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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rock_dating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rock_dating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rock dating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rock_dating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Atmosphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Oceans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plate_tectonics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plate_tectonics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Plate tectonics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plate_tectonics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Continents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Possible life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hadean</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hade%C3%AFkum" title="Hadeïkum – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hadeïkum" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%86%D9%85%D9%8A" title="الدهر الجهنمي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدهر الجهنمي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarxey" title="Katarxey – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Katarxey" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="হেডিয়ান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হেডিয়ান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Катархей – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Катархей" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Хадей – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хадей" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hadean" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hade%C3%A0" title="Hadeà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hadeà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadaikum" title="Hadaikum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hadaikum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadeaidd" title="Hadeaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hadeaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadal" title="Hadal – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hadal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadaikum" title="Hadaikum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hadaikum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadaikum" title="Hadaikum – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hadaikum" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B6%CF%89%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Καταρχαιοζωικός μεγααιώνας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καταρχαιοζωικός μεγααιώνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B3n_h%C3%A1dico" title="Eón hádico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eón hádico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadear" title="Hadear – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hadear" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="پیشازیستی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیشازیستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Had%C3%A9en" title="Hadéen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hadéen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tAe%C3%B3n_H%C3%A1id%C3%A9ach" title="An tAeón Háidéach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tAeón Háidéach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadeico" title="Hadeico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hadeico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%85%EC%99%95%EB%88%84%EB%8C%80" title="명왕누대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="명왕누대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A8" title="हेडियाई इओन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हेडियाई इओन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadij" title="Hadij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hadij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadaikum" title="Hadaikum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hadaikum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadesar%C3%B6ld" title="Hadesaröld – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hadesaröld" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeano" title="Adeano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Adeano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9F" title="האדן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האדן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA" title="ಹಡೇಯನ್ ಕಲ್ಪ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಡೇಯನ್ ಕಲ್ಪ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Хадей – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хадей" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xadea" title="Xadea – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Xadea" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadaicum" title="Hadaicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hadaicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Had%C4%97jus" title="Hadėjus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hadėjus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadeica" title="Hadeica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Hadeica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadaikum" title="Hadaikum – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hadaikum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hadean" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hade%C3%AFcum" title="Hadeïcum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hadeïcum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%A5%E7%8E%8B%E4%BB%A3" title="冥王代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="冥王代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadaikum" title="Hadaikum – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hadaikum" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadeikum" title="Hadeikum – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hadeikum" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adean" title="Adean – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Adean" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadaikum" title="Hadaikum – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hadaikum" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadeik" title="Hadeik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hadeik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadeano" title="Hadeano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hadeano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hadean" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Катархей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Катархей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hadean" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94" title="හේඩියානු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හේඩියානු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hadean" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hadean" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Had" title="Had – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Had" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadeyaan" title="Hadeyaan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Hadeyaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BA" title="Хадајк – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хадајк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Had_(eon)" title="Had (eon) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Had (eon)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Had%C3%A9an" title="Hadéan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hadéan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadeeinen_eoni" title="Hadeeinen eoni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hadeeinen eoni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadeikum" title="Hadeikum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hadeikum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hadean" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="บรมยุคเฮเดียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บรมยุคเฮเดียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadeen" title="Hadeen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hadeen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гадейський еон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гадейський еон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%AAn_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_H%E1%BB%8Fa_th%C3%A0nh" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Geologic eon, 4567–4031 million years ago</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Romanian chef, see <a href="/wiki/Adrian_H%C4%83dean" title="Adrian Hădean">Adrian Hădean</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:23em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;background:rgb(174,2,126);"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:White">Hadean</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">4567 ± 0.16 – 4031 ± 3 <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:250px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; font-size:small; position:relative; z-index:0;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(153,192,141); left:220.50580249617px; width:15.704948543902px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,197,202); left:236.21075104007px; width:10.1763739873px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(242,249,29); left:246.38712502737px; width:3.6128749726297px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(154,217,221); left:220.50580249617px; width:29.494197503832px;"><a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic"><span style="color:black;">Pha.</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,67,112); left:113.14867527918px; width:49.266476899496px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,180,98); left:162.41515217867px; width:32.844317932998px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,179,66); left:195.25947011167px; width:25.246332384497px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,53,99); left:113.14867527918px; width:107.35712721699px;"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic"><span style="color:black;">Proterozoic</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(218,3,127); left:29.340924020145px; width:23.59316838187px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(244,68,159); left:52.934092402014px; width:21.896211955332px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,104,169); left:74.830304357346px; width:21.896211955332px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(249,155,193); left:96.726516312678px; width:16.422158966499px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,4,127); left:29.340924020145px; width:83.807751259032px;"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean"><span style="color:black;">Archean</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(174,2,126); left:0px; width:29.340924020145px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(174,2,126); left:0px; width:29.340924020145px;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:white;">Had.</span></a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:249px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:250px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:0px; width:29.340924020145px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:0px; width:29.340924020145px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:1px; width:27.340924020145px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Chronology</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="font-size:14px"><table id="Container" role="presentation" class="toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:none;margin:auto;overflow:hidden;min-width:14.900em"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:25em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:24.63em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−4500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:23.95em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:23.26em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:22.58em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:21.90em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−4000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:21.21em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:20.53em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:19.84em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:19.16em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−3500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:18.47em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.79em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.11em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:16.42em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−3000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:15.74em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:15.05em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:14.37em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:13.69em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−2500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:13.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.32em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:11.63em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:10.95em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−2000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:10.26em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:9.58em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:8.90em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:8.21em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−1500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:7.53em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:6.84em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:6.16em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:5.47em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−1000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:4.79em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:4.11em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:3.42em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:2.74em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:2.05em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:1.37em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:0.68em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:0.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">0 —</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:9em;height:25em;float:left;border:none;background-color:#000000"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(247,67,112);border-width:0.04em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:2.949em;height:21.971em;left:0.000em;width:1.080em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:110%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-10.985em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block;line-height:75%;writing-mode:vertical-rl;"><i><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian"><span style="color:white">Precambrian</span></a></i></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(174,2,126);border-width:0.04em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:22.066em;height:2.854em;left:1.170em;width:7.830em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:110%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.427em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:85%;display:block;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:white">Hadean</span></a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(240,4,127);border-width:0.04em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:13.685em;height:8.301em;left:1.170em;width:1.170em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:110%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.150em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block;line-height:85%;writing-mode:vertical-rl;"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean"><span style="color:white">Archean</span></a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(247,53,99);border-width:0.04em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:2.949em;height:10.656em;left:1.170em;width:1.170em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:110%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-5.328em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block;line-height:85%;writing-mode:vertical-rl;"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic"><span style="color:white">Proterozoic</span></a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(154,217,221);border-width:0.04em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:2.869em;left:0.000em;width:2.340em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.435em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block;line-height:85%;writing-mode:vertical-rl;"><a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">Phaner<br />ozoic</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(218,3,127);border-width:0.04em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:19.707em;height:2.279em;left:2.430em;width:6.570em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.140em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:85%;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Eoarchean" title="Eoarchean"><span style="color:white;">Eoarchean</span></a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(244,68,159);border-width:0.04em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:17.517em;height:2.110em;left:2.430em;width:6.570em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.055em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:85%;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Paleoarchean" title="Paleoarchean"><span style="color:white;">Paleoarchean</span></a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(247,104,169);border-width:0.04em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:15.327em;height:2.110em;left:2.430em;width:6.570em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.055em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:85%;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Mesoarchean" title="Mesoarchean"><span style="color:white;">Mesoarchean</span></a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(249,155,193);border-width:0.04em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:13.685em;height:1.562em;left:2.430em;width:6.570em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.781em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:85%;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Neoarchean" title="Neoarchean">Neoarchean</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(247,67,112);border-width:0.04em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:8.758em;height:4.847em;left:2.430em;width:6.570em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.423em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:85%;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoic" title="Paleoproterozoic"><span style="color:white;">Paleoproterozoic</span></a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(253,180,98);border-width:0.04em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:5.474em;height:3.204em;left:2.430em;width:6.570em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.602em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:85%;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Mesoproterozoic" title="Mesoproterozoic">Mesoproterozoic</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(254,179,66);border-width:0.04em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:2.949em;height:2.445em;left:2.430em;width:6.570em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.222em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:85%;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(153,192,141);border-width:0.04em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.379em;height:1.490em;left:2.430em;width:6.570em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.745em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:85%;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(103,197,202);border-width:0.04em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.361em;height:0.938em;left:2.430em;width:6.570em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.469em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:85%;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(242,249,29);border-width:0.04em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:0.281em;left:2.430em;width:6.570em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.141em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:80%;display:block;font-size:85%"><a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:25.002em;left:8.910em;width:0.090em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-12.501em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 auto;float:left;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:13.750em">Vertical axis scale: <a href="/wiki/Megaannus" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannus">Millions of years ago</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Etymology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Synonym(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Priscoan Period</b><br /> <span style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/W._Brian_Harland" title="W. Brian Harland">Harland</a> <i>et al.</i>, 1989</span><br /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Usage information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Celestial body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Earth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Regional usage</th><td class="infobox-data">Global (<a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Definition</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Chronological unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geologic_Time_Scale#Terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic Time Scale">Eon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Stratigraphic unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eonothem" title="Eonothem">Eonothem</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">First proposed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Preston_Cloud" title="Preston Cloud">Preston Cloud</a>, 1972</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Time span formality</th><td class="infobox-data">Formal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data">Age of the oldest solid material in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">protoplanetary disk</a> (4567.30 ± 0.16) <a href="/wiki/Megaannus" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannus">Ma</a><sup id="cite_ref-Episodes2024_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Episodes2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower GSSA ratified</th><td class="infobox-data">October 5th, 2022<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen2022_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data">Ten oldest U-Pb zircon ages</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary GSSA</th><td class="infobox-data">Along the Acasta River, <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hadean&params=65.1738_N_115.5538_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">65°10′26″N</span> <span class="longitude">115°33′14″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">65.1738°N 115.5538°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">65.1738; -115.5538</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper GSSA ratified</th><td class="infobox-data">2023<sup id="cite_ref-GSSP_Web_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSSP_Web-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Hadean</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">hay-<span style="font-size:90%">DEE</span>-ən, <span style="font-size:90%">HAY</span>-dee-ən</i></a>) is the first and oldest of the four known <a href="/wiki/Eon_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eon (geology)">geologic eons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">history</a>, starting with <a href="/wiki/Formation_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation of the Earth">the planet's formation</a> about 4.6 <a href="/wiki/Billion_years_ago" class="mw-redirect" title="Billion years ago">billion years ago</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (estimated 4567.30 ± 0.16 <a href="/wiki/Million_years_ago" title="Million years ago">million years ago</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cohen2022_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> set by the age of the oldest solid material in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> — <a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">protoplanetary disk</a> dust particles — found as <a href="/wiki/Chondrule" title="Chondrule">chondrules</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calcium%E2%80%93aluminium-rich_inclusion" title="Calcium–aluminium-rich inclusion">calcium–aluminium-rich inclusions</a> in some <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a> about 4.567 billion years old),<sup id="cite_ref-GeolTimeScale2020_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeolTimeScale2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Episodes2024_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Episodes2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ended 4.031 billion years ago. The <a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">interplanetary collision</a> that created the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> occurred early in this eon. The Hadean eon was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean</a> eon, with the <a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a> hypothesized to have occurred at the Hadean-Archean boundary. </p><p>Hadean rocks are very rare, largely consisting of <a href="/wiki/Hadean_zircon" title="Hadean zircon">granular zircons</a> from one locality (<a href="/wiki/Jack_Hills" title="Jack Hills">Jack Hills</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Korenaga2021_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korenaga2021-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hadean <a href="/wiki/Geophysical" class="mw-redirect" title="Geophysical">geophysical</a> models remain controversial among <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologists</a>: <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a> and the growth of <a href="/wiki/Craton" title="Craton">cratons</a> into <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a> may have started in the Hadean, but there is still uncertainty.<sup id="cite_ref-Dhuime2012_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhuime2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harrison2009_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Windley2021_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windley2021-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earth in the early Hadean had a very thick <a href="/wiki/Hydride" title="Hydride">hydride</a>-rich <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">atmosphere</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">composition</a> likely resembled the <a href="/wiki/Solar_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar nebula">solar nebula</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">gas giants</a>, with mostly <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>. As the Earth's surface cooled, vaporized atmospheric water <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condensed</a> into <a href="/wiki/Liquid_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid water">liquid water</a> and eventually a <a href="/wiki/Superocean" title="Superocean">superocean</a> covering nearly all of the planet was formed, turning Earth into an <a href="/wiki/Ocean_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean planet">ocean planet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">Volcanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">outgassing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">bombardments</a> further altered the Hadean atmosphere eventually into the <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>-rich, <a href="/wiki/Reducing_atmosphere" title="Reducing atmosphere">weakly reducing</a> <a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_atmosphere" title="Prebiotic atmosphere">Paleoarchean atmosphere</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadean&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The eon's name "Hadean" comes from <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek god">Greek god</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">underworld</a> (whose name is also used to describe the underworld itself), referring to the <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">hellish</a> conditions then prevailing on <a href="/wiki/Early_Earth" title="Early Earth">early Earth</a>: the planet had just been formed from recent <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">accretion</a>, and its surface was still molten with superheated <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> due to that, the abundance of short-lived radioactive elements, and frequent <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">impact events</a> with other Solar System bodies. </p><p>The term was coined by American geologist <a href="/wiki/Preston_Cloud" title="Preston Cloud">Preston Cloud</a>, originally to label the period before the earliest known <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rocks</a> on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/W._Brian_Harland" title="W. Brian Harland">W.B. Harland</a> later coined an almost synonymous term, the <b>Priscoan period</b>, from <i>priscus</i>, a Latin word for 'ancient'.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other, older texts refer to the eon as the <b>Pre-Archean</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rock_dating">Rock dating</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadean&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rock dating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Oldest_dated_rocks" title="Oldest dated rocks">Oldest dated rocks</a></div> <p>Prior to the 1980s and the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Oldest_dated_rocks" title="Oldest dated rocks">Hadean lithic fragments</a>, scientific narratives of the early Earth explanations were almost entirely in the hands of <a href="/wiki/Geodynamics" title="Geodynamics">geodynamic</a> modelers.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jack_Hills_detrital_zircons_BSE_micrographs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Jack_Hills_detrital_zircons_BSE_micrographs.jpg/220px-Jack_Hills_detrital_zircons_BSE_micrographs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Jack_Hills_detrital_zircons_BSE_micrographs.jpg/330px-Jack_Hills_detrital_zircons_BSE_micrographs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Jack_Hills_detrital_zircons_BSE_micrographs.jpg/440px-Jack_Hills_detrital_zircons_BSE_micrographs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="1129" /></a><figcaption>Backscatter electron micrograph of detrital zircons from the Hadean (4.404 ± 0.008 Ga) <a href="/wiki/Metasediment" class="mw-redirect" title="Metasediment">metasediments</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jack_Hills" title="Jack Hills">Jack Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narryer_Gneiss_terrane" title="Narryer Gneiss terrane">Narryer Gneiss terrane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the last decades of the 20th century, geologists identified a few Hadean rocks from western <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, northwestern <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>. In 2015, traces of carbon minerals interpreted as "remains of <a href="/wiki/Biotic_material" title="Biotic material">biotic life</a>" were found in 4.1-billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest dated <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircon</a> crystals, enclosed in a <a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">metamorphosed</a> <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">conglomerate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Jack_Hills" title="Jack Hills">Jack Hills</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Narryer_Gneiss_terrane" title="Narryer Gneiss terrane">Narryer Gneiss terrane</a> of Western Australia, date to 4.404 ± 0.008 <a href="/wiki/Giga-annum" class="mw-redirect" title="Giga-annum">Ga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilde2001_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilde2001-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This zircon is a slight outlier, with the oldest consistently dated zircon falling closer to 4.35 Ga<sup id="cite_ref-Wilde2001_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilde2001-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—around 200 million years after the hypothesized time of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth#Origin_of_life" title="History of Earth">Earth's formation</a>. </p><p>In many other areas, <a href="/wiki/Xenocryst" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenocryst">xenocryst</a> (or relict) <a href="/wiki/Hadean_zircon" title="Hadean zircon">Hadean zircons</a> enclosed in older rocks indicate that younger rocks have formed on older <a href="/wiki/Terrane" title="Terrane">terranes</a> and have incorporated some of the older material. One example occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Guiana_Shield" title="Guiana Shield">Guiana shield</a> from the Iwokrama Formation of southern Guyana where zircon cores have been dated at 4.22 Ga.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atmosphere">Atmosphere</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadean&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Atmosphere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A sizable quantity of water would have been in the material that formed Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Drake_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drake-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water molecules would have escaped Earth's gravity more easily when the planet was less massive during its formation. <a href="/wiki/Photodissociation" title="Photodissociation">Photodissociation</a> by short-wave <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> could <a href="/wiki/Water_splitting" title="Water splitting">split</a> <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a> molecules into <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, the former of which would readily react to form compounds in the then-<a href="/wiki/Reducing_atmosphere" title="Reducing atmosphere">reducing atmosphere</a>, while the latter (along with the similarly light <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>) would be expected to continually leave the atmosphere (as it does to the present day) due to <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_escape" title="Atmospheric escape">atmospheric escape</a>. </p><p>Part of the ancient planet is theorized to have been disrupted by the <a href="/wiki/Giant_impact_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant impact hypothesis">impact that created the Moon</a>, which should have caused the melting of one or two large regions of Earth. Earth's present composition suggests that there was not complete remelting as it is difficult to completely melt and mix huge rock masses.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a fair fraction of material should have been vaporized by this impact. The material would have condensed within 2,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Sleep2001_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sleep2001-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial <a href="/wiki/Magma_ocean" title="Magma ocean">magma ocean</a> solidified within 5 million years,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving behind hot volatiles which probably resulted in a heavy <span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></a></span> atmosphere with <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a>. The initial heavy atmosphere had a surface temperature of 230 °C (446 °F) and an <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a> of above 27 <a href="/wiki/Standard_atmosphere_(unit)" title="Standard atmosphere (unit)">standard atmospheres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sleep2001_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sleep2001-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceans">Oceans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadean&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Oceans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Cool_early_Earth"></span> Studies of zircons have found that liquid water may have existed between 4.0 and 4.4 billion years ago, very soon after the formation of Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilde2001_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilde2001-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Valley2002_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valley2002-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liquid water oceans existed despite the high surface temperature, because at an atmospheric pressure of 27 atmospheres, water remains liquid even at those high temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-Sleep2001_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sleep2001-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most likely source of the water in the Hadean ocean was outgassing from the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_mantle" title="Earth's mantle">Earth's mantle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Bombardment</a> origin of a substantial amount of water is unlikely, due to the incompatibility of <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> fractions between the Earth and comets.<sup id="cite_ref-Drake_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drake-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asteroid impacts during the Hadean and into the Archean would have periodically disrupted the ocean. The geological record from 3.2 Gya contains evidence of multiple impacts of objects up to 100 kilometres (62 mi) in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-Lowe2015_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowe2015-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each such impact would have boiled off up to 100 metres (330 ft) of a global ocean, and temporarily raised the atmospheric temperature to 500 °C (932 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-Lowe2015_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowe2015-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the frequency of meteorite impacts is still under study: the Earth may have gone through long periods when liquid oceans and life were possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Valley2002_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valley2002-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The liquid water would absorb the carbon dioxide in the early atmosphere; this would not be enough by itself to substantially reduce the amount of <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sleep2001_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sleep2001-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plate_tectonics">Plate tectonics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadean&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Plate tectonics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadean_and_Archean_continents.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hadean_and_Archean_continents.gif/390px-Hadean_and_Archean_continents.gif" decoding="async" width="390" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hadean_and_Archean_continents.gif/585px-Hadean_and_Archean_continents.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Hadean_and_Archean_continents.gif 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>Evolution of continental crust and ocean depths (from Korenaga, 2021)<sup id="cite_ref-Korenaga2021_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korenaga2021-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A 2008 study of zircons found that Australian Hadean rock contains minerals pointing to the existence of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a> as early as 4 billion years ago (approximately 600 million years after Earth's formation).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some geologists suggest that the zircons could have been formed by meteorite impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The direct evidence of Hadean geology from zircons is limited, because the zircons are largely gathered in one locality in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-Korenaga2021_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korenaga2021-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harrison2020_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison2020-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geophysical models are underconstrained, but can paint a general picture of the state of Earth in the Hadean.<sup id="cite_ref-Korenaga2021_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korenaga2021-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mantle_convection" title="Mantle convection">Mantle convection</a> in the Hadean was likely vigorous, due to lower <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Korenaga2021_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korenaga2021-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lower viscosity was due to the high levels of <a href="/wiki/Radiogenic_heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiogenic heat">radiogenic heat</a> and the fact that water in the mantle had not yet fully outgassed.<sup id="cite_ref-Korenaga2021a_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korenaga2021a-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether the vigorous convection led to plate tectonics in the Hadean or was confined under a rigid lid is still a matter of debate.<sup id="cite_ref-Korenaga2021_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korenaga2021-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Windley2021_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windley2021-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harrison2020_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison2020-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tang2016_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tang2016-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of Hadean oceans is thought to have triggered plate tectonics.<sup id="cite_ref-Regenauer2001_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regenauer2001-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">Subduction</a> due to plate tectonics would have removed carbonate from the early oceans, contributing to the removal of the <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>-rich early atmosphere. Removal of this early atmosphere is evidence of Hadean plate tectonics.<sup id="cite_ref-Sleep2014_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sleep2014-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If plate tectonics occurred in the Hadean, it would have formed <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guo2020_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guo2020-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different models predict different amounts of continental crust during the Hadean.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison2009_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work of Dhiume <i>et al.</i> predicts that by the end of the Hadean, the continental crust had only 25% of today's area.<sup id="cite_ref-Dhuime2012_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhuime2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The models of Korenaga, <i>et al.</i> predict that the continental crust grew to present-day volume sometime between 4.2 and 4.0 <a href="/wiki/Gya_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gya (unit)">Gya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guo2020_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guo2020-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Continents">Continents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadean&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Continents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The amount of exposed land in the Hadean is only loosely dependent on the amount of continental crust: it also depends on the ocean level.<sup id="cite_ref-Korenaga2021_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korenaga2021-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In models where plate tectonics started in the Archean, Earth has a global ocean in the Hadean.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high heat of the mantle may have made it difficult to support high elevations in the Hadean.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If continents did form in the Hadean, their growth competed with outgassing of water from the mantle.<sup id="cite_ref-Korenaga2021_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korenaga2021-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Continents may have appeared in the mid-Hadean, and then disappeared under a thick ocean by the end of the Hadean.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The limited amount of land has implications for the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of life">origin of life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Korenaga2021_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korenaga2021-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_life">Possible life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadean&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Possible life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abundant Hadean-like <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_activity" title="Geothermal activity">geothermal</a> <a href="/wiki/Microenvironment_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Microenvironment (ecology)">microenvironments</a> were shown by Salditt <i>et al.</i> to have the potential to support the synthesis and replication of <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> and thus possibly the evolution of a primitive life form.<sup id="cite_ref-Salditt2023_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salditt2023-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Porous rock systems comprising heated air-water interfaces were shown to allow <a href="/wiki/Ribozyme" title="Ribozyme">ribozyme</a>-<a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalyzed</a> RNA replication of sense and antisense strands followed by subsequent strand dissociation, thus enabling combined synthesis, release and folding of active ribozymes.<sup id="cite_ref-Salditt2023_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salditt2023-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a primitive RNA system also may have been able to undergo template strand switching during replication (<a href="/wiki/Genetic_recombination" title="Genetic recombination">genetic recombination</a>) as occurs during the RNA replication of extant <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">coronaviruses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study published in 2024 inferred the <a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">last common ancestor of all current life</a> to have emerged during the Hadean, between 4.09 and 4.33 Gya.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the early part of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a> happened during the Hadean, the impacts were frequent only on a cosmic scale, with thousands or even millions of years between each event. As Earth already had oceans, life would have been possible, but vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">extinction events</a> caused by those impacts. The risk would not be on the frequency, but on the size of the impactor, and remains on the Moon suggest impactors bigger than the <a href="/wiki/Chicxulub_impactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicxulub impactor">Chicxulub impactor</a> that caused the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">extinction of dinosaurs</a>. An impactor big enough may erase all life on the planet, although some models suggest that microscopic life may still survive it underground or in the oceanic depths.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadean&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaotian_(geology)" title="Chaotian (geology)">Chaotian (geology)</a> – Proposed era of the Hadean eon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faint_young_Sun_paradox" title="Faint young Sun paradox">Faint young Sun paradox</a> – Paradox concerning water on early Earth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation and evolution of the Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadean_zircon" title="Hadean zircon">Hadean zircon</a> – Oldest-surviving crustal material from the Earth's earliest geological time period</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History of Earth</a> – the first sections describe the formation of Earth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldest_dated_rocks" title="Oldest dated rocks">Oldest dated rocks</a> – Includes rocks over 4 billion years old from the Hadean Eon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> – History of Earth 4600–539 million years ago</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_natural_history" title="Timeline of natural history">Timeline of natural history</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadean&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Episodes2024-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Episodes2024_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Episodes2024_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHalla2024" class="citation journal cs1">Halla, J.; et al. 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(2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7125511">"Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses"</a>. <i>Trends Microbiol</i>. <b>24</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">490–</span>502. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tim.2016.03.003">10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7125511">7125511</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27012512">27012512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Microbiol&rft.atitle=Epidemiology%2C+Genetic+Recombination%2C+and+Pathogenesis+of+Coronaviruses&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E490-%3C%2Fspan%3E502&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7125511%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27012512&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tim.2016.03.003&rft.aulast=Su&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Wong%2C+G&rft.au=Shi%2C+W&rft.au=Liu%2C+J&rft.au=Lai%2C+ACK&rft.au=Zhou%2C+J&rft.au=Liu%2C+W&rft.au=Bi%2C+Y&rft.au=Gao%2C+GF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7125511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoodyÁlvarez-CarreteroMahendrarajah2024" class="citation journal cs1">Moody, Edmund; Álvarez-Carretero, Sandra; Mahendrarajah, Tara (12 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11383801">"The nature of the last universal common ancestor and its impact on the early Earth system"</a>. <i>Nat. Ecol. Evol</i>. <b>8</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">1654–</span>1666. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024NatEE...8.1654M">2024NatEE...8.1654M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-024-02461-1">10.1038/s41559-024-02461-1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11383801">11383801</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38997462">38997462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nat.+Ecol.+Evol.&rft.atitle=The+nature+of+the+last+universal+common+ancestor+and+its+impact+on+the+early+Earth+system&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1654-%3C%2Fspan%3E1666&rft.date=2024-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11383801%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38997462&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-024-02461-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024NatEE...8.1654M&rft.aulast=Moody&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft.au=%C3%81lvarez-Carretero%2C+Sandra&rft.au=Mahendrarajah%2C+Tara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11383801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2017" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Jeffrey (2017). <i>Life in the universe</i>. United States: Pearson. pp. <span class="nowrap">124–</span>125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-408908-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-408908-9"><bdi>978-0-13-408908-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+in+the+universe&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-13-408908-9&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadean&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkinsHarrisonManning2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hopkins, Michelle; Harrison, T. Mark; Manning, Craig E. (2008). "Low heat flow inferred from >4 Gyr zircons suggests Hadean plate boundary interactions". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>456</b> (7221): <span class="nowrap">493–</span>496. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Natur.456..493H">2008Natur.456..493H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07465">10.1038/nature07465</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19037314">19037314</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4417456">4417456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Low+heat+flow+inferred+from+%3E4+Gyr+zircons+suggests+Hadean+plate+boundary+interactions&rft.volume=456&rft.issue=7221&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E493-%3C%2Fspan%3E496&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature07465&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4417456%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19037314&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Natur.456..493H&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft.au=Harrison%2C+T.+Mark&rft.au=Manning%2C+Craig+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadean" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWycheNelsonRiganti2004" class="citation journal cs1">Wyche, S.; Nelson, D. R.; Riganti, A. (2004). "4350–3130 Ma detrital zircons in the Southern Cross Granite–Greenstone Terrane, Western Australia: implications for the early evolution of the Yilgarn Craton". <i>Australian Journal of Earth Sciences</i>. <b>51</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">31–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AuJES..51...31W">2004AuJES..51...31W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1400-0952.2003.01042.x">10.1046/j.1400-0952.2003.01042.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=4350%E2%80%933130+Ma+detrital+zircons+in+the+Southern+Cross+Granite%E2%80%93Greenstone+Terrane%2C+Western+Australia%3A+implications+for+the+early+evolution+of+the+Yilgarn+Craton&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1400-0952.2003.01042.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004AuJES..51...31W&rft.aulast=Wyche&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+D.+R.&rft.au=Riganti%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadean" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarleyMillerWoodenPadilla2014" class="citation journal cs1">Carley, Tamara L.; et al. (2014). "Iceland is not a magmatic analog for the Hadean: Evidence from the zircon record". <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>405</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">85–</span>97. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014E&PSL.405...85C">2014E&PSL.405...85C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2014.08.015">10.1016/j.epsl.2014.08.015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Iceland+is+not+a+magmatic+analog+for+the+Hadean%3A+Evidence+from+the+zircon+record&rft.volume=405&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2014.08.015&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014E%26PSL.405...85C&rft.aulast=Carley&rft.aufirst=Tamara+L.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Calvin+F.&rft.au=Wooden%2C+Joseph+L.&rft.au=Padilla%2C+Abraham+J.&rft.au=Schmitt%2C+Axel+K.&rft.au=Economos%2C+Rita+C.&rft.au=Bindeman%2C+Ilya+N.&rft.au=Jordan%2C+Brennan+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadean" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchiBottkeElkins-TantonBierhaus2014" class="citation journal cs1">Marchi, S.; et al. (2014). "Widespread mixing and burial of Earth's Hadean crust by asteroid impacts". <i>Nature</i>. <b>511</b> (7511): <span class="nowrap">578–</span>582. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.511..578M">2014Natur.511..578M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature13539">10.1038/nature13539</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25079556">25079556</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205239647">205239647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Widespread+mixing+and+burial+of+Earth%27s+Hadean+crust+by+asteroid+impacts&rft.volume=511&rft.issue=7511&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E578-%3C%2Fspan%3E582&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature13539&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205239647%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25079556&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Natur.511..578M&rft.aulast=Marchi&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Bottke%2C+W.+F.&rft.au=Elkins-Tanton%2C+L.+T.&rft.au=Bierhaus%2C+M.&rft.au=Wuennemann%2C+K.&rft.au=Morbidelli%2C+A.&rft.au=Kring%2C+D.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadean" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadean&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hadean" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hadean"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Hadean</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071103114128/http://www.peripatus.gen.nz/paleontology/Hadean.html">Peripatus.nz: Description of the Hadean Era</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghkclass.com/ghkC.html?hadean">Hadean 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4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hadean_footer" title="Template:Hadean footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hadean_footer" title="Template talk:Hadean footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hadean_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hadean footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hadean_Eon242" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hadean Eon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;border: none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptic_(geology)" title="Cryptic (geology)">Cryptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basin_Groups" title="Basin Groups">Basin Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectarian" title="Nectarian">Nectarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Imbrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Imbrian">Lower Imbrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 2px; border-color:rgb(174,2,126); text-align:center;"><div><small>The Hadean does not have any subdivisions recognized by the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">International Commission on Stratigraphy</a>. These subdivisions represent one proposal that is loosely based on the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_geologic_timescale" title="Lunar geologic timescale">lunar geologic timescale</a>.</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geological_history_of_Earth1258" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Template:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Template talk:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geological_history_of_Earth1258" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(present–66.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary <span class="nobold">(present–2.58 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene (present–11.7 ka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene <span class="nobold">(2.58–23.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene <span class="nobold">(23.0–66.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(66.0–252 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous <span class="nobold">(66.0–145 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late (66.0–100 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early (100–145 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic <span class="nobold">(145–201 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late (145–164 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">Middle (164–174 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early (174–201 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic <span class="nobold">(201–252 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late (201–237 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle (237–247 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early (247–252 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(252–539 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian <span class="nobold">(252–299 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lopingian" title="Lopingian">Lopingian (252–260 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian">Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous <span class="nobold">(299–359 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_(geology)" title="Mississippian (geology)">Mississippian (323–359 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian <span class="nobold">(359–419 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Devonian">Late (359–383 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Devonian" title="Middle Devonian">Middle (383–393 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Devonian" title="Early Devonian">Early (393–419 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian <span class="nobold">(419–444 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pridoli_Epoch" title="Pridoli Epoch">Pridoli (419–423 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Epoch" title="Ludlow Epoch">Ludlow (423–427 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenlock_Epoch" title="Wenlock Epoch">Wenlock (427–433 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llandovery_Epoch" title="Llandovery Epoch">Llandovery (433–444 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician <span class="nobold">(444–485 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ordovician" title="Late Ordovician">Late (444–458 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ordovician" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ordovician">Middle (458–470 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Ordovician" title="Early Ordovician">Early (470–485 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian <span class="nobold">(485–539 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furongian" title="Furongian">Furongian (485–497 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaolingian" title="Miaolingian">Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Series_2" title="Cambrian Series 2">Series 2 (509–521 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terreneuvian" title="Terreneuvian">Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic Eon<br /><span class="nobold">(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(539 Ma–1 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonian" title="Tonian">Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Mesoproterozoic" title="Mesoproterozoic">Mesoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(1–1.6 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenian" title="Stenian">Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectasian" title="Ectasian">Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calymmian" title="Calymmian">Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoic" title="Paleoproterozoic">Paleoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(1.6–2.5 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statherian" title="Statherian">Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosirian" title="Orosirian">Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyacian" title="Rhyacian">Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderian" title="Siderian">Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean Eon <span class="nobold">(2.5–4 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoarchean" title="Neoarchean">Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoarchean" title="Mesoarchean">Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoarchean" title="Paleoarchean">Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoarchean" title="Eoarchean">Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hadean Eon <span class="nobold">(4–4.6 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">ka</a> = kiloannum (thousand years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a> = megaannum (million years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ga</a> = gigaannum (billion years ago).<br /> <i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a>  •  <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/16px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" 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