CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Religion in Estonia - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b4f279d7-902c-415a-8993-9c0a82584a89","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Religion_in_Estonia","wgTitle":"Religion in Estonia","wgCurRevisionId":1274151617,"wgRevisionId":1274151617,"wgArticleId":21291876,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Graph extension","Pages with disabled graphs","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from July 2019","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023","Commons category link from Wikidata","Religion in Estonia"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Religion_in_Estonia","wgRelevantArticleId":21291876,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q14371213","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile", "model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Catedral_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_%28Toomkirik%29%2C_Tallin%2C_Estonia%2C_2012-08-05%2C_DD_08.JPG/1200px-Catedral_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_%28Toomkirik%29%2C_Tallin%2C_Estonia%2C_2012-08-05%2C_DD_08.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="2501"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Catedral_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_%28Toomkirik%29%2C_Tallin%2C_Estonia%2C_2012-08-05%2C_DD_08.JPG/800px-Catedral_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_%28Toomkirik%29%2C_Tallin%2C_Estonia%2C_2012-08-05%2C_DD_08.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1668"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Catedral_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_%28Toomkirik%29%2C_Tallin%2C_Estonia%2C_2012-08-05%2C_DD_08.JPG/640px-Catedral_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_%28Toomkirik%29%2C_Tallin%2C_Estonia%2C_2012-08-05%2C_DD_08.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1334"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Religion in Estonia - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Estonia&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Religion_in_Estonia rootpage-Religion_in_Estonia skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Religion+in+Estonia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Religion+in+Estonia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Religion+in+Estonia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Religion+in+Estonia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Religious history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthodox_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthodox_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Orthodox Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthodox_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Protestantism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pentecostalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pentecostalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Pentecostalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pentecostalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baptists,_Methodists,_Moravians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baptists,_Methodists,_Moravians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Baptists, Methodists, Moravians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baptists,_Methodists,_Moravians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Census_statistics,_2000–2021" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Census_statistics,_2000–2021"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Census statistics, 2000–2021</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Census_statistics,_2000–2021-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Line_chart_of_the_trends,_2000–2021" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Line_chart_of_the_trends,_2000–2021"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Line chart of the trends, 2000–2021</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Line_chart_of_the_trends,_2000–2021-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religions_by_ethnic_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religions_by_ethnic_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Religions by ethnic group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religions_by_ethnic_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_surveys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_surveys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Other surveys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_surveys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Religion in Estonia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniyada_din" title="Estoniyada din – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Estoniyada din" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%9E_%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Рэлігія ў Эстоніі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэлігія ў Эстоніі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%9E_%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Рэлігія ў Эстоніі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рэлігія ў Эстоніі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religioon_Eestis" title="Religioon Eestis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Religioon Eestis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%95%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Θρησκεία στην Εσθονία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θρησκεία στην Εσθονία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Пазнэнь кемемась Эстониясо – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Пазнэнь кемемась Эстониясо" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%B3n_en_Estonia" title="Religión en Estonia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Religión en Estonia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_en_Estonie" title="Religion en Estonie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Religion en Estonie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B6_%D4%B7%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կրոնն Էստոնիայում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կրոնն Էստոնիայում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religija_u_Estoniji" title="Religija u Estoniji – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Religija u Estoniji" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_di_Estonia" title="Agama di Estonia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Agama di Estonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religioni_in_Estonia" title="Religioni in Estonia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Religioni in Estonia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="რელიგია ესტონეთში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რელიგია ესტონეთში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Религија во Естонија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Религија во Естонија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religia_w_Estonii" title="Religia w Estonii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Religia w Estonii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religia_%C3%AEn_Estonia" title="Religia în Estonia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Religia în Estonia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Религия в Эстонии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Религия в Эстонии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feja_n%C3%AB_Estoni" title="Feja në Estoni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Feja në Estoni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Религија у Естонији – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Религија у Естонији" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uskonto_Virossa" title="Uskonto Virossa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uskonto Virossa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonya%27da_din" title="Estonya'da din – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Estonya'da din" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97" title="Релігія в Естонії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Релігія в Естонії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="爱沙尼亚宗教 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="爱沙尼亚宗教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14371213#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Religion_in_Estonia" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Estonia&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Estonia&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Estonia&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Estonia&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Religion_in_Estonia" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Religion_in_Estonia" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Estonia&oldid=1274151617" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Estonia&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Religion_in_Estonia&id=1274151617&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FReligion_in_Estonia"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FReligion_in_Estonia"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Religion_in_Estonia&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Estonia&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Religion_in_Estonia" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14371213" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 15915.284869129px; border-left-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Black"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 96.299405095022px; border-left-color:Chartreuse"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Chartreuse"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Chartreuse"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 85.952856038757px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 83.79106495049px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 78.579257666477px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 73.618653272908px; border-left-color:Turquoise"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Turquoise"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Turquoise"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 50.163620075652px; border-left-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:99.982235238081px 1.8848439715408px 0 0; border-top-color:Orchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orchid"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:50.362320163576px 86.392341719284px 0 0; border-top-color:WhiteSmoke"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:WhiteSmoke"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Estonia (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-Census_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:WhiteSmoke; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> No religion (58.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orchid; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> (16.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> (7.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Turquoise; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Other Christians (2.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (0.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian Neopaganism">Estonian Neopaganism</a> (0.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Chartreuse; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Other religions (0.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Undeclared (12.7%)</div> </div> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_(Toomkirik),_Tallin,_Estonia,_2012-08-05,_DD_08.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Catedral_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_%28Toomkirik%29%2C_Tallin%2C_Estonia%2C_2012-08-05%2C_DD_08.JPG/220px-Catedral_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_%28Toomkirik%29%2C_Tallin%2C_Estonia%2C_2012-08-05%2C_DD_08.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="459" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Catedral_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_%28Toomkirik%29%2C_Tallin%2C_Estonia%2C_2012-08-05%2C_DD_08.JPG/330px-Catedral_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_%28Toomkirik%29%2C_Tallin%2C_Estonia%2C_2012-08-05%2C_DD_08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Catedral_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_%28Toomkirik%29%2C_Tallin%2C_Estonia%2C_2012-08-05%2C_DD_08.JPG/440px-Catedral_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_%28Toomkirik%29%2C_Tallin%2C_Estonia%2C_2012-08-05%2C_DD_08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2239" data-file-height="4667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Tallinn" class="mw-redirect" title="St Mary's Cathedral, Tallinn">St Mary's Cathedral, Tallinn</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, historically a <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Christian">Lutheran Christian</a> nation,<sup id="cite_ref-IvkovićHaberfeld2015_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IvkovićHaberfeld2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MarshallCavendish2010_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarshallCavendish2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rausing2004_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rausing2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is today one of the least religious countries in the world in terms of declared attitudes, with only 14 percent of the population declaring religion to be an important part of their daily life.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is thought to largely be a result of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> occupation of Estonia in 1940,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> prior to which Estonia had a large Christian majority - according to the 1922 census, 99.3% of the Estonian population were Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Estonia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The religious population is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> and includes followers of 90 affiliations. According to the Estonian Council of Churches data from December 2019, 13.8 percent of the population belong to the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church" title="Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church">Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church</a>, while 13.1 percent belong to the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Orthodox_Church_of_Moscow_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian Orthodox Church of Moscow Patriarchate">Estonian Orthodox Church of Moscow Patriarchate</a> (EOCMP), and 2.3 percent belong to the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Apostolic_Orthodox_Church" title="Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church">Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church</a>. The Union of Free Evangelical and Baptist Churches of Estonia and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Estonia" title="Catholic Church in Estonia">Catholic Church in Estonia</a> together comprise 1 percent of the population. Other Christian groups, including Jehovah’s Witnesses, Pentecostals, Methodists, Seventh-day Adventists, and Russian Old Believers, collectively constitute 1.1 percent of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Ringo Ringvee, "religion has never played an important role on the political or ideological battlefield" and the "tendencies that prevailed in the late 1930s for closer relations between the state and Lutheran church were ended with the Soviet occupation in 1940". He further states that "the chain of religious traditions was broken in most families" under the Soviet policy of <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MarshallCavendish2010_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarshallCavendish2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Estonia was approximately 80 percent <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> and overwhelmingly <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>, partly because of historic <a href="/wiki/Estonia_under_Swedish_rule" title="Estonia under Swedish rule">Swedish rule</a>. Under Russian and Soviet rule, this predominance greatly decreased, while <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> increased due to immigration of Russians. </p><p>Between 2001 and 2011 census, Eastern Orthodoxy overtook Lutheranism to become the largest <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denomination</a> in the country due to increasing lack of affiliation and very few conversions among Estonians, as well as due to steady or even increased religious affiliation among the Russian-speaking minorities. <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> still remains the most popular religious group among ethnic <a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a> (11 percent of them are Lutherans while also 2 percent of them are Orthodox), while Eastern Orthodoxy is practised mainly by the mostly non-indigenous <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> minorities (approximately 45 per cent of them are Orthodox). According to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tartu" title="University of Tartu">University of Tartu</a>, irreligious Estonians are not necessarily <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a>; instead, the 2010s have witnessed a growth of <a href="/wiki/Neopagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopagan">Neopagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> beliefs among those who declare themselves to be "not religious".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Estonia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_history">Religious history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Estonia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Religious history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 13th century, the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a> forced <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in Estonia as part of the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a> and during the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church" title="Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church">Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Established_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Established church">established church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FrancoeurNoonan2004_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FrancoeurNoonan2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Estonia was approximately 80% <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>; overwhelmingly <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>, with individuals adhering to <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>, as well as other Protestant branches. <a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Francoeur" title="Robert T. Francoeur">Robert T. Francoeur</a> and Raymond J. Noonan write that "In 1925, the church was separated from the state, but <a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">religious instruction</a> remained in the schools and clergymen were trained at the Faculty of Theology at <a href="/wiki/Tartu_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartu University">Tartu University</a>. With the Soviet occupation and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">implementation of anti-Christian legislation</a>, the church lost over two thirds of its clergy. Work with children, youth, publishing, and so on, was banned, church property was nationalized, and the Faculty of Theology was closed."<sup id="cite_ref-FrancoeurNoonan_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FrancoeurNoonan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aldis Purs, a professor of history at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> writes that in Estonia, as well as Latvia, some evangelical Christian clergy attempted to resist the Soviet policy of <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a> by engaging in anti-regime activities such as <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> smuggling.<sup id="cite_ref-Purs2013_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purs2013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text titled <i>World and Its Peoples: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland</i>, published by the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Cavendish" title="Marshall Cavendish">Marshall Cavendish</a>, states that in addition to the <a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%9341)" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–41)">Soviet antireligious campaign</a> in Estonia, which mandated the confiscation of church property and deportation of theologians to <a href="/wiki/Vorkutlag" title="Vorkutlag">Siberia</a>, many "churches were destroyed in the German occupation of Estonia, from 1941 through 1944, and in World War II (1939–1945)".<sup id="cite_ref-MarshallCavendish2010_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarshallCavendish2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, this antireligious legislation was annulled.<sup id="cite_ref-Francoeur2004_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francoeur2004-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern Estonian Christian <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> often revolves around <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">religious rituals</a> rather than trying to preach to or convert <a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Christian religious workers don't have a large social role in most towns.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthodox_Christianity">Orthodox Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Estonia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Orthodox Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were two Orthodox Christian Churches in Estonia – the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Moscow_Patriarchate" title="Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate">Estonian Orthodox Church</a>, which was part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Moscow Patriarchate</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Apostolic_Orthodox_Church" title="Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church">Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Estonian Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople is a small group which is barely heard of outside Estonia.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The membership of the Apostolic Orthodox was about 30,000 in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1840 many Lutherans converted to Orthodox Christianity which resulted in the rise of the Orthodox in Estonia.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1920, the Apostolic Orthodox Church became autonomous from the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Tikhon_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow">Russian Patriarch Tikhon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reoccupation of Estonia state by the Soviet Union ended the autonomy of the Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church however, the autonomy was regained in 1996 after Estonia regained her independence under the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of the Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church during the Soviet era was about 200,000 out of which 80% were native Estonians.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The division between the two Orthodox Christian churches in Estonia is relative. The Estonian Apostolic Orthodox is dominated by ethnic Estonians whereas the majority of the Estonian Orthodox Church are ethnic Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The communication and cooperation between the believers of the two Orthodox communities in Estonia is a social practice and occurs at the individual level.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A research by Tom Esslemon in 2011<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> revealed that fewer than one in five Estonians claim that religion plays an important role in their lives. According to the 2000 Estonian census, 29% of the total population belonged to some <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Eurobarometer poll in 2005 claimed only 16% of Estonians believe in God; however, 54% believed in some sort of spirit or life force.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Estonia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Protestantism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Estonia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pentecostalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Religious revivals from the 1870s culminated in <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal movements</a> in Estonia. Foreign missionaries from Sweden and Finland brought full fledged Pentecostalism to Estonia in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1873, the Swedish Evangelical society, the Evangelical Homeland Foundation sent missionaries to Estonia at the request of the Lutheran clergy of the Coastal Swedes.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These missionaries, Thure Emmanuel Thoren and Lars Osterblom started the revival among the coastal Swedes. The Revivalists broke from the Lutheran Church in 1880. The revival movement had spread to Western Estonia and they were called Ridala in 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revival brought more <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">charismatic</a> activities such as jumping, clapping, dancing and speaking in tongues. In the later part of the 1960s, the activities of the Finnish missionaries brought charismatic Pentecostal revival in the evangelical Christian Churches and the Baptist in Tallinn.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The healing ministry in the 1970s has had a great impact on the <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">charismatic movement</a> in the Soviet Union. </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonian_Christian_Pentecostal_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estonian Christian Pentecostal Church (page does not exist)">Estonian Christian Pentecostal Church</a> is the biggest Pentecostal Church in Estonia. It was started in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also the Association of Estonian Evangelical Christian Pentecostal congregations, the Association of Estonian Christian Free Churches and many other independent churches. There seems to be little written history about the Pentecostal and charismatic Christianity in Estonia. Most of what is known about Pentecostal and charismatic Christianity comes from the memoirs of Evald Kiil (1997) who began his profession as a Pentecostal preacher in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that in the 1930s there were about 200 to 2000 Pentecostals in Estonia.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1934 population census of Estonia indicates there were 191 people were Pentecostals, 459 were Free Gospel Churches and 306 were Revivalists.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2011 population census of Estonia puts the total number of people belonging to Charismatic and Pentecostal Churches to about 5,256. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baptists,_Methodists,_Moravians"><span id="Baptists.2C_Methodists.2C_Moravians"></span>Baptists, Methodists, Moravians</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Estonia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Baptists, Methodists, Moravians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1884, the German Baptist pastor Adam Schiewe performed the first <a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">baptism of faith</a> in Estonia. The Baptist church became one of the fastest growing churches in the years that followed.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-Day Adventists</a> started in 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> movement has been present in Estonia since 1907. Currently the Estonian Methodists operate as the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Methodist_Church" title="Estonian Methodist Church">Estonian Methodist Church</a>. The arrival of the Moravian Movement in the first half of the 18th century laid the spiritual foundation for the revivals that followed.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Estonia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Religious_map_of_Estonia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Religious_map_of_Estonia.png/220px-Religious_map_of_Estonia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Religious_map_of_Estonia.png/330px-Religious_map_of_Estonia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Religious_map_of_Estonia.png/440px-Religious_map_of_Estonia.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1026" /></a><figcaption>Religions in Estonia by administrative division, 2011 census.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Religious_differences_in_Estonia,_2021.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Religious_differences_in_Estonia%2C_2021.png/220px-Religious_differences_in_Estonia%2C_2021.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Religious_differences_in_Estonia%2C_2021.png/330px-Religious_differences_in_Estonia%2C_2021.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Religious_differences_in_Estonia%2C_2021.png/440px-Religious_differences_in_Estonia%2C_2021.png 2x" data-file-width="1151" data-file-height="1659" /></a><figcaption>Religions among ethnic <a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a> and non-Estonians, the youth and the population of all ages.</figcaption></figure> <p>Less than a third of the population define themselves as believers; of those most are Eastern Orthodox, predominantly, but not exclusively, among the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> minorities, or Lutheran. There are also a number of smaller <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Estonia" title="Buddhism in Estonia">Buddhist</a> groups. The organisation <a href="/wiki/Maavalla_Koda" title="Maavalla Koda">Maavalla Koda</a> unites adherents of animist traditional religions (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian Neopaganism">Estonian Neopaganism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian <a href="/wiki/Rodnover" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodnover">Rodnover</a> organisation "Vene Rahvausu Kogudus Eestis" is registered in Tartu.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Census_statistics,_2000–2021"><span id="Census_statistics.2C_2000.E2.80.932021"></span>Census statistics, 2000–2021</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Estonia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Census statistics, 2000–2021"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Religious affiliations in Estonia, census 2000–2021<sup id="cite_ref-censuses_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censuses-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Census_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Religion </th> <th style="text-align:center;" colspan="2">2000 </th> <th style="text-align:center;" colspan="2">2011 </th> <th style="text-align:center;" colspan="2">2021 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number</th> <th>% </th> <th>Number</th> <th>% </th> <th>Number</th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> </td> <td>319,770</td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238854847">.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar{position:relative;border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#fff;width:100px;max-width:100%;height:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar-fill{position:absolute;background-color:#dbdbdb;height:1.5em;width:50%}.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar-text{position:absolute;width:100%;height:1.5em;text-align:center;color:#000}</style><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 28%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">28.5%</div></div> </td> <td>310,481</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 28%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">28.4%</div></div> </td> <td>298,410</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 26%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">26.8%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 80%"> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">—<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christians</a> </td> <td>143,554</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 12%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">12.8%</div></div> </td> <td>176,773</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 16%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">16.2%</div></div> </td> <td>181,770</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 16%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">16.3%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 80%"> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">—<a href="/wiki/Lutherans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutherans">Lutherans</a> </td> <td>152,237</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 13%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">13.6%</div></div> </td> <td>108,513</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 9%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">9.9%</div></div> </td> <td>86,030</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 7%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">7.7%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 80%"> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">—<a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a> </td> <td>5,745</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.5%</div></div> </td> <td>4,501</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.4%</div></div> </td> <td>8,690</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.8%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 80%"> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">—<a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> </td> <td>6,009</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.5%</div></div> </td> <td>4,507</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.4%</div></div> </td> <td>5,190</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.5%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 80%"> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">—<a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> </td> <td>3,823</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.3%</div></div> </td> <td>3,938</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.4%</div></div> </td> <td>3,720</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.3%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 80%"> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">—<a href="/wiki/Pentecostals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostals">Pentecostals</a> </td> <td>2,648</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.2%</div></div> </td> <td>1,855</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.2%</div></div> </td> <td>2,310</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.2%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 80%"> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">—<a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a> </td> <td>2,515</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.2%</div></div> </td> <td>2,644</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.2%</div></div> </td> <td>2,290</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.2%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 80%"> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">—<a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a> </td> <td>1,455</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.1%</div></div> </td> <td>1,098</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.1%</div></div> </td> <td>1,390</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.1%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 80%"> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">—<a href="/wiki/Adventists" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventists">Adventists</a> </td> <td>1,561</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.1%</div></div> </td> <td>1,194</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.1%</div></div> </td> <td>950</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.1%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 80%"> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">—Other Christians </td> <td>223</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.02%</div></div> </td> <td>5,458</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.5%</div></div> </td> <td>6,070</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.5%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0FFD0;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> </td> <td>1,387</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.1%</div></div> </td> <td>1,508</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.1%</div></div> </td> <td>5,800</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.5%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFD0C0;"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian Neopaganism">Estonian Neopaganism</a> </td> <td>1,058</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.1%</div></div> </td> <td>2,972</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.3%</div></div> </td> <td>5,630</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.5%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFD0C0;">—Native Faith (<i>Maausk</i>) </td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td> <td>1,925</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.2%</div></div> </td> <td>3,860</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.3%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFD0C0;">—Taaraism </td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td> <td>1,047</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.1%</div></div> </td> <td>1,770</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.2%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFFFC0;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Estonia" title="Buddhism in Estonia">Buddhism</a> </td> <td>622</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.1%</div></div> </td> <td>1,145</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.1%</div></div> </td> <td>1,880</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.2%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0E0FF;">Other religions<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>4,995</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.4%</div></div> </td> <td>4,727</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.4%</div></div> </td> <td>9,630</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.9%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a> </td> <td>450,458</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 40%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">40.2%</div></div> </td> <td>592,588</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 54%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">54.1%</div></div> </td> <td>650,900</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 58%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">58.4%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#DCDCDC;">Not stated<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>343,292</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 30%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">30.6%</div></div> </td> <td>181,104</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 16%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">16.5%</div></div> </td> <td>141,780</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 12%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">12.7%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total population<sup id="cite_ref-censuses_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censuses-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td colspan="2">1,121,582 </td> <td colspan="2">1,094,564 </td> <td colspan="2">1,114,030 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-censuses-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-censuses_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-censuses_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The censuses of Estonia count the religious affiliations of the population older than 15 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-Census_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mostly other <a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Paganism">modern Paganisms</a>, with a smaller number of other <a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern religions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophical</a> movements.<sup id="cite_ref-Census_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Comprises the categories "cannot define", "refuse to answer" and "religious affiliation unknown".<sup id="cite_ref-Census_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Line_chart_of_the_trends,_2000–2021"><span id="Line_chart_of_the_trends.2C_2000.E2.80.932021"></span>Line chart of the trends, 2000–2021</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Estonia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Line chart of the trends, 2000–2021"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Census statistics 2000–2021:<sup id="cite_ref-Census_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on <a class="external text" href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/charts/">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Chart" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Chart">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Purple; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Turquoise; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Other Christianity</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orange; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Other religions</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> No religion</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Not stated</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religions_by_ethnic_group">Religions by ethnic group</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Estonia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Religions by ethnic group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <caption><b>Religious affiliation in Estonia among the major ethnic groups according to the 2021 census</b><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#e0e0e0"> <th rowspan="2">Ethnic group </th> <th rowspan="2">Total population counted </th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;">Religious </th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#E0F0FF;"><a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#E0F0FF;"><a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#E0F0FF;"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Other Protestant</a> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#E0F0FF;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#E0F0FF;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Believer" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Believer">Old Believer</a> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#E0F0FF;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#E0F0FF;"><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witness" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehovah's Witness">Jehovah's Witness</a> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#FFD0C0;"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian Neopagan</a> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#E0FFD0;"><a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#FFFFC0;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#F0E0FF;">Other religion </th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;">Not religious </th> <th rowspan="2"><i>Refused/<br />unknown</i> </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e0e0e0"> <th>N </th> <th>% </th> <th>N </th> <th>% </th> <th>N </th> <th>% </th> <th>N </th> <th>% </th> <th>N </th> <th>% </th> <th>N </th> <th>% </th> <th>N </th> <th>% </th> <th>N </th> <th>% </th> <th>N </th> <th>% </th> <th>N </th> <th>% </th> <th>N </th> <th>% </th> <th>N </th> <th>% </th> <th>N </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a> </td> <td>756,180 </td> <td>130,150</td> <td>19.54 </td> <td>80,790</td> <td>12,13 </td> <td>4,170</td> <td>0.63 </td> <td>6,600</td> <td>0.99 </td> <td>21,480</td> <td>3.22 </td> <td>300</td> <td>0.05 </td> <td>2,780</td> <td>0.42 </td> <td>1,620</td> <td>0.24 </td> <td>5,460</td> <td>0.82 </td> <td>430</td> <td>0.06 </td> <td>1,320</td> <td>0.20 </td> <td>4,330</td> <td>0.65 </td> <td>536,010</td> <td>80.46 </td> <td>90,020 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> </td> <td>269,650 </td> <td>144,910</td> <td>63.2 </td> <td>960</td> <td>0.42 </td> <td>530</td> <td>0.23 </td> <td>2,490</td> <td>1.09 </td> <td>134,460</td> <td>58.64 </td> <td>1,910</td> <td>0.83 </td> <td>1,280</td> <td>0.56 </td> <td>1,320</td> <td>0.58 </td> <td>30</td> <td>0.01 </td> <td>100</td> <td>0.04 </td> <td>330</td> <td>0.14 </td> <td>940</td> <td>0.41 </td> <td>84,380</td> <td>36.80 </td> <td>40,360 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> </td> <td>24,960 </td> <td>14,050</td> <td>65.62 </td> <td>150</td> <td>0.70 </td> <td>170</td> <td>0.79 </td> <td>680</td> <td>3.18 </td> <td>11,900</td> <td>55.58 </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">— </td> <td>280</td> <td>1.31 </td> <td>360</td> <td>1.68 </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">— </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">— </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">— </td> <td>460</td> <td>2.15 </td> <td>7,360</td> <td>34.38 </td> <td>3,550 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> </td> <td>11,180 </td> <td>7,260</td> <td>74.08 </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">— </td> <td>20</td> <td>0.20 </td> <td>20</td> <td>0.20 </td> <td>6,440</td> <td>65.71 </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">— </td> <td>430</td> <td>4.39 </td> <td>80</td> <td>0.82 </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">— </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">— </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">— </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">— </td> <td>2,540</td> <td>25.92 </td> <td>1,380 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a> </td> <td>8,250 </td> <td>3,870</td> <td>53.31 </td> <td>2,380</td> <td>32.78 </td> <td>20</td> <td>0.28 </td> <td>20</td> <td>0.28 </td> <td>1,040</td> <td>14.33 </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">— </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">— </td> <td>90</td> <td>1.24 </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">— </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">— </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">— </td> <td>40</td> <td>0.55 </td> <td>3,390</td> <td>46,69 </td> <td>990 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Latvians" title="Latvians">Latvians</a> </td> <td>3,340 </td> <td>1,440</td> <td>49.15 </td> <td>260</td> <td>8.87 </td> <td>80</td> <td>2.73 </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">— </td> <td>490</td> <td>16.72 </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">— </td> <td>470</td> <td>16.04 </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">— </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">— </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">— </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">— </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">— </td> <td>1,480</td> <td>50.51 </td> <td>410 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Other </td> <td>40,480 </td> <td>19,660</td> <td>55.52 </td> <td>1,400</td> <td>3.95 </td> <td>200</td> <td>0.56 </td> <td>700</td> <td>1.98 </td> <td>5,970</td> <td>16.86 </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">— </td> <td>3,320</td> <td>9.38 </td> <td>220</td> <td>0.62 </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">— </td> <td>5,230</td> <td>14.77 </td> <td>90</td> <td>0.25 </td> <td>2,240</td> <td>6.33 </td> <td>15,740</td> <td>44.45 </td> <td>5,070 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>In census are included people aged 15 and over. The percentage is calculated from the number of respondents (excluded refused/unknown numbers).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_surveys">Other surveys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Estonia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other surveys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer Poll</a> 2010<sup id="cite_ref-EB2010_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB2010-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that 18% of the Estonian population responded that "they believe there is a God", 50% responded that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 29% responded that "they don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force". 3% gave no response. In 2015 the same survey found that 58.6% of the Estonians regarded themselves as Christians, divided between 23.2% who were Eastern Orthodox, 9.0% Protestants, 2.8% Catholics and 23.6% other Christians. The unaffiliated people made up 38.8% of the respondents and were divided between atheists who were 22.2% and agnostics who were 16.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-EB2015countries_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB2015countries-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A 2006–2008 survey held by <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> showed that 14% of Estonians answered positively to the question: "Is religion an important part of your daily life?", which was the lowest among 143 countries polled.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A 2015 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> survey found that 51% of the population of Estonia declared to be Christians, 45% irreligious—a category which includes atheists, agnostics and those who answered that they believed in "nothing in particular", while 2% belonged to other faiths.<sup id="cite_ref-Religious_Belief_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religious_Belief_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Christians were divided between 25% who were Eastern Orthodox, 20% Lutherans, 5% other Christians and 1% Catholic.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The irreligious people divided between 9% who were atheists, 1% who were <a href="/wiki/Agnostics" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostics">agnostics</a>, and 35% who answered "nothing in particular".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/International_Social_Survey_Programme" title="International Social Survey Programme">International Social Survey Programme</a> 2015 found that 57.0% of the Estonian population declared to belong to a Christian denomination, divided between a 27.6% who were Eastern Orthodox, 26.0% Lutheran and 3.3% who belonged to smaller Christian denominations. Only 38.9% declared to have no religion.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2018, according to a study jointly conducted by <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>'s <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_University,_Twickenham" title="St Mary's University, Twickenham">St Mary's University</a>'s Benedict XVI Centre for Religion and Society and the <a href="/wiki/Institut_Catholique_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut Catholique de Paris">Institut Catholique de Paris</a>, and based on data from the <a href="/wiki/European_Social_Survey" title="European Social Survey">European Social Survey</a> 2014–2016, among the 16 to 29 years-old Estonians 19% were Christians (13% Orthodox, 3% Protestant, 1% Catholic and 1% other Christian denominations) and 80% were not religious.<sup id="cite_ref-StMary_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StMary-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Estonia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Estonia" title="Portal:Estonia">Estonia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Estonia" title="Buddhism in Estonia">Buddhism in Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Estonia" title="Catholic Church in Estonia">Catholic Church in Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Estonia" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Estonia">Eastern Orthodoxy in Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Methodist_Church" title="Estonian Methodist Church">Estonian Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Estonia" title="Hinduism in Estonia">Hinduism in Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">History of the Jews in Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Estonia" title="Irreligion in Estonia">Irreligion in Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Estonia" title="Islam in Estonia">Islam in Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Estonia" title="List of cathedrals in Estonia">List of cathedrals in Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Estonia" title="List of churches in Estonia">List of churches in Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations_based_in_Estonia" title="List of religious organizations based in Estonia">List of religious organizations based in Estonia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Estonia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Religion_in_Estonia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Religion in Estonia"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Religion in Estonia</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Census-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Official census data from <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Estonia" title="Statistics Estonia">Statistics Estonia</a>: <ul><li>2000 Census: <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/rahvaloendus__rel2000__usk/RL229/table/tableViewLayout2">"2000 Census: RL229: Population by religion"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2000+Census%3A+RL229%3A+Population+by+religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fandmed.stat.ee%2Fen%2Fstat%2Frahvaloendus__rel2000__usk%2FRL229%2Ftable%2FtableViewLayout2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/rahvaloendus__rel2000__usk/RL231/table/tableViewLayout2">"2000 Census: RL231: Population by religion and ethnicity"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2000+Census%3A+RL231%3A+Population+by+religion+and+ethnicity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fandmed.stat.ee%2Fen%2Fstat%2Frahvaloendus__rel2000__usk%2FRL231%2Ftable%2FtableViewLayout2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li>2011 Census: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/rahvaloendus__rel2011__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__usk/RL0451/table/tableViewLayout2">"2011 Census: RL0451: Population by religion"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Census%3A+RL0451%3A+Population+by+religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fandmed.stat.ee%2Fen%2Fstat%2Frahvaloendus__rel2011__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__usk%2FRL0451%2Ftable%2FtableViewLayout2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/rahvaloendus__rel2011__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__usk/RL0454/table/tableViewLayout2">"2011 Census: RL0454: Population by religion and ethnicity"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Census%3A+RL0454%3A+Population+by+religion+and+ethnicity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fandmed.stat.ee%2Fen%2Fstat%2Frahvaloendus__rel2011__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__usk%2FRL0454%2Ftable%2FtableViewLayout2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li>2021 Census: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/rahvaloendus__rel2021__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__usk/RL21451/table/tableViewLayout2">"2021 Census: RL21451: Population by religion"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2021+Census%3A+RL21451%3A+Population+by+religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fandmed.stat.ee%2Fen%2Fstat%2Frahvaloendus__rel2021__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__usk%2FRL21451%2Ftable%2FtableViewLayout2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/rahvaloendus__rel2021__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__usk/RL21454/table/tableViewLayout2">"2021 Census: RL21454: Population by religion and ethnicity"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2021+Census%3A+RL21454%3A+Population+by+religion+and+ethnicity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fandmed.stat.ee%2Fen%2Fstat%2Frahvaloendus__rel2021__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__usk%2FRL21454%2Ftable%2FtableViewLayout2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-IvkovićHaberfeld2015-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IvkovićHaberfeld2015_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvkovićHaberfeld2015" class="citation book cs1">Ivković, Sanja Kutnjak; Haberfeld, M.R. (10 June 2015). <i>Measuring Police Integrity Across the World: Studies from Established Democracies and Countries in Transition</i>. Springer. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781493922796" title="Special:BookSources/9781493922796"><bdi>9781493922796</bdi></a>. <q>Estonia is considered Protestant when classified by its historically predominant major religion (Norris and Inglehart 2011) and thus some authors (e.g., Davie 2003) claim Estonia belongs to Western (Lutheran) Europe, while others (e.g., Norris and Inglehart 2011) see Estonia as a Protestant ex-Communist society.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Measuring+Police+Integrity+Across+the+World%3A+Studies+from+Established+Democracies+and+Countries+in+Transition&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015-06-10&rft.isbn=9781493922796&rft.aulast=Ivkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Sanja+Kutnjak&rft.au=Haberfeld%2C+M.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarshallCavendish2010-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MarshallCavendish2010_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarshallCavendish2010_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarshallCavendish2010_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTriin_EdovaldMichelle_FeltonJohn_HaywoodRimvydas_Juskaitis2010" class="citation book cs1">Triin Edovald; Michelle Felton; John Haywood; Rimvydas Juskaitis; Michael Thomas Kerrigan; Simon Lund-Lack; Nicholas Middleton; Josef Miskovsky; Ihar Piatrowicz; Lisa Pickering; Dace Praulins; John Swift; Vytautas Uselis; Ilivi Zajedova (2010). <i>World and Its Peoples: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland</i>. <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Cavendish" title="Marshall Cavendish">Marshall Cavendish</a>. p. 1066. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761478966" title="Special:BookSources/9780761478966"><bdi>9780761478966</bdi></a>. <q>It is usually said that Estonia is a Protestant country; however, the overwhelming majority of Estonians, some 72 percent, are nonreligious. Estonia is the European Union (EU) country with the greatest percentage of people with no religious belief. This is in part, the result of Soviet actions and repression of religion. When the Soviet Union annexed Estonia in 1940, church property was confiscated, many theologians were deported to Siberia, most of the leadership of Evangelical Lutheran Church went into exile, and religious instruction was banned. Many churches were destroyed in the German occupation of Estonia, from 1941 through 1944, and in World War II (1939–1945), and religion was actively persecuted in Estonia under Soviet rule 1944 until 1989, when some measure of tolerance was introduced.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples%3A+Estonia%2C+Latvia%2C+Lithuania%2C+and+Poland&rft.pages=1066&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780761478966&rft.au=Triin+Edovald&rft.au=Michelle+Felton&rft.au=John+Haywood&rft.au=Rimvydas+Juskaitis&rft.au=Michael+Thomas+Kerrigan&rft.au=Simon+Lund-Lack&rft.au=Nicholas+Middleton&rft.au=Josef+Miskovsky&rft.au=Ihar+Piatrowicz&rft.au=Lisa+Pickering&rft.au=Dace+Praulins&rft.au=John+Swift&rft.au=Vytautas+Uselis&rft.au=Ilivi+Zajedova&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rausing2004-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rausing2004_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRausing2004" class="citation book cs1">Rausing, Sigrid (2004). <i>History, Memory, and Identity in Post-Soviet Estonia: The End of a Collective Farm</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199263189" title="Special:BookSources/9780199263189"><bdi>9780199263189</bdi></a>. <q>Protestantism has done much to inform the moral world view of the Estonians, particularly the process of distinguishing themselves from the Russians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History%2C+Memory%2C+and+Identity+in+Post-Soviet+Estonia%3A+The+End+of+a+Collective+Farm&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780199263189&rft.aulast=Rausing&rft.aufirst=Sigrid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://euobserver.com/social/27587">"Estonians least religious in the world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/EU_Observer" class="mw-redirect" title="EU Observer">EU Observer</a>. 11 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estonians+least+religious+in+the+world&rft.pub=EU+Observer&rft.date=2009-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuobserver.com%2Fsocial%2F27587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Veem, Konrad; Veem, Maria (1993) <i>Eesti kirik tunaeile, eile, täna</i> ("The Estonian Church for all time, yesterday, today"). P.97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_International_Religious_Freedom" class="citation cs2">Office of International Religious Freedom, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/estonia/"><i>2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Estonia</i></a>, United States Department of State</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2020+Report+on+International+Religious+Freedom%3A+Estonia&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.au=Office+of+International+Religious+Freedom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Festonia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingvee2011" class="citation news cs1">Ringvee, Ringo (16 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/sep/16/estonia-least-religious-country-world">"Is Estonia really the least religious country in the world?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <q>For this situation there are several reasons, starting from the distant past (the close connection of the churches with the Swedish or German ruling classes) up to the Soviet-period atheist policy when the chain of religious traditions was broken in most families. In Estonia, religion has never played an important role on the political or ideological battlefield. The institutional religious life was dominated by foreigners until the early 20th century. The tendencies that prevailed in the late 1930s for closer relations between the state and Lutheran church [...] ended with the Soviet occupation in 1940.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Is+Estonia+really+the+least+religious+country+in+the+world%3F&rft.date=2011-09-16&rft.aulast=Ringvee&rft.aufirst=Ringo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2Fbelief%2F2011%2Fsep%2F16%2Festonia-least-religious-country-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Noorkõiv (6 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.ut.ee/the-estonian-atheist-experiment/">"The Estonian Atheist Experiment"</a>. University of Tartu Blog.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FrancoeurNoonan2004-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FrancoeurNoonan2004_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancoeurNoonan2004" class="citation book cs1">Francoeur, Robert T.; Noonan, Raymond J. (2004). <i>The Continuum Complete International Encyclopedia of Sexuality</i>. <a href="/wiki/A%26C_Black" class="mw-redirect" title="A&C Black">A&C Black</a>. p. 361. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826414885" title="Special:BookSources/9780826414885"><bdi>9780826414885</bdi></a>. <q>The dominant religion in Estonia is Evangelical Lutheranism. Estonians were Christianized by the Teutonic Knights in the 13th century. During the Reformation, Lutheranism spread, and the church was officially established in Estonia in 1686.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Continuum+Complete+International+Encyclopedia+of+Sexuality&rft.pages=361&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780826414885&rft.aulast=Francoeur&rft.aufirst=Robert+T.&rft.au=Noonan%2C+Raymond+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FrancoeurNoonan-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FrancoeurNoonan_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancoeurNoonan2004" class="citation book cs1">Francoeur, Robert T.; Noonan, Raymond J. (2004). <i>The Continuum Complete International Encyclopedia of Sexuality</i>. <a href="/wiki/A%26C_Black" class="mw-redirect" title="A&C Black">A&C Black</a>. p. 361. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826414885" title="Special:BookSources/9780826414885"><bdi>9780826414885</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Continuum+Complete+International+Encyclopedia+of+Sexuality&rft.pages=361&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780826414885&rft.aulast=Francoeur&rft.aufirst=Robert+T.&rft.au=Noonan%2C+Raymond+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Purs2013-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Purs2013_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurs2013" class="citation book cs1">Purs, Aldis (15 February 2013). <i>Baltic Facades: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania since 1945</i>. <a href="/wiki/Reaktion_Books" title="Reaktion Books">Reaktion Books</a>. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781861899323" title="Special:BookSources/9781861899323"><bdi>9781861899323</bdi></a>. <q>The Soviet union was an avowed atheist state that placed great restrictions on religious practice. Resistance to state-sponsored atheism came from established (although heavily restricted and monitored) religious clergy and from believers roughly following an evangelical Christianity. In Estonia and Latvia Bible-smuggling from the West was one of the more common methods of anti-regime activity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baltic+Facades%3A+Estonia%2C+Latvia+and+Lithuania+since+1945&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.isbn=9781861899323&rft.aulast=Purs&rft.aufirst=Aldis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Francoeur2004-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Francoeur2004_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancoeurNoonan2004" class="citation book cs1">Francoeur, Robert T.; Noonan, Raymond J. (2004). <i>The Continuum Complete International Encyclopedia of Sexuality</i>. <a href="/wiki/A%26C_Black" class="mw-redirect" title="A&C Black">A&C Black</a>. p. 361. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826414885" title="Special:BookSources/9780826414885"><bdi>9780826414885</bdi></a>. <q>It was not until 1998 that the state's religious policies became tolerant, and by 1990, repressive legislation was annulled.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Continuum+Complete+International+Encyclopedia+of+Sexuality&rft.pages=361&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780826414885&rft.aulast=Francoeur&rft.aufirst=Robert+T.&rft.au=Noonan%2C+Raymond+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atozworldculture.com/estonia/religion-overview.html">"Religion Overview"</a>. <i>A to Z World Culture</i>. 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+to+Z+World+Culture&rft.atitle=Religion+Overview&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atozworldculture.com%2Festonia%2Freligion-overview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenovska-Sabko2011" class="citation journal cs1">Benovska-Sabko, Milena (2011). "THE REDISCOVERY OF ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY IN POST SOVIET ESTONIA". <i>Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics</i>. <b>5</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">23–</span>43 – via Estonian Literary Museum, Estonian National Museum, University of Tartu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnology+and+Folkloristics&rft.atitle=THE+REDISCOVERY+OF+ORTHODOX+CHRISTIANITY+IN+POST+SOVIET+ESTONIA&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Benovska-Sabko&rft.aufirst=Milena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsslemont2011" class="citation news cs1">Esslemont, Tom (26 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-14635021">"Spirituality in Estonia - the world's 'least religious' country"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Spirituality+in+Estonia+-+the+world%27s+%27least+religious%27+country&rft.date=2011-08-26&rft.aulast=Esslemont&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-14635021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingvee2011" class="citation web cs1">Ringvee, Ringo (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/sep/16/estonia-least-religious-country-world">"Is Estonia really the least religious country in the world?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=Is+Estonia+really+the+least+religious+country+in+the+world%3F&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Ringvee&rft.aufirst=Ringo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2Fbelief%2F2011%2Fsep%2F16%2Festonia-least-religious-country-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingvee2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ringvee, Ringo (May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30664%2Far.67563">"Charismatic Christianity and Pentecostal churches in Estonia from a historical perspective"</a>. <i>Approaching Religion</i>. <b>5</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30664%2Far.67563">10.30664/ar.67563</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Approaching+Religion&rft.atitle=Charismatic+Christianity+and+Pentecostal+churches+in+Estonia+from+a+historical+perspective&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30664%2Far.67563&rft.aulast=Ringvee&rft.aufirst=Ringo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.30664%252Far.67563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhto_Kaasik" class="citation web cs1">Ahto Kaasik. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maavald.ee/eng/uudised.html?rubriik=50&id=363&op=lugu">"Old estonian religions"</a>. Maavalla Koda<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Old+estonian+religions&rft.pub=Maavalla+Koda&rft.au=Ahto+Kaasik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maavald.ee%2Feng%2Fuudised.html%3Frubriik%3D50%26id%3D363%26op%3Dlugu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry2008" class="citation news cs1">Barry, Ellen (9 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/09/world/europe/09iht-estonia.4.18535971.html">"Some Estonians return to pre-Christian animist traditions"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Some+Estonians+return+to+pre-Christian+animist+traditions&rft.date=2008-11-09&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F12%2F09%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F09iht-estonia.4.18535971.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kompass.pereraadio.ee/?id=13677&print=1">Uut usuühendust juhib ülemvaimulikuna Vene Erakonna Eestis poliitik</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140109035637/http://kompass.pereraadio.ee/?id=13677&print=1">Archived</a> 2014-01-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/rahvaloendus__rel2021__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__usk/RL21454">"RL21454: AT LEAST 15-YEAR-OLD PERSONS BY RELIGION, SEX, AGE GROUP, ETHNIC NATIONALITY AND PLACE OF RESIDENCE (SETTLEMENT REGION), 31 DECEMBER 2021"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Estonia" title="Statistics Estonia">Statistics Estonia</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RL21454%3A+AT+LEAST+15-YEAR-OLD+PERSONS+BY+RELIGION%2C+SEX%2C+AGE+GROUP%2C+ETHNIC+NATIONALITY+AND+PLACE+OF+RESIDENCE+%28SETTLEMENT+REGION%29%2C+31+DECEMBER+2021&rft.pub=Statistics+Estonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fandmed.stat.ee%2Fen%2Fstat%2Frahvaloendus__rel2021__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__usk%2FRL21454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.ee/en/news/population-census-proportion-people-religious-affiliation-remains-stable-orthodox-christianity-still-most-widespread">"Population census. The proportion of people with a religious affiliation remains stable, Orthodox Christianity is still the most widespread | Statistikaamet"</a>. <i>www.stat.ee</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stat.ee&rft.atitle=Population+census.+The+proportion+of+people+with+a+religious+affiliation+remains+stable%2C+Orthodox+Christianity+is+still+the+most+widespread+%7C+Statistikaamet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.ee%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fpopulation-census-proportion-people-religious-affiliation-remains-stable-orthodox-christianity-still-most-widespread&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB2010-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB2010_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf">"Eurobarometer on Biotechnology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 381<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eurobarometer+on+Biotechnology&rft.pages=381&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublic_opinion%2Farchives%2Febs%2Febs_341_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB2015countries-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB2015countries_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?v=2&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V294&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V499&analysismode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6595&V294slice=1&gs=7&mode=table&top=yes">"DISCRIMINATION IN THE EU IN 2015"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Special Eurobarometer</a></i>, 437, <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>: <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2017</span> – via <a href="/wiki/GESIS_%E2%80%93_Leibniz_Institute_for_the_Social_Sciences" title="GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences">GESIS</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Special+Eurobarometer&rft.atitle=DISCRIMINATION+IN+THE+EU+IN+2015&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzacat.gesis.org%2Fwebview%2Findex.jsp%3Fv%3D2%26previousmode%3Dtable%26stubs%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F193.175.238.79%253A80%252Fobj%252FfVariable%252FZA6595_V294%26weights%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F193.175.238.79%253A80%252Fobj%252FfVariable%252FZA6595_V499%26analysismode%3Dtable%26study%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F193.175.238.79%253A80%252Fobj%252FfStudy%252FZA6595%26V294slice%3D1%26gs%3D7%26mode%3Dtable%26top%3Dyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrabtreePelham2009" class="citation web cs1">Crabtree, Steve; Pelham, Brett (9 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/114211/Alabamians-Iranians-Common.aspx">"What Alabamians and Iranians Have in Common"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Gallup_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gallup Organization">Gallup</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Alabamians+and+Iranians+Have+in+Common&rft.pub=Gallup&rft.date=2009-02-09&rft.aulast=Crabtree&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Pelham%2C+Brett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F114211%2FAlabamians-Iranians-Common.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Religious_Belief_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Religious_Belief_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFANALYSIS2017" class="citation web cs1">ANALYSIS (10 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170513130508/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2017/05/10104119/CEUP-FULL-REPORT.pdf">"Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2017/05/10104119/CEUP-FULL-REPORT.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+Belief+and+National+Belonging+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft.au=ANALYSIS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassets.pewresearch.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F11%2F2017%2F05%2F10104119%2FCEUP-FULL-REPORT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/">Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe: National and religious identities converge in a region once dominated by atheist regimes</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-affiliation/">Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe: 1. Religious affiliation</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, 10 May 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/velocity?v=2&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6770_V174&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6770_V441&regMod=corr&analysismode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6770&gs=5&V174slice=0&mode=table&top=yes&executepdf=true">"Country specific religious affiliation or denomination: Estonia - weighted"</a>. <i>International Social Survey Programme: Work Orientations IV - ISSP 2015</i>. 2015 – via <a href="/wiki/GESIS_%E2%80%93_Leibniz_Institute_for_the_Social_Sciences" title="GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences">GESIS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Social+Survey+Programme%3A+Work+Orientations+IV+-+ISSP+2015&rft.atitle=Country+specific+religious+affiliation+or+denomination%3A+Estonia+-+weighted&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzacat.gesis.org%2Fwebview%2Fvelocity%3Fv%3D2%26previousmode%3Dtable%26stubs%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F193.175.238.79%253A80%252Fobj%252FfVariable%252FZA6770_V174%26weights%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F193.175.238.79%253A80%252Fobj%252FfVariable%252FZA6770_V441%26regMod%3Dcorr%26analysismode%3Dtable%26study%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F193.175.238.79%253A80%252Fobj%252FfStudy%252FZA6770%26gs%3D5%26V174slice%3D0%26mode%3Dtable%26top%3Dyes%26executepdf%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StMary-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StMary_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullivant2018" class="citation news cs1">Bullivant, Stephen (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322212909/https://www.stmarys.ac.uk/research/centres/benedict-xvi/docs/2018-mar-europe-young-people-report-eng.pdf">"Europe's Young Adults and Religion: Findings from the European Social Survey (2014-16) to inform the 2018 Synod of Bishops"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. St Mary's University's Benedict XVI Centre for Religion and Society; Institut Catholique de Paris. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stmarys.ac.uk/research/centres/benedict-xvi/docs/2018-mar-europe-young-people-report-eng.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+Young+Adults+and+Religion%3A+Findings+from+the+European+Social+Survey+%282014-16%29+to+inform+the+2018+Synod+of+Bishops&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Bullivant&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stmarys.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fcentres%2Fbenedict-xvi%2Fdocs%2F2018-mar-europe-young-people-report-eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Estonia_articles574" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Estonia_topics" title="Template:Estonia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Estonia_topics" title="Template talk:Estonia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Estonia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Estonia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Estonia_articles574" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Estonia-related_articles" title="Index of Estonia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Estonian_history" title="Timeline of Estonian history">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Estonia" title="List of wars involving Estonia">list of wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Estonia" title="Ancient Estonia">Ancient Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Estonia_(1219%E2%80%931346)" title="Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)">Danish Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">German Bishoprics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia" title="Duchy of Livonia">Polish Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_under_Swedish_rule" title="Estonia under Swedish rule">Swedish Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Estonia" title="Governorate of Estonia">Russian Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">Russian Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_national_awakening" title="Estonian national awakening">Age of Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War I">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Estonian Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_C%C4%93sis_(1919)" title="Battle of Cēsis (1919)">Battle of Võnnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia_(1920%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Estonia (1920–1939)">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Silence" title="Era of Silence">Era of Silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of Estonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian SSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ants_Kaljurand" title="Ants Kaljurand">Ants Kaljurand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_partisans" title="Estonian partisans">Estonian partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Estonia" title="Soviet deportations from Estonia">Deportations</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_government-in-exile" title="Estonian government-in-exile">Government-in-exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Sovereignty_Declaration" title="Estonian Sovereignty Declaration">Declaration of sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Restoration_of_Independence" title="Estonian Restoration of Independence">Restoration of independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Estonia" title="Geography of Estonia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Estonia" title="Climate of Estonia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Estonia" title="Extreme points of Estonia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Estonia" title="List of mammals of Estonia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Estonia" title="List of islands of Estonia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Estonia" title="List of lakes of Estonia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populated_places_in_Estonia" title="Populated places in Estonia">Populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Estonia" title="Protected areas of Estonia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Estonia" title="List of rivers of Estonia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Estonia" title="List of cities and towns in Estonia">Towns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Estonia" title="Politics of Estonia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Estonia" title="Counties of Estonia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Estonia" title="Constitution of Estonia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Estonia" title="Elections in Estonia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Estonia" title="Foreign relations of Estonia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Estonia" title="Government of Estonia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Estonia" title="Human rights in Estonia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Estonia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Estonia" title="Law of Estonia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Police" title="Estonian Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Defence_Forces" title="Estonian Defence Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Estonia" title="List of political parties in Estonia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Estonia" title="President of Estonia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Estonia" title="Prime Minister of Estonia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riigikogu" title="Riigikogu"><i>Riigikogu</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(parliament)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Estonia" title="Supreme Court of Estonia">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Estonia" title="Economy of Estonia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Estonia" title="Agriculture in Estonia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Estonia" title="Bank of Estonia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Residency_of_Estonia" title="E-Residency of Estonia">e-Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Estonia" title="Energy in Estonia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_in_Estonia" title="Oil shale in Estonia">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Tallinn" title="Nasdaq Tallinn">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Estonia" title="Taxation in Estonia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Estonia" title="Telecommunications in Estonia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Estonia" title="Tourism in Estonia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Estonia" title="Transport in Estonia">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Estonia" title="Category:Society of Estonia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Estonia" title="Crime in Estonia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Estonia" title="Demographics of Estonia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Estonia" title="Education in Estonia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Estonia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Estonia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Estonia" title="Healthcare in Estonia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Estonia" title="Women in Estonia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Estonia" title="Culture of Estonia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mu_isamaa,_mu_%C3%B5nn_ja_r%C3%B5%C3%B5m" title="Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Estonia" title="Architecture of Estonia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Estonia" title="Beer in Estonia">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Estonia" title="Cinema of Estonia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Estonia" title="Coat of arms of Estonia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Estonian_given_names" title="Category:Estonian given names">Estonian names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Estonian_flags" title="List of Estonian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_folklore" title="Estonian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Estonia" title="Internet in Estonia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Estonia" title="Languages of Estonia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_literature" title="Estonian literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABD_ehk_Luggemise-Ramat_Lastele" title="ABD ehk Luggemise-Ramat Lastele"><i>ABD</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalevipoeg" title="Kalevipoeg"><i>Kalevipoeg</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Estonia" title="Mass media in Estonia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Estonia" title="Music of Estonia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_mythology" title="Estonian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Estonia" title="Name of Estonia">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Estonia" title="National symbols of Estonia">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Estonia" title="List of newspapers in Estonia">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Estonia" title="Public holidays in Estonia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Estonia" title="List of radio stations in Estonia">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Estonia" title="Sport in Estonia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Estonia" title="Television in Estonia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Estonia" title="Theatre of Estonia">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Estonia" title="Outline of Estonia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Estonia-related_articles" title="Index of Estonia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Estonia" title="Category:Estonia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Estonia" title="Portal:Estonia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_Europe123" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_in_Europe" title="Template:Religion in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Religion in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_Europe123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Religion in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Abkhazia" title="Religion in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Religion in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Ossetia" title="Religion in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Transnistria" title="Religion in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_%C3%85land" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Religion in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jersey" title="Religion in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_European_Union" title="Religion in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Estonia&oldid=1274151617">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Estonia&oldid=1274151617</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_Estonia" title="Category:Religion in Estonia">Religion in Estonia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Graph_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Graph extension">Pages using the Graph extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_disabled_graphs" title="Category:Pages with disabled graphs">Pages with disabled graphs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2019">Use dmy dates from July 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 February 2025, at 18:31<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Estonia&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Religion in Estonia</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>23 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-55fd9d4764-sztb8","wgBackendResponseTime":164,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.643","walltime":"2.061","ppvisitednodes":{"value":19957,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":178199,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":20102,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":29,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":174199,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1839.455 1 -total"," 23.69% 435.758 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.74% 271.153 55 Template:Percentage_bar"," 14.31% 263.258 1 Template:Estonia_topics"," 14.06% 258.684 1 Template:Country_topics"," 12.52% 230.220 1 Template:Religion_in_Europe"," 12.34% 226.906 1 Template:Europe_topic"," 12.33% 226.836 15 Template:Cite_web"," 11.97% 220.109 1 Template:Navbox"," 10.22% 187.969 49 Template:Iso2country"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.758","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7972748,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-6njft","timestamp":"20250216213248","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Religion in Estonia","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Religion_in_Estonia","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q14371213","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q14371213","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-11-07T17:20:54Z","dateModified":"2025-02-05T18:31:24Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/67\/Catedral_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_%28Toomkirik%29%2C_Tallin%2C_Estonia%2C_2012-08-05%2C_DD_08.JPG","headline":"religion in the country"}</script> </body> </html>