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/></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2019 United States Supreme Court case</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox scotus" style="line-height: 1.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #99c0ff; padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.4em; font-size:125%; font-style: italic">Frank v. Gaos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Seal of the United States Supreme Court"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top: 0.5em; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Argued October 31, 2018<br />Decided March 20, 2019</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Theodore H. Frank, et al. v. Paloma Gaos, et al.</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Docket no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-961.html">17-961</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data">586 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> ___ (<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_586" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 586">more</a></i>)<div>139 S. Ct. 1041; 203 <a href="/wiki/L._Ed._2d" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Ed. 2d">L. Ed. 2d</a> 404</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prior</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>In re Google Referrer Header Privacy Litig.</i>, 87 <a href="/wiki/F._Supp._3d" class="mw-redirect" title="F. Supp. 3d">F. Supp. 3d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leagle.com/decision/infdco20150403681">1122</a> (<a href="/wiki/N.D._Cal." class="mw-redirect" title="N.D. Cal.">N.D. Cal.</a> 2015); affirmed, 869 <a href="/wiki/F.3d" class="mw-redirect" title="F.3d">F.3d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leagle.com/decision/infco20170822167">737</a> (<a href="/wiki/9th_Cir." class="mw-redirect" title="9th Cir.">9th Cir.</a> 2017); <a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">cert</a>. granted, 138 S. Ct. 1697 (2018).</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">The case is remanded for the courts below to address the plaintiffs’ standing in light of <i><a href="/wiki/Spokeo,_Inc._v._Robins" title="Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins">Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins</a></i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Court membership</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><dl style="margin:0; padding:0.1em 0.5em; text-align:center; line-height:1.3em;"> <dt style="margin:0;">Chief Justice</dt> <dd style="margin:0 0 0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> </dd> <dt style="margin:0;">Associate Justices</dt> <dd style="margin:0;"><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Brett Kavanaugh</a> </dd></dl></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case opinions</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Per curiam</i></span></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissent</th><td class="infobox-data">Thomas</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Frank v. Gaos</b></i>, 586 U.S. ___ (2019), was a <i><a href="/wiki/Per_curiam" class="mw-redirect" title="Per curiam">per curiam</a></i> decision by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> in a case concerning the practice of <i><a href="/wiki/Cy-pr%C3%A8s_doctrine" title="Cy-près doctrine">cy pres</a></i> settlements in <a href="/wiki/Class_action" title="Class action">class action</a> lawsuits. Following oral argument, the court asked the parties to submit supplemental briefs addressing whether the parties had <a href="/wiki/Case_or_Controversy_Clause" title="Case or Controversy Clause">Article III standing</a> to pursue the case in federal courts. Supplemental briefing was completed on December 21, 2018. On March 20, 2019, the court remanded the case to the Ninth Circuit to address the plaintiffs’ standing in light of <i><a href="/wiki/Spokeo,_Inc._v._Robins" title="Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins">Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_lower_court_decisions">Background and lower court decisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_v._Gaos&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and lower court decisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Class_action#Class_certification_under_Rule_23" title="Class action">Class action § Class certification under Rule 23</a></div> <p>In 2010, several individuals, including lead plaintiff Paloma Gaos, brought a class action against Google for allegedly leaking, in violation of privacy laws, information about their search terms to third parties by including search terms in the referrer <a href="/wiki/Header_(computing)" title="Header (computing)">header</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Orlowski_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlowski-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After four days of negotiations, both sides agreed to a <a href="/wiki/Settlement_(litigation)" title="Settlement (litigation)">settlement</a>, which requires approval by the presiding judge in the case to determine whether, per Rule 23(e)(2) of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Rules_of_Civil_Procedure" title="Federal Rules of Civil Procedure">Federal Rules of Civil Procedure</a>, it is "fair, reasonable, and adequate".<sup id="cite_ref-docket_QP_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-docket_QP-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In exchange for settlement funds, all class members, even if they were unaware of the settlement, relinquish their claim against the defendant.<sup id="cite_ref-states_cert_amicus_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-states_cert_amicus-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the proposed settlement terms, the three lawyers in the case would receive over $2 million (an hourly rate of $1000/hour) and the named plaintiffs would receive $5,000 apiece, while an additional $6 million would be given to several privacy groups under the <a href="/wiki/Cy-pr%C3%A8s_doctrine" title="Cy-près doctrine"><i>cy-près</i> doctrine</a> in lieu of compensation to then remaining unnamed class action members, due to the cost of administering the payout to those estimated 129 million individuals and the low amount of compensation (an estimated four cents). The privacy groups that would receive some of the money included each of the three lawyers' <i>alma maters</i> and several groups that Google has supported. The district court judge in the case, Judge Edward Davlia, noted "the elephant in the room is that many of them are law schools that you attended. ... I’m disappointed that the usual suspects are still usual."<sup id="cite_ref-Orlowski_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlowski-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bloomberg News stated that Judge Davlia remarked that the lack of transparency in selecting the recipients of the money "raises a red flag" and "doesn’t pass the smell test", although it was nonetheless approved.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Orlowski_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlowski-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the settlement, <a href="/wiki/Ted_Frank" title="Ted Frank">Ted Frank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melissa_Holyoak" title="Melissa Holyoak">Melissa Holyoak</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">Competitive Enterprise Institute</a>, two of the 129 million unnamed members of the class being represented in the case, intervened to challenge the settlement on the grounds that it violated a procedural rule that such cy-pres settlements be "fair, reasonable and adequate."<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Google labeled Frank as a "professional objector".<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals</a> upheld the use of cy-pres in this case, noting that otherwise the estimated 129 million web users that could theoretically receive damages from the suit would receive "a paltry 4 cents in recovery."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chung_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Brian Miller of the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Individual_Rights" title="Center for Individual Rights">Center for Individual Rights</a>, in an opinion piece for <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>, summarized the problem:<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Since our justice system is adversarial, it works best when the parties vigorously represent their interests in court. But in large class actions, individuals lose their voice. The attorneys for both sides have an incentive to reach an agreement, even if it comes at the expense of the individuals who were actually harmed. As Judge Richard Posner once said in an opinion, 'The control of the class over its lawyers usually is attenuated, often to the point of nonexistence.' This typically results in settlements that maximize attorney’s fees. Any surplus is often awarded to third party charities rather than to the actual plaintiffs.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supreme_Court_appeal">Supreme Court appeal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_v._Gaos&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Supreme Court appeal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frank filed a petition of <i><a href="/wiki/Writ_of_certiorari" class="mw-redirect" title="Writ of certiorari">certiorari</a></i> in the U.S. Supreme Court. The Center for Constitutional Jurisprudence, <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>, Center for Individual Rights, and Attorney General of Arizona, in a brief joined by 15 other states,<sup id="cite_ref-states_cert_amicus_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-states_cert_amicus-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> filed <a href="/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae">amicus curiae</a> briefs urging the court to <a href="/wiki/Procedures_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States#Selection_of_cases" title="Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States">grant <i>certiorari</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SCOTUS_docket_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCOTUS_docket-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court granted <i>certiorari</i> on April 30, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-docket_QP_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-docket_QP-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SCOTUS_docket_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCOTUS_docket-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court gives the following as the question presented in this case:<sup id="cite_ref-docket_QP_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-docket_QP-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)(3) permits representatives to maintain a class action where so doing "is superior to other available methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy," and Rule 23(e)(2) requires that a settlement that binds class members must be 'fair, reasonable, and adequate.' In this case, the Ninth Circuit upheld approval of an $8.5 million settlement that disposed of absent class members' claims while providing them zero monetary relief. Breaking with decisions of the Third Circuit, Fifth Circuit, Seventh Circuit, and Eighth Circuit that require compensating class members before putting class action proceeds to other uses, the Ninth Circuit held that the settlement's award of all net proceeds to third-party organizations selected by the defendant and class counsel was a fair and adequate remedy under the trust-law doctrine of cy pres. The question presented is: Whether, or in what circumstances, a cy pres award of class action proceeds that provides no direct relief to class members supports class certification and comports with the requirement that a settlement binding class members must be 'fair, reasonable, and adequate.'</p></blockquote> <p>The Solicitor General filed an <a href="/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae">amicus brief</a> in support of neither party arguing that, before reaching the merits on the question presented, there is "considerable doubt whether the Court has Article III jurisdiction to address that question, because plaintiffs’ standing in the district court depended on a theory of injury that this Court subsequently rejected in <i><a href="/wiki/Spokeo,_Inc._v._Robins" title="Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins">Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins</a></i>, 136 S. Ct. 1540 (2016)" and that the court may wish to vacate and remand the case to address the issue of standing.<sup id="cite_ref-SG_amicus_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SG_amicus-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oral arguments were heard on October 31, 2018, with Frank having been one of the few Supreme Court attorneys ever to argue his own case.<sup id="cite_ref-mauro_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mauro-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The justices were divided along partisan lines based on observers' opinions, with the liberal justices supporting the <i>cy pres</i> approach used, while the conservative members felt the <i>cy pres</i> decision denied the class members their restitution and were critical of how much of the settlement went to legal fees.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing for <a href="/wiki/SCOTUSblog" title="SCOTUSblog">SCOTUSblog</a>, Ronald Mann noted that at oral argument "all seemed to agree that the district court’s reasoning could not withstand scrutiny under <i>Spokeo</i>. The point of disagreement seemed to be whether there was any prospect that the plaintiffs could identify some new argument that would satisfy <i>Spokeo</i> at this late date."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following week, the court ordered the parties and the Solicitor General "to file supplemental briefs addressing whether any named plaintiff has standing such that the federal courts have <a href="/wiki/Case_or_Controversy_Clause" title="Case or Controversy Clause">Article III jurisdiction</a> over this dispute."<sup id="cite_ref-SCOTUS_docket_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCOTUS_docket-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Briefing will be completed by December 21.<sup id="cite_ref-SCOTUS_docket_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCOTUS_docket-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Court issued a <i>per curiam</i> decision on March 20, 2019, vacating the Ninth Circuit's decision and requesting continued review based on the <i>Spokeo</i> decision which had been brought up in the briefing stage of the case, in which questioned whether there was proper standing in this case. As the <i>Spokeo</i> question was not considered at the Ninth Circuit, the Supreme Court could not be the first court to consider that matter, and thus returned the case to the Ninth Circuit, expressing no view on the matter otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_v._Gaos&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>In re Google Referrer Header Privacy Litigation</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/4177620/in-re-google-referrer-header-privacy-litigation/">5:10-cv-04809</a>, U.S. District Court, Northern District of California (San Jose)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_v._Gaos&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Frank v. Gaos</i>, No. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/586/17-961/">17-961</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_586" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 586">586</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> ___, 139 S. Ct. 1041 (2019) (citing <i><a href="/wiki/Spokeo,_Inc._v._Robins" title="Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins">Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins</a></i>, No. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/578/13-1339/">13-1339</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_578" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 578">578</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> ___, 136 S. Ct. 1540 (2016)).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orlowski-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Orlowski_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orlowski_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orlowski_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOrlowski2014" class="citation news cs1">Orlowski, Andrew (September 5, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/09/05/judge_unhappy_with_proposed_google_privacy_payout_in_class_action/">"Judge: Google class action 'usual suspects' cash-fling 'smells'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Register</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Judge%3A+Google+class+action+%27usual+suspects%27+cash-fling+%27smells%27&rft.date=2014-09-05&rft.aulast=Orlowski&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2014%2F09%2F05%2Fjudge_unhappy_with_proposed_google_privacy_payout_in_class_action%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+v.+Gaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-docket_QP-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-docket_QP_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-docket_QP_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-docket_QP_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/qp/17-00961qp.pdf">"17-961 FRANK V. GAOS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Supreme Court of the United States</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=17-961+FRANK+V.+GAOS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov%2Fdocket%2Fdocketfiles%2Fhtml%2Fqp%2F17-00961qp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+v.+Gaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-states_cert_amicus-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-states_cert_amicus_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-states_cert_amicus_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOramel_H._Skinner2018" class="citation web cs1">Oramel H. Skinner; et al. (February 7, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/17/17-961/34798/20180207161835792_17-961%20Amicus%20Brief--PDFA.pdf">"Brief of the Attorneys General of Arizona, Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Colorado, Idaho, Indiana, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nevada, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, and Wyoming as <i>amici curiae</i> in support of Petitioners"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Supreme Court of the United States</i>. Docket No. 17-961.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Brief+of+the+Attorneys+General+of+Arizona%2C+Alabama%2C+Alaska%2C+Arkansas%2C+Colorado%2C+Idaho%2C+Indiana%2C+Louisiana%2C+Mississippi%2C+Nevada%2C+North+Dakota%2C+Oklahoma%2C+Rhode+Island%2C+South+Carolina%2C+Texas%2C+and+Wyoming+as+amici+curiae+in+support+of+Petitioners&rft.date=2018-02-07&rft.au=Oramel+H.+Skinner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov%2FDocketPDF%2F17%2F17-961%2F34798%2F20180207161835792_17-961%2520Amicus%2520Brief--PDFA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+v.+Gaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>See</i> 5:10-cv-04809, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/4177620/57/in-re-google-referrer-header-privacy-litigation/">Tr. of Proceedings on Aug. 23, 2013, Docket Item No. 57</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chung-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChung2018" class="citation news cs1">Chung, Andrew (April 30, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-google/u-s-supreme-court-to-hear-google-privacy-settlement-dispute-idUSKBN1I11DO">"U.S. Supreme Court to hear Google privacy settlement dispute"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. Reuters<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.S.+Supreme+Court+to+hear+Google+privacy+settlement+dispute&rft.date=2018-04-30&rft.aulast=Chung&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-court-google%2Fu-s-supreme-court-to-hear-google-privacy-settlement-dispute-idUSKBN1I11DO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+v.+Gaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>In re Google Referrer Header Privacy Litig.</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leagle.com/decision/infco20170822167">869 F.3d 737</a> (9th Cir. 2017).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/briankmiller/2018/05/08/supreme-court-to-review-important-class-actions-case/#d916e6f3e38c">"Supreme Court To Review Important Class Actions Case"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+To+Review+Important+Class+Actions+Case&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fbriankmiller%2F2018%2F05%2F08%2Fsupreme-court-to-review-important-class-actions-case%2F%23d916e6f3e38c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+v.+Gaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCOTUS_docket-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SCOTUS_docket_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCOTUS_docket_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCOTUS_docket_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCOTUS_docket_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-961.html">"Docket for No. 17-961"</a>. <i>Supreme Court of the United States</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Docket+for+No.+17-961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov%2Fdocket%2Fdocketfiles%2Fhtml%2Fpublic%2F17-961.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+v.+Gaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SG_amicus-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SG_amicus_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/17/17-961/54428/20180716192524453_17-961%20nsacUnitedStates.pdf">Brief for the United States as amicus curiae in support of neither party</a>, p. 10., <i>Frank v. Gaos</i>, No. 17-961 (2018)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mauro-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mauro_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauro,_Tony2018" class="citation web cs1">Mauro, Tony (August 29, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.com/supremecourtbrief/2018/08/29/get-ready-for-a-frank-oral-argument-new-c-span-opinion-survey-lisa-blatt-goes-to-bat-for-brett/?slreturn=20180730080951">"Get Ready for a Frank Oral Argument"</a>. Supreme Court Brief<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Get+Ready+for+a+Frank+Oral+Argument&rft.pub=Supreme+Court+Brief&rft.date=2018-08-29&rft.au=Mauro%2C+Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.com%2Fsupremecourtbrief%2F2018%2F08%2F29%2Fget-ready-for-a-frank-oral-argument-new-c-span-opinion-survey-lisa-blatt-goes-to-bat-for-brett%2F%3Fslreturn%3D20180730080951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+v.+Gaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2018" class="citation news cs1">Liptak, Adam (October 15, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/15/us/politics/theodore-frank-supreme-court.html">"His Case Made It to the Supreme Court. He Didn't Have to Look Far for a Lawyer"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=His+Case+Made+It+to+the+Supreme+Court.+He+Didn%27t+Have+to+Look+Far+for+a+Lawyer&rft.date=2018-10-15&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F10%2F15%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Ftheodore-frank-supreme-court.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+v.+Gaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf2018" class="citation web cs1">Wolf, Richard (October 31, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/10/31/google-supreme-court-divided-over-class-action-privacy-settlement/1833686002/">"Supreme Court divided over Google class-action deal that rewarded lawyers, nonprofits ... but not customers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+divided+over+Google+class-action+deal+that+rewarded+lawyers%2C+nonprofits+...+but+not+customers&rft.date=2018-10-31&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2018%2F10%2F31%2Fgoogle-supreme-court-divided-over-class-action-privacy-settlement%2F1833686002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+v.+Gaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2018" class="citation news cs1">Mann, Ronald (November 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotusblog.com/2018/11/justices-call-for-additional-briefs-in-dispute-about-cy-pres-class-action-settlements/">"Justices call for additional briefs in dispute about "cy pres" class-action settlements"</a>. <i>SCOTUSblog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SCOTUSblog&rft.atitle=Justices+call+for+additional+briefs+in+dispute+about+%22cy+pres%22+class-action+settlements&rft.date=2018-11-06&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotusblog.com%2F2018%2F11%2Fjustices-call-for-additional-briefs-in-dispute-about-cy-pres-class-action-settlements%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+v.+Gaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rapazzini, Mark, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.krollbusinessservices.com/insights/publications/class-action/cy-pres-trends-in-class-action-settlements">"Trends in Class Action Settlements: Developments in the Application of the Cy Pres Doctrine"</a> <i>Kroll Business Services</i>, May 7, 2021.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_v._Gaos&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Text of <i>Frank v. Gaos</i>, No. 17-961, 586 U.S. ___ (2019) is available from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17077445980801739044">Google Scholar</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/586/17-961/">Justia</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2018/17-961">Oyez (oral argument audio)</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/18pdf/17-961_j42k.pdf">Supreme Court (slip opinion)</a> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/frank-v-gaos/">Case page</a> at <a href="/wiki/SCOTUSblog" title="SCOTUSblog">SCOTUSblog</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/historical/460/">Motion</a> of plaintiffs in the district court to settle the case</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Google" title="Criticism of Google">Criticism of Google</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advertising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Feldman_v._Google,_Inc." title="Feldman v. Google, Inc.">Feldman v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rescuecom_Corp._v._Google_Inc." title="Rescuecom Corp. v. Google Inc.">Rescuecom Corp. v. Google Inc.</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goddard_v._Google,_Inc." title="Goddard v. Google, Inc.">Goddard v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone_Ltd._v._Google,_Inc." title="Rosetta Stone Ltd. v. Google, Inc.">Rosetta Stone Ltd. v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google,_Inc._v._American_Blind_%26_Wallpaper_Factory,_Inc." title="Google, Inc. v. American Blind & Wallpaper Factory, Inc.">Google, Inc. v. American Blind & Wallpaper Factory, Inc.</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedi_Blue" title="Jedi Blue">Jedi Blue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antitrust</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antitrust_cases_against_Google_by_the_European_Union" title="Antitrust cases against Google by the European Union">European Union</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-Tech_Employee_Antitrust_Litigation" title="High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation">United States v. Adobe Systems, Inc., Apple Inc., Google Inc., Intel Corporation, Intuit, Inc., and Pixar</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umar_Javeed,_Sukarma_Thapar,_Aaqib_Javeed_vs._Google_LLC_and_Ors." title="Umar Javeed, Sukarma Thapar, Aaqib Javeed vs. Google LLC and Ors.">Umar Javeed, Sukarma Thapar, Aaqib Javeed vs. Google LLC and Ors.</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Google_LLC_(2020)" title="United States v. Google LLC (2020)">United States v. Google LLC</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Google_LLC_(2023)" title="United States v. Google LLC (2023)">United States v. Google LLC</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectual property</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Perfect_10,_Inc._v._Amazon.com,_Inc." title="Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.">Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.</a> and A9.com Inc. and Google Inc.</i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viacom_International_Inc._v._YouTube,_Inc." title="Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.">Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp." title="Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.">Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</a></i>(2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc." title="Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.">Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Field_v._Google,_Inc." title="Field v. Google, Inc.">Field v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America,_Inc." title="Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.">Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone_patent_wars" title="Smartphone patent wars">Smartphone patent wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Privacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Bank_v._Google,_Inc." title="Rocky Mountain Bank v. Google, Inc.">Rocky Mountain Bank v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hibnick_v._Google,_Inc." title="Hibnick v. Google, Inc.">Hibnick v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Google_Inc." title="United States v. Google Inc.">United States v. Google Inc.</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement_of_the_German_Federal_Court_of_Justice_on_Google%27s_autocomplete_function" title="Judgement of the German Federal Court of Justice on Google's autocomplete function">Judgement of the German Federal Court of Justice on Google's autocomplete function</a> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joffe_v._Google,_Inc." title="Joffe v. Google, Inc.">Joffe v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mosley_v_SARL_Google" title="Mosley v SARL Google">Mosley v SARL Google</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Spain_v_AEPD_and_Mario_Costeja_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González">Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frank v. Gaos</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Garcia_v._Google,_Inc." title="Garcia v. Google, Inc.">Garcia v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_LLC_v_Defteros" title="Google LLC v Defteros">Google LLC v Defteros</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epic_Games_v._Google" title="Epic Games v. Google">Epic Games v. Google</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonzalez_v._Google_LLC" title="Gonzalez v. Google LLC">Gonzalez v. 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