSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janatha_Vimukthi_Peramuna" title="Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna">JVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontline_Socialist_Party" title="Frontline Socialist Party">FLSP</a></li></ul></li> <li>Syria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Bakdash)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)">SCP (Bakdash)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Unified)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Unified)">SCP (Unified)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Tajikistan" title="Communist Party of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> <p><b>Former parties</b> </p> <ul><li>Cambodia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kampuchean_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party">KPRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea" title="Communist Party of Kampuchea">CPK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Korea" title="Communist Party of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Communist_Party" title="Malayan Communist Party">Malaya and Singapore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Malaya/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" title="Communist Party of Malaya/Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Malaya/Revolutionary_Faction" title="Communist Party of Malaya/Revolutionary Faction">Revolutionary Faction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Communist Party in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party" title="North Kalimantan Communist Party">Sarawak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Communist_Party" title="Taiwanese Communist Party">Taiwan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Thailand" title="Communist Party of Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000; background:transparent; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Europe</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Albania_(1991)" title="Communist Party of Albania (1991)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Communist_Party" title="Armenian Communist Party">Armenia</a></li> <li>Austria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Austria" title="Communist Party of Austria">KPÖ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Austria" title="Party of Labour of Austria">PdA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Communist_Party_(1993)" title="Azerbaijan Communist Party (1993)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Belarus" title="Communist Party of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li>Belgium <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Flanders)" title="Communist Party (Flanders)">KP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Wallonia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party (Wallonia)">PC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Communist_Party_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Workers' Communist Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li>Bulgaria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bulgaria" title="Communist Party of Bulgaria">KPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Communists_in_Bulgaria" title="Union of Communists in Bulgaria">SKB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labour_Party_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Labour Party of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_of_Working_People" title="Progressive Party of Working People">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech Republic</a></li> <li>Denmark <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Denmark" title="Communist Party of Denmark">DKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Denmark)" title="Communist Party (Denmark)">KP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Communist_Party_(Denmark)" title="Workers' Communist Party (Denmark)">APK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Estonia_(1990)" title="Communist Party of Estonia (1990)">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Finland_(1994)" title="Communist Party of Finland (1994)">Finland</a></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">PCF</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Communist_Party_of_France" title="Workers' Communist Party of France"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">PCOF</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Communist_Revival_in_France" title="Pole of Communist Revival in France">PRCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Revolutionary_Party_of_France" title="Communist Revolutionary Party of France">PCRF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Communist_Party_of_Georgia" title="Unified Communist Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li>Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany_(1990)" title="Communist Party of Germany (1990)">KPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Communist_Party" title="German Communist Party">DKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Party_of_Germany" title="Marxist–Leninist Party of Germany">MLPD</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greece <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece" title="Communist Party of Greece">ΚΚΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Organization_of_Greece" title="Communist Organization of Greece">ΚΟΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Reorganization_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Greece_1918%E2%80%9355" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for the Reorganization of the Communist Party of Greece 1918–55">Anasintaxi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hungary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian Workers' Party">Munkáspárt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Hungary_2006_%E2%80%93_European_Left" title="Workers' Party of Hungary 2006 – European Left">Munkáspárt 2006</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ireland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ireland" title="Communist Party of Ireland">CPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Ireland)" title="Workers' Party (Ireland)">WPI</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Italy)" title="Communist Party (Italy)">PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party" title="Communist Refoundation Party">PRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Latvia" title="Socialist Party of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Front" title="Socialist People's Front">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Luxembourg" title="Communist Party of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Malta" title="Communist Party of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Communists_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova" title="Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Communist_Party_of_the_Netherlands" title="New Communist Party of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Norway" title="Communist Party of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Communist_Party_(2002)" title="Polish Communist Party (2002)">Poland</a></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Communist_Party" title="Portuguese Communist Party">PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Workers%27_Communist_Party" title="Portuguese Workers' Communist Party">PCTP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Nepeceri%C8%99ti)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party (Nepeceriști)">Romania</a></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communists_of_Russia" title="Communists of Russia">KR</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CPRF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Dictatorship_of_the_Proletariat" title="Party of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat">PDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Communist_Workers%27_Party_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Russian Communist Workers' Party of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">RCWP-CPSU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Communist_Refoundation" title="Sammarinese Communist Refoundation">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Communist_Party_of_Yugoslavia" title="New Communist Party of Yugoslavia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Slovakia" title="Communist Party of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of Spain">PCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communists_of_Catalonia" title="Communists of Catalonia">CC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Peoples_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain">PCPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist)">PCE (M–L)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Workers_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of the Workers of Spain">PCTE</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Sweden)" title="Communist Party (Sweden)">KP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Sweden_(1995)" title="Communist Party of Sweden (1995)">SKP</a></li></ul></li> <li>Switzerland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Switzerland)" title="Communist Party (Switzerland)">Communist Party (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Party_of_Labour" title="Swiss Party of Labour">PdA</a></li></ul></li> <li>Turkey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_People%27s_Liberation_Party/Front" title="Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front">DHKP/C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Turkey)" title="Labour Party (Turkey)">EMEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Communist_Party_of_Turkey" title="People's Communist Party of Turkey">HTKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Revolution_Movement/Leninist_(Turkey)" title="Communist Revolution Movement/Leninist (Turkey)">KDH/L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Kurdistan">KKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Turkey,_2014)" title="Communist Party (Turkey, 2014)">TKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_Communist_Party_(Turkey)" title="Maoist Communist Party (Turkey)">MKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Communist_Party_(Turkey)" title="Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (Turkey)">MLKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_of_Turkey" title="Revolutionary Communist Party of Turkey">TDKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Labour_Party_of_Turkey" title="Communist Labour Party of Turkey">TKEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Labour_Party_of_Turkey/Leninist" title="Communist Labour Party of Turkey/Leninist">TKEP/L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers_Party_of_Turkey" title="Communist Workers Party of Turkey">TKIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Turkey/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" title="Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist">TKP/ML</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Communist Party of Ukraine">KPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Communists_of_Ukraine" title="Union of Communists of Ukraine">SKU</a></li></ul></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Britain" title="Communist Party of Britain">CPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Britain_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)">CPB-ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)">CPGB-ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain_(Provisional_Central_Committee)" title="Communist Party of Great Britain (Provisional Central Committee)">CPGB-PCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Scotland" title="Communist Party of Scotland">CPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Communist_Party_of_Britain" title="New Communist Party of Britain">NCPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Group_(UK)" title="Revolutionary Communist Group (UK)">RCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Appeal_(UK,_1992)" title="Socialist Appeal (UK, 1992)">RCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_of_Britain_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)">RCPB-ML</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Former parties</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Netherlands" title="Communist Party of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Turkey_(historical)" title="Communist Party of Turkey (historical)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">West Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000; background:transparent; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Oceania</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Australia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Australia_(current)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Australia (current)">CPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Australia_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Australia (Marxist–Leninist)">CPA(ML)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alliance_(Australia)" title="Socialist Alliance (Australia)">Socialist Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(Australia)" title="Socialist Alternative (Australia)">Socialist Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Socialists" title="Victorian Socialists">Victorian Socialists</a></li></ul></li> <li>New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_(New_Zealand)" title="Communist League (New Zealand)">CL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Marxist_Unity_%E2%80%93_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Marxist Unity – New Zealand">OMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Aotearoa" title="Socialist Party of Aotearoa">SPA</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Former parties</b> </p> <ul><li>Australia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Alliance" title="Communist Alliance">Communist Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Australia" title="Communist Party of Australia">CPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Perspective" title="Democratic Socialist Perspective">DSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party (Australia)">RSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Socialist_Party" title="Victorian Socialist Party">Victorian Socialist Party</a></li></ul></li> <li>New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_New_Zealand" title="Communist Party of New Zealand">CPNZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_New_Zealand" title="Socialist Unity Party of New Zealand">SUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_(New_Zealand)" title="Communist League (New Zealand)">CL</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000; background:transparent; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">International organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Meeting_of_Communist_and_Workers%27_Parties" title="International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties">IMCWP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Comintern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_of_Communist_and_Workers%27_Parties" title="Initiative of Communist and Workers' Parties">INITIATIVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Communist_Seminar" title="International Communist Seminar">ICS</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000; background:transparent; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_committee" title="Central committee">Central committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">history</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">List of communist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_(administrative_office)" title="Secretariat (administrative office)">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; border-bottom:1px solid #CC0000;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communist_parties" title="Template:Communist parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communist_parties" title="Template talk:Communist parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communist_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communist parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The CPRF was founded on 14 February 1993 at the Second Extraordinary Congress of Russian Communists, where it declared itself to be the successor of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> (CPRSFSR).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It formed through the merger of successor groups to the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (CPSU), including <a href="/wiki/Roy_Medvedev" title="Roy Medvedev">Roy Medvedev</a>'s Socialist Party of the Working People (of left-socialist orientation), Alexei Prigarin's Union of Communists; and much of the membership of the <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Communist_Workers_Party" title="Russian Communist Workers Party">Russian Communist Workers Party</a> (although party leader <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Anpilov" title="Viktor Anpilov">Viktor Anpilov</a> rejected the new party).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CPRF quickly became the largest party in Russia, with 500,000 members soon after its founding, more than double all the other parties membership combined.<sup id="cite_ref-baijp242_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baijp242-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a>, a co-founder of the party along with senior former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> politicians <a href="/wiki/Yegor_Ligachev" class="mw-redirect" title="Yegor Ligachev">Yegor Ligachev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Lukyanov" title="Anatoly Lukyanov">Anatoly Lukyanov</a>, Andrew Konstant and others, was elected to be party leader at the Second Extraordinary Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-baijp245_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baijp245-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zyuganov had been a harsh critic of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nikolaevich_Yakovlev" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev">Alexander Yakovlev</a>, the so-called "godfather of <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a>", on the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">CPSU Central Committee</a>. After the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1991, he became active in the Russian "national-patriotic" movement,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Russia)" title="National Salvation Front (Russia)">National Salvation Front</a> (some authors call him a <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the CPRF's success in the <a href="/wiki/1995_Russian_legislative_election" title="1995 Russian legislative election">1995 legislative election</a>, it emerged as the primary opposition to incumbent President <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> for the <a href="/wiki/1996_Russian_presidential_election" title="1996 Russian presidential election">1996 presidential election</a>, whose approval rating was in single digits.<sup id="cite_ref-baijp249_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baijp249-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to oppose Yeltsin, Zyuganov organised a "popular-patriotic bloc" of nationalist organisations to support his candidacy.<sup id="cite_ref-baijp249_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baijp249-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the election—which Yeltsin won with 54% of the vote—on 7 August 1996 the coalition supporting Zyuganov was transformed into an official organisation, the People's Patriotic Union of Russia (NPSR), consisting of more than 30 left-wing and nationalist organisations, including the <a href="/wiki/Russian_All-People%27s_Union" title="Russian All-People's Union">Russian All-People's Union</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Baburin" title="Sergey Baburin">Sergey Baburin</a>. Zyuganov was its chairman. It went on to support Zyuganov in the <a href="/wiki/2000_Russian_presidential_election" title="2000 Russian presidential election">2000 presidential election</a>. The NPSR was meant to form the basis of a two-party system, with the NPSR opposing the ruling "<a href="/wiki/Party_of_power" title="Party of power">party of power</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-baijp249_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baijp249-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yeltsin appointed a <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Maslyukov" title="Yuri Maslyukov">Yuri Maslyukov</a> to his Cabinet, improve his testy relations with CPRF-dominated legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party suffered a sharp decline in the <a href="/wiki/2003_Russian_legislative_election" title="2003 Russian legislative election">2003 legislative election</a>, going from 113 seats to 52. Zyuganov called the 2003 elections a "revolting spectacle" and accused the Kremlin of setting up a "<a href="/wiki/Potemkin_village" title="Potemkin village">Potemkin</a> party", <a href="/wiki/Rodina_(political_party)" title="Rodina (political party)">Rodina</a>, to steal its votes. The CPRF was endorsed by <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Baburin" title="Sergey Baburin">Sergey Baburin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Union_(Russia)" title="People's Union (Russia)">People's Union</a> for the <a href="/wiki/2007_Russian_legislative_election" title="2007 Russian legislative election">2007 Russian parliamentary elections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2012_Russian_presidential_election" title="2012 Russian presidential election">2012 presidential election</a>, Zyuganov denounced election irregularities in the <a href="/wiki/2011_Russian_legislative_election" title="2011 Russian legislative election">2011 legislative election</a>, but he also expressed his opposition to the organisers of the <a href="/wiki/2011_Russian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Russian protests">mass demonstrations of December 2011</a>, which he viewed as orchestrated by ultra-liberals exploiting unrest. The party played only a minor role as a catalyst in the protests. Party rallies on 18 December 2011 in protest of election irregularities in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> were attended by only a few thousand, mostly elderly, party supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTCommunist_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTCommunist-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, the party called for Russia to formally recognise the separatist <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk People's Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk People's Republic</a>, something that would happen in 2022 preceding Russia's invasion of Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Russia was sanctioned for systematic doping in the run-up to the <a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics" title="2018 Winter Olympics">2018 Winter Olympics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a>, leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, proposed sending Russian fans to the Games with a Soviet <a href="/wiki/Victory_Banner" title="Victory Banner">Victory Banner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, the party's headquarters were raided by Russian authorities and a party official was barred from entering his office in the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a> after it refused to accept the results of an online parliamentary election vote and attempting to file a lawsuit against the results.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, the CPRF published a statement in support of the invasion and accused NATO of planning "to enslave Ukraine" and thus creating "critical threats to the security of Russia". It called for the "demilitarization and denazification" of Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party framed the conflict as that between the Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Banderites" class="mw-redirect" title="Banderites">Banderites</a> and fascists, who have been perpetrating genocide against Russian speakers, and liberating Russian forces.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CPRF also accused the United States and NATO of deploying European fascist sympathizers and Middle Eastern terrorists to Ukraine to fight the Russian army.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two members out of 57 of CPRF's Duma caucus, <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Markhayev" title="Vyacheslav Markhayev">Vyacheslav Markhaev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Matveyev_(politician)" title="Mikhail Matveyev (politician)">Mikhail Matveev</a>, have expressed opposition to the war, although they support the "protection of the people of Donbass".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few younger members of the CPRF spoke publicly against the war in Ukraine, although their criticisms only refer to Russia's military campaign outside of Donbass, while they fully support the narrative that Ukraine is governed by "neo-Nazis".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the party's actions of endorsing the invasion of Ukraine, 55 of the 57 CPRF lawmakers, including Zyuganov, have been sanctioned by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Treasury">United States Department of Treasury</a>, <a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a> of the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Global_Affairs_Canada" title="Global Affairs Canada">Global Affairs Canada</a>, Japan, Australia and the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2022, CPRF leader <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a> allowed the party to propose a merger with the left-conservative party <a href="/wiki/A_Just_Russia_%E2%80%94_For_Truth" class="mw-redirect" title="A Just Russia — For Truth">A Just Russia — For Truth</a>, but only if the new party adopted the communist program.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The day before, the leader of the A Just Russia <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Mironov" title="Sergey Mironov">Sergey Mironov</a> said that he "does not see any obstacles to the creation in Russia of a large coalition of left-wing patriotic forces".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:XIII_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%A4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/XIII_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%A4.JPG/250px-XIII_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%A4.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/XIII_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%A4.JPG/375px-XIII_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%A4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/XIII_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%A4.JPG/500px-XIII_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%A4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>XIII Congress of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation in 2008.</figcaption></figure> <p>The party advocates for a socialist transformation of Russia through peaceful means within a pluralistic political framework. The CPRF considers the multi-sector <a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">socialist market system</a> as <a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_Characteristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism with Chinese Characteristics">developed in China</a> to be a model which should be emulated within Russia. The party supports state ownership over major industries, the renationalization of businesses <a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Russia" title="Privatization in Russia">privatized after the collapse of the Soviet Union</a>, giving out subsidies to currently <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_Russia" title="State-owned enterprises of Russia">existing state-owned firms</a> and maintaining large welfare benefits. The CPRF has also maintained stable relationships with many businesses, including small and large private companies, worker cooperatives, and organizations which trace their lineage to the Soviet era.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, it was described as <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing nationalist">left-wing nationalist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-baijp245_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baijp245-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CPRF's current programme was adapted in 2008, where the CPRF declared that it is the only political organisation that consistently upholds the rights of the workers and national interests. According to the programme, the strategic goal of the party is to build in Russia a "renewed socialism, <a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-cprf.ru_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cprf.ru-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program of the Communist Party declared that the party is guided by <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>, based on the experience and achievements of domestic and world science and culture. According to the party, there comes a "confrontation between the <a href="/wiki/New_world_order_(politics)" title="New world order (politics)">New World Order</a> and the Russian people with its thousand-year history, and with its qualities", "communality and great power, deep faith, undying altruism and decisive rejection of lures mercantile bourgeois liberal-democratic paradise".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to its program,<sup id="cite_ref-kprf.ru_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kprf.ru-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the CPRF considers it necessary to reform the country in three phases. In the first phase, it is needed to achieve workers' power through representation by a coalition led by the CPRF. Achieving this goal will help eliminate the devastation from the standpoint of the party, the consequences conducted in the past decade of reforms, in particular by the nationalisation of property privatised in the 1990s. However, in this case small producers will remain and moreover will be organised to protect them from robbery by "big business, bureaucrats, and mafia groups". It is planned to reform the management of enterprises through the creation of <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">councils</a> at various levels. The party also plans to transform Russia into a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic" title="Soviet republic">Soviet republic</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the second stage, the role of councils and <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a> will increase even more. A gradual transition in the economy will be made to a socialist form of <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economic activity</a>, but a small private equity is still retained. Finally, the third phase is to build <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>. </p><p>The First Secretary Gennady Zyuganov also expressed that they should learn from China's successful example and build Russian socialism. He also encouraged all party members to read "Selected works of Deng Xiaoping". He said during his visit to China in 2008: "Had we learned from the success of China earlier, the Soviet Union would not have dissolved".<sup id="cite_ref-ce.cn_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ce.cn-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_programme">Party programme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Party programme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_rally_1_May_2012_19.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Moscow_rally_1_May_2012_19.JPG/270px-Moscow_rally_1_May_2012_19.JPG" decoding="async" width="270" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Moscow_rally_1_May_2012_19.JPG/405px-Moscow_rally_1_May_2012_19.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Moscow_rally_1_May_2012_19.JPG/540px-Moscow_rally_1_May_2012_19.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Communist protesters with a sign portraying an "order of dismissal" for <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> for "betrayal of the national interests", Moscow, 1 May 2012.</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the present conditions in the Russian Federation, the CPRF calls for the following proposals:<sup id="cite_ref-kprf.ru_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kprf.ru-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Stop the extinction of the country, restore benefits for large families, reconstruct the network of public kindergartens and provide housing for young families.</li> <li>Nationalise natural resources in Russia and the strategic sectors of the economy; revenues in these industries are to be used in the interests of all citizens.</li> <li>Return to Russia from foreign banks the state financial reserves and use them for economic and social development.</li> <li>Break the system of total fraud in the elections.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (May 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Create a truly independent judiciary.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (May 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Carry out an immediate package of measures to combat poverty and introduce price controls on essential goods.</li> <li>Not raise the retirement age.</li> <li>Restore government responsibility for housing and utilities, establish fees for municipal services in an amount not more than 10% of family income, stop the eviction of people to the streets and expand public housing.</li> <li>Increase funding for science and scientists to provide decent wages and all the necessary research.</li> <li>Restore the highest standards of universal and free secondary and higher education that existed during the Soviet era.</li> <li>Ensure the availability and quality of health care.</li> <li>Vigorously develop high-tech manufacturing.</li> <li>Ensure the food and environmental security of the country and support the large collective farms for the production and processing of agricultural products.</li> <li>Prioritise <a href="/wiki/Domestic_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic debt">domestic debt</a> over <a href="/wiki/Foreign_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign debt">foreign debt</a></li> <li>Introduce progressive taxation; low-income citizens will be exempt from paying taxes.</li> <li>Create conditions for development of small and medium enterprises.</li> <li>Ensure the accessibility of cultural goods, stop the commercialisation of culture, defend Russian culture as the foundation of the spiritual unity of multinational Russia, the national culture of all citizens of the country.</li> <li>Stop the slandering of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet history</a>.</li> <li>Take drastic measures to suppress corruption and crime.</li> <li>Strengthen national defense and expand social guarantees to servicemen and law enforcement officials.</li> <li>Ensure the territorial integrity of Russia and the protection of compatriots abroad.</li> <li>Institute a foreign policy based on mutual respect of countries and peoples to facilitate the voluntary restoration of the Union of States.</li></ul> <p>The party is in favour of cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the words of <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Zyuganov</a>, the CPRF is a party of scientific, but not militant <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> of any <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> is banned inside the party.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CPRF celebrates the rule of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zyuganov and the party support social conservatism and voted in favor of the ban on the "promotion of non-traditional sexual relations to minors", commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Russian_gay_propaganda_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian gay propaganda law">Russian gay propaganda law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, the party has taken a pro-war stance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The party leader, <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a>, called in the Duma for a general mobilization.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_factions">Internal factions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Internal factions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since its founding the CPRF has had several distinct internal factions:<sup id="cite_ref-baijp244_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baijp244-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalists</a>. CPRF leader Gennady Zyuganov is from this tendency. The left-wing nationalists in the party identify socialism historically with Russia and Russia culturally with socialism. They are influenced by the writings of historian <a href="/wiki/Lev_Gumilyov" class="mw-redirect" title="Lev Gumilyov">Lev Gumilyov</a> and see class struggle as having evolved into struggle between civilisations.<sup id="cite_ref-baijp245_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baijp245-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninists</a>. The Marxist–Leninist faction of the party has a traditional <a href="/wiki/Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninist">Leninist</a> understanding of class struggle and socialism. They are against both nationalism and social democracy. This tendency is heavily reflected in the party's rank-and-file membership. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kosolapov" title="Richard Kosolapov">Richard Kosolapov</a> was a prominent member of this group.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformers</a>. The party's reformers are <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">reform-communists</a>, who have a generally critical view of the Soviet Union. This faction had a majority at the Second Extraordinary Congress, but has declined since then.<sup id="cite_ref-baijp245_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baijp245-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Party_structure">Party structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Party structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation_meeting_at_Manezhnaya_Square_3,_Moscow,_2011-12-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation_meeting_at_Manezhnaya_Square_3%2C_Moscow%2C_2011-12-18.jpg/250px-Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation_meeting_at_Manezhnaya_Square_3%2C_Moscow%2C_2011-12-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation_meeting_at_Manezhnaya_Square_3%2C_Moscow%2C_2011-12-18.jpg/375px-Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation_meeting_at_Manezhnaya_Square_3%2C_Moscow%2C_2011-12-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation_meeting_at_Manezhnaya_Square_3%2C_Moscow%2C_2011-12-18.jpg/500px-Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation_meeting_at_Manezhnaya_Square_3%2C_Moscow%2C_2011-12-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2667" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Communist Party rally on <a href="/wiki/Manezhnaya_Square,_Moscow" title="Manezhnaya Square, Moscow">Manezhnaya Square, Moscow</a>, 18 December 2011.</figcaption></figure> <p>The CPRF is legally registered in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In organisational terms, it largely mirrors the CPSU, with the party being led by a <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Central Committee</a> with a commitment to <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-baijp243_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baijp243-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has regional offices in 81 federal subjects. Each regional office is controlled by the local (oblast, city, etc.) committee, headed by the First Secretary. The headquarters of the party is in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Leninist_Komsomol_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation">Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation</a> is the youth organisation of the party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_cooperation">International cooperation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: International cooperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1993, the party founded the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Communist_Parties_%E2%80%93_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Union of Communist Parties – Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Union of Communist Parties – Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>. The Union was originally led by Oleg Shenin, but in 2001 Zyuganov was elected Chairman in his place, a position he holds to this day; Shenin did not accept his removal and split away from the organisation to re-establish the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(2001)" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union (2001)">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party has friendly relations with the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_European_Left" title="Party of the European Left">Party of the European Left</a>, but it is not a member of it.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party also has friendly relations with the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 March 2017, the party sent a delegation to <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> and signed a "protocol on cooperation" with the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the visit, a stone was placed in the <a href="/wiki/Juche_Tower" title="Juche Tower">Juche Tower</a>. </p><p>In October 2017 the party hosted the 19th <a href="/wiki/International_Meeting_of_Communist_and_Workers_Parties" class="mw-redirect" title="International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties">International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties</a> in the city of Saint Petersburg, marking the centenary of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, with an attendance of over 100 parties from around the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i> is the newspaper of the Communist Party;<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has 81 regional editions. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalist</a> newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Sovetskaya_Rossiya" title="Sovetskaya Rossiya">Sovetskaya Rossiya</a></i> has also friendly ties with the Communist Party, but is not officially affiliated with it. </p><p>Ultra-nationalist newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Zavtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Zavtra">Zavtra</a></i> used to support the Communist Party, but in 2005 it switched its support to <a href="/wiki/Rodina_(political_party)" title="Rodina (political party)">Rodina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finances">Finances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Finances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the financial report of the CPRF, in 2006 the party received ₽127,453,237 rubles (3,998,835 US$): </p> <ul><li>29% – membership fees</li> <li>30% – the federal budget</li> <li>6% – donations</li> <li>35% – other incomes</li></ul> <p>In 2006, the party spent 116,823,489 rubles (3,665,328 US$): </p> <ul><li>5% – for the maintenance of regional offices</li> <li>21% – on promotion (information, advertising, publishing and printing)</li> <li>10% – the content of the governing bodies</li> <li>7% – the preparation and conduct of elections and referendums</li> <li>36% – content publishers, media and educational institutions</li></ul> <p>On 19 October 2008, the leader of the party Gennady Zyuganov appealed to the citizens of Russia to financially support the party to implement its policy goals.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_support_and_electoral_results">Popular support and electoral results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Popular support and electoral results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CPRF is strong in large cities and major industrial and scientific centers ("<a href="/wiki/Naukograd" title="Naukograd">naukograds</a>") as well as in the small towns and cities around <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the few polling stations that gave a success to the CPRF during the <a href="/wiki/2007_Russian_legislative_election" title="2007 Russian legislative election">2007 Russian legislative election</a> was at <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CPRF is also strong in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">far east of Russia</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-baijp253_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baijp253-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporters of the CPRF include those who suffered economically and politically from the collapse of the Soviet Union. The party is considered to depend on the <a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_the_Soviet_Union" title="Nostalgia for the Soviet Union">nostalgia for the Soviet Union</a>, having the largest poll of voters among the elderly.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_elections">Presidential elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Presidential elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In all presidential elections that have been held in the Russian Federation, the CRPF's candidate has finished second. In 2012, several opposition politicians, including <a href="/wiki/Boris_Nemtsov" title="Boris Nemtsov">Boris Nemtsov</a>, posited that Dmitry Medvedev admitted to them that Zyuganov would actually have won the <a href="/wiki/1996_Russian_presidential_election" title="1996 Russian presidential election">1996 Russian presidential election</a> if not for fraud in favor of <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the official results, Zyuganov received 17.18% of the votes in the <a href="/wiki/2012_Russian_presidential_election" title="2012 Russian presidential election">2012 Russian presidential election</a>. According to independent observers, there was large-scale fraud in favor of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zyuganov called the election "one of thieves, and absolutely dishonest and unworthy".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Election </th> <th rowspan="2">Candidate </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col">First round </th> <th colspan="2">Second round </th> <th rowspan="2">Result </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1991_Russian_presidential_election" title="1991 Russian presidential election">1991</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ryzhkov" title="Nikolai Ryzhkov">Nikolai Ryzhkov</a> </td> <td>13,359,335 </td> <td>17.22 </td> <td style="background:lightgrey;" colspan="2"> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1996_Russian_presidential_election" title="1996 Russian presidential election">1996</a> </th> <td align="left" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a> </td> <td>24,211,686 </td> <td>32.03 </td> <td>30,102,288 </td> <td>40.31 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2000_Russian_presidential_election" title="2000 Russian presidential election">2000</a> </th> <td>21,928,468 </td> <td>29.21 </td> <td style="background:lightgrey;" colspan="2"> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2004_Russian_presidential_election" title="2004 Russian presidential election">2004</a> </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Kharitonov" title="Nikolay Kharitonov">Nikolay Kharitonov</a> </td> <td>9,513,313 </td> <td>13.69 </td> <td style="background:lightgrey;" colspan="2"> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2008_Russian_presidential_election" title="2008 Russian presidential election">2008</a> </th> <td align="left" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a> </td> <td>13,243,550 </td> <td>17.72 </td> <td style="background:lightgrey;" colspan="2"> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2012_Russian_presidential_election" title="2012 Russian presidential election">2012</a> </th> <td>12,318,353 </td> <td>17.18 </td> <td style="background:lightgrey;" colspan="2"> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2018_Russian_presidential_election" title="2018 Russian presidential election">2018</a> </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Grudinin" title="Pavel Grudinin">Pavel Grudinin</a> </td> <td>8,659,206 </td> <td>11.77 </td> <td style="background:lightgrey;" colspan="2"> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2024_Russian_presidential_election" title="2024 Russian presidential election">2024</a> </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Kharitonov" title="Nikolay Kharitonov">Nikolay Kharitonov</a> </td> <td>3,768,470 </td> <td>4.37 </td> <td style="background:lightgrey;" colspan="2"> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Lost </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliamentary_elections">Parliamentary elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Parliamentary elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Leader </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>Rank </th> <th>Government </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_legislative_election" title="1993 Russian legislative election">1993</a> </th> <td style="text-align:left;" rowspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a> </td> <td>6,666,402 </td> <td>12.40 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">42 / 450</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CC1111; color:inherit; width: 9%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background:lightgrey;"> </td> <td>3rd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/1995_Russian_legislative_election" title="1995 Russian legislative election">1995</a> </th> <td rowspan="3">15,432,963 </td> <td rowspan="3">22.30 </td> <td rowspan="3"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">157 / 450</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CC1111; color:inherit; width: 35%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 115 </td> <td rowspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <b>1st</b> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995–1998)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2"><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Primakov%27s_Cabinet" title="Yevgeny Primakov's Cabinet">Coalition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1998–1999)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1999_Russian_legislative_election" title="1999 Russian legislative election">1999</a> </th> <td>16,196,024 </td> <td>24.29 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">113 / 450</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CC1111; color:inherit; width: 25%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 44 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <b>1st</b> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2003_Russian_legislative_election" title="2003 Russian legislative election">2003</a> </th> <td>7,647,820 </td> <td>12.61 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">51 / 450</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CC1111; color:inherit; width: 11%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 62 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2007_Russian_legislative_election" title="2007 Russian legislative election">2007</a> </th> <td>8,046,886 </td> <td>11.57 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">57 / 450</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CC1111; color:inherit; width: 13%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2011_Russian_legislative_election" title="2011 Russian legislative election">2011</a> </th> <td>12,599,507 </td> <td>19.19 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">92 / 450</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CC1111; color:inherit; width: 20%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 35 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2016_Russian_legislative_election" title="2016 Russian legislative election">2016</a> </th> <td>7,019,752 </td> <td>13.34 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">42 / 450</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CC1111; color:inherit; width: 9%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 50 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2021_Russian_legislative_election" title="2021 Russian legislative election">2021</a> </th> <td>10,660,599 </td> <td>18.93 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">57 / 450</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CC1111; color:inherit; width: 13%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 15 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_elections">Regional elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Regional elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2005, the CPRF defeated the ruling pro-Kremlin party <a href="/wiki/United_Russia" title="United Russia">United Russia</a> in elections to the regional legislature of <a href="/wiki/Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Nenets Autonomous Okrug</a>, obtaining 27% of the popular vote. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> <a href="/wiki/Duma" title="Duma">Duma</a> election held on 4 December 2005, the party won 16.75% and 4 seats, the best ever result for the CPRF in Moscow. In the opinion of some observers,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2014)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> the absence of the <a href="/wiki/Motherland_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motherland (Russia)">Rodina</a> party contributed to the Communists' success. </p><p>On 11 March 2007, elections took place for 14 regional and local legislatures. The CPRF performed very well and increased its votes in most of the territories; it came second in <a href="/wiki/Oryol_Oblast" title="Oryol Oblast">Oryol Oblast</a> (23.78%), <a href="/wiki/Omsk_Oblast" title="Omsk Oblast">Omsk Oblast</a> (22.58%), <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Oblast" title="Pskov Oblast">Pskov Oblast</a> (19.21%) and <a href="/wiki/Samara_Oblast" title="Samara Oblast">Samara Oblast</a> (18.87%), <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow Oblast</a> (18.80%), <a href="/wiki/Murmansk_Oblast" title="Murmansk Oblast">Murmansk Oblast</a> (17.51%) and <a href="/wiki/Tomsk_Oblast" title="Tomsk Oblast">Tomsk Oblast</a> (13.37%).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These results testify that the CPRF is the most significant opposition party in Russia. </p><p>On 21 May 2007, the CPRF obtained an important success in the <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a>'s mayoral election. Communist candidate <a href="/wiki/Roman_Grebennikov" title="Roman Grebennikov">Roman Grebennikov</a> won election as mayor with 32.47% of the vote and became the youngest mayor of a regional capital. In 2008, Roman Grebennikov switched his allegiance to United Russia, angering many Communists who accused him of using the CPRF as a tool to become elected. </p><p>On 7 April 2011, the CPRF candidate Ilya Potapov won the <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayoral</a> election in the town of <a href="/wiki/Berdsk" title="Berdsk">Berdsk</a> with a landslide victory over the United Russia candidates. </p><p>In 2015 gubernatorial elections, party's nominee <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Levchenko" title="Sergey Levchenko">Sergey Levchenko</a> won the gubernatorial election in <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk_Oblast" title="Irkutsk Oblast">Irkutsk Oblast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2018_Russian_gubernatorial_elections" title="2018 Russian gubernatorial elections">2018 gubernatorial elections</a>, Communist Party candidates <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Klychkov" title="Andrey Klychkov">Andrey Klychkov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Konovalov" title="Valentin Konovalov">Valentin Konovalov</a> won the gubernatorial elections in the <a href="/wiki/Oryol_Oblast" title="Oryol Oblast">Oryol Oblast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, in the <a href="/wiki/September_2018_Primorsky_Krai_gubernatorial_election" title="September 2018 Primorsky Krai gubernatorial election">election in Primorsky Krai</a>, the party's candidate <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Ishchenko" title="Andrey Ishchenko">Andrey Ishchenko</a> could pass in the second round of election in which lost, by official results. The result of those elections was declared invalid due to a large number of violations in connection with which recall election were scheduled for December 2018, but the Communist Party decided not to nominate its candidate for the new election.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2018 elections to the regional parliaments, the Communist Party took first place in the voting on party lists in three regions. However, in two regions, <a href="/wiki/United_Russia" title="United Russia">United Russia</a> still managed to get a relative majority in regional parliaments at the expense of deputies-single-mandate holders. Nevertheless, in Irkutsk Oblast, the party received a relative majority and is the largest faction in the Legislative Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> theoretician <a href="/wiki/Boris_Kagarlitsky" title="Boris Kagarlitsky">Boris Kagarlitsky</a> wrote in 2001: "It is enough to recall that within the Communist movement itself, Zyuganov's party was at first neither the sole organisation, nor the largest. Bit by bit, however, all other Communist organisations were forced out of political life. This occurred not because the organisations in question were weak, but because it was the CPRF that had received the Kremlin's official approval as the sole recognised opposition".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andrei Brezhnev, grandson of <a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Soviet leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a>, has criticised the CPRF's Zyuganov's <a href="/wiki/Rapprochement" title="Rapprochement">rapprochement</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_783695_The_leader_of_the_CPRF_Gennady_Zyuganov_at_the_Red_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zyuganov with members of the Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation"><img alt="Zyuganov with members of the Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/RIAN_archive_783695_The_leader_of_the_CPRF_Gennady_Zyuganov_at_the_Red_Square.jpg/120px-RIAN_archive_783695_The_leader_of_the_CPRF_Gennady_Zyuganov_at_the_Red_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/RIAN_archive_783695_The_leader_of_the_CPRF_Gennady_Zyuganov_at_the_Red_Square.jpg/180px-RIAN_archive_783695_The_leader_of_the_CPRF_Gennady_Zyuganov_at_the_Red_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/RIAN_archive_783695_The_leader_of_the_CPRF_Gennady_Zyuganov_at_the_Red_Square.jpg/240px-RIAN_archive_783695_The_leader_of_the_CPRF_Gennady_Zyuganov_at_the_Red_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="678" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zyuganov with members of the <a href="/wiki/Leninist_Komsomol_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation">Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Communist_demonstration_in_Red_Square_July_2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Demonstration of communists on the Red Square"><img alt="Demonstration of communists on the Red Square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Communist_demonstration_in_Red_Square_July_2009.JPG/120px-Communist_demonstration_in_Red_Square_July_2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Communist_demonstration_in_Red_Square_July_2009.JPG/180px-Communist_demonstration_in_Red_Square_July_2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Communist_demonstration_in_Red_Square_July_2009.JPG/240px-Communist_demonstration_in_Red_Square_July_2009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Demonstration of communists on the <a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B5,_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B8!.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Communists marching on International Workers' Day in 2009, Severodvinsk"><img alt="Communists marching on International Workers' Day in 2009, Severodvinsk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B5%2C_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B8%21.JPG/120px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B5%2C_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B8%21.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B5%2C_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B8%21.JPG/180px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B5%2C_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B8%21.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B5%2C_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B8%21.JPG/240px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B5%2C_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B8%21.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2525" data-file-height="1878" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Communists marching on <a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">International Workers' Day</a> in 2009, <a href="/wiki/Severodvinsk" title="Severodvinsk">Severodvinsk</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_371352_Communist_Party_supporters_rally_in_Moscow%27s_Triumfalnaya_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Communist Party holds a demonstration on Triumfalnaya Square in Moscow"><img alt="The Communist Party holds a demonstration on Triumfalnaya Square in Moscow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/RIAN_archive_371352_Communist_Party_supporters_rally_in_Moscow%27s_Triumfalnaya_Square.jpg/120px-RIAN_archive_371352_Communist_Party_supporters_rally_in_Moscow%27s_Triumfalnaya_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/RIAN_archive_371352_Communist_Party_supporters_rally_in_Moscow%27s_Triumfalnaya_Square.jpg/180px-RIAN_archive_371352_Communist_Party_supporters_rally_in_Moscow%27s_Triumfalnaya_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/RIAN_archive_371352_Communist_Party_supporters_rally_in_Moscow%27s_Triumfalnaya_Square.jpg/240px-RIAN_archive_371352_Communist_Party_supporters_rally_in_Moscow%27s_Triumfalnaya_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Communist Party holds a demonstration on <a href="/wiki/Triumfalnaya_Square" title="Triumfalnaya Square">Triumfalnaya Square</a> in Moscow</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation_meeting_at_Manezhnaya_Square,_Moscow,_2011-12-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Demonstration of the party"><img alt="Demonstration of the party" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation_meeting_at_Manezhnaya_Square%2C_Moscow%2C_2011-12-18.jpg/120px-Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation_meeting_at_Manezhnaya_Square%2C_Moscow%2C_2011-12-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation_meeting_at_Manezhnaya_Square%2C_Moscow%2C_2011-12-18.jpg/180px-Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation_meeting_at_Manezhnaya_Square%2C_Moscow%2C_2011-12-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation_meeting_at_Manezhnaya_Square%2C_Moscow%2C_2011-12-18.jpg/240px-Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation_meeting_at_Manezhnaya_Square%2C_Moscow%2C_2011-12-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2667" data-file-height="1459" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Demonstration of the party</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_535278_Laying_flowers_and_wreaths_to_Iosif_Stalin%27s_grave_at_Kremlin_wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Party members lay down flowers at the tomb of Joseph Stalin"><img alt="Party members lay down flowers at the tomb of Joseph Stalin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/RIAN_archive_535278_Laying_flowers_and_wreaths_to_Iosif_Stalin%27s_grave_at_Kremlin_wall.jpg/120px-RIAN_archive_535278_Laying_flowers_and_wreaths_to_Iosif_Stalin%27s_grave_at_Kremlin_wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/RIAN_archive_535278_Laying_flowers_and_wreaths_to_Iosif_Stalin%27s_grave_at_Kremlin_wall.jpg/180px-RIAN_archive_535278_Laying_flowers_and_wreaths_to_Iosif_Stalin%27s_grave_at_Kremlin_wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/RIAN_archive_535278_Laying_flowers_and_wreaths_to_Iosif_Stalin%27s_grave_at_Kremlin_wall.jpg/240px-RIAN_archive_535278_Laying_flowers_and_wreaths_to_Iosif_Stalin%27s_grave_at_Kremlin_wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="764" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Party members lay down flowers at the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%A4.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Party membership card"><img alt="Party membership card" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%A4.JPG/120px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%A4.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%A4.JPG/180px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%A4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%A4.JPG/240px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%A4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="582" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Party membership card</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPRF_faction_in_the_State_Duma" title="CPRF faction in the State Duma">CPRF faction in the State Duma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">List of communist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MFK_KPRF" title="MFK KPRF">MFK KPRF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Politics of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Belt_(Russia)" title="Red Belt (Russia)">Red Belt (Russia)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cprf.ru/about-us/">"The Communist Party of the Russian Federation today"</a>. 3 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Communist+Party+of+the+Russian+Federation+today&rft.date=2024-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcprf.ru%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+of+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baijp241-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-baijp241_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite 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New Eurasianism"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers</i>. <b>24</b> (4): 486, 487. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999TrIBG..24..481S">1999TrIBG..24..481S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0020-2754.1999.t01-2-00481.x">10.1111/j.0020-2754.1999.t01-2-00481.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/623236">623236</a>.</cite><span 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href="#cite_ref-baijp245_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baijp245_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baijp245_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Boz%C3%B3ki" title="András Bozóki">Bozóki, A</a> and Ishiyama, J (2002). <i>The Communist Successor Parties of Central and Eastern Europe</i>. p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europe1.fr/international/qui-sont-les-ultranationalistes-russes-1697255">"Qui sont les ultranationalistes russes ?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Europe_1" title="Europe 1">Europe 1</a></i> (in French). 4 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Europe+1&rft.atitle=Qui+sont+les+ultranationalistes+russes+%3F&rft.date=2013-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europe1.fr%2Finternational%2Fqui-sont-les-ultranationalistes-russes-1697255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+of+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlußmann2008" class="citation news cs1">Klußmann, Uwe (18 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/far-left-prepares-for-russia-s-election-campaigning-communists-evoke-ghost-of-stalin-a-536060.html">"Far-Left Prepares for Russia's Election: Campaigning Communists Evoke Ghost of Stalin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Far-Left+Prepares+for+Russia%27s+Election%3A+Campaigning+Communists+Evoke+Ghost+of+Stalin&rft.date=2008-02-18&rft.aulast=Klu%C3%9Fmann&rft.aufirst=Uwe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fworld%2Ffar-left-prepares-for-russia-s-election-campaigning-communists-evoke-ghost-of-stalin-a-536060.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+of+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMccauley2014" class="citation book cs1">Mccauley, Martin (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cKWsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT513"><i>The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union</i></a>. 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Psychology Press. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22753-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22753-7"><bdi>978-0-415-22753-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Politics+and+Society&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-22753-7&rft.aulast=Sakwa&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8wdQj-XmW4UC%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+of+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baijp249-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-baijp249_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baijp249_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baijp249_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bozóki and Ishiyama, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/1998/07/24/yeltsin-names-communist-to-cabinet-post/">"Yeltsin Names Communist to Cabinet Post"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>. 24 July 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Зюганов: Нет фашизму на нашей земле!"</a>. Kprf.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=minjust.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminjust.ru%2Fnko%2Fgosreg%2Fpartii%2Fspisok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+of+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baijp243-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-baijp243_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bozóki & Ishiyama, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarch2002" class="citation book cs1">March, Luke (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_1kkQYEq_P0C&pg=PR20"><i>The Communist Party in Post-Soviet Russia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6044-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6044-1"><bdi>978-0-7190-6044-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Communist+Party+in+Post-Soviet+Russia&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6044-1&rft.aulast=March&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_1kkQYEq_P0C%26pg%3DPR20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+of+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kprf.ru/international/102237.html">"И.И. Мельников встретился с делегацией Европарламента"</a>. <i>kprf.ru</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kprf.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%98.%D0%98.+%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8F+%D1%81+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkprf.ru%2Finternational%2F102237.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+of+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kprf.ru/international/94550.html">"90 лет Коммунистической партии Китая. "Круглый стол" в редакции газеты "Правда"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>kprf.ru</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kprf.ru&rft.atitle=90+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F.+%22%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%22+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B+%22%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkprf.ru%2Finternational%2F94550.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+of+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naenara.com.kp/en/order/pytimes/index.php?page=Affairs&no=17793">"Russian dignitaries visit DPRK"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Naenara" title="Naenara">Naenara</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+dignitaries+visit+DPRK&rft.pub=Naenara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnaenara.com.kp%2Fen%2Forder%2Fpytimes%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3DAffairs%26no%3D17793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+of+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcp.pt/partidos-comunistas-operarios-assinalam-centenario-da-revolucao-de-outubro">"Partidos comunistas e operários assinalam centenário da Revolução de Outubro"</a>. <i>pcp.pt</i>. 9 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pcp.pt&rft.atitle=Partidos+comunistas+e+oper%C3%A1rios+assinalam+centen%C3%A1rio+da+Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+Outubro&rft.date=2017-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcp.pt%2Fpartidos-comunistas-operarios-assinalam-centenario-da-revolucao-de-outubro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+of+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kprf.ru/rus_soc/62045.html">"Г.А. Зюганов в "Интерфаксе": КПРФ – реальная политическая сила, способная вывести страну из тяжелого кризиса"</a>. <i>kprf.ru</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kprf.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%93.%D0%90.+%D0%97%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B2+%22%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%22%3A+%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%A4+%E2%80%93+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%2C+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkprf.ru%2Frus_soc%2F62045.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+of+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orodine.ru/kniga/party4e.pdf"><i>"Party Number Four", Rodina: Whence and Why?</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131126214940/http://orodine.ru/kniga/party4e.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-11-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Alexei Titkov, Panorama Centre, Moscow, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-94420-021-9" title="Special:BookSources/5-94420-021-9">5-94420-021-9</a>, p. 24-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ria.ru/politics/20081019/153484963.html">"Коммунисты просят россиян материально поддержать партию"</a>. <i>РИА Новости</i>. 19 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%90+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%82+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8E&rft.date=2008-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fria.ru%2Fpolitics%2F20081019%2F153484963.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+of+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114004414/http://news.mail.ru/politics/2105744/">"Коммунисты просят россиян материально поддержать партию"</a>. <i>Новости Mail. Ru</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.mail.ru/politics/2105744/">the original</a> on 14 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+Mail.+Ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%82+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.mail.ru%2Fpolitics%2F2105744%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+of+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090828113147/http://orenkprf.narod.ru/ookkprf.html"><bdi lang="ru">Оренбургский Областной Комитет КПРФ</bdi></a> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orenkprf.narod.ru/ookkprf.html">the original</a> on 28 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%A4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forenkprf.narod.ru%2Fookkprf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+of+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apn.ru/publications/article18702.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Агентство Политических Новостей</bdi></a>. <i>Agency of Political News</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agency+of+Political+News&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apn.ru%2Fpublications%2Farticle18702.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+of+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baijp253-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-baijp253_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bozóki & Ishiyama, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214192622/http://www.pvda.be/nieuws/artikel/rusland-belangrijkste-oppositie-doodgezwegen.html">"Nieuws"</a>. <i>PVDA</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pvda.be/nieuws/artikel/rusland-belangrijkste-oppositie-doodgezwegen.html">the original</a> on 14 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PVDA&rft.atitle=Nieuws&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pvda.be%2Fnieuws%2Fartikel%2Frusland-belangrijkste-oppositie-doodgezwegen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+of+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120224190926/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2107565,00.html">"Russia: Did Yeltsin Steal the 1996 Presidential Vote?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. 24 February 2012. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BNR+Nieuwsradio&rft.atitle=Fraude+bij+verkiezing+Rusland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnr.nl%2Ftopic%2Fpolitiek%2F184310-1203%2Ffraude-bij-verkiezing-rusland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+of+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nos.nl/artikel/347832-fraudeberichten-uit-rusland.html">"Fraudeberichten uit Rusland"</a>. <i>nos.nl</i>. 4 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nos.nl&rft.atitle=Fraudeberichten+uit+Rusland&rft.date=2012-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnos.nl%2Fartikel%2F347832-fraudeberichten-uit-rusland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+of+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.standaard.be/artikel/detail.aspx?artikelid=DMF20120304_064">"Oppositie noemt stembusgang oneerlijk"</a>. <i>De Standaard</i>. 4 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=De+Standaard&rft.atitle=Oppositie+noemt+stembusgang+oneerlijk&rft.date=2012-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.standaard.be%2Fartikel%2Fdetail.aspx%3Fartikelid%3DDMF20120304_064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+of+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070323162848/http://www.cprf.ru/news/party_news/48021.html">"Официальный сайт КПРФ"</a>. 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(10 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ria.ru/20180910/1528219456.html">"Клычков вступит в должность главы Орловской области 14 сентября"</a>. <i>РИА Новости</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%90+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82+%D0%B2+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B+%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+14+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F&rft.date=2018-09-10&rft.aulast=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft.aufirst=%D0%A0.+%D0%98.+%D0%90.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fria.ru%2F20180910%2F1528219456.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+of+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3791621">"Выборы губернатора Приморья пройдут без участия КПРФ"</a>. <i>Коммерсантъ</i>. 3 November 2018 – via Kommersant.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B+%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%82+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7+%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%A4&rft.date=2018-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc%2F3791621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+of+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tass.ru/politika/5544413">"КПРФ побеждает по партийным спискам на выборах в заксобрания трех регионов из 16"</a>. <i>ТАСС</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A1&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%A4+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%B2+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8%D0%B7+16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftass.ru%2Fpolitika%2F5544413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+of+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKagarlitsky2001" class="citation web cs1">Kagarlitsky, Boris (17 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/russia-there-life-kprf-after-yeltsin">"RUSSIA: Is there life for KPRF after Yeltsin?"</a>. <i>Green Left Weekly</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Green+Left+Weekly&rft.atitle=RUSSIA%3A+Is+there+life+for+KPRF+after+Yeltsin%3F&rft.date=2001-01-17&rft.aulast=Kagarlitsky&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenleft.org.au%2Fcontent%2Frussia-there-life-kprf-after-yeltsin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+of+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/10/world/the-saturday-profile-a-different-kind-of-brezhnev-in-the-making.html?pagewanted=all">"The Saturday Profile; A Different Kind of Brezhnev in the Making"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 10 August 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Saturday+Profile%3B+A+Different+Kind+of+Brezhnev+in+the+Making&rft.date=2002-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F08%2F10%2Fworld%2Fthe-saturday-profile-a-different-kind-of-brezhnev-in-the-making.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+of+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Syed Mohsin Hashim (March 1999). <i>KPRF ideology and its implications for democratization in Russia</i>. <i>Communist and Post-Communist Studies</i>. Vol. 32. Iss. 1. pp. 77–89.</li> <li>Lisa Horner (23 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227160511/http://www.sras.org/communist_party_russian_federation_cprf">"Communism and the CPRF in Modern Russia"</a> • <i>The School of Russian and Asian Studies</i>.</li> <li>Miriam Elder (14 October 2009) (updated 30 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/mexico/091014/communism-love-affair">"Communism: a love affair? The tyranny of daily bribes has many Russians nostalgic for Soviet social services"</a> • <i><a href="/wiki/The_Global_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Global Post">The Global Post</a></i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBozókiIshiyama2020" class="citation book cs1">Bozóki, András; Ishiyama, John T. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HszxDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Communist Successor Parties of Central and Eastern Europe</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-16140-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-16140-3"><bdi>978-1-000-16140-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Communist+Successor+Parties+of+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-000-16140-3&rft.aulast=Boz%C3%B3ki&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A1s&rft.au=Ishiyama%2C+John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHszxDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+of+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit 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aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation132" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation132" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to the Communist Party of the Russian Federation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation408" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#CC1111; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Template:Communist Party of the Russian Federation"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Template talk:Communist Party of the Russian Federation"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communist Party of the Russian Federation"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation408" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:white;">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CC1111; color:white;;width:1%">Chairmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a> (1993–)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Logo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/75px-Logo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Logo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/113px-Logo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Logo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/150px-Logo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="326" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CC1111; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_State_Duma" title="Chairman of the State Duma"><span style="color:white;">State Duma Chairmen</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gennadiy_Seleznyov" title="Gennadiy Seleznyov">Gennadiy Seleznyov</a> (1995–2002)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CC1111; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_presidential_candidates" title="List of Russian presidential candidates"><span style="color:white;">Presidential candidates</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Gennady Zyuganov (<a href="/wiki/1996_Russian_presidential_election" title="1996 Russian presidential election">1996</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Gennady Zyuganov 1996 presidential campaign">campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/2000_Russian_presidential_election" title="2000 Russian presidential election">2000</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Gennady Zyuganov 2000 presidential campaign">campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008_Russian_presidential_election" title="2008 Russian presidential election">2008</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Gennady Zyuganov 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/2012_Russian_presidential_election" title="2012 Russian presidential election">2012</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Gennady Zyuganov 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Kharitonov" title="Nikolay Kharitonov">Nikolay Kharitonov</a> (<a href="/wiki/2004_Russian_presidential_election" title="2004 Russian presidential election">2004</a>, <a href="/wiki/2024_Russian_presidential_election" title="2024 Russian presidential election">2024</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Kharitonov_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Nikolay Kharitonov 2024 presidential campaign">campaign</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Grudinin" title="Pavel Grudinin">Pavel Grudinin</a> (<a href="/wiki/2018_Russian_presidential_election" title="2018 Russian presidential election">2018</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Grudinin_2018_presidential_campaign" title="Pavel Grudinin 2018 presidential campaign">campaign</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CC1111; color:white;;width:1%"><span style="color:white;">Organization</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Central Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninist_Komsomol_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation">Komsomol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPRF_faction_in_the_State_Duma" title="CPRF faction in the State Duma">State Duma faction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CC1111; color:white;;width:1%"><span style="color:white;">Related topics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Communist Party of the Donetsk People's Republic">Communist Party of the Donetsk People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MFK_KPRF" title="MFK KPRF">MFK KPRF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Patriotic_Forces_of_Russia" title="National Patriotic Forces of Russia">National Patriotic Forces of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Patriotic_Union_of_Russia" title="People's Patriotic Union of Russia">People's Patriotic Union of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Belt_(Russia)" title="Red Belt (Russia)">Red Belt</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sovetskaya_Rossiya" title="Sovetskaya Rossiya">Sovetskaya Rossiya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Communist_Parties_%E2%80%93_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Union of Communist Parties – Communist Party of the Soviet Union">UCP-CPSU</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Registered_political_parties_in_Russia594" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_political_parties" title="Template:Russian political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_political_parties" title="Template talk:Russian political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Registered_political_parties_in_Russia594" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Russia" title="List of political parties in Russia">Registered political parties in Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Represented in <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Russia" title="United Russia">United Russia</a> (324)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Communist Party</a> (57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Just_Russia_%E2%80%93_For_Truth" title="A Just Russia – For Truth">A Just Russia – For Truth</a> (27)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Russia" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Russia">Liberal Democratic Party</a> (21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People_(political_party)" title="New People (political party)">New People</a> (13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodina_(political_party)" title="Rodina (political party)">Rodina</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform_(Russia)" title="Civic Platform (Russia)">Civic Platform</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Growth" title="Party of Growth">Party of Growth</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Only in <a href="/wiki/Regional_parliaments_of_Russia" title="Regional parliaments of Russia">regional parliaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Party_of_Pensioners_for_Social_Justice" title="Russian Party of Pensioners for Social Justice">Party of Pensioners</a> (16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabloko" title="Yabloko">Yabloko</a> (13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communists_of_Russia" title="Communists of Russia">Communists of Russia</a> (7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Ecological_Party_%22The_Greens%22" title="Russian Ecological Party "The Greens"">Russian Ecological Party "The Greens"</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Party_of_Freedom_and_Justice" title="Russian Party of Freedom and Justice">Russian Party of Freedom and Justice</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Alternative_(Russia)" title="Green Alternative (Russia)">Green Alternative</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Business" title="Party of Business">Party of Business</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Direct_Democracy_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Party of Direct Democracy (Russia)">Party of Direct Democracy</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other registered<br /> <small>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minjust.gov.ru/ru/pages/politicheskie-partii/">in the Justice Ministry's order</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Russia" title="Democratic Party of Russia">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_All-People%27s_Union" title="Russian All-People's Union">Russian All-People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_for_Fairness!&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party for Fairness! (page does not exist)">Party for Fairness!</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_of_Social_Protection_(Russia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party of Social Protection (Russia) (page does not exist)">Party of Social Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_Power" title="Civilian Power">Civilian Power</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cossack_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cossack Party of the Russian Federation (page does not exist)">Cossack Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Initiative" title="Civic Initiative">Civic Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Russia%27s_Rebirth" title="Party of Russia's Rebirth">Party of Russia's Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_of_Social_Reforms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party of Social Reforms (page does not exist)">Party of Social Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_of_Good_Deeds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party of Good Deeds (page does not exist)">Party of Good Deeds</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_of_Small_Business_of_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party of Small Business of Russia (page does not exist)">Party of Small Business</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Portal:Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">List of political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Politics of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_political_movements" title="Template:Russian political movements">Russian political movements and non-registered parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Defunct_Russian_political_parties" title="Template:Defunct Russian political parties">Defunct Russian political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialist_and_social_democratic_political_parties_and_organizations_in_the_Russian_Federation230" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialist_and_social_democratic_parties_in_the_Russian_Federation" title="Template:Socialist and social democratic parties in the Russian Federation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialist_and_social_democratic_parties_in_the_Russian_Federation" title="Template talk:Socialist and social democratic parties in the Russian Federation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialist_and_social_democratic_parties_in_the_Russian_Federation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialist and social democratic parties in the Russian Federation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialist_and_social_democratic_political_parties_and_organizations_in_the_Russian_Federation230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Socialist and social democratic <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Russia" title="List of political parties in Russia">political parties</a> and organizations in the Russian Federation</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Registered parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Just_Russia_%E2%80%93_For_Truth" title="A Just Russia – For Truth">A Just Russia – For Truth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communists_of_Russia" title="Communists of Russia">Communists of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Russia%27s_Rebirth" title="Party of Russia's Rebirth">Party of Russia's Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Party_of_Freedom_and_Justice" title="Russian Party of Freedom and Justice">Russian Party of Freedom and Justice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unregistered parties<br />and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Just_World_(Russia)" title="A Just World (Russia)">A Just World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_(1995)" title="All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (1995)">All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Union_Communist_Party_of_Bolsheviks_(1991)" title="All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (1991)">All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_the_Revolutionary_Socialists" title="Alliance of the Revolutionary Socialists">Alliance of the Revolutionary Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Action" title="Autonomous Action">Autonomous Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Platform_of_the_CPSU" title="Bolshevik Platform of the CPSU">Bolshevik Platform of the CPSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Organization_of_Anarcho-Communists" title="Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists">Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1992)" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1992)">Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence_of_Time" title="Essence of Time">Essence of Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Socialism" title="For a New Socialism">For a New Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Maoist_Party" title="Russian Maoist Party">Russian Maoist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Labour_Front" title="Russian Labour Front">Russian Labour Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Russia" title="Labour Russia">Labour Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Front_(Russia)" title="Left Front (Russia)">Left Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist_Action" title="Left Socialist Action">Left Socialist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninist_Komsomol_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation">Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li>Organisation of Communist Internationalists</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Workers%27_Party_(Russia)" title="Revolutionary Workers' Party (Russia)">Revolutionary Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_(2018)" title="Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (2018)">Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Communist_Workers%27_Party_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Russian Communist Workers' Party of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Russian Communist Workers' Party of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Communist_Youth_League" title="Russian Communist Youth League">Russian Communist Youth League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Union_of_Youth" title="Russian Social Democratic Union of Youth">Russian Social Democratic Union of Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Russia_(2012)" title="Social Democratic Party of Russia (2012)">Social Democratic Party of Russia (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Communists" title="Union of Communists">Union of Communists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Communist_Party" title="United Communist Party">United Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_of_Red_Youth" title="Vanguard of Red Youth">Vanguard of Red Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct parties<br />and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Party_of_Russia" title="Agrarian Party of Russia">Agrarian Party of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Workers%27_Democracy_and_International_Socialism" title="Committee for Workers' Democracy and International Socialism">Committee for Workers' Democracy and International Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Republic_of_Tatarstan" title="Communist Party of the Republic of Tatarstan">Communist Party of the Republic of Tatarstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communists_of_Petersburg_and_the_Leningrad_Oblast" title="Communists of Petersburg and the Leningrad Oblast">Communists of Petersburg and the Leningrad Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Socialist_Youth" title="Federation of Socialist Youth">Federation of Socialist Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Bloc_(Russia)" title="Left Bloc (Russia)">Left Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_Tendency" title="Marxist Tendency">Marxist Tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_(Russia)" title="Network (Russia)">Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Revolutionary_Alternative" title="New Revolutionary Alternative">New Revolutionary Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Dictatorship_of_the_Proletariat" title="Party of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat">Party of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Workers%27_Self-Government" title="Party of Workers' Self-Government">Party of Workers' Self-Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriots_of_Russia" title="Patriots of Russia">Patriots of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Self-Defense_(Russia)" title="People's Self-Defense (Russia)">People's Self-Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Alexeyev_Resistance_Movement" title="Pyotr Alexeyev Resistance Movement">Pyotr Alexeyev Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Communist_Workers_Party" title="Russian Communist Workers Party">Russian Communist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Party_of_Social_Democracy" title="Russian Party of Social Democracy">Russian Party of Social Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_United_Social_Democratic_Party" title="Russian United Social Democratic Party">Russian United Social Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Socialist_Movement" title="Russian Socialist Movement">Russian Socialist Movement</a></li> <li>Social Democratic Party of Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Russia_(1990)" title="Social Democratic Party of Russia (1990)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Russia_(2001)" title="Social Democratic Party of Russia (2001)">2001</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_League_Vpered" title="Socialist League Vpered">Socialist League Vpered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Resistance_(Russia)" title="Socialist Resistance (Russia)">Socialist Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_United_Party_of_Russia" title="Socialist United Party of Russia">Socialist United Party of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers%27_Party_(Russia)" title="Socialist Workers' Party (Russia)">Socialist Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(faction)" title="Soyuz (faction)">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Bloc_%E2%80%93_For_the_USSR" title="Stalin Bloc – For the USSR">Stalin Bloc – For the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Social_Democrats" title="Union of Social Democrats">Union of Social Democrats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Orthodox_communist_parties_in_Europe93" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_communist_parties" title="Template:European communist parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_communist_parties" title="Template talk:European communist parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_communist_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European communist parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Orthodox_communist_parties_in_Europe93" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">communist parties</a> in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Abkhazia" title="Communist Party of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></b></li> <li><b>Albania</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Albania_(1991)" title="Communist Party of Albania (1991)">PKSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Albania_8_November" title="Communist Party of Albania 8 November">PKSH 8 Nëntori</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Communist_Party" title="Armenian Communist Party">Armenia</a></b></li> <li><b>Austria</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Austria" title="Communist Party of Austria">KPÖ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Austria" title="Party of Labour of Austria">PdA</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Azerbaijan</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Communist_Party_(1993)" title="Azerbaijan Communist Party (1993)">AKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Azerbaijan_(2011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Azerbaijan (2011)">AYNKP</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sortu" title="Sortu">Basque Country</a></b></li> <li><b>Belarus</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Belarus" title="Communist Party of Belarus">CPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Left_Party_%22A_Just_World%22" title="Belarusian Left Party "A Just World"">JW</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Belgium</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Belgium" title="Workers' Party of Belgium">PvdA/PTB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Wallonia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party (Wallonia)">PC</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Communist_Party_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Workers' Communist Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></b></li> <li><b>Bulgaria</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bulgaria" title="Communist Party of Bulgaria">KPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Communist_Party_%E2%80%93_Marxists" title="Bulgarian Communist Party – Marxists">BKP-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Communists_in_Bulgaria" title="Union of Communists in Bulgaria">SKB</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Catalan Countries</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endavant" title="Endavant">Endavant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poble_Lliure" title="Poble Lliure">Poble Lliure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communists_of_Catalonia" title="Communists of Catalonia">Communists of Catalonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Croatia</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labour_Party_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Labour Party of Croatia">SRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Action_(Croatia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Action (Croatia)">CA</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_of_Working_People" title="Progressive Party of Working People">Cyprus</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech Republic</a></b></li> <li><b>Denmark</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Denmark)" title="Communist Party (Denmark)">KP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_in_Denmark" title="Communist Party in Denmark">KPiD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Denmark" title="Communist Party of Denmark">DKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Communist_Party_(Denmark)" title="Workers' Communist Party (Denmark)">AKP</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Communist Party of the Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk People's Republic</a></b></li> <li><b>Finland</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_%E2%80%93_For_Peace_and_Socialism" title="Communist Workers' Party – For Peace and Socialism">KTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Finland_(1997)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Finland (1997)">SKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_(Finland)" title="League of Communists (Finland)">KL</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>France</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parti_Communiste_R%C3%A9volutionnaire_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti Communiste Révolutionnaire de France">PCRF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Revolutionary_Party_(France)" title="Communist Revolutionary Party (France)">PRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Communist_Revival_in_France" title="Pole of Communist Revival in France">PRCF</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Galicia</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_People%27s_Union" title="Galician People's Union">UPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Movement_for_Socialism" title="Galician Movement for Socialism">MGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_People%27s_Front" title="Galician People's Front">FPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Galician_People" title="Communist Party of the Galician People">PCPG</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/United_Communist_Party_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="United Communist Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></b></li> <li><b>Germany</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Communist_Party" title="German Communist Party">DKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany_(1990)" title="Communist Party of Germany (1990)">KPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Party_of_Germany" title="Marxist–Leninist Party of Germany">MLPD</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Greece</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece" title="Communist Party of Greece">KKE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece_(Marxist-Leninist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Greece (Marxist-Leninist)">KKE (m-l)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Reorganization_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Greece_1918-55" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for the Reorganization of the Communist Party of Greece 1918-55">Anasintaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist-Leninist_Communist_Party_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Greece">M-L KKE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Organization_of_Greece" title="Communist Organization of Greece">ΚΟΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Current" title="New Left Current">NAR</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Hungary</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Communist_Workers%27_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Communist Workers' Party">MKM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Hungary_2006_%E2%80%93_European_Left" title="Workers' Party of Hungary 2006 – European Left">MM 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_(1993)" title="Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (1993)">MSZMP</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Ireland</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Ireland)" title="Workers' Party (Ireland)">WPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ireland" title="Communist Party of Ireland">CPI</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Italy</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party" title="Communist Refoundation Party">PRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party_(2016)" title="Italian Communist Party (2016)">PCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Italy)" title="Communist Party (Italy)">PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Marxist-Leninist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Marxist-Leninist Party">PMLI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist-Leninist_Italian_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist-Leninist Italian Communist Party">PCIM-L</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Latvia" title="Socialist Party of Latvia">Latvia</a></b></li> <li><b>Lithuania</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Lithuania" title="Communist Party of Lithuania">LKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Front" title="Socialist People's Front">SLF</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_of_Communists_of_Luhanshchina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Union of Communists of Luhanshchina (page does not exist)">Luhansk People's Republic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Luxembourg" title="Communist Party of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></b></li> <li><b>Macedonia</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Macedonia_(1992)" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Communists of Macedonia (1992)">SKM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Tito%27s_Left_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Tito's Left Forces">STLS</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Communists_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova" title="Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova">Moldova</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Communist_Party_of_the_Netherlands" title="New Communist Party of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></b></li> <li><b>Norway</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Norway" title="Communist Party of Norway">NKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Party_(Norway)" title="Red Party (Norway)">Rødt</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Poland</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">PZPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Communist_Party_(2002)" title="Polish Communist Party (2002)">KPP</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Portugal</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Communist_Party" title="Portuguese Communist Party">PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Workers%27_Communist_Party" title="Portuguese Workers' Communist Party">PCTP</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party_(present-day)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Communist Party (present-day)">Romania</a></b></li> <li><b>Russia</b> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CPRF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communists_of_Russia" title="Communists of Russia">CR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_United_Labour_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian United Labour Front">ROT Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Communist_Workers%27_Party_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Russian Communist Workers' Party of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">RCWP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Communist_Party" title="United Communist Party">UCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Union_Communist_Party_of_Bolsheviks_(1991)" title="All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (1991)">AUCPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Communists" title="Union of Communists">UC</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/United_Left_(San_Marino)" title="United Left (San Marino)">San Marino</a></b></li> <li><b>Slovakia</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Slovakia" title="Communist Party of Slovakia">KSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VZDOR" title="VZDOR">VZDOR</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_South_Ossetia" title="Communist Party of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></b></li> <li><b>Spain</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of Spain">PCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Peoples_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain">PCPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Workers_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of the Workers of Spain">PCTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Communist_Workers%27_Party_(1973)" title="Spanish Communist Workers' Party (1973)">PCOE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Labour_Party_(Spain)" title="Democratic Labour Party (Spain)">PTD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain_(Reconstituted)" title="Communist Party of Spain (Reconstituted)">PCE(r)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist-Leninist_Party_(Communist_Reconstruction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist-Leninist Party (Communist Reconstruction)">RC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist)">PCE (m-l)</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Sweden</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Sweden)" title="Communist Party (Sweden)">KP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Sweden_(1995)" title="Communist Party of Sweden (1995)">SKP</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Party_of_Labour" title="Swiss Party of Labour">Switzerland</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Transnistrian_Communist_Party" title="Transnistrian Communist Party">Transnistria</a></b></li> <li><b>Turkey</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Liberation_Party" title="Socialist Liberation Party">1920TKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_the_Oppressed" title="Socialist Party of the Oppressed">ESP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labourist_Movement_Party" title="Labourist Movement Party">EHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Turkey)" title="Labour Party (Turkey)">EMEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Party_(Turkey)" title="People's Liberation Party (Turkey)">HKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_Communist_Party_(Turkey)" title="Maoist Communist Party (Turkey)">MKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Refoundation_Party" title="Socialist Refoundation Party">SYKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Turkey_(2017)" title="Workers' Party of Turkey (2017)">TİP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Movement_of_Turkey" title="Communist Movement of Turkey">TKH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Turkey_(modern)" title="Communist Party of Turkey (modern)">TKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers_Party_of_Turkey" title="Communist Workers Party of Turkey">TKİP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Turkey" title="Socialist Workers' Party of Turkey">TSİP</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>United Kingdom</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Britain" title="Communist Party of Britain">CPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Group_(UK)" title="Revolutionary Communist Group (UK)">RCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)">CPGB-ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Communist_Party_of_Britain" title="New Communist Party of Britain">NCPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain_(Provisional_Central_Committee)" title="Communist Party of Great Britain (Provisional Central Committee)">CPGB-PCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Britain_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)">CPB-ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_of_Britain_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)">RCPB-ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_(UK,_1988)" title="Communist League (UK, 1988)">CL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Scotland" title="Communist Party of Scotland">CPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Ukraine</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Communist Party of Ukraine">KPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(renewed)" title="Communist Party of Ukraine (renewed)">KPU(o)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Workers_and_Peasants" title="Communist Party of Workers and Peasants">KPRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borotba" title="Borotba">Borotba</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Refusenik_movement_and_1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah144" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Refusenik_movement_and_1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="Template:Refusenik movement and 1990s post-Soviet aliyah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Refusenik_movement_and_1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="Template talk:Refusenik movement and 1990s post-Soviet aliyah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Refusenik_movement_and_1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Refusenik movement and 1990s post-Soviet aliyah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Refusenik_movement_and_1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah144" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refusenik</a> movement and <a href="/wiki/1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="1990s post-Soviet aliyah">1990s post-Soviet aliyah</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1970 – 2000)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Causes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Emigration from the Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cosmopolitan_campaign" title="Anti-cosmopolitan campaign">Anti-cosmopolitan campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Jewish groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgian Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dymshits%E2%80%93Kuznetsov_hijacking_affair" title="Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair">Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_Soviet_Union_aliyah" title="1970s Soviet Union aliyah">1970s aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%E2%80%93Vanik_amendment" title="Jackson–Vanik amendment">Jackson–Vanik amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Sunday_for_Soviet_Jews" title="Freedom Sunday for Soviet Jews">Freedom Sunday for Soviet Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Solomon" title="Operation Solomon">Operation Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Pro-government</a>/<a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">antisemitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dragunsky" title="David Dragunsky">David Dragunsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Moiseevich_Fishman" title="Yakov Moiseevich Fishman">Yakov Fishman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Shayevich" title="Adolf Shayevich">Adolf Shayevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emomali_Rahmon" title="Emomali Rahmon">Emomali Rahmon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Jewry_movement" title="Soviet Jewry movement">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Nudel" title="Ida Nudel">Ida Nudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natan_Sharansky" title="Natan Sharansky">Natan Sharansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuli_Edelstein" title="Yuli Edelstein">Yuli Edelstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Kuznetsov_(dissident)" title="Eduard Kuznetsov (dissident)">Eduard Kuznetsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iosif_Begun" title="Iosif Begun">Iosif Begun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Henry M. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vanik" title="Charles Vanik">Charles Vanik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Kahane" title="Meir Kahane">Meir Kahane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir" title="Yitzhak Shamir">Yitzhak Shamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simcha_Dinitz" title="Simcha Dinitz">Simcha Dinitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Burg" title="Avraham Burg">Avraham Burg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehemiah_Levanon" title="Nehemiah Levanon">Nehemiah Levanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Lapidot" title="Yehuda Lapidot">Yehuda Lapidot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-Soviet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-Jewish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania"><img alt="Socialist Republic of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionist_Committee_of_the_Soviet_Public" title="Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public">Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Helsinki_Group" title="Moscow Helsinki Group">Moscow Helsinki Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamyat" title="Pamyat">Pamyat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_League" title="Jewish Defense League">Jewish Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Joint_Distribution_Committee" title="American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee">American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Councils_for_Soviet_Jews" title="Union of Councils for Soviet Jews">Union of Councils for Soviet Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Supporting_Soviet_Jewry" title="National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry">National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativ_(Liaison_Bureau)" title="Nativ (Liaison Bureau)">Nativ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Russian Jews in Israel">Russian Jews in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yisrael_BaAliyah" title="Yisrael BaAliyah">Yisrael BaAliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_9_(Israel)" title="Channel 9 (Israel)">Channel 9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192187#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1478" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192187#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1478" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192187#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/146251554">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1231859-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kommunisticheskai︠a︡ partii︠a︡ Rossiĭskoĭ Federat︠s︡ii"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n96046098">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kommunističeskaja partija Rossijskoj Federacii"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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