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<span>Legal career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Court_of_Appeals_(1980–1994)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Court_of_Appeals_(1980–1994)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>U.S. Court of Appeals (1980–1994)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Court_of_Appeals_(1980–1994)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supreme_Court_(1994–2022)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supreme_Court_(1994–2022)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Supreme Court (1994–2022)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Supreme_Court_(1994–2022)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Supreme Court (1994–2022) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Supreme_Court_(1994–2022)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Abortion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyright" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Copyright</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_penalty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_penalty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Death penalty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_penalty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Free speech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defendant_protections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defendant_protections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Defendant protections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defendant_protections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_American_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_American_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Native American law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_American_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Health care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partisan_gerrymandering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partisan_gerrymandering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Partisan gerrymandering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partisan_gerrymandering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voting_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voting_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Voting rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voting_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Retirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Judicial philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Judicial_philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Judicial philosophy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Judicial_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_general" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_general"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>In general</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_general-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Active_Liberty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Active_Liberty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span><i>Active Liberty</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Active_Liberty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Other books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Other views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stephen Breyer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="ستيفن براير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ستيفن براير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiven_Brayer" title="Stiven Brayer – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Stiven Brayer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stephen Breyer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stephen Breyer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stephen Breyer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B2%CE%B5%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Στίβεν Μπρέγιερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στίβεν Μπρέγιερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Stephen Breyer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="استیون برایر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استیون برایر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stephen Breyer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Stephen Breyer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stephen Breyer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8" title="סטיבן ברייר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטיבן ברייר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Stephen Breyer" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Stephen Breyer" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Stephen Breyer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="स्टीवन ब्रायर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्टीवन ब्रायर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="ستيفن براير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ستيفن براير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Stephen Breyer" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stephen Breyer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC" title="スティーブン・ブライヤー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スティーブン・ブライヤー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stephen Breyer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Stephen Breyer" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸਟੀਵਨ ਬ੍ਰੇਅਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਟੀਵਨ ਬ੍ਰੇਅਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="سٹیفن بریئر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سٹیفن بریئر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stephen Breyer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Stephen Breyer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Брайер, Стивен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брайер, Стивен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stephen Breyer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Стивен Брајер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стивен Брајер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" 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background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />August 3, 1994 – June 30, 2022</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Nominated by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Harry Blackmun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chief Judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 1990 – August 3, 1994</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Levin_H._Campbell" title="Levin H. Campbell">Levin H. Campbell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Juan_R._Torruella" title="Juan R. Torruella">Juan R. Torruella</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 10, 1980 – August 3, 1994</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Nominated by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Seat established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Lynch" title="Sandra Lynch">Sandra Lynch</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Stephen Gerald Breyer</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1938-08-15</span>) </span>August 15, 1938<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 86)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco, California</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Joanna Hare</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1967)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Breyer" title="Charles Breyer">Charles Breyer</a> (brother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College, Oxford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_Breyer_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stephen Breyer's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Stephen_Breyer_signature.svg/128px-Stephen_Breyer_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Stephen_Breyer_signature.svg/192px-Stephen_Breyer_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Stephen_Breyer_signature.svg/256px-Stephen_Breyer_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="210" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1957–1965</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Corporal_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporal (United States)">Corporal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Intelligence Corps">Strategic Intelligence</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve" title="United States Army Reserve">Reserve</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_Breyer_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_Washington_State_Dept._of_Licensing_v._Cougar_Den,_Inc.ogg" title="File:Stephen Breyer delivers the opinion of the Court in Washington State Dept. of Licensing v. Cougar Den, Inc.ogg">Stephen Breyer's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="349" data-mwtitle="Stephen_Breyer_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_Washington_State_Dept._of_Licensing_v._Cougar_Den,_Inc.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Stephen_Breyer_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_Washington_State_Dept._of_Licensing_v._Cougar_Den%2C_Inc.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b8/Stephen_Breyer_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_Washington_State_Dept._of_Licensing_v._Cougar_Den%2C_Inc.ogg/Stephen_Breyer_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_Washington_State_Dept._of_Licensing_v._Cougar_Den%2C_Inc.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Stephen Breyer delivers the opinion of the Court in <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Dept._of_Licensing_v._Cougar_Den,_Inc." title="Washington State Dept. of Licensing v. Cougar Den, Inc.">Washington State Dept. of Licensing v. Cougar Den, Inc.</a></i><br />Recorded March 19, 2019</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #3333FF; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Liberalism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#3333FF; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Liberalism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism#United_States" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern/Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_Principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Harm Principle">Harm Principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_egalitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal egalitarianism">Legal egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unalienable_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Unalienable rights">Unalienable rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Deal" title="Fair Deal">Fair Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America_movement" title="Young America movement">Young America movement</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Abbott" title="Edith Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steele_Commager" title="Henry Steele Commager">Commager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Frank" title="Thomas Frank">Frank (Thomas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Ingersoll" title="Robert G. Ingersoll">Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Ireland" title="Patricia Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">King (Coretta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King (Martin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Maddow" title="Rachel Maddow">Maddow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Mott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauli_Murray" title="Pauli Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Pinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Rorty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Schlesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Edward_Smith" title="Stephen Edward Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag">Sontag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Steinem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner" title="William Graham Sumner">Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Trilling" title="Lionel Trilling">Trilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Monroe_Trotter" title="William Monroe Trotter">Trotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore_Vidal" title="Gore Vidal">Vidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wellstone" title="Paul Wellstone">Wellstone</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Abzug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stacey_Abrams" title="Stacey Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams"> Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Aguilar" title="Pete Aguilar">Aguilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Buttigieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Chavez" title="Cesar Chavez">Chavez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Clark" title="Katherine Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton (Bill)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton (Hillary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">Clyburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Cuomo (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">Cuomo (Mario)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Feinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_Frank" title="Barney Frank">Frank (Barney)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Glasser" title="Ira Glasser">Glasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gompers" title="Samuel Gompers">Gompers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Garfield_Hays" title="Arthur Garfield Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steny_Hoyer" title="Steny Hoyer">Hoyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Huerta" title="Dolores Huerta">Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jackson (Jesse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_K._Javits" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob K. Javits">Javits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Jeffries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Kennedy (Joseph)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Kennedy (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Kennedy (Ted)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">King (Coretta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King (Martin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Kinzinger" title="Adam Kinzinger">Kinzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">La Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Markey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk" title="Harvey Milk">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Murphy" title="Chris Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson" title="Gaylord Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Newsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Eleanor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Franklin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Theodore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wellstone" title="Paul Wellstone">Wellstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Yarborough" title="Ralph Yarborough">Yarborough</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(streamer)" title="Destiny (streamer)">Bonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamelle_Bouie" title="Jamelle Bouie">Bouie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Carville" title="James Carville">Carville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Chait" title="Jonathan Chait">Chait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta-Nehisi_Coates" title="Ta-Nehisi Coates">Coates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Colbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Croly" title="Herbert Croly">Croly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maureen_Dowd" title="Maureen Dowd">Dowd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxane_Gay" title="Roxane Gay">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Goldberg" title="Michelle Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hayes" title="Chris Hayes">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Howe" title="Irving Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianna_Huffington" title="Arianna Huffington">Huffington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Kimmel" title="Jimmy Kimmel">Kimmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Klein" title="Ezra Klein">Klein (Ezra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Klein (Naomi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Maddow" title="Rachel Maddow">Maddow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Marshall" title="Josh Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Meyers" title="Seth Meyers">Meyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Miller_(political_strategist)" title="Tim Miller (political strategist)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Moyers" title="Bill Moyers">Moyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Noah" title="Trevor Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Oliver" title="John Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Polgreen" title="Lydia Polgreen">Polgreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenk_Uygur" title="Cenk Uygur">Uygur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Yglesias" class="mw-redirect" title="Matt Yglesias">Yglesias</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Breyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Cardozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Darrow" title="Clarence Darrow">Darrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Houston" title="Charles Hamilton Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">K. B. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">Souter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Tribe" title="Laurence Tribe">Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="National Democratic Party (United States)">National Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Progressive Party</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive Party</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive Party</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> (<i>historically, factions</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-tan_faction" title="Black-and-tan faction">Black-and-tans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-Breeds_(politics)" title="Half-Breeds (politics)">Half-Breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockefeller Republicans">Rockefeller Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Roosevelt Republicans">Roosevelt Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)" title="Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era)">Moderate Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugwumps" title="Mugwumps">Mugwumps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party (factions)</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_American_Progress" title="Center for American Progress">Center for American Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Budget_and_Policy_Priorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Budget and Policy Priorities">Center for Budget and Policy Priorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute" title="Roosevelt Institute">Roosevelt Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Constitution_Society" title="American Constitution Society">American Constitution Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_United_for_Separation_of_Church_and_State" title="Americans United for Separation of Church and State">Americans United for Separation of Church and State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brennan_Center_For_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Brennan Center For Justice">Brennan Center For Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Justice_Works" title="Equal Justice Works">Equal Justice Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">National Organization for Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_American_Way" title="People for the American Way">People for the American Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NARAL" class="mw-redirect" title="NARAL">NARAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Center_for_Human_Rights" title="Southern Center for Human Rights">Southern Center for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCC" class="mw-redirect" title="SNCC">SNCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Prospect" title="The American Prospect">The American Prospect</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_with_Jon_Stewart" title="The Problem with Jon Stewart">The Problem with Jon Stewart</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sojourners" title="Sojourners">Sojourners</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talking_Points_Memo" title="Talking Points Memo">Talking Points Memo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ThinkProgress" title="ThinkProgress">ThinkProgress</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Liberal bias in academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">Liberal bias in the media</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberal_Imagination" title="The Liberal Imagination">The Liberal Imagination</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1950)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_US" title="Template:Liberalism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_US" title="Template talk:Liberalism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Stephen Gerald Breyer</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">BRY</span>-ər</i></a>; born August 15, 1938) is an American lawyer and jurist who served as an <a href="/wiki/Associate_justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">associate justice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> from 1994 until his retirement in 2022. He was nominated by President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, and replaced retiring justice <a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Harry Blackmun</a>. Breyer was generally associated with the <a href="/wiki/Ideological_leanings_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices" title="Ideological leanings of United States Supreme Court justices">liberal wing</a> of the Court.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is now the Byrne Professor of Administrative Law and Process at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, Breyer attended <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Scholarship" title="Marshall Scholarship">Marshall Scholar</a>, and graduated from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a> in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvyears_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvyears-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a <a href="/wiki/Law_clerk" title="Law clerk">clerkship</a> with Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Arthur Goldberg</a> in 1964–65, Breyer was a law professor and lecturer at Harvard Law School from 1967 until 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvyears_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvyears-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He specialized in <a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">administrative law</a>, writing textbooks that remain in use today. He held other prominent positions before being nominated to the Supreme Court, including special assistant to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Attorney_General" title="United States Assistant Attorney General">United States Assistant Attorney General</a> for <a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">Antitrust</a> and assistant special prosecutor on the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate Special Prosecution Force</a> in 1973. Breyer became a <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_judge" title="United States federal judge">federal judge</a> in 1980, when he was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit</a>. In his 2005 book <i><a href="/wiki/Active_Liberty" title="Active Liberty">Active Liberty</a></i>, Breyer made his first attempt to systematically communicate his views on legal theory, arguing that the judiciary should seek to resolve issues in a manner that encourages popular participation in governmental decisions. </p><p>On January 27, 2022, Breyer and President Joe Biden announced Breyer's intention to retire from the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 25, 2022, Biden nominated <a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a>, a judge on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a> and one of Breyer's former <a href="/wiki/Law_clerk" title="Law clerk">law clerks</a>, to succeed him.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breyer remained on the Supreme Court until June 30, 2022, when Jackson succeeded him.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breyer wrote majority opinions in landmark Supreme Court cases such as <i><a href="/wiki/Mahanoy_Area_School_District_v._B.L." title="Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.">Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Lara" title="United States v. Lara">United States v. Lara</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Google_v._Oracle" class="mw-redirect" title="Google v. Oracle">Google v. Oracle</a></i> and notable dissents questioning the constitutionality of the death penalty in cases such as <i><a href="/wiki/Glossip_v._Gross" title="Glossip v. Gross">Glossip v. Gross</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> <p>Breyer was born on August 15, 1938, in San Francisco, California,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to Anne A. (<i>née</i> Roberts) and Irving Gerald Breyer.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breyer's paternal great-grandfather emigrated from Romania to the United States, settling in Cleveland, Ohio, where Breyer's grandfather was born.<sup id="cite_ref-bookref1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bookref1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breyer was raised in a <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> family. His father was a lawyer who served as legal counsel to the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Board_of_Education" title="San Francisco Board of Education">San Francisco Board of Education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breyer and his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Breyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles R. Breyer">Charles R. Breyer</a>, who later became a <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_judge" title="United States federal judge">federal district judge</a>, were active in the <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts of America</a> and achieved the <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Scout_(Boy_Scouts_of_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)">Eagle Scout</a> rank.<sup id="cite_ref-honor_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-honor-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-honor2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-honor2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breyer attended <a href="/wiki/Lowell_High_School_(San_Francisco)" title="Lowell High School (San Francisco)">Lowell High School</a>, where he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Lowell_Forensic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowell Forensic Society">Lowell Forensic Society</a> and <a href="/wiki/Debate" title="Debate">debated</a> regularly in high school tournaments, including against future California governor <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a> and future Harvard Law School professor <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Tribe" title="Laurence Tribe">Laurence Tribe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oyez_Bio_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oyez_Bio-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After graduating from high school in 1955, Breyer studied <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. He graduated in 1959 with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree with highest honors and membership in <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-toobin_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toobin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breyer was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Scholarship" title="Marshall Scholarship">Marshall Scholarship</a>, which he used to study <a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_politics,_and_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy, politics, and economics">philosophy, politics, and economics</a> at <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College, Oxford</a>, receiving a <a href="/wiki/B._A." class="mw-redirect" title="B. A.">B.A.</a> with <a href="/wiki/British_undergraduate_degree_classification#Degree_classification" title="British undergraduate degree classification">first-class honors</a> in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then returned to the United States to attend <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>, where he was an articles editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a></i> and graduated in 1964 with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">Bachelor of Laws</a> degree, <i><a href="/wiki/Latin_honors#North_America" title="Latin honors">magna cum laude</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breyer spent eight years in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve" title="United States Army Reserve">United States Army Reserve</a> including six months on active duty in the <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Corps_(United_States_Army)" title="Military Intelligence Corps (United States Army)">Army Strategic Intelligence</a>. He reached the rank of <a href="/wiki/Corporal" title="Corporal">corporal</a> and was <a href="/wiki/Military_discharge" title="Military discharge">honorably discharged</a> in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967, Breyer married <a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">The Honourable</a> Joanna Freda Hare, a <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologist</a> and member of the <a href="/wiki/British_nobility" title="British nobility">British aristocracy</a>, younger daughter of <a href="/wiki/John_Hare,_1st_Viscount_Blakenham" title="John Hare, 1st Viscount Blakenham">John Hare, 1st Viscount Blakenham</a> and granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hare,_4th_Earl_of_Listowel" title="Richard Hare, 4th Earl of Listowel">Richard Hare, 4th Earl of Listowel</a>. They have three adult children: Chloe, an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal</a> priest; Nell; and Michael.<sup id="cite_ref-Supreme_Court_Bio_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Supreme_Court_Bio-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_career">Legal career</h2></div> <p>After law school, Breyer served as a <a href="/wiki/Law_clerk" title="Law clerk">law clerk</a> to U.S. Supreme Court justice <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Arthur Goldberg</a> from 1964 to 1965. He served briefly as a fact-checker for the <a href="/wiki/Warren_Commission" title="Warren Commission">Warren Commission</a>, then spent two years in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a>'s <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Antitrust_Division" title="United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division">Antitrust Division</a> as a special assistant to its <a href="/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Attorney_General" title="United States Assistant Attorney General">Assistant Attorney General</a>. </p><p>In 1967, Breyer returned to Harvard Law School as an assistant professor. He taught at Harvard Law until 1980, and held a joint appointment at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Harvard Kennedy School</a> from 1977 to 1980. At Harvard, Breyer was known as a leading expert on <a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">administrative law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there, he wrote two highly influential books on deregulation: <i>Breaking the Vicious Circle: Toward Effective Risk Regulation</i> and <i>Regulation and Its Reform</i>. In 1970, Breyer wrote "<a href="/wiki/The_Uneasy_Case_for_Copyright" title="The Uneasy Case for Copyright">The Uneasy Case for Copyright</a>", one of the most widely cited skeptical examinations of copyright. Breyer was a visiting professor at <a href="/wiki/The_College_of_Law_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="The College of Law (Australia)">the College of Law</a> in Sydney, Australia, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rome_La_Sapienza" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Rome La Sapienza">University of Rome</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Supreme_Court_Bio_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Supreme_Court_Bio-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University_Law_School" title="Tulane University Law School">Tulane University Law School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While teaching at Harvard, Breyer took several leaves of absence to serve in the U.S. government. He served as an assistant <a href="/wiki/Special_prosecutor" class="mw-redirect" title="Special prosecutor">special prosecutor</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate</a> Special Prosecution Force in 1973. Breyer was a special counsel to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary</a> from 1974 to 1975 and served as chief counsel of the committee from 1979 to 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-Supreme_Court_Bio_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Supreme_Court_Bio-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He worked closely with the chairman of the committee, Senator <a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward M. Kennedy">Edward M. Kennedy</a>, to pass the <a href="/wiki/Airline_Deregulation_Act" title="Airline Deregulation Act">Airline Deregulation Act</a> that closed the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Aeronautics_Board" title="Civil Aeronautics Board">Civil Aeronautics Board</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oyez_Bio_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oyez_Bio-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Court_of_Appeals_(1980–1994)"><span id="U.S._Court_of_Appeals_.281980.E2.80.931994.29"></span>U.S. Court of Appeals (1980–1994)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3OByUKNPIJU">Justice Stephen Breyer: The Court And The World</a>, 1:14:57, <a href="/wiki/WGBH_Educational_Foundation" title="WGBH Educational Foundation">WGBH Forum Network</a><sup id="cite_ref-wgbh_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wgbh-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the last days of President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>'s administration, on November 13, 1980, after he had been defeated for reelection, Carter nominated Breyer to the First Circuit, to a new seat established by 92 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-92-1629">1629</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> confirmed him on December 9, 1980, by an 80–10 vote.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received his commission on December 10, 1980. From 1980 to 1994, Breyer was a judge on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit</a>; he was the court's <a href="/wiki/Chief_judge_(United_States)" title="Chief judge (United States)">Chief Judge</a> from 1990 to 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-Supreme_Court_Bio_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Supreme_Court_Bio-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his duties as chief judge was to oversee the design and construction of a new <a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Moakley_United_States_Courthouse" title="John Joseph Moakley United States Courthouse">federal courthouse for Boston</a>, beginning an avocational interest in architecture and the <a href="/wiki/Pritzker_Architecture_Prize" title="Pritzker Architecture Prize">Pritzker Architecture Prize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breyer served as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Conference_of_the_United_States" title="Judicial Conference of the United States">Judicial Conference of the United States</a> between 1990 and 1994 and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Sentencing_Commission" title="United States Sentencing Commission">United States Sentencing Commission</a> between 1985 and 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-Supreme_Court_Bio_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Supreme_Court_Bio-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the sentencing commission he played a key role in reforming federal criminal sentencing procedures, producing the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Sentencing_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Sentencing Guidelines">Federal Sentencing Guidelines</a>, which were formulated to increase uniformity in sentencing.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supreme_Court_(1994–2022)"><span id="Supreme_Court_.281994.E2.80.932022.29"></span>Supreme Court (1994–2022)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_World_Affairs_Council_presents_Supreme_Court_Justice_Stephen_G._Breyer_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/The_World_Affairs_Council_presents_Supreme_Court_Justice_Stephen_G._Breyer_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-The_World_Affairs_Council_presents_Supreme_Court_Justice_Stephen_G._Breyer_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/The_World_Affairs_Council_presents_Supreme_Court_Justice_Stephen_G._Breyer_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-The_World_Affairs_Council_presents_Supreme_Court_Justice_Stephen_G._Breyer_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/The_World_Affairs_Council_presents_Supreme_Court_Justice_Stephen_G._Breyer_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-The_World_Affairs_Council_presents_Supreme_Court_Justice_Stephen_G._Breyer_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1485" data-file-height="1633" /></a><figcaption>Breyer speaking in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a>, in 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1993, on the recommendation of <a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> considered both Breyer and <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a> for the seat vacated by <a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron White</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinton ultimately appointed Ginsburg.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Harry Blackmun</a> retired in 1994, Clinton initially offered the nomination to <a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">George Mitchell</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Majority_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Majority Leader">Senate Majority Leader</a>, who was retiring. Mitchell declined. Former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Arizona">Governor of Arizona</a> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Babbitt" title="Bruce Babbitt">Bruce Babbitt</a>, who ran for president in 1988 and was serving as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a>, was then offered the nomination, but also declined, saying he was looking forward to spending more time with his wife, <a href="/wiki/Harriet_C._Babbitt" title="Harriet C. Babbitt">Harriet C. Babbitt</a>. She was serving as the 12th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_Organization_of_American_States" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the Organization of American States">United States Ambassador to the Organization of American States</a>. Babbitt later said that had he been confirmed to the court, she would have been compelled to resign and that he did not want to cause that. Both served in their positions to the end of Clinton's presidency in January 2001. Clinton next offered the nomination to <a href="/wiki/Harriett_Woods" title="Harriett Woods">Harriett Woods</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Missouri" title="Lieutenant Governor of Missouri">lieutenant governor of Missouri</a> and two-time Democratic nominee for U.S. Senate. Woods was serving as president of the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Political_Caucus" title="National Women's Political Caucus">National Women's Political Caucus</a>. She also declined, and recommended Breyer and U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clinton then turned to <a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Arnold" title="Richard S. Arnold">Richard S. Arnold</a>, a former Arkansas state representative and <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_staff" title="Chief of staff">chief of staff</a> to Arkansas Governor <a href="/wiki/Dale_Bumpers" title="Dale Bumpers">Dale Bumpers</a>. President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> had nominated Arnold to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eighth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit</a>, and the Senate confirmed him on February 20, 1980. He served till 1990. After that, he was serving as <a href="/wiki/Chief_judge_(United_States)" title="Chief judge (United States)">chief judge</a> and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Conference_of_the_United_States" title="Judicial Conference of the United States">Judicial Conference of the United States</a>. Clinton had almost nominated Arnold before; he was the runner-up to Ginsburg.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arnold told Clinton the day before the planned announcement of his nomination that due to serious "health concerns", he had to "defer this honorable nomination".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, Clinton had felt Breyer lacked "soul and passion". But after heavy lobbying by Senators <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Harkin" title="Tom Harkin">Tom Harkin</a>, Clinton met with Breyer again and proceeded to nominate him as an <a href="/wiki/Associate_justice" title="Associate justice">associate justice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> on May 17, 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breyer was confirmed by the Senate on July 29, 1994, by an 87 to 9 vote, and received his commission on August 3. </p><p>In 2015, Breyer broke a federal law that bans judges from hearing cases when they or their spouses or minor children have a financial interest in a company involved. His wife sold about $33,000 worth of stock in <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Controls" title="Johnson Controls">Johnson Controls</a> a day after Breyer participated in the oral argument. This brought him back into compliance and he joined the majority in ruling in favor of the interests of a Johnson Controls subsidiary which was party to <i><a href="/wiki/FERC_v._Electric_Power_Supply_Ass%27n" title="FERC v. Electric Power Supply Ass'n">FERC v. Electric Power Supply Ass'n</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breyer wrote 551 opinions during his 28-year career, not counting those relating to orders or in the "<a href="/wiki/Shadow_docket" title="Shadow docket">shadow docket</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abortion">Abortion</h3></div> <p>In 2000, Breyer wrote the majority opinion in <i><a href="/wiki/Stenberg_v._Carhart" title="Stenberg v. Carhart">Stenberg v. Carhart</a></i>, which struck down a Nebraska law banning <a href="/wiki/Partial-birth_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial-birth abortion">partial-birth abortion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stenberg_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stenberg-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 29, 2020, he wrote the plurality opinion in <i><a href="/wiki/June_Medical_Services_v._Russo" class="mw-redirect" title="June Medical Services v. Russo">June Medical Services v. Russo</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruling struck down Louisiana's abortion law requiring any doctor who performed abortions to have admitting privileges at a hospital within 30 miles. Breyer reaffirmed the "benefits and burdens" test he had created in <i><a href="/wiki/Whole_Woman%27s_Health_v._Hellerstedt" title="Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt">Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt</a></i>, which struck down a nearly identical abortion law in Texas. In 2022, he dissented in <i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i>, which overturned <i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Census">Census</h3></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Commerce_v._New_York" title="Department of Commerce v. New York">Department of Commerce v. New York</a></i> (2019), Breyer was in the 5–4 majority that ruled that the Census Bureau had not followed proper procedure in its implementation of a citizenship question. He was also one of four justices who would have held the citizenship question unconstitutional in itself. In a mostly concurring opinion, he wrote: "Yet the decision was ill considered in a number of critically important respects. The Secretary did not give adequate consideration to issues that should have been central to his judgment, such as the high likelihood of an undercount, the low likelihood that a question would yield more accurate citizenship data, and the apparent lack of any need for more accurate citizenship data to begin with. The Secretary's failures in considering those critical issues make his decision unreasonable".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 18, 2020, Breyer was one of three dissenters in <i><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._New_York" title="Trump v. New York">Trump v. New York</a></i>. In a 20-page dissent, he argued that the Court should not have sidestepped the case and should have ruled in favor of the challengers, who wanted the Court to block the Trump administration's last-minute attempts to exclude undocumented immigrants from the census.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The census ultimately did not exclude undocumented immigrants, due to a lack of time and the subsequent issuance of <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13986" title="Executive Order 13986">Executive Order 13986</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copyright">Copyright</h3></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Eldred_v._Ashcroft" title="Eldred v. Ashcroft">Eldred v. Ashcroft</a></i>, decided on January 15, 2003, Breyer and Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a> filed separate dissenting opinions. In his 28-page dissent, Breyer argued that the 20-year retroactive extension of existing copyright granted by the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Term_Extension_Act" title="Copyright Term Extension Act">Copyright Term Extension Act</a> (CTEA) amounted effectively to a grant of perpetual copyright that violated the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright Clause</a> of the Constitution, read in light of the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a>. He argued that the extension would produce a period of protection worth more than 99.8% of protection in perpetuity and that few artists would be more inclined to produce work knowing that their great-grandchildren would receive royalties. He also wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> defense came to no avail either, as it could not help "those who wish to obtain from electronic databases material that is not there", e.g. teachers who can find from online no ideal material to be used in the class as it has been deleted.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, he expressed a similar idea in his dissent in <i><a href="/wiki/Golan_v._Holder" title="Golan v. Holder">Golan v. Holder</a></i>, which affirmed the constitutionality of the application of Section 514 of the <a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round_Agreements_Act" title="Uruguay Round Agreements Act">Uruguay Round Agreements Act</a> of 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, while joining a unanimous Court in <i><a href="/wiki/MGM_Studios,_Inc._v._Grokster,_Ltd." title="MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.">MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.</a></i> against <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_file_sharing" title="Peer-to-peer file sharing">peer-to-peer file sharing</a> companies <a href="/wiki/Grokster" title="Grokster">Grokster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Streamcast" class="mw-redirect" title="Streamcast">Streamcast</a> on the ground of inducement liability, Breyer wrote a concurrence that the companies would be protected under the <a href="/wiki/Sony_Corp._of_America_v._Universal_City_Studios,_Inc." title="Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc."><i>Sony</i> doctrine</a> without evidence of inducement.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 20, 2012, Breyer wrote for a unanimous court in <i><a href="/wiki/Mayo_v._Prometheus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayo v. Prometheus">Mayo v. Prometheus</a></i> that patent claims relating to new diagnostic methods of natural phenomena were not patentable as they did not add an "inventive concept to application of the natural laws".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The patent, which was related to a patient's metabolization of a drug resulting from a determination of effective dosage, was analyzed to determine whether it was of an applied "law of nature" or merely an instruction on applying a <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Breyer's analysis, a doctor's administration of an already known drug related only to an identification of an "intended audience" to carry out the practice rather than a transformation of the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breyer added, "If a law of nature is not patentable, then neither is a process reciting a law of nature, unless that process has additional features that provide practical assurance that the process is more than a drafting effort designed to monopolize the law of nature itself."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Cos.,_Inc._v._Aereo,_Inc." title="American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.">American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.</a></i>, decided on June 25, 2014, Breyer delivered the majority opinion, ruling that <a href="/wiki/Aereo" title="Aereo">Aereo</a>, allowing subscribers to view near-live streams of over-the-air television on Internet-connected devices, operated so overwhelmingly similar to the cable companies that it violated the right of public performance of the networks' copyrighted work.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Google_v._Oracle" class="mw-redirect" title="Google v. Oracle">Google v. Oracle</a></i>, decided on April 5, 2021, Breyer wrote the 38-page majority opinion, holding that Google's copying of 11,500 lines of Java declaring code (0.4% of all Java code) constituted fair use because "three of these packages were ... fundamental to being able to use the Java language at all". Breyer explained, "By using the same declaring code for those packages, programmers using the Android platform can rely on the method calls that they are already familiar with to call up particular tasks (e.g., determining which of two integers is the greater); but Google's own implementing programs carry out those tasks. Without that copying, programmers would need to learn an entirely new system to call up the same tasks."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_penalty">Death penalty</h3></div> <p>In 2015, Breyer dissented in <i><a href="/wiki/Glossip_v._Gross" title="Glossip v. Gross">Glossip v. Gross</a></i>, which held by a 5–4 vote that prisoners challenging their executions must provide a "known and available" execution method before challenging their method of execution. In a dissent joined by Ginsburg, Breyer questioned the constitutionality of the death penalty itself. He wrote, "For the reasons I have set forth in this opinion, I believe it highly likely that the death penalty violates the Eighth Amendment. At the very least, the Court should call for full briefing on the basic question."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2020, Breyer reiterated this position, writing, "As I have previously written, the solution may be for this Court to directly examine the question whether the death penalty violates the Constitution."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_speech">Free speech</h3></div> <p>On June 18, 2015, Breyer wrote the majority opinion in <i><a href="/wiki/Walker_v._Texas_Division,_Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans">Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans</a></i>. He wrote that <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle registration plates of the United States">license plates</a> are considered <a href="/wiki/Government_speech" title="Government speech">governmental speech</a> and are more subject to regulation than private speech.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In doing so, he noted that States have historically used license plates to convey governmental messages and that speech appearing on "what is essentially a government-issued ID" could reasonably assumed to be associated with the State.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breyer also commented on the differences between the government and private citizens, saying that government speech "is not barred by the Free Speech Clause from determining the content of what it says. […] Were the Free Speech Clause interpreted otherwise, government would not work".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 23, 2021, Breyer authored the majority opinion in <i><a href="/wiki/Mahanoy_Area_School_District_v._B.L." title="Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.">Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.</a></i>, relating to the role of school regulation of off-campus <a href="/wiki/Student_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Student speech">student speech</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his opinion he noted the importance of potential regulation of such speech by school authorities but acknowledged that such regulation was diminished due to the potential implication of a 24-hour restriction on student speech if fully realized, its traditional role under parental supervision, and the interest of schools in safeguarding the <a href="/wiki/Marketplace_of_ideas" title="Marketplace of ideas">marketplace of ideas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, Breyer stipulated that the utterance of profanity on social media did not constitute "substantial disruptance" of a school activity or threaten harm to others, writing, "the justifications offered for punishing Levy's speech were simply insufficient […] were she an adult, the First Amendment would provide strong protection".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defendant_protections">Defendant protections</h3></div> <p>On June 21, 2011, Breyer wrote for the majority in <i><a href="/wiki/Turner_v._Rogers" title="Turner v. Rogers">Turner v. Rogers</a></i> on the requirement of <a href="/wiki/Counsel" title="Counsel">counsel</a> or some other safeguard in <a href="/wiki/Civil_contempt" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil contempt">civil contempt</a> cases.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his opinion, he acknowledged that a <a href="/wiki/Right_to_counsel" title="Right to counsel">right to counsel</a> does not exist in all matters relating to incarceration, as in civil contempt cases the defendant's opponent is also often unrepresented, the arguments typically center on straightforward questions, and substitute safeguards are available.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These safeguards, such as soliciting financial information or informing the defendant of the legal significance of payment, were required to have been provided by the state on pain of an erroneous deprivation of liberty.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 22, 2015, Breyer wrote for the majority in <i><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_v._Hendrickson" title="Kingsley v. Hendrickson">Kingsley v. Hendrickson</a></i> that a pretrial detainee must prove that <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">excessive police force</a> was excessive only by an objective standard, not a subjective standard.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his opinion, he wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process Clause</a> protects pretrial detainees from "objectively unreasonable" force by a state actor.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He concluded, "in the absence of an expressed intent to punish, a pretrial detainee can nevertheless prevail by showing that the actions are not 'rationally related to a legitimate non-punitive governmental purpose' or that the actions 'appear excessive in relation to that purpose.'"<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 21, 2018, Breyer wrote for the majority in <i><a href="/wiki/Class_v._United_States" title="Class v. United States">Class v. United States</a></i> on whether some who has already pleaded guilty may challenge a federal law's constitutionality.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his opinion, he distinguished <i>Class</i> from past cases where appeal was denied, such as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Broce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Broce (page does not exist)">United States v. Broce</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menna_v._New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Menna v. New York (page does not exist)">Menna v. New York</a></i>, as Class's admission of guilt resulted in his ability to appeal the questioned indictments that his record would otherwise have contradicted.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He concluded, "the claims at issue here do not fall within any of the categories of claims that Class's plea agreement forbids him to raise on direct appeal. They challenge the Government's power to criminalize Class's (admitted) conduct. They thereby call into question the Government's power to 'constitutionally prosecute' him. A guilty plea does not bar a direct appeal in these circumstances.”<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_American_law">Native American law</h3></div> <p>On November 27, 2001, Breyer wrote the majority opinion in <i><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Nation_v._United_States" title="Chickasaw Nation v. United States">Chickasaw Nation v. United States</a></i>, relating to whether tribes are liable for taxes on gambling operations.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his opinion, he stipulated that <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code" title="Internal Revenue Code">IRC</a> chapter 35, which affords state governmental lotteries an exemption from federal excise taxes, does not provide the same tax exemption to tribal pull-tab operations that act as lotteries under the IRC.<sup id="cite_ref-SCOTUS_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCOTUS-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breyer wrote that a straightforward reading of the code, which stipulated that the "reporting and withholding of taxes" on gambling operations applied equally to both the states and tribes, was "included inadvertently. The presence of a bad example in a statute does not warrant rewriting the remainder of the statute's language. Nor does it necessarily mean that the statute is ambiguous." Chapter 35, according to Breyer, "simply imposes taxes […] from which it exempts certain state-controlled gambling activities".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 19, 2004, Breyer wrote the majority opinion in <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Lara" title="United States v. Lara">United States v. Lara</a></i>, holding that both tribal governments and the federal government may prosecute non-member Native Americans for the same charges without violating the <a href="/wiki/Double_Jeopardy_Clause" title="Double Jeopardy Clause">Double Jeopardy Clause</a>, as Native Nations are separate <a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">sovereigns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reiterated this question in the context of the tribe's sovereignty as "Whether Congress has the constitutional power to relax restrictions that the political branches have, over time, placed on the exercise of a tribe's inherent legal authority".<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breyer concluded that the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Commerce_Clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Commerce Clause">Indian Commerce Clause</a> gives Congress the authority to legislate with respect to tribes and that Congress's amendments to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Civil_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Civil Rights Act">Indian Civil Rights Act</a> constitute a deference to tribal sovereignty ensuring double jeopardy does not apply.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth,_Inc._v._Laidlaw_Environmental_Services,_Inc." title="Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.">Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.</a></i> (2000), Breyer was in the 7–2 majority that held that people who use the North Tyger River for recreational purposes but could not do so due to pollution had standing to sue industrial polluters. </p><p>On April 23, 2020, Breyer wrote the majority opinion in <i><a href="/wiki/County_of_Maui_v._Hawaii_Wildlife_Fund" title="County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund">County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court ruled that the County of Maui must have a permit under the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a> in order to release <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">groundwater pollution</a> into the ocean. Although the ruling was less broad than the 9th Circuit's ruling, environmentalist groups saw the ruling as a win and an affirmation of the Clean Water Act.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 31, 2020, Breyer dissented when the Supreme Court, in a 5–4 decision, refused to lift a stay on the 9th Circuit ruling that halted construction of the wall at the U.S.-Mexico border. The Sierra Club argued that the wall would harm the environment unduly, including threatening wildlife and changing the flow of water in the Sonoran Desert.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breyer wrote, "The Court's decision to let construction continue nevertheless, I fear, may 'operat[e], in effect, as a final judgment.'" Ginsburg, Sotomayor, and Kagan joined his dissent.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 4, 2021, Breyer dissented in <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Serv._v._Sierra_Club,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Serv. v. Sierra Club, Inc.">United States Fish and Wildlife Serv. v. Sierra Club, Inc.</a></i>, joined only by Sotomayor. The case concerned the Sierra Club's request under the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a> (FOIA) for "draft opinions" concerning rules governing underwater structures that are used to cool industrial equipment. The Sierra Club argued that it had the right to access the documents.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority opinion limits environmental groups' ability to obtain government documents under FOIA.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breyer wrote in his dissent, "Agency practice shows that the Draft Biological Opinion, not the Final Biological Opinion, is the document that informs the EPA of the Services' conclusions about jeopardy and alternatives and triggers within the EPA the process of deciding what to do about those conclusions. If a Final Biological Opinion is discoverable under FOIA, as all seem to agree it is, why would a Draft Biological Opinion, embodying the same Service conclusions (and leaving the EPA with the same four choices), not be?"<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Hollyfrontier Cheyenne Refining v. Renewable Fuels Association</i>, Breyer ruled for oil refineries, joining the majority opinion, which held that oil refineries struggling financially did not need a continuous exemption every year since 2011 in order to be granted an exemption from federal renewable fuels policy.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_care">Health care</h3></div> <p>Breyer generally voted to uphold the <a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a> since its passage in 2010. He wrote the 7-2 majority opinion in <i><a href="/wiki/California_v._Texas" title="California v. Texas">California v. Texas</a></i>, a decision on June 17, 2021, holding that Texas and other states lacked standing to sue against the Affordable Care Act's individual mandate. Breyer wrote, "It is consequently not surprising that the plaintiffs cannot point to cases that support them. To the contrary, our cases have consistently spoken of the need to assert an injury that is the result of a statute's actual or threatened enforcement, whether today or in the future."<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partisan_gerrymandering">Partisan gerrymandering</h3></div> <p>On April 28, 2004, Breyer dissented in <i><a href="/wiki/Vieth_v._Jubelirer" title="Vieth v. Jubelirer">Vieth v. Jubelirer</a></i>, in which the Court held that partisan <a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">gerrymandering</a> is a non-justiciable claim. Breyer wrote in his dissent, "Sometimes purely political 'gerrymandering' will fail to advance any plausible democratic objective while simultaneously threatening serious democratic harm. And sometimes when that is so, courts can identify an equal protection violation and provide a remedy."<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, Breyer was in a 5–4 majority holding that District 23 of the <a href="/wiki/2003_Texas_redistricting" title="2003 Texas redistricting">2003 Texas redistricting</a> violated the Voting Rights Act due to <a href="/wiki/Vote_dilution" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote dilution">vote dilution</a>. Along with Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a>, Breyer would also have ruled in favor of plaintiffs' claims that Texas's statewide plan was an unconstitutional partisan gerrymander. In June 2019, Breyer dissented in <i><a href="/wiki/Rucho_v._Common_Cause" title="Rucho v. Common Cause">Rucho v. Common Cause</a></i>, in which the Supreme Court decided 5–4 that gerrymandering is a non-justiciable claim.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voting_rights">Voting rights</h3></div> <p>Breyer wrote the majority opinion in <i><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Legislative_Black_Caucus_v._Alabama" title="Alabama Legislative Black Caucus v. Alabama">Alabama Legislative Black Caucus v. Alabama</a></i>, which ruled that racial gerrymandering claims must be looked at district by district, and struck down four of Alabama's state Senate districts as unconstitutional racial gerrymanders.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breyer joined Ginsburg's dissent in <i><a href="/wiki/Shelby_County_v._Holder" title="Shelby County v. Holder">Shelby County v. Holder</a></i>. A 5–4 majority ruled that Section 4(b) of the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights Act</a> is unconstitutional. Breyer joined another dissent by Ginsburg in <i><a href="/wiki/RNC_v._DNC" class="mw-redirect" title="RNC v. DNC">RNC v. DNC</a></i>, which overturned a lower court's extension of a voting deadline in the Wisconsin primary elections.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lower court had extended the deadline so that people who had not yet received mail-in ballots by April 7 could vote by mail in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> pandemic. Breyer dissented in a similar Wisconsin case in October; the petitioners had asked the court to require Wisconsin to count mail-in ballots received up to six days after Election Day, and the Court, with Breyer, Sotomayor, and Kagan dissenting, refused the petitioners' request to extend the deadline.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breyer joined Kagan's dissent in <i><a href="/wiki/Brnovich_v._DNC" class="mw-redirect" title="Brnovich v. DNC">Brnovich v. DNC</a></i> (2021), a case that upheld Arizona's ban on ballot harvesting and refusal to count out-of-precinct ballots.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the most senior dissenter, Breyer likely assigned the dissenting opinion to Kagan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement">Retirement</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steve_Breyer_Retirement.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Steve_Breyer_Retirement.png/220px-Steve_Breyer_Retirement.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Steve_Breyer_Retirement.png/330px-Steve_Breyer_Retirement.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Steve_Breyer_Retirement.png/440px-Steve_Breyer_Retirement.png 2x" data-file-width="1302" data-file-height="1084" /></a><figcaption>Breyer announcing his pending retirement alongside President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> on January 27, 2022</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_Breyer_53501586118_o_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Stephen_Breyer_53501586118_o_%281%29.jpg/220px-Stephen_Breyer_53501586118_o_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Stephen_Breyer_53501586118_o_%281%29.jpg/330px-Stephen_Breyer_53501586118_o_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Stephen_Breyer_53501586118_o_%281%29.jpg/440px-Stephen_Breyer_53501586118_o_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="1503" /></a><figcaption>Breyer in 2024</figcaption></figure> <p>After Democratic victories in the 2020 <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">presidential</a> and <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2020 United States Senate elections">Senate</a> elections, progressive activists and Democratic members of Congress called on Breyer to retire so that President Biden could nominate a younger liberal justice.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an August 2021 <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> interview, Breyer said he wished to retire before his death, and recounted a conversation he had with Justice <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a> in which Scalia mentioned that he did not want his successor to "reverse everything I've done for the last 25 years". Breyer said that Scalia's point will "inevitably be in the psychology" of his decision to retire.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a September 2021 interview with <i><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>'</i>s <a href="/wiki/Chris_Wallace" title="Chris Wallace">Chris Wallace</a>, Breyer said activists calling for his retirement are "entitled to their opinion" and "I didn't retire because I had decided on balance I wouldn't retire". He said he took several factors into account when deciding his retirement plans, and reiterated that he did not plan to "die on the court".<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 26, 2022, news outlets reported Breyer's intention to retire from the court at the end of the 2021–22 term.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breyer confirmed his pending retirement in a White House announcement alongside Biden on January 27.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 25, Biden announced <a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson Supreme Court nomination">his nomination</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a>, a former clerk of Breyer and judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a>, to succeed Breyer on the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. Senate confirmed Jackson by a vote of 53–47 on April 7, 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last opinion Breyer wrote before his retirement was the majority opinion in <i><a href="/wiki/Torres_v._Texas_Department_of_Public_Safety" title="Torres v. Texas Department of Public Safety">Torres v. Texas Department of Public Safety</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He retired on June 30, 2022, at 12:00 noon <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">EDT</a>, following the court's final opinions and orders for the term.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breyer's retirement left only one <a href="/wiki/Veteran" title="Veteran">military veteran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a>, on the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judicial_philosophy">Judicial philosophy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_general">In general</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Purposive_approach" title="Purposive approach">Purposive approach</a></div> <p>Breyer's <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatic</a> approach to the law "will tend to make the law more sensible", according to <a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Cass Sunstein</a>, who added that Breyer's "attack on <a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">originalism</a> is powerful and convincing".<sup id="cite_ref-115_YALE_L.J._1719_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115_YALE_L.J._1719-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breyer consistently voted in favor of <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> rights,<sup id="cite_ref-Wittes2005_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wittes2005-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stenberg_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stenberg-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the most controversial areas of the Supreme Court's docket. He also defended the Court's use of foreign law and <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> as persuasive (but not binding) authority in its decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breyer is also recognized as deferential to the interests of law enforcement and to legislative judgments in the Court's <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> rulings. He demonstrated a consistent pattern of deference to Congress, voting to overturn congressional legislation at a lower rate than any other Justice since 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breyer's extensive experience in <a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">administrative law</a> is accompanied by his staunch defense of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Sentencing_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Sentencing Guidelines">Federal Sentencing Guidelines</a>. He rejects the strict interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Sixth Amendment</a> espoused by <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Justice Scalia</a> that all facts necessary to criminal punishment must be submitted to a jury and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many other areas on the Court, too, Breyer's pragmatism was considered the intellectual counterweight to Scalia's <a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">textualist</a> philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In describing his interpretive philosophy, Breyer has sometimes noted his use of six interpretive tools: text, history, tradition, precedent, the purpose of a statute, and the consequences of competing interpretations.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has noted that only the last two differentiate him from textualists such as Scalia. Breyer argues that these sources are necessary, however, and in the former case (purpose), can in fact provide greater objectivity in legal interpretation than looking merely at what is often ambiguous statutory text.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the latter (consequences), Breyer argues that considering the impact of legal interpretations is a further way of ensuring consistency with a law's intended purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-115_YALE_L.J._1719_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115_YALE_L.J._1719-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Active_Liberty"><i>Active Liberty</i></h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_Breyer_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Stephen_Breyer_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Stephen_Breyer_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Stephen_Breyer_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Stephen_Breyer_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Stephen_Breyer_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Stephen_Breyer_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>Breyer in 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>Breyer expounded his judicial philosophy in 2005 in <i><a href="/wiki/Active_Liberty" title="Active Liberty">Active Liberty: Interpreting Our Democratic Constitution</a></i>. In it, Breyer urges judges to interpret legal provisions (of the Constitution or of statutes) in light of the purpose of the text and how well the consequences of specific rulings fit those purposes. The book is considered a response to the 1997 book <i>A Matter of Interpretation</i>, in which <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a> emphasized adherence to the original meaning of the text alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Wittes2005_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wittes2005-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Active Liberty</i>, Breyer argues that the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Framers of the Constitution</a> sought to establish a democratic government involving the maximum liberty for its citizens. Breyer refers to <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Isaiah Berlin</a>'s <i>Two Concepts of Liberty</i>. The first Berlinian concept, being what most people understand by liberty, is "freedom from government coercion". Berlin termed this "<a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">negative liberty</a>" and warned against its diminution; Breyer calls this "modern liberty". The second Berlinian concept—"<a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">positive liberty</a>"—is the "freedom to participate in the government". In Breyer's terminology, this is the "active liberty" the judge should champion. Having established what "active liberty" is, and positing the primary importance (to the Framers) of this concept over the competing idea of "negative liberty", Breyer makes a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Utilitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Utilitarian">utilitarian</a> case for rulings that give effect to the <a href="/wiki/Original_intent" title="Original intent">democratic intentions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The book's historical premises and practical prescriptions have been challenged. For example, according to <a href="/wiki/Peter_Berkowitz" title="Peter Berkowitz">Peter Berkowitz</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the reason that "[t]he primarily democratic nature of the Constitution's governmental structure has not always seemed obvious", as Breyer puts it, is "because it's not true, at least in Breyer's sense, that the Constitution elevates active liberty above modern [negative] liberty". Breyer's position "demonstrates not fidelity to the Constitution", Berkowitz argues, "but rather a determination to rewrite the Constitution's priorities". Berkowitz suggests that Breyer is also inconsistent in failing to apply this standard to the issue of abortion, instead preferring decisions "that protect women's modern liberty, which remove controversial issues from democratic discourse". Failing to answer the <a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">textualist</a> charge that the <a href="/wiki/Living_Constitution" title="Living Constitution">Living Documentarian</a> judge is a law unto himself, Berkowitz argues that <i>Active Liberty</i> "suggests that when necessary, instead of choosing the consequence that serves what he regards as the Constitution's leading purpose, Breyer will determine the Constitution's leading purpose on the basis of the consequence that he prefers to vindicate".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Against the last charge, Cass Sunstein has defended Breyer, noting that of the nine justices on the Rehnquist Court, Breyer had the highest percentage of votes to uphold acts of Congress and also to defer to the decision of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_branch_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch of the United States">executive branch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Toobin" title="Jeffrey Toobin">Jeffrey Toobin</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>, "Breyer concedes that a judicial approach based on 'active liberty' will not yield solutions to every constitutional debate", and that, in Breyer's words, "respecting the democratic process does not mean you abdicate your role of enforcing the limits in the Constitution, whether in the Bill of Rights or in separation of powers."<sup id="cite_ref-toobin_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toobin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To this point, and from a discussion at the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Historical Society">New York Historical Society</a> in March 2006, Breyer has noted that "democratic means" did not bring about an end to <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>, or the concept of "one man, one vote", and it is the concept of universal suffrage that allowed corrupt and discriminatory (but democratically inspired) state laws to be overturned in favor of <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYHS_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYHS-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_books">Other books</h3></div> <p>In 2010, Breyer published a second book, <i>Making Our Democracy Work: A Judge's View</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In it, he argues that judges have six tools they can use to determine a legal provision's proper meaning: (1) its text; (2) its historical context; (3) <a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">precedent</a>; (4) tradition; (5) its purpose; and (6) the consequences of potential interpretations.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Textualists" class="mw-redirect" title="Textualists">Textualists</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Scalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalia">Scalia</a>, only feel comfortable using the first four of these tools; while pragmatists, like Breyer, believe that "purpose" and "consequences" are <i>particularly</i> important interpretative tools.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breyer cites several watershed moments in Supreme Court history to show why the consequences of a particular ruling should always be in a judge's mind. He notes that <a href="/wiki/President_Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="President Jackson">President Jackson</a> ignored the Court's ruling in <i><a href="/wiki/Worcester_v._Georgia" title="Worcester v. Georgia">Worcester v. Georgia</a></i>, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a> and severely weakened the Court's authority.<sup id="cite_ref-Shesol_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shesol-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also cites the <i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott" title="Dred Scott">Dred Scott</a></i> decision, an important precursor to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shesol_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shesol-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Court ignores the consequences of its decisions, Breyer argues, it can lead to devastating and destabilizing outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-Shesol_127-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shesol-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, Breyer released a third book, <i>The Court and the World: American Law and the New Global Realities</i>, examining the interplay between U.S. and international law and how the realities of a globalized world need to be considered in U.S. cases.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 26, 2024, Breyer released a fourth book, <i>Reading the Constitution: Why I Chose Pragmatism, Not Textualism</i>. In an interview about the book, he said that textualism, a judicial philosophy conservative justices favor, "will not help achieve the goals of those who write statutes or those who wrote and adopted the Constitution" and is doomed to fail.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_views">Other views</h3></div> <p>In an interview on <i><a href="/wiki/Fox_News_Sunday" title="Fox News Sunday">Fox News Sunday</a></i> on December 12, 2010, Breyer said that based on the values and the historical record, the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a> never intended guns to go unregulated and that history supports his and the other dissenters' views in <i><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_v._Heller" title="District of Columbia v. Heller">District of Columbia v. Heller</a></i>. He summarized: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We're acting as judges. If we're going to decide everything on the basis of history—by the way, what is the scope of the right to keep and bear arms? Machine guns? Torpedoes? Handguns? Are you a sportsman? Do you like to shoot pistols at targets? Well, get on the subway and go to Maryland. There is no problem, I don't think, for anyone who really wants to have a gun.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the wake of the controversy over Justice <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a>'s <a href="/wiki/2010_State_of_the_Union_Address#Supreme_Court_Justices'_response" title="2010 State of the Union Address">reaction</a> to President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Citizens_United_v._FEC#Opposition" title="Citizens United v. FEC">criticism</a> of the Court's <i><a href="/wiki/Citizens_United_v._FEC" title="Citizens United v. FEC">Citizens United v. FEC</a></i> ruling in his <a href="/wiki/2010_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2010 State of the Union Address">2010 State of the Union Address</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breyer said he would continue to attend the address: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I think it's very, very, very important—very important—for us to show up at that State of the Union, because people today are more and more visual. What [people] see in front of them at the State of the Union is that federal government. And I would like them to see the judges too, because federal judges are also a part of that government.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honors">Honors</h3></div> <p>Breyer was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, Breyer was honored with the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Eagle_Scout_Award" title="Distinguished Eagle Scout Award">Distinguished Eagle Scout Award</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts of America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-breyerDE_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-breyerDE-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, he was named to chair of the <a href="/wiki/Pritzker_Architecture_Prize" title="Pritzker Architecture Prize">Pritzker Architecture Prize</a> jury, succeeding previous chair <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Murcutt" title="Glenn Murcutt">Glenn Murcutt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <p>Breyer has appeared as a guest on <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a>'s TV show. On the <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Late_Show_with_Stephen_Colbert_episodes_(2021)#September" title="List of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert episodes (2021)">Late Show</a></i> in September 2021, he discussed the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Heartbeat_Act" title="Texas Heartbeat Act">Texas Heartbeat Act</a> and his reluctance to retire.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breyer appeared on <i><a href="/wiki/Fareed_Zakaria_GPS" title="Fareed Zakaria GPS">Fareed Zakaria GPS</a></i> on CNN in September 2021 where he was questioned on when he planned to retire.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He promoted his book <i>The Authority of the Court and the Peril of Politics</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBreyerMacAvoy1974" class="citation book cs1">Breyer, Stephen G.; MacAvoy, Paul W. (1974). <i>Energy Regulation by the Federal Power Commission</i>. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815710769" title="Special:BookSources/9780815710769"><bdi>9780815710769</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/866410">866410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Energy+Regulation+by+the+Federal+Power+Commission&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F866410&rft.isbn=9780815710769&rft.aulast=Breyer&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft.au=MacAvoy%2C+Paul+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreyerStewart1979" class="citation book cs1">Breyer, Stephen G.; Stewart, Richard B. (1979). <i>Administrative Law and Regulatory Policy</i> (1st ed.). New York: Little, Brown and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Administrative+Law+and+Regulatory+Policy&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Breyer&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Richard+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreyer1982" class="citation book cs1">Breyer, Stephen G. (1982). <i>Regulation and its Reform</i> (1st ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regulation+and+its+Reform&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Breyer&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreyer1988" class="citation journal cs1">Breyer, Stephen (Fall 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1630&context=hlr">"The Federal Sentencing Guidelines and Key Compromises Upon Which They Rest"</a>. <i>Hofstra Law Review</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 1–50. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171005050652/http://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1630&context=hlr">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hofstra+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Federal+Sentencing+Guidelines+and+Key+Compromises+Upon+Which+They+Rest&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-50&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Breyer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Freferer%3D%26httpsredir%3D1%26article%3D1630%26context%3Dhlr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreyer1994" class="citation book cs1">Breyer, Stephen G. (1994). <i>Breaking the Vicious Cycle: Toward Effective Risk Regulation</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674081147" title="Special:BookSources/9780674081147"><bdi>9780674081147</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/246886908">246886908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breaking+the+Vicious+Cycle%3A+Toward+Effective+Risk+Regulation&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F246886908&rft.isbn=9780674081147&rft.aulast=Breyer&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreyer2005" class="citation book cs1">Breyer, Stephen (2005). <a href="/wiki/Active_Liberty" title="Active Liberty"><i>Active Liberty: Interpreting Our Democratic Constitution</i></a>. New York: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-307-27494-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-307-27494-2"><bdi>0-307-27494-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Active+Liberty%3A+Interpreting+Our+Democratic+Constitution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-307-27494-2&rft.aulast=Breyer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreyerStewartSunsteinVermeule2006" class="citation book cs1">Breyer, Stephen G.; Stewart, Richard B.; Sunstein, Cass R.; Vermeule, Adrian (2006). <i>Administrative Law and Regulatory Policy: Problems, Text, and Cases</i> (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Aspen Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0735556065" title="Special:BookSources/978-0735556065"><bdi>978-0735556065</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Administrative+Law+and+Regulatory+Policy%3A+Problems%2C+Text%2C+and+Cases&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Aspen+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0735556065&rft.aulast=Breyer&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Richard+B.&rft.au=Sunstein%2C+Cass+R.&rft.au=Vermeule%2C+Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreyer2010" class="citation book cs1">Breyer, Stephen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/253016/the-court-and-the-world-by-stephen-breyer/"><i>Making Our Democracy Work: A Judge's View</i></a>. New York: A. A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307269911" title="Special:BookSources/9780307269911"><bdi>9780307269911</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/813897125">813897125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Our+Democracy+Work%3A+A+Judge%27s+View&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=A.+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F813897125&rft.isbn=9780307269911&rft.aulast=Breyer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguinrandomhouse.com%2Fbooks%2F253016%2Fthe-court-and-the-world-by-stephen-breyer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreyer2015" class="citation book cs1">Breyer, Stephen (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/253016/the-court-and-the-world-by-stephen-breyer/"><i>The Court and the World: American Law and the New Global Realities</i></a>. New York: Penguin Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101912072" title="Special:BookSources/9781101912072"><bdi>9781101912072</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/952026314">952026314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Court+and+the+World%3A+American+Law+and+the+New+Global+Realities&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F952026314&rft.isbn=9781101912072&rft.aulast=Breyer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguinrandomhouse.com%2Fbooks%2F253016%2Fthe-court-and-the-world-by-stephen-breyer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreyerBessler2016" class="citation book cs1">Breyer, Stephen G.; Bessler, John D. (2016). <i>Against the Death Penalty</i>. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815728900" title="Special:BookSources/9780815728900"><bdi>9780815728900</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/948669357">948669357</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+the+Death+Penalty&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F948669357&rft.isbn=9780815728900&rft.aulast=Breyer&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft.au=Bessler%2C+John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreyer2020" class="citation book cs1">Breyer, Stephen G. (2020). <i>Breaking the Promise of Brown: The Resegregation of America's Schools</i>. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815731665" title="Special:BookSources/9780815731665"><bdi>9780815731665</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1197773870">1197773870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breaking+the+Promise+of+Brown%3A+The+Resegregation+of+America%27s+Schools&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1197773870&rft.isbn=9780815731665&rft.aulast=Breyer&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreyer2021" class="citation book cs1">Breyer, Stephen (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gw41EAAAQBAJ"><i>The Authority of the Court and the Peril of Politics</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674269361" title="Special:BookSources/9780674269361"><bdi>9780674269361</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1246624044">1246624044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Authority+of+the+Court+and+the+Peril+of+Politics&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1246624044&rft.isbn=9780674269361&rft.aulast=Breyer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGw41EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreyer2024" class="citation book cs1">Breyer, Stephen (2024). <i>Reading the Constitution: Why I Chose Pragmatism, Not Textualism</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781668021538" title="Special:BookSources/9781668021538"><bdi>9781668021538</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1427062034">1427062034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Constitution%3A+Why+I+Chose+Pragmatism%2C+Not+Textualism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1427062034&rft.isbn=9781668021538&rft.aulast=Breyer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style 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United States (Seat 2)">List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_judges_by_longevity_of_service" title="List of United States federal judges by longevity of service">List of United States federal judges by longevity of service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rehnquist_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court">List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Roberts_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Roberts Court">List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Roberts Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices_by_time_in_office" title="List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office">List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2020" class="citation web cs1">Weiss, Debra Cassens (February 3, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abajournal.com/news/article/which-supreme-court-justices-are-registered-democrats-and-republicans-fix-the-court-investigates">"Which SCOTUS justices are registered Democrats or Republicans? Fix the Court investigates"</a>. <i>ABA Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABA+Journal&rft.atitle=Which+SCOTUS+justices+are+registered+Democrats+or+Republicans%3F+Fix+the+Court+investigates&rft.date=2020-02-03&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Debra+Cassens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abajournal.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fwhich-supreme-court-justices-are-registered-democrats-and-republicans-fix-the-court-investigates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKersch2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kersch, Ken (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi">"Justice Breyer's Mandarin Liberty"</a>. <i>University of Chicago Law Review</i>. <b>73</b>: 759–822. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171226033939/https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F&httpsredir=1&article=5339&context=uclrev">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2017. <q>As his decision to characterize both the New Deal and Warren Courts as centrally committed to democracy and 'active liberty' makes clear, Justice Breyer identifies his own constitutional agenda with that of these earlier courts, and positions himself, in significant respects, as a partisan of midcentury constitutional liberalism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Chicago+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Justice+Breyer%27s+Mandarin+Liberty&rft.volume=73&rft.pages=759-822&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Kersch&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchicagounbound.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://today.law.harvard.edu/justice-stephen-breyer-returns-to-harvard-law-school/">"Justice Stephen Breyer returns to Harvard Law School"</a>. <i>Harvard Law Today</i> (Press release). July 15, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justice+Stephen+Breyer+returns+to+Harvard+Law+School&rft.date=2022-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoday.law.harvard.edu%2Fjustice-stephen-breyer-returns-to-harvard-law-school%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvyears-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvyears_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvyears_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmentkowski2021" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Smentkowski, Brian P. (August 11, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009092144/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Stephen-Breyer">"Stephen Breyer"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Stephen-Breyer">the original</a> on October 9, 2021. <q>Breyеr received bachelor's degrees from <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> (1959) and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> (1961), which he attended on a <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship" title="Rhodes Scholarship">Rhodes Scholarship</a>, and a law degree from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (1964). In 1964–65 he clerked for U.S. Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Goldberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur J. Goldberg">Arthur J. Goldberg</a>. He taught law at Harvard University from 1967 to 1994.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stephen+Breyer&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2021-08-11&rft.aulast=Smentkowski&rft.aufirst=Brian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FStephen-Breyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShear2022" class="citation news cs1">Shear, Michael (January 27, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/27/us/politics/biden-breyer-retire.html">"Biden calls Breyer a 'model public servant' and plans to name his successor soon"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Biden+calls+Breyer+a+%27model+public+servant%27+and+plans+to+name+his+successor+soon.&rft.date=2022-01-27&rft.aulast=Shear&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F01%2F27%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fbiden-breyer-retire.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacaya2022" class="citation news cs1">Macaya, Melissa (February 25, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/biden-supreme-court-nominee-ketanji-brown-jackson/index.html">"Biden nominates Ketanji Brown Jackson to Supreme Court"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Biden+nominates+Ketanji+Brown+Jackson+to+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2022-02-25&rft.aulast=Macaya&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fpolitics%2Flive-news%2Fbiden-supreme-court-nominee-ketanji-brown-jackson%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChowdhuryLeeWagnerMacaya2022" class="citation news cs1">Chowdhury, Maureen; Lee, Ji Min; Wagner, Meg; Macaya, Melissa (April 7, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/ketanji-brown-jackson-senate-confirmation-vote/h_ce810c9efaecde5b1c9f1909825804b5">"Jackson won't be sworn in until Justice Stephen Breyer retires"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Jackson+won%27t+be+sworn+in+until+Justice+Stephen+Breyer+retires&rft.date=2022-04-07&rft.aulast=Chowdhury&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft.au=Lee%2C+Ji+Min&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Meg&rft.au=Macaya%2C+Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fpolitics%2Flive-news%2Fketanji-brown-jackson-senate-confirmation-vote%2Fh_ce810c9efaecde5b1c9f1909825804b5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlitzer2022" class="citation news cs1">Blitzer, Ronn (June 29, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/supreme-court-justice-stephen-breyer-retire-thursday-my-great-honor">"Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer to retire Thursday: 'It has been my great honor'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Fox News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+Justice+Stephen+Breyer+to+retire+Thursday%3A+%27It+has+been+my+great+honor%27&rft.date=2022-06-29&rft.aulast=Blitzer&rft.aufirst=Ronn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fsupreme-court-justice-stephen-breyer-retire-thursday-my-great-honor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrofsky2006" class="citation book cs1">Urofsky, Melvin I. (May 25, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4V12AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74"><i>Biographical Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court: The Lives and Legal Philosophies of the Justices</i></a>. Washington, DC: CQ Press. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781452267289" title="Special:BookSources/9781452267289"><bdi>9781452267289</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200903052411/https://books.google.com/books?id=4V12AwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on September 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Encyclopedia+of+the+Supreme+Court%3A+The+Lives+and+Legal+Philosophies+of+the+Justices&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2006-05-25&rft.isbn=9781452267289&rft.aulast=Urofsky&rft.aufirst=Melvin+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4V12AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgelko2022" class="citation web cs1">Egelko, Bob (June 29, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819134105/https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/A-justice-of-great-intellect-S-F-born-17275261.php">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A justice of great intellect': S.F.-born Justice Breyer steps down from Supreme Court"</a>. <i>sfchronicle.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/A-justice-of-great-intellect-S-F-born-17275261.php">the original</a> on August 19, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sfchronicle.com&rft.atitle=%27A+justice+of+great+intellect%27%3A+S.F.-born+Justice+Breyer+steps+down+from+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2022-06-29&rft.aulast=Egelko&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfchronicle.com%2Fbayarea%2Farticle%2FA-justice-of-great-intellect-S-F-born-17275261.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2018" class="citation news cs1">Walsh, Mark (April 11, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edweek.org/policy-politics/for-one-supreme-court-justice-a-personal-connection-to-school-law/2018/04">"For One Supreme Court Justice, a Personal Connection to School Law"</a>. <i>Education Week</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-4232">0277-4232</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+Week&rft.atitle=For+One+Supreme+Court+Justice%2C+a+Personal+Connection+to+School+Law&rft.date=2018-04-11&rft.issn=0277-4232&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edweek.org%2Fpolicy-politics%2Ffor-one-supreme-court-justice-a-personal-connection-to-school-law%2F2018%2F04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bookref1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bookref1_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlaterSlater1996" class="citation book cs1">Slater, Elinor; Slater, Robert (January 1996). <i>Great Jewish Men</i>. Jonathan David Publishers. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824603816" title="Special:BookSources/9780824603816"><bdi>9780824603816</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Jewish+Men&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Jonathan+David+Publishers&rft.date=1996-01&rft.isbn=9780824603816&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=Elinor&rft.au=Slater%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/justices/stephen_g_breyer/">"Stephen G. Breyer"</a>. Oyez. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070321212656/https://www.oyez.org/justices/stephen_g_breyer/">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stephen+G.+Breyer&rft.pub=Oyez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oyez.org%2Fjustices%2Fstephen_g_breyer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-honor-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-honor_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownley2007" class="citation book cs1">Townley, Alvin (2007) [December 26, 2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thomasdunnebooks.com/TD_TitleDetail.aspx?ISBN=0312366531"><i>Legacy of Honor: The Values and Influence of America's Eagle Scouts</i></a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 56–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-36653-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-36653-7"><bdi>978-0-312-36653-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061219180428/http://www.thomasdunnebooks.com/TD_TitleDetail.aspx?ISBN=0312366531">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legacy+of+Honor%3A+The+Values+and+Influence+of+America%27s+Eagle+Scouts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=56-59&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-312-36653-7&rft.aulast=Townley&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thomasdunnebooks.com%2FTD_TitleDetail.aspx%3FISBN%3D0312366531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-honor2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-honor2_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2007" class="citation web cs1">Ray, Mark (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scoutingmagazine.org/issues/0701/a-what.html">"What It Means to Be an Eagle Scout"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scouting_(magazine)" title="Scouting (magazine)">Scouting</a></i>. Boy Scouts of America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113011825/https://scoutingmagazine.org/issues/0701/a-what.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scouting&rft.atitle=What+It+Means+to+Be+an+Eagle+Scout&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scoutingmagazine.org%2Fissues%2F0701%2Fa-what.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oyez_Bio-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oyez_Bio_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oyez_Bio_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070321212656/https://www.oyez.org/justices/stephen_g_breyer/">"Oyez Bio"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/justices/stephen_g_breyer/">the original</a> on March 21, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oyez+Bio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oyez.org%2Fjustices%2Fstephen_g_breyer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span> (For Brown; need cite for Tribe)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-toobin-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-toobin_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-toobin_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToobin2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Toobin, Jeffrey (October 31, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/10/31/051031fa_fact?currentPage=1">"Breyer's Big Idea"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140317153814/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/10/31/051031fa_fact?currentPage=1">Archived</a> from the original on March 17, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Breyer%27s+Big+Idea&rft.date=2005-10-31&rft.aulast=Toobin&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farchive%2F2005%2F10%2F31%2F051031fa_fact%3FcurrentPage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CHRG-BREYER/pdf/GPO-CHRG-BREYER.pdf"><i>Serial No. J-103-64</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1995. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/01-6-046946-5" title="Special:BookSources/01-6-046946-5"><bdi>01-6-046946-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181203225551/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CHRG-BREYER/pdf/GPO-CHRG-BREYER.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 3, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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October 12, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080830045653/http://www.washingtonlife.com/issues/holiday-2006/pollywood/">Archived</a> from the original on August 30, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+Life+Magazine&rft.atitle=Inaugural+D.C.+French+Festival+launches+sans+the+Freedom+Fries&rft.date=2006-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonlife.com%2Fissues%2Fholiday-2006%2Fpollywood%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CHRG-BREYER/pdf/GPO-CHRG-BREYER-4-3-4-1.pdf">"Senate Judiciary Committee Initial Questionnaire (Supreme Court)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senate+Judiciary+Committee+Initial+Questionnaire+%28Supreme+Court%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=United+States+Senate+Judiciary+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CHRG-BREYER%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CHRG-BREYER-4-3-4-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Supreme_Court_Bio-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Supreme_Court_Bio_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Supreme_Court_Bio_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Supreme_Court_Bio_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Supreme_Court_Bio_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Supreme_Court_Bio_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/biographies.aspx">The Justices of the Supreme Court</a>. Retrieved April 6, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasanoff1994" class="citation news cs1">Jasanoff, Sheila (Spring 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071118171456/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3622/is_199404/ai_n8720105">"The dilemmas of risk regulation: Breaking the Vicious Circle by Stephen Breyer"</a>. <i>Issues in Science and Technology</i>. 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Law.tulane.edu. June 16, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170419042621/http://www.law.tulane.edu/abroad/index.aspx?ekmensel=c580fa7b_168_0_4386_1">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tulane+Law+School+%E2%80%93+Study+Abroad&rft.pub=Law.tulane.edu&rft.date=2011-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.tulane.edu%2Fabroad%2Findex.aspx%3Fekmensel%3Dc580fa7b_168_0_4386_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThierer2010" class="citation news cs1">Thierer, Adam (December 21, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019184816/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-501465_162-20026346-501465.html">"Who'll Really Benefit from Net Neutrality Regulation?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-501465_162-20026346-501465.html">the original</a> on October 19, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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June 17, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210617140242/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/19-840_6jfm.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=supremecourt.gov&rft.atitle=19-840+California+v.+Texas+%2806%2F17%2F2021%29&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov%2Fopinions%2F20pdf%2F19-840_6jfm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140508180353/http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/03pdf/02-1580.pdf">"Vieth et al. v. Jubelirer, President Of The Pennsylvania Senate, et al"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. April 28, 2004. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=REPUBLICAN+NATIONAL+COMMITTEE%2C+ET+AL.+v.+DEMOCRATIC+NATIONAL+COMMITTEE%2C+ET+AL.&rft.date=2020-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov%2Fopinions%2F19pdf%2F19a1016_o759.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210223065650/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/20a66_new_m6io.pdf#page=24">"DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL COMMITTEE, ET AL. v. WISCONSIN STATE LEGISLATURE, ET AL"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. October 26, 2020. 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He also contends that it 'helps to implement the public's will and is therefore consistent with the Constitution's democratic purpose.' Breyer concludes that an emphasis on legislative purpose 'means that laws will work better for the people they are presently meant to affect. 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September 30, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070214061347/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4929668">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Nina+Totenberg&rft.date=2005-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D4929668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeeney2005" class="citation news cs1">Feeney, Mark (October 3, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2005/10/03/author_in_the_court/">"Author in the Court: Justice Stephen Breyer's New Book Reflects His Practical Approach to the Law"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171226131035/http://archive.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2005/10/03/author_in_the_court/">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Author+in+the+Court%3A+Justice+Stephen+Breyer%27s+New+Book+Reflects+His+Practical+Approach+to+the+Law&rft.date=2005-10-03&rft.aulast=Feeney&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.boston.com%2Fae%2Fbooks%2Farticles%2F2005%2F10%2F03%2Fauthor_in_the_court%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkowitz" class="citation web cs1">Berkowitz, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peterberkowitz.com/democratizingtheconstitution.pdf">"Democratizing the Constitution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071128141817/http://www.peterberkowitz.com/democratizingtheconstitution.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 28, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Democratizing+the+Constitution&rft.aulast=Berkowitz&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peterberkowitz.com%2Fdemocratizingtheconstitution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sunstein, pg. 7, citing Lori Ringhand, "Judicial Activism and the Rehnquist Court", available on ssrn.com and Cass R. Sunstein and Thomas Miles, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?httpsredir=1&article=2663&context=journal_articles">Do Judges Make Regulatory Policy? An Empirical investigation of Chevron</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171226131026/https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?httpsredir=1&article=2663&context=journal_articles">Archived</a> December 26, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>University of Chicago Law Review</i> 823 (2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYHS-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYHS_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakaluk2006" class="citation web cs1">Pakaluk, Maximilian (March 13, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060318104617/http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/pakaluk_200603130802.asp">"Chambered in a 'Democratic Space'. Justice Breyer explains his Constitution"</a>. <i>National Review</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/pakaluk_200603130802.asp">the original</a> on March 18, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=Chambered+in+a+%27Democratic+Space%27.+Justice+Breyer+explains+his+Constitution&rft.date=2006-03-13&rft.aulast=Pakaluk&rft.aufirst=Maximilian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Fcomment%2Fpakaluk_200603130802.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307269911" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307269911">978-0307269911</a>); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontana2005" class="citation news cs1">Fontana, David (October 3, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/01/AR2010100103520.html">"Stephen Breyer's 'Making Democracy Work', reviewed by David Fontana"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101106030604/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/01/AR2010100103520.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Stephen+Breyer%27s+%27Making+Democracy+Work%27%2C+reviewed+by+David+Fontana&rft.date=2005-10-03&rft.aulast=Fontana&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F10%2F01%2FAR2010100103520.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreyer2010" class="citation book cs1">Breyer, Stephen (2010). <i>Making Our Democracy Work: A Judge's View</i>. p. 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Our+Democracy+Work%3A+A+Judge%27s+View&rft.pages=74&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Breyer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Stephen Breyer, Antonin Scalia, Jan Crawford Greenburg (moderator) (December 5, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fedsoc.org/commentary/videos/a-conversation-on-the-constitution-with-supreme-court-justices-stephen-breyer-and-antonin-scalia-event-audio"><i>A conversation on the constitution: perspectives from Active Liberty and A Matter of Interpretation</i></a> (Video). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Stephen+Breyer%27s+%27The+Court+and+the+World%27&rft.date=2015-09-14&rft.aulast=Witt&rft.aufirst=John+Fabian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F09%2F20%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fstephen-breyers-the-court-and-the-world.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/253016/the-court-and-the-world-by-stephen-breyer/">"The Court and the World: American Law and the New Global Realities"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Court+and+the+World%3A+American+Law+and+the+New+Global+Realities&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguinrandomhouse.com%2Fbooks%2F253016%2Fthe-court-and-the-world-by-stephen-breyer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2024/03/26/stephen-breyer-supreme-court-interview-00148948">"A Supreme Court Justice Sounds a Warning"</a>. <i>Politico</i>. March 26, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Breyer%3A+Founding+Fathers+Would+Have+Allowed+Restrictions+on+Guns&rft.date=2010-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fbreyer-founding-fathers-would-have-allowed-restrictions-on-guns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagraj2010" class="citation news cs1">Nagraj, Neil (January 28, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/2010/01/28/2010-01-28_justice_alito_mouths_not_true_when_obama_blasts_supreme_court_ruling_in_state_of.html">"Justice Alito mouths 'not true' when Obama blasts Supreme Court ruling in State of the Union address"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily News (New York)">Daily News</a></i>. New York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100131145816/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/2010/01/28/2010-01-28_justice_alito_mouths_not_true_when_obama_blasts_supreme_court_ruling_in_state_of.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 31, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=Justice+Alito+mouths+%27not+true%27+when+Obama+blasts+Supreme+Court+ruling+in+State+of+the+Union+address&rft.date=2010-01-28&rft.aulast=Nagraj&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2010%2F01%2F28%2F2010-01-28_justice_alito_mouths_not_true_when_obama_blasts_supreme_court_ruling_in_state_of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake2010" class="citation news cs1">Blake, Aaron (December 12, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111203215727/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2010/12/breyer-ill-go-to-state-of-the.html">"Justice Breyer: I'll go to State of the Union"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2010/12/breyer-ill-go-to-state-of-the.html">the original</a> on December 3, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Justice+Breyer%3A+I%27ll+go+to+State+of+the+Union&rft.date=2010-12-12&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoices.washingtonpost.com%2F44%2F2010%2F12%2Fbreyer-ill-go-to-state-of-the.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Stephen+Breyer&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609165052/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Stephen+Breyer&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DStephen%2BBreyer%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-breyerDE-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-breyerDE_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scoutingmagazine.org/issues/0711/d-news.html">"Distinguished Eagle Scout Award"</a>. <i>Scouting</i> (November – December 2007): 10. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071118092306/http://www.scoutingmagazine.org/issues/0711/d-news.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scouting&rft.atitle=Distinguished+Eagle+Scout+Award&rft.issue=November+%E2%80%93+December+2007&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scoutingmagazine.org%2Fissues%2F0711%2Fd-news.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.architectmagazine.com/awards/u-s-supreme-court-justice-stephen-breyer-named-chair-of-pritzker-architecture-prize-jury_o">"U.S. Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer Named Chair of Pritzker Architecture Prize Jury"</a>. <i>Architect Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515151156/https://www.architectmagazine.com/awards/u-s-supreme-court-justice-stephen-breyer-named-chair-of-pritzker-architecture-prize-jury_o">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Architect+Magazine&rft.atitle=U.S.+Supreme+Court+Justice+Stephen+Breyer+Named+Chair+of+Pritzker+Architecture+Prize+Jury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.architectmagazine.com%2Fawards%2Fu-s-supreme-court-justice-stephen-breyer-named-chair-of-pritzker-architecture-prize-jury_o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2021" class="citation news cs1">Weber, Peter (September 15, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theweek.com/stephen-colbert/1004875/justice-breyer-tells-colbert-the-supreme-courts-refusal-to-halt-the-texas">"Justice Breyer tells Colbert the Supreme Court's refusal to halt the Texas abortion was 'very, very, very, very wrong'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Week</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210918171346/https://theweek.com/stephen-colbert/1004875/justice-breyer-tells-colbert-the-supreme-courts-refusal-to-halt-the-texas">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=Justice+Breyer+tells+Colbert+the+Supreme+Court%27s+refusal+to+halt+the+Texas+abortion+was+%27very%2C+very%2C+very%2C+very+wrong%27&rft.date=2021-09-15&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheweek.com%2Fstephen-colbert%2F1004875%2Fjustice-breyer-tells-colbert-the-supreme-courts-refusal-to-halt-the-texas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.com/shows/the-late-show-with-stephen-colbert/video/AM44Yje8UyuzWSua7OVNWUmaAILrpvyt/justice-stephen-breyer-addresses-speculation-about-his-retirement-plans/">"Watch The Late Show with Stephen Colbert: Justice Stephen Breyer Addresses Speculation About His Retirement Plans – Full show on CBS"</a>. <i>CBS</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210918171348/https://www.cbs.com/shows/the-late-show-with-stephen-colbert/video/AM44Yje8UyuzWSua7OVNWUmaAILrpvyt/justice-stephen-breyer-addresses-speculation-about-his-retirement-plans/">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS&rft.atitle=Watch+The+Late+Show+with+Stephen+Colbert%3A+Justice+Stephen+Breyer+Addresses+Speculation+About+His+Retirement+Plans+%E2%80%93+Full+show+on+CBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.com%2Fshows%2Fthe-late-show-with-stephen-colbert%2Fvideo%2FAM44Yje8UyuzWSua7OVNWUmaAILrpvyt%2Fjustice-stephen-breyer-addresses-speculation-about-his-retirement-plans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vogue2021" class="citation web cs1">de Vogue, Ariane (September 19, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/19/politics/breyer-fareed-zakaria-gps/index.html">"Breyer defends state of Supreme Court in interview with CNN's Fareed Zakaria"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210920011200/https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/19/politics/breyer-fareed-zakaria-gps/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Breyer+defends+state+of+Supreme+Court+in+interview+with+CNN%27s+Fareed+Zakaria&rft.date=2021-09-19&rft.aulast=de+Vogue&rft.aufirst=Ariane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F09%2F19%2Fpolitics%2Fbreyer-fareed-zakaria-gps%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2014" class="citation web cs1">Collins, Ronald (February 28, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2014/02/hypothetically-speaking-justice-breyers-dialectical-propensities.html">"Hypothetically Speaking: Justice Breyer's Dialectical Propensities"</a>. <i>Concurring Opinions Blog</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Concurring+Opinions+Blog&rft.atitle=Hypothetically+Speaking%3A+Justice+Breyer%27s+Dialectical+Propensities&rft.date=2014-02-28&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.concurringopinions.com%2Farchives%2F2014%2F02%2Fhypothetically-speaking-justice-breyers-dialectical-propensities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Breyer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Stephen Breyer</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stephen_Breyer" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Stephen Breyer">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" class="extiw" title="q:Stephen Breyer">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/author:Stephen_Breyer" class="extiw" title="s:author:Stephen Breyer">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Stephen-Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fjc.gov/node/1378241">Stephen Gerald Breyer</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_Federal_Judges" title="Biographical Directory of Federal Judges">Biographical Directory of Federal Judges</a></i>, a publication of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center" title="Federal Judicial Center">Federal Judicial Center</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/Stephen_Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ballotpedia" title="Ballotpedia">Ballotpedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.OnTheIssues.org/Stephen_Breyer.htm">Issue positions and quotes</a> at <a href="/wiki/OnTheIssues" class="mw-redirect" title="OnTheIssues">OnTheIssues</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?5390">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.logosjournal.com/issue_5.2/braun.htm">Review of Stephen Breyer's Active Liberty: Interpreting our Democratic Constitution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200712013524/http://www.logosjournal.com/issue_5.2/braun.htm">Archived</a> July 12, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newenglishreview.org/custpage.cfm?frm=3637&sec_id=3637">"Stephen Breyer, the court's necromancer"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312111015/http://www.newenglishreview.org/custpage.cfm?frm=3637&sec_id=3637">Archived</a> March 12, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, a book review of <i>Active Liberty: Interpreting Our Democratic Constitution</i> in the <i><a href="/wiki/New_English_Review" title="New English Review">New English Review</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4965766"><span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Active Liberty' from Justice Stephen Breyer"</a>, October 20, 2005, NPR's <i><a href="/wiki/Fresh_Air" title="Fresh Air">Fresh Air</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4929668">"Supreme Court Justice Breyer on 'Active Liberty<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" Part 1 of Interview</a>, September 29, 2005, NPR's <i><a href="/wiki/Morning_Edition" title="Morning Edition">Morning Edition</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4930456">"Justice Breyer: The Case Against 'Originalists<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" Part 2 of Interview</a>, September 30, 2005, NPR's <i><a href="/wiki/Morning_Edition" title="Morning Edition">Morning Edition</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/rundowns/rundown.php?prgId=35&prgDate=03-24-2007&view=storyview">Justice Breyer's appearance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131003020549/http://www.npr.org/templates/rundowns/rundown.php?prgId=35&prgDate=03-24-2007&view=storyview">Archived</a> October 3, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on NPR's quiz show <i><a href="/wiki/Wait_Wait..._Don%27t_Tell_Me" class="mw-redirect" title="Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me">Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me</a></i>, March 24, 2007</li> <li>WGBH Forum Network: one and a half hours with US Supreme Court Justice of Law Stephen Breyer, September 8, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613225135/http://forum.wgbh.org/wgbh/forum.php?lecture_id=1274">Description (archived)</a> | <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aE2oBlBj0ZY">Video</a>.</li> <li>A film clip <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/openmind_ep1667">"The Open Mind – 'Active Liberty' by Mr. Justice Breyer, Part I (2005)"</a> is available for viewing at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li>A film clip <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/openmind_ep1668">"The Open Mind – 'Active Liberty' by Mr. Justice Breyer, Part II (2005)"</a> is available for viewing at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CHRG-BREYER/pdf/GPO-CHRG-BREYER.pdf">Supreme Court Associate Justice Nomination Hearings on Stephen Gerald Breyer in July 1994</a> – <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">United States Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DDCEF2;">Legal offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New seat</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit">United States Court of Appeals <br /> for the First Circuit</a> </b><br />1980–1994 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Lynch" title="Sandra Lynch">Sandra Lynch</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Levin_H._Campbell" title="Levin H. Campbell">Levin H. Campbell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chief Judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit">United States Court Appeals <br /> for the First Circuit</a> </b><br />1990–1994 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Juan_R._Torruella" title="Juan R. Torruella">Juan R. Torruella</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Harry Blackmun</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a> </b><br />1994–2022 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">U.S. order of precedence</a> (ceremonial) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">David Souter</a></div><i><b>as Retired Associate Justice of the Supreme Court </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Order of precedence of the United States</a><br /><i>as Retired Associate Justice of the Supreme Court</i> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a></div><i><b>as Secretary of the Treasury </b></i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Template:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Template talk:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Justices of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Chief_justices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jay_Court" title="Jay Court">1789–1795</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Jay_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Jay Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rutledge_Court" title="Rutledge Court">1795</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rutledge_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rutledge Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ellsworth" title="Oliver Ellsworth">Oliver Ellsworth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Court" title="Ellsworth Court">1796–1800</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Ellsworth_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Ellsworth Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marshall_Court" title="Marshall Court">1801–1835</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Marshall_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Marshall Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taney_Court" title="Taney Court">1836–1864</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taney_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taney Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chase_Court" title="Chase Court">1864–1873</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Chase_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Chase Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Waite" title="Morrison Waite">Morrison Waite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Waite_Court" title="Waite Court">1874–1888</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Waite_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Waite Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Fuller" title="Melville Fuller">Melville Fuller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuller_Court" title="Fuller Court">1888–1910</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Fuller_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Fuller Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">Edward Douglass White</a> (<a href="/wiki/White_Court_(justices)" title="White Court (justices)">1910–1921</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_White_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the White Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taft_Court" title="Taft Court">1921–1930</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taft_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hughes_Court" title="Hughes Court">1930–1941</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Hughes_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Hughes Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Harlan F. Stone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Court" title="Stone Court">1941–1946</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Stone_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Stone Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. Vinson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vinson_Court" title="Vinson Court">1946–1953</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Vinson_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Vinson Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">1953–1969</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Warren_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burger_Court" title="Burger Court">1969–1986</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Burger_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Burger Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rehnquist_Court" title="Rehnquist Court">1986–2005</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rehnquist_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roberts_Court" title="Roberts Court">2005–present</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Roberts_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Roberts Court">cases</a></i>)</li></ol> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Associate_justices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ol><li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">J. Rutledge</a>* (1790–1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cushing" title="William Cushing">Cushing</a> (1790–1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">Wilson</a> (1789–1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blair_Jr." title="John Blair Jr.">Blair</a> (1790–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Iredell" title="James Iredell">Iredell</a> (1790–1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Johnson_(judge)" title="Thomas Johnson (judge)">T. Johnson</a> (1792–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">Paterson</a> (1793–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">S. Chase</a> (1796–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushrod_Washington" title="Bushrod Washington">Washington</a> (1798–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Moore" title="Alfred Moore">Moore</a> (1800–1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Johnson_(judge)" title="William Johnson (judge)">W. Johnson</a> (1804–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brockholst_Livingston" title="Henry Brockholst Livingston">Livingston</a> (1807–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Todd" title="Thomas Todd">Todd</a> (1807–1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Duvall" title="Gabriel Duvall">Duvall</a> (1811–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Story</a> (1812–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">Thompson</a> (1823–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trimble" title="Robert Trimble">Trimble</a> (1826–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">McLean</a> (1829–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Baldwin_(judge)" title="Henry Baldwin (judge)">Baldwin</a> (1830–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Moore_Wayne" class="mw-redirect" title="James Moore Wayne">Wayne</a> (1835–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Barbour</a> (1836–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Catron" title="John Catron">Catron</a> (1837–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McKinley" title="John McKinley">McKinley</a> (1838–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_V._Daniel" title="Peter V. Daniel">Daniel</a> (1842–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nelson" title="Samuel Nelson">Nelson</a> (1845–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a> (1845–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cooper_Grier" title="Robert Cooper Grier">Grier</a> (1846–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Robbins_Curtis" title="Benjamin Robbins Curtis">Curtis</a> (1851–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Campbell" title="John Archibald Campbell">Campbell</a> (1853–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Clifford</a> (1858–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Haynes_Swayne" title="Noah Haynes Swayne">Swayne</a> (1862–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Miller</a> (1862–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">Davis</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field" title="Stephen Johnson Field">Field</a> (1863–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Strong_(Pennsylvania_judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Strong (Pennsylvania judge)">Strong</a> (1870–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Bradley" title="Joseph P. Bradley">Bradley</a> (1870–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hunt" title="Ward Hunt">Hunt</a> (1873–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">J. M. Harlan</a> (1877–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burnham_Woods" title="William Burnham Woods">Woods</a> (1881–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Matthews</a> (1881–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Gray" title="Horace Gray">Gray</a> (1882–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Blatchford" title="Samuel Blatchford">Blatchford</a> (1882–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Quintus_Cincinnatus_Lamar" title="Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar">L. Lamar</a> (1888–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Brewer" title="David J. Brewer">Brewer</a> (1890–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Billings_Brown" title="Henry Billings Brown">Brown</a> (1891–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shiras_Jr." title="George Shiras Jr.">Shiras</a> (1892–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_E._Jackson" title="Howell E. Jackson">H. Jackson</a> (1893–1895)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">E. White</a>* (1894–1910)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_W._Peckham" title="Rufus W. Peckham">Peckham</a> (1896–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">McKenna</a> (1898–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Holmes</a> (1902–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a> (1903–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">Moody</a> (1906–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Harmon_Lurton" title="Horace Harmon Lurton">Lurton</a> (1910–1914)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>* (1910–1916)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Van_Devanter" title="Willis Van Devanter">Van Devanter</a> (1911–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rucker_Lamar" title="Joseph Rucker Lamar">J. Lamar</a> (1911–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Pitney" title="Mahlon Pitney">Pitney</a> (1912–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds">McReynolds</a> (1914–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a> (1916–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hessin_Clarke" title="John Hessin Clarke">Clarke</a> (1916–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a> (1922–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(judge)" title="Pierce Butler (judge)">Butler</a> (1923–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a> (1923–1930)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Stone</a>* (1925–1941)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Roberts" title="Owen Roberts">O. Roberts</a> (1930–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Cardozo</a> (1932–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Black</a> (1937–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Forman_Reed" title="Stanley Forman Reed">Reed</a> (1938–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Frankfurter</a> (1939–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas</a> (1939–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Murphy</a> (1940–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a> (1941–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">R. Jackson</a> (1941–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Rutledge" title="Wiley Rutledge">W. Rutledge</a> (1943–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_H._Burton" title="Harold H. Burton">Burton</a> (1945–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">Clark</a> (1949–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton" title="Sherman Minton">Minton</a> (1949–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">J. M. Harlan II</a> (1955–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan</a> (1956–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a> (1957–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Stewart</a> (1958–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">B. White</a> (1962–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Goldberg</a> (1962–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abe_Fortas" title="Abe Fortas">Fortas</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">T. Marshall</a> (1967–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun</a> (1970–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Powell_Jr." title="Lewis F. Powell Jr.">Powell</a> (1972–1987)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a>* (1972–1986)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens</a> (1975–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a> (1981–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a> (1986–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1988–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">Souter</a> (1990–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a> (1991–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg</a> (1993–2020)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Breyer</a> (1994–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a> (2006–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a> (2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">K. Jackson</a> (2022–present)</li></ol> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;">*<i>Also served as Chief Justice of the United States</i></span></div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Judicial_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stephen_Breyer_opinions" title="Template:Stephen Breyer opinions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stephen_Breyer_opinions" title="Template talk:Stephen Breyer opinions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stephen_Breyer_opinions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stephen Breyer opinions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Judicial_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Judicial opinions of Stephen Breyer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#EEE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit</a> (1980–1994); <i>by calendar year</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:white;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1980 United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit opinions of Stephen Breyer (page does not exist)">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1981 United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit opinions of Stephen Breyer (page does not exist)">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1982_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1982 United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit opinions of Stephen Breyer (page does not exist)">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1983_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1983 United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit opinions of Stephen Breyer (page does not exist)">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1984_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1984 United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit opinions of Stephen Breyer (page does not exist)">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1985_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1985 United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit opinions of Stephen Breyer (page does not exist)">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1986 United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit opinions of Stephen Breyer (page does not exist)">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1987_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1987 United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit opinions of Stephen Breyer (page does not exist)">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1988 United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit opinions of Stephen Breyer (page does not exist)">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1989_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1989 United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit opinions of Stephen Breyer (page does not exist)">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit opinions of Stephen Breyer (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1991 United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit opinions of Stephen Breyer (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1992 United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit opinions of Stephen Breyer (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1993 United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit opinions of Stephen Breyer (page does not exist)">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1994_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1994 United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit opinions of Stephen Breyer (page does not exist)">1994</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#EEE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> (August 3, 1994 – June 30, 2022); <i>by term</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:white;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1994_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1994 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Stephen Breyer (page does not exist)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1995_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1995 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Stephen Breyer (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1996_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1996 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Stephen Breyer (page does not exist)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1997_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1997 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Stephen Breyer (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Stephen Breyer (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1999 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Stephen Breyer (page does not exist)">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer" title="2000 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Stephen Breyer">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer" title="2001 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Stephen Breyer">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer" title="2002 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Stephen Breyer">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer" title="2003 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Stephen Breyer">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer" title="2004 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Stephen Breyer">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer" title="2005 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Stephen Breyer">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer" title="2006 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Stephen Breyer">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer" title="2007 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Stephen Breyer">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer" title="2008 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Stephen Breyer">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer" title="2009 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Stephen Breyer">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer" title="2010 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Stephen Breyer">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer" title="2011 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Stephen Breyer">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer" title="2012 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Stephen Breyer">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer" title="2013 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Stephen Breyer">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer" title="2014 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Stephen Breyer">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer" title="2015 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Stephen Breyer">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer" title="2016 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Stephen Breyer">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer" title="2017 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Stephen Breyer">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer" title="2018 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Stephen Breyer">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer" title="2019 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Stephen Breyer">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer" title="2020 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Stephen Breyer">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Stephen_Breyer" title="2021 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Stephen Breyer">2021</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11124#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11124#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11124#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109318507">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108725142">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/45074/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqw683mM9PQ7tY86TmTpP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/132174731">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Breyer, Stephen G., 1938-"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79126462">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12847463b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12847463b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001237837">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Breyer, Stephen"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/FERV015142">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35021766">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20080520001&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1782037">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p295924837">Netherlands</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069672873">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90193119">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000081728&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000318011&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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