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window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":18246659,"created_at":"2015-11-12T19:40:13.880-08:00","from_world_paper_id":144333779,"updated_at":"2024-11-17T19:22:34.879-08:00","_data":{"grobid_abstract":"A Novel Approach to Medical Student Ultrasound Education he development of focused bedside ultrasound has provided a means for nontraditional imaging specialists to answer clinical questions. Focused ultrasound is considered the standard of care in many areas of medicine, including central venous cannulation 1 and trauma resuscitation. 2 Furthermore, ultrasound is becoming more popular in critical care fields to evaluate for global cardiac function, volume responsiveness, and abdominal aortic aneurysm screening and to answer a number of other clinical questions. The importance of ultrasound education in medical school training cannot be overstated. Many programs have developed methods to integrate ultrasound into medical education. 4-6 Medical school graduates are increasingly expected to demonstrate proficiency using ultrasound during residency. As a result, many believe that medical schools have a duty to provide an adequate level of ultrasound education to their students.","publication_name":"Journal of ultrasound in medicine: official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"39953719"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The ultrasound challenge: A novel approach to medical student ultrasound education","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [38233222]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" 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data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/18246659/The_ultrasound_challenge_A_novel_approach_to_medical_student_ultrasound_education" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="91105871" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/91105871/Benefits_of_a_dedicated_ultrasound_education_for_medical_students_A_3_year_experience">Benefits of a dedicated ultrasound education for medical students: A 3 year experience</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="92224678" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HaithamAwdeh">Haitham Awdeh</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">MedEdPublish, 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Benefits of a dedicated ultrasound education for medical students: A 3 year experience","attachmentId":94487201,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/91105871/Benefits_of_a_dedicated_ultrasound_education_for_medical_students_A_3_year_experience","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/91105871/Benefits_of_a_dedicated_ultrasound_education_for_medical_students_A_3_year_experience"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="86776513" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/86776513/Teaching_bedside_ultrasound_to_medical_students">Teaching bedside ultrasound to medical students</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="197927236" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CheekColleen">Colleen Cheek</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The clinical teacher, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) assists in the rapid diagnosis of conditions in the Emergency Department (ED). POCUS has been introduced to international medical curricula; however, there is no described implementation of clinically focused POCUS education in Australian medical schools. We wanted to investigate whether a formal curriculum can be effective and feasible in an Australian medical school. Pre-post intervention study of a focused curriculum based on the Extended Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (E-FAST) examination, consisting of online and practical teaching, was implemented for Year-4 and -5 medical students. An online questionnaire was used to measure knowledge, image interpretation and confidence prior to the intervention. After the intervention and ED placement, the questionnaire was repeated and students were assessed performing the E-FAST examination on a healthy volunteer. Twenty-seven students participated in both the pre-intervention and post-interv...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Teaching bedside ultrasound to medical students","attachmentId":91155038,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86776513/Teaching_bedside_ultrasound_to_medical_students","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/86776513/Teaching_bedside_ultrasound_to_medical_students"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="54248299" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54248299/Medical_Student_Ultrasound_Education_a_WFUMB_Position_Paper_Part_II_A_consensus_statement_of_ultrasound_societies">Medical Student Ultrasound Education, a WFUMB Position Paper, Part II. A consensus statement of ultrasound societies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58092534" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SudhirVinayak">Sudhir Vinayak</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Medical Ultrasonography</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Ultrasound is becoming a fundamental first-line diagnostic tool for most medical specialties and an innovative tool to teach anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology to undergraduate and graduate students. However, availability of structured training programs during medical school is lagging behind and many physicians still acquire all their ultrasound skills during postgraduate training.There is wide variation in medical student ultrasound education worldwide. Sharing successful educational strategies from early adopter medical schools and learning from leading education programs should advance the integration of ultrasound into the university medical school curricula. In this overview, we present current approaches and suggestions by ultrasound societies concerning medical student educa-tion throughout the world. Based on these examples, we formulate a consensus statement with suggestions on how to integrate ultrasound teaching into the preclinical and clinical medical curricula.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Medical Student Ultrasound Education, a WFUMB Position Paper, Part II. A consensus statement of ultrasound societies","attachmentId":70703206,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/54248299/Medical_Student_Ultrasound_Education_a_WFUMB_Position_Paper_Part_II_A_consensus_statement_of_ultrasound_societies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/54248299/Medical_Student_Ultrasound_Education_a_WFUMB_Position_Paper_Part_II_A_consensus_statement_of_ultrasound_societies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="90040757" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/90040757/Ultrasound_Integration_in_Undergraduate_Medical_Education_Comparison_of_Ultrasound_Proficiency_Between_Trained_and_Untrained_Medical_Students">Ultrasound Integration in Undergraduate Medical Education: Comparison of Ultrasound Proficiency Between Trained and Untrained Medical Students</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="243819451" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelAvila36">Michael Avila</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The benefit of formal ultrasound implementation in undergraduate medical education remains unclear. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of ultrasound curriculum implementation during year 1 medical student physical examination teaching on the ultrasound proficiency of medical students. An ultrasound curriculum was formally implemented at our institution in August 2012 and since then has successfully trained 2 classes of medical students (year 1 and year 2). Year 3 and year 4 medical students did not receive any formal ultrasound training, as the curriculum had not yet been implemented during their preclinical years. With the use of a 22-point ultrasound objective structured clinical examination (US-OSCE), trained medical students were compared to untrained medical students. The US-OSCE tested image acquisition and interpretation of the following systems: ocular, neck, vascular, pulmonary, cardiovascular, and abdominal. Emergency medicine (EM) residents formally ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ultrasound Integration in Undergraduate Medical Education: Comparison of Ultrasound Proficiency Between Trained and Untrained Medical Students","attachmentId":93714260,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/90040757/Ultrasound_Integration_in_Undergraduate_Medical_Education_Comparison_of_Ultrasound_Proficiency_Between_Trained_and_Untrained_Medical_Students","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/90040757/Ultrasound_Integration_in_Undergraduate_Medical_Education_Comparison_of_Ultrasound_Proficiency_Between_Trained_and_Untrained_Medical_Students"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="4589838" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4589838/Ultrasound_Training_for_Emergency_Physicians_A_Prospective_Study">Ultrasound Training for Emergency Physicians— A Prospective Study</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5764591" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DennisChan3">Dennis Chan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Academic Emergency Medicine, 2000</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Abstract. Objectives: Bedside ultrasound examination by emergency physicians (EPs) is being integrated into clinical emergency practice, yet minimum training requirements have not been well defined or evaluated. This study evaluated the accuracy of EP ultrasonography following a 16-hour introductory ultrasound course. Methods: In phase I of the study, a condensed 16-hour emergency ultrasound curriculum based on Society for Academic Emergency Medicine guidelines was administered to emergency medicine houseofficers, attending staff, medical students, and physician assistants over two days. Lectures with syllabus material were used to cover the following ultrasound topics in eight hours: basic physics, pelvis, right upper quadrant, renal, aorta, trauma, and echo-cardiography. In addition, each student received eight hours of hands-on ultrasound instruction over the two-day period. All participants in this curriculum received a standardized pretest and posttest that included 24 emergency ultrasound images for interpretation. These images included positive, negative, and nondiagnostic scans in each of the above clinical categories. In phase II of the study, ultrasound examinations performed by postgraduate-year-2 (PGY2) houseofficers over a ten-month period were examined and the standardized test was readministered. Results: In phase I, a total of 80 health professionals underwent standardized training and testing. The mean ± SD pretest score was 15.6 ± 4.2, 95% CI = 14.7 to 16.5 (65% of a maximum score of 24), and the mean ± SD posttest score was 20.2 ± 1.6, 95% CI = 19.8 to 20.6 (84%) (p < 0.05). In phase II, a total of 1,138 examinations were performed by 18 PGY2 houseofficers. Sensitivity was 92.4% (95% CI = 89% to 95%), specificity was 96.1% (95% CI = 94% to 98%), and overall accuracy was 94.6% (95% CI = 93% to 96%). The follow-up ultrasound written test showed continued good performance (20.7 ± 1.2, 95% CI = 20.0 to 21.4). Conclusions: Emergency physicians can be taught focused ultrasonography with a high degree of accuracy, and a 16-hour course serves as a good introductory foundation.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ultrasound Training for Emergency Physicians— A Prospective Study","attachmentId":49774673,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4589838/Ultrasound_Training_for_Emergency_Physicians_A_Prospective_Study","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4589838/Ultrasound_Training_for_Emergency_Physicians_A_Prospective_Study"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="3320080" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3320080/Adding_New_Tools_to_the_Black_Bag_Introduction_of_Ultrasound_into_the_Physical_Diagnosis_Course">Adding New Tools to the Black Bag—Introduction of Ultrasound into the Physical Diagnosis Course</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2808868" href="https://wayne.academia.edu/SimoneBrennan">Simone Brennan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of General Internal Medicine, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">INTRODUCTION Ultrasound, a versatile diagnostic modality that permits real-time visualization at the patient’s bedside, can be used as an adjunct in teaching physical diagnosis (PD). Aims: (1) to study the feasibility of incorporating ultrasound into PD courses and (2) determine whether learners can demonstrate image recognition and acquisition skills. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION Three hundred seven second-year medical students were introduced to cardiovascular and abdominal ultrasound scanning after training in the physical examination. This consisted of a demonstration of the ultrasound examination, followed by practice on standardized patients (SPs). Pre-post tests were administered to evaluate students’ knowledge and understanding of ultrasound. Students performed an ultrasound examination during the PD final examination. PROGRAM EVALUATION Pre-post test data revealed significant improvements in image recognition. On the final exam, the highest scores (98.4%) were obtained for the internal jugular vein and lowest scores (74.6%) on the Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma images. Eighty-nine percent of students’ surveyed felt ultrasound was a valuable tool for physicians. DISCUSSION An introductory ultrasound course is effective in improving medical students' acquisition and recognition of basic cardiovascular and abdominal ultrasound images. This innovative program demonstrates the feasibility of incorporating portable ultrasound as a learning tool during medical school.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Adding New Tools to the Black Bag—Introduction of Ultrasound into the Physical Diagnosis Course","attachmentId":38597303,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3320080/Adding_New_Tools_to_the_Black_Bag_Introduction_of_Ultrasound_into_the_Physical_Diagnosis_Course","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3320080/Adding_New_Tools_to_the_Black_Bag_Introduction_of_Ultrasound_into_the_Physical_Diagnosis_Course"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="110940182" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/110940182/A_Scoping_Review_of_Ultrasound_Teaching_in_Undergraduate_Medical_Education">A Scoping Review of Ultrasound Teaching in Undergraduate Medical Education</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="45642329" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CatherineNix">Catherine Nix</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Medical science educator, 2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Scoping Review of Ultrasound Teaching in Undergraduate Medical Education","attachmentId":108601749,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/110940182/A_Scoping_Review_of_Ultrasound_Teaching_in_Undergraduate_Medical_Education","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/110940182/A_Scoping_Review_of_Ultrasound_Teaching_in_Undergraduate_Medical_Education"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="102642336" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/102642336/Toward_an_ultrasound_curriculum_for_critical_care_medicine">Toward an ultrasound curriculum for critical care medicine</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="271024668" href="https://independent.academia.edu/StortiEnrico">Enrico Storti</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Critical Care Medicine, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Toward an ultrasound curriculum for critical care 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data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="19852641" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19852641/Ultrafest_a_novel_approach_to_ultrasound_in_medical_education_leads_to_improvement_in_written_and_clinical_examinations">Ultrafest: a novel approach to ultrasound in medical education leads to improvement in written and clinical examinations</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40643873" href="https://uci.academia.edu/ChrisFox">Chris Fox</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40753212" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarkLangdorf">Mark Langdorf</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The western journal of emergency medicine, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of hands-on training at a bedside ultrasound (US) symposium (&quot;Ultrafest&quot;) to improve both clinical knowledge and image acquisition skills of medical students. Primary outcome measure was improvement in multiple choice questions on pulmonary or Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST) US knowledge. Secondary outcome was improvement in image acquisition for either pulmonary or FAST. Prospective cohort study of 48 volunteers at &quot;Ultrafest,&quot; a free symposium where students received five contact training hours. Students were evaluated before and after training for proficiency in either pulmonary US or FAST. Proficiency was assessed by clinical knowledge through written multiple-choice exam, and clinical skills through accuracy of image acquisition. We used paired sample t-tests with students as their own controls. Pulmonary knowledge scores increased by a mean of 10.1 points (95% CI [8.9-11.3], p&lt;0.00005), ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ultrafest: a novel approach to ultrasound in medical education leads to improvement in written and clinical examinations","attachmentId":41279434,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19852641/Ultrafest_a_novel_approach_to_ultrasound_in_medical_education_leads_to_improvement_in_written_and_clinical_examinations","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19852641/Ultrafest_a_novel_approach_to_ultrasound_in_medical_education_leads_to_improvement_in_written_and_clinical_examinations"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":39953719,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":39953719,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_39953719" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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