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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Armenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Cyprus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Serbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Various" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Various"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1</span> <span>Various</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Various-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_&_military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_&_military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.2</span> <span>Government & military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_&_military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.3</span> <span>Writers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Asia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Lebanon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Africa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Africa subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_African_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_African_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Central African Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_African_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(Zaire)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(Zaire)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(Zaire)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gabon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gabon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Gabon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gabon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ivory_Coast_(Côte_d'Ivoire)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ivory_Coast_(Côte_d'Ivoire)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ivory_Coast_(Côte_d'Ivoire)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senegal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senegal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Senegal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senegal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-North_America-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle North America subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Haiti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Historical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Various_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Various_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Various</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Various_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Actors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Actors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Actors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Actors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.4</span> <span>Business</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Oceania subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Francophile</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84" title="فرانكوفيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرانكوفيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francofilia" title="Francofilia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Francofilia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankofilie" title="Frankofilie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Frankofilie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankophilie" title="Frankophilie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frankophilie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francofilia" title="Francofilia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Francofilia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="فرانسه‌دوست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانسه‌دوست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francophilie" title="Francophilie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Francophilie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="פרנקופיליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרנקופיליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%AA%E4%BB%8F" title="親仏 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="親仏" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankofili" title="Frankofili – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frankofili" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francofilia" title="Francofilia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Francofilia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Галломания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Галломания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankofil" title="Frankofil – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Frankofil" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankofiili" title="Frankofiili – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Frankofiili" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankofil" title="Frankofil – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frankofil" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Франкофілія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Франкофілія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Strong interest in or love of French people, culture, and history</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francophile_restaurant.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Francophile_restaurant.JPG/300px-Francophile_restaurant.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Francophile_restaurant.JPG/450px-Francophile_restaurant.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Francophile_restaurant.JPG/600px-Francophile_restaurant.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>Francophile restaurant in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>Francophile</b> is a person who has a strong affinity towards any or all of the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">French culture</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French people</a>. That affinity may include France itself or its history, language, <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">literature</a>, etc. The term "Francophile" can be contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Francophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophobia">Francophobe</a> (or Gallophobe), someone who shows hatred or other forms of negative feelings towards all that is French. </p><p>A Francophile may enjoy French artists (such as <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Pierre-Auguste Renoir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Edgar Degas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a>); authors and poets (such as <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a>), musicians (such as <a href="/wiki/Daft_Punk" title="Daft Punk">Daft Punk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Jarre" title="Jean-Michel Jarre">Jean-Michel Jarre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serge_Gainsbourg" title="Serge Gainsbourg">Serge Gainsbourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89dith_Piaf" title="Édith Piaf">Édith Piaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Hallyday" title="Johnny Hallyday">Johnny Hallyday</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carla_Bruni" title="Carla Bruni">Carla Bruni</a>), filmmakers (such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Jean-Luc Godard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">François Truffaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bresson" title="Robert Bresson">Robert Bresson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Melville" title="Jean-Pierre Melville">Jean-Pierre Melville</a>), and cuisine (such as <a href="/wiki/Baguettes" class="mw-redirect" title="Baguettes">baguettes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croissants" class="mw-redirect" title="Croissants">croissants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frog_legs" title="Frog legs">frog legs</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_cheeses" title="List of French cheeses">French cheeses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">French wine</a>). Francophilia often arises in former <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonies</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elite</a> spoke French and adopted many French habits. In other European countries such as <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, French culture has also long been popular among the <a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">upper class</a>. Historically, Francophilia has been associated with supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> during and after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> uprisings challenged the <a href="/wiki/Autocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocratic">autocratic</a> regimes of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenia">Armenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Armenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Armenia–France relations">Armenia–France relations</a></div> <p>The Armenians of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a> welcomed the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a>, or <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> as fellow <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>. There was much exchange, and the last dynasty to rule Armenian <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lusignan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusignan">Lusignans</a> (who ruled <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a>), was of French origin. </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, many Armenian manuscripts were taken into the National Library of France. <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and Armenian characters are featured in the works of <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Rousseau</a>. The first instance of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_studies" title="Armenian studies">Armenian studies</a> began with the creation of an Armenian department in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Oriental_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School of Oriental languages (page does not exist)">School of Oriental languages</a>, at the initiative of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>. </p><p>An important figure of Armenian Francophilia was that of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stepan_Vosganian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stepan Vosganian (page does not exist)">Stepan Vosganian</a> (1825–1901). Arguably the first Armenian "intellectual" and literary critic, Vosganian "represents the prototype of a long line of Armenian intellectuals nurtured in and identified with European, and particularly French, culture". Educated in Paris, he was a champion of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivist</a> philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a>, and he took part in the French <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1848" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French political classes were on the whole supportive of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_national_movement" title="Armenian national movement">Armenian national movement</a>. The French–Armenian Agreement (1916) was a political and military accord to create the <a href="/wiki/French_Armenian_Legion" title="French Armenian Legion">Armenian Legion</a> in the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> to fight on the Allied side of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, in return for promises of recognition of Armenian independence. The Armenian Legion engaged successfully in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, particularly at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arara" title="Battle of Arara">Battle of Arara</a> and during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Francophilia or <i><a href="/wiki/Rattachism" title="Rattachism">Rattachism</a></i> is a marginal political ideology in some parts of Belgium. Rattachism would mean the incorporation of French-speaking Belgium, <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a> (and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>; more rarely of entire Belgium) into <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. This movement has existed since the <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian state</a> came into existence in 1830. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Manifesto_for_Walloon_culture" title="Manifesto for Walloon culture">Manifesto for Walloon culture</a> of 1983<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> relaunched in 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a series of discussions witnessed a will of <a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">emancipation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyprus">Cyprus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cyprus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cyprus-France_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus-France relations">Cyprus-France relations</a></div> <p>The establishment of the Crusader <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Kingdom of Cyprus</a>, in 1192, was the beginning of intense French influence on the island for the next three centuries. That influence, which touched almost every aspect of life on the island, would endure even after the end of <a href="/wiki/Lusignan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusignan">Lusignan</a> domination. It survives as part of <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypriot culture">Cypriot culture</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Cyprus">Republic of Cyprus</a> became an associate member of the <a href="/wiki/Francophonie" title="Francophonie">Francophonie</a> in 2006. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/France-Germany_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="France-Germany relations">France-Germany relations</a></div> <p>In the 18th century, French was the language of German elites. A notable Francophile was King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a> of Prussia or Frédéric as he preferred to call himself. Frederick spoke and wrote notably better French than he did German, and all of his books were written in French, a choice of language that was of considerable embarrassment to German nationalists in the 19th and 20th centuries when Frederick became the preeminent German national hero.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One source noted: "Nor did Frederick have any time for German cultural chauvinism. As an ardent Francophile in matters literary and artistic, he took a low view of the German language, spoke it imperfectly himself, and once boasted that he had not read a book in German since his early youth. His preferences in music, art and architecture were overwhelmingly Italian and French".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French <i>philosophe</i> <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> when he visited Berlin to meet his admirer Frederick noted that everyone at the Prussian Court spoke the most exquisite French and German was only used when addressing servants and soldiers. Another German Francophile was King <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig II of Bavaria">Ludwig II of Bavaria</a>, a.k.a. "Mad King Ludwig". Ludwig felt a great deal of affinity for King Louis XIV of France, the "Sun King" and liked to call himself the "Moon King" to suggest a parallel between himself and his hero. Ludwig loved to collect memorabilia relating to Louis and his <a href="/wiki/Linderhof_Palace" title="Linderhof Palace">Linderhof Palace</a> was modelled after the Palace of Trianon.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An even more striking example of Ludwig's architectural Francophilia was the Palace of <a href="/wiki/Herrenchiemsee" title="Herrenchiemsee">Herrenchiemsee</a>, which was a copy of the Palace of Versailles.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="France–Italy relations">France–Italy relations</a></div> <p>The Norman conquest of southern Italy lasted from 999 to 1139. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Joseph de Maistre</a> was an Italian writer and an Francophile. He is more well known in France then in Italy, despite his opposition to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a> is another Italian writer who was a Francophile. He admired the French for their anti-fascism and role in the de-Nazification of Germany and Austria.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> has a long and deeply entrenched tradition of Francophilia beginning after the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</a> periods.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lucian_Boia_2001,_p.160_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucian_Boia_2001,_p.160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No doubt the most famous contemporary Romanian Francophile is <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Weber" title="Eugen Weber">Eugen Weber</a> (1925–2007), a prodigious author and lecturer in Romania on <a href="/wiki/French_history" class="mw-redirect" title="French history">French history</a>. In his book "My France: politics, culture, myth", he writes: "Social relations, manners, attitudes that others had to learn from books, I lived in my early years. Romanian francophilia, Romanian francophony.... Many Romanians, in my day, dreamed of France; not many got there".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the efforts to build Romania into a modern nation-state, with a national language and common national heritage, in the 19th century, the Romanian language was deliberately reoriented to its Latin heritage by a steady import of French neologisms suited to contemporary civilization and culture. "For ordinary Romanians, keen on the idea of the Latin roots of their language, 'Romance' meant 'French.'"<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An estimated 39% of Romanian vocabulary consists of borrowings from French, with an estimated 20% of "everyday" Romanian vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boia writes: "Once launched on the road of Westernization, the Romanian elite threw itself into the arms of France, the great Latin sister in the West. When we speak of the Western model, what is to be understood is first and foremost the French model, which comes far ahead of the other Western reference points."<sup id="cite_ref-Lucian_Boia_2001,_p.160_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucian_Boia_2001,_p.160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He quotes no less than the leading Romanian politician <a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Dr%C4%83ghicescu" title="Dimitrie Drăghicescu">Dimitrie Drăghicescu</a>, writing in 1907: "As the nations of Europe acquire their definitive borders and their social life becomes elaborated and crystallized within the precise limits of these borders, so their spiritual accomplishments will approach those of the French, and the immaterial substance of their souls will take on the luminous clarity, the smoothness and brilliance of the French mentality."<sup id="cite_ref-Lucian_Boia_2001,_p.160_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucian_Boia_2001,_p.160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> was rebuilt in the style of Paris in the 19th century, giving the city the nickname the "Paris of the East".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other notable Romanian Francophiles include <a href="/wiki/Georges_Enesco" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges Enesco">Georges Enesco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i" title="Constantin Brâncuși">Constantin Brâncuși</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Emil Cioran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco">Eugène Ionesco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>18th and 19th century Russian Francophilia is familiar to many from <a href="/wiki/Tolstoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina" title="Anna Karenina">Anna Karenina</a></i>, and his characters from the Russian aristocracy converse in French and give themselves French names. At the time, the language of diplomacy and higher education across much of Europe was French. Russia, recently "modernized", or "Westernized", by the rule of sovereigns from <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> to <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> was no exception. The Russian elite, in the early 18th century, was educated in the French tradition and made a conscious effort to imitate the manners of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. Their descendants, a generation or two later, were no longer "imitating" French customs but grew up with them, and the strong impact of the French culture on Russian upper and even middle classes was evident, on a smaller scale than in the 18th century, until the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution of 1917">Revolution of 1917</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbia">Serbia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Serbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_to_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Monument_to_France.jpg/220px-Monument_to_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Monument_to_France.jpg/330px-Monument_to_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Monument_to_France.jpg/440px-Monument_to_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Monument of gratitude to France for help in World War I in center of <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Fortress" title="Belgrade Fortress">Belgrade Fortress</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest documented possible contact between the two sides was the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Uro%C5%A1_I_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Uroš I of Serbia">Stephen Uroš I of Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Anjou" title="Helen of Anjou">Helen of Anjou</a> in the 13th century. </p><p>The first important contacts of <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> came only in the 19th century, when the first French travel writers wrote about their travels to Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-doiserbia.nb.rs_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doiserbia.nb.rs-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time <a href="/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91e_Petrovi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Karađorđe Petrović">Karađorđe Petrović</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Revolution" title="Serbian Revolution">Serbian Revolution</a>, sent a letter to <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> expressing his admiration. On the other hand, in the <a href="/wiki/French_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="French parliament">French parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> asked France to assist in protecting Serbia and the Serbian population from <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> crimes. Diplomatic relations with France were established on 18 January 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rapid development of bilateral relations done that people in Serbia in "mighty France" seen great new friend that will protect them from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgs">Habsburgs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-doiserbia.nb.rs_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doiserbia.nb.rs-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations between <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and France would go upwards until the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, when the "common struggle" against a common enemy would reach its peak. Before the war, France would win sympathy of local population by building railways by opening of French schools and a consulate and a Bank. Several Serbian kings were at universities in Paris as well as a large part of the future diplomats.<sup id="cite_ref-doiserbia.nb.rs_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doiserbia.nb.rs-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serbs have built a sense of Francophilia because the activities moved them away from the Ottoman and Habsburg Empires.<sup id="cite_ref-doiserbia.nb.rs_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doiserbia.nb.rs-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Serbs until 1914, French have become major allies what were even a threat for traditional inclination towards Russia. The great humanitarian and military assistance that France sent to Serbia during First World War, assistance in the evacuation of children, civilians and military at the end, and the support of French newspaper headlines even today are deeply ingrained in the collective consciousness of large number of Serbs.<sup id="cite_ref-doiserbia.nb.rs_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doiserbia.nb.rs-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable Serbian Francophiles include <a href="/wiki/Ilija_Gara%C5%A1anin" title="Ilija Garašanin">Ilija Garašanin</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sava_%C5%A0umanovi%C4%87" title="Sava Šumanović">Sava Šumanović</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afrancesado" title="Afrancesado">Afrancesado</a></div> <p>Between 1700 and the mid 20th century, francophilia played a major role in Spain both culturally and politically, comparable to the <a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a>-<a href="/wiki/Americanization" title="Americanization">Americanophilia</a> that emerged in the second half of the 20th century. Francophilia was closely linked both to a cultural appreciation for French civilisation, but also to a desire to see France (or a certain interpretation of France) as a political model. Often rival groups in Spain, clashing over their desired political vision, would each turn to a different French example to legitimise their arguments. </p><p>Francophilia in Spain can be documented from at least the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon monarchy</a> in 1700, when the political model associated with <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, that of the centralised Catholic <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>, was developed under his grandson king <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a> of Spain. During this period France served as a model for the monarchy's political and administrative reforms, as well as cultural and intellectual inspiration: the <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia">Real Academia</a> for instance, was founded on the model of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie Française">Académie Française</a>. </p><p>During the second half of the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Spanish supporters</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="French Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> were inspired by ideas from France earning them the name "<a href="/wiki/Afrancesado" title="Afrancesado">Afrancesado</a>" (lit. "turned-French"). These sought to remake Spanish institutions, society and culture on <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">constitutionalist</a> grounds, drawing strongly from the example of the <a href="/wiki/Philosophes" title="Philosophes">Philosophes</a>. The term later acquired a political dimension following the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>'s <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a>, as reformers sought to implement their goals through two rival political models: a <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">constitutional liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacobinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobinism">Jacobinism</a> inspired by the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First French Republic</a>, giving rise to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Constitution of Cádiz</a> (1812) or a more Napoleonic Enlightenment monarchy during the French <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">occupation of</a> Iberia and the <a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Constitution of Bayonne</a> (1808). A third group, seeking to restore the absolute monarchy under <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII</a>, also looked to counterrevolutionary France for inspiration and encouragement, culminating in the military assistance of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Thousand_Sons_of_Saint_Louis" title="Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis">Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis</a>. </p><p>In the mid 19th century, francophiles such as <a href="/wiki/Javier_de_Burgos" title="Javier de Burgos">Javier de Burgos</a> introduced liberal administrative reforms of the restored Spanish monarchy, modelled on the French administrative reforms of <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Napoleon</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a>. During the 19th century, Spanish political movements were also strongly inspired by ideologies popular in France, such as <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radicalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a> on the left, as well as right-wing ideologies such as <a href="/wiki/Doctrinaires" title="Doctrinaires">doctrinaire liberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orleanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleanism">Constitutional monarchism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">bonapartism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a>-<a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Republic</a> the democratic regime's governing class were in general strongly francophile and inspired by <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Republicanism in France">French republicanism</a>, with the cultural and political attachment of figures such as <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Lerroux" title="Alejandro Lerroux">Alejandro Lerroux</a> or <a href="/wiki/Niceto_Alcal%C3%A1-Zamora" title="Niceto Alcalá-Zamora">Niceto Alcalà-Zamora</a> making Spain a close diplomatic ally of the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a>. </p><p>Growing disappointments in French democrats' support and a sense of French political and cultural decline, during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoism</a>, meant that francophilia in Spain generally declined. Consequently, from the mid-20th-century Spanish elites were generally more likely to express political <a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a> and cultural <a href="/wiki/Americanization" title="Americanization">Americanophilia</a> than francophilia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Various">Various</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Various"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Montagu,_1st_Duke_of_Montagu" title="Ralph Montagu, 1st Duke of Montagu">Ralph Montagu, 1st Duke of Montagu</a> was an "enthusiastic Francophile" who employed Huguenot craftsmen to create the French style <a href="/wiki/Boughton_House" title="Boughton House">Boughton House</a> in Northamptonshire, where French was the preferred language spoken on the house grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The future war hero <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Herbert Kitchener</a> was a Francophile who violated the Foreign Enlistment Act by serving as an ambulance driver in the French Army during the Franco-German War of 1870–72.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the resort city of Dieppe was regularly visited by "ardent Francophiles" like <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Symons" title="Arthur Symons">Arthur Symons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Dowson" title="Ernest Dowson">Ernest Dowson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Beardsley" title="Aubrey Beardsley">Aubrey Beardsley</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Moore_(novelist)" title="George Moore (novelist)">George Moore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Colonel <a href="/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">T. E. Lawrence</a>, a.k.a. "Lawrence of Arabia" is often depicted as a Francophobe, but the French historian Maurice Larès wrote that far from being a Francophobe as he is usually depicted in France, Lawrence was really a Francophile.<sup id="cite_ref-Larès_pages_220-242_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larès_pages_220-242-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larès wrote: "But we should note that a man rarely devotes much of his time and effort to the study of a language and of the literature of a people he hates, unless this is in order to work for its destruction (Eichmann's behavior may be an instance of this), which was clearly not Lawrence's case. Had Lawrence really disliked the French, would he, even for financial reasons, have translated French novels into English? The quality of his translation of <i>Le Gigantesque</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Forest_Giant" title="The Forest Giant">The Forest Giant</a></i>) reveals not only his conscientiousness as an artist but also a knowledge of French that can scarcely have derived from unfriendly feelings".<sup id="cite_ref-Larès_pages_220-242_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larès_pages_220-242-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government_&_military"><span id="Government_.26_military"></span>Government & military</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Government & military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Vere_Ferrers_Townshend" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Vere Ferrers Townshend">Charles Vere Ferrers Townshend</a> was a Francophile who liked to be addressed as ""Alphonse" and whose "Frenchified" manners often annoyed his colleagues.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diplomat Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Vansittart,_1st_Baron_Vansittart" title="Robert Vansittart, 1st Baron Vansittart">Robert "Van" Vansittart</a> was a passionate Francophile who worked as a successful playwright in Paris before entering the Foreign Office.<sup id="cite_ref-Doerr,_Paul_page_137_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doerr,_Paul_page_137-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vansittart always explained his Francophilia and Germanophobia under the grounds that as young man living in Europe the French were always kind to him while the Germans were cruel.<sup id="cite_ref-Doerr,_Paul_page_137_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doerr,_Paul_page_137-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The British Army officer and Conservative MP General Sir <a href="/wiki/Edward_Spears" title="Edward Spears">Edward Spears</a> was a Francophile who as a fluent French-speaker served as a liaison officer between the French and British armies in both world wars. Spears was also an opponent of appeasement who founded the Anglo-French Parliamentary Association to bring together like-minded members of the French National Assembly and the British Parliament.</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> was a Francophile who often expressed his admiration for France though the French historian <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Kersaudy" title="François Kersaudy">François Kersaudy</a> noted that Churchill's attempts to speak French usually left the French very confused as to what he was trying to say as Churchill's French was atrocious.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churchill often spoke of his love of the French, writing that Marshal Foch represented one aspect of France, "...the France, whose grace and culture, whose etiquette and ceremonial have bestowed its gifts around the world. There was the France of chivalry, the France of Versailles and above all, the France of Joan of Arc".<sup id="cite_ref-Kersaudy,_François_page_26_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kersaudy,_François_page_26-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kersaudy called Churchill France's most "forceful and vocal champion" in interwar Britain, a time when many people saw the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> as a vindictive, French-engineered treaty which was too harsh towards Germany, and accordingly Francophobia flourished among circles in Britain in favor of revising Versailles to remove some of the restrictions placed upon the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kersaudy,_François_page_26_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kersaudy,_François_page_26-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It was frequently observed of Sir <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a>, the Francophile Foreign Secretary 1924-29 that he "loved France like a woman, for her defects and her qualities", an aspect of his personality that Chamberlain was often attacked for.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Conservative MP <a href="/wiki/Duff_Cooper" title="Duff Cooper">Alfred Duff Cooper</a> was in the words of the historian P.H Bell such a "devoted Francophile" that his time as British ambassador to France that he often tried the patience of the Foreign Office by going well beyond his instructions to maintain good relations with France by trying to create an Anglo-French alliance that would dominate post-war Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell,_P.H_page_72_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell,_P.H_page_72-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bell also called Sir <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a> a strong "Francophile" noted for his efforts as Foreign Secretary to reviving France as a great power during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell,_P.H_page_72_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell,_P.H_page_72-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The novelist <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Mitford" title="Nancy Mitford">Nancy Mitford</a> was a great Francophile who lived in Paris from 1946 until her death in 1973, and from 1943 onwards she served as the long-time mistress of <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Palewski" title="Gaston Palewski">Gaston Palewski</a>, the right-hand man of General de Gaulle.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actress <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Rampling" title="Charlotte Rampling">Charlotte Rampling</a> who speaks French and often appears in French films calls herself a Francophile.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actress <a href="/wiki/Kristin_Scott_Thomas" title="Kristin Scott Thomas">Kristin Scott Thomas</a> is a noted Francophile who lives in Paris and often tried to interest her countrymen in French culture.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Writers">Writers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Writers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The classicist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a> was fluent in French as he was spent part of his youth in Lausanne, was greatly influenced by the French Enlightenment and was so influenced by French culture that has often been described as being "bi-cultural".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> was also fluent in French and was influenced by the French Enlightenment. He despised British culture and strongly preferred speaking French to English. He is loved in France, where he is known as "Le Bon Hume".</li> <li>The writer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> was a Francophile who often vacationed in France and in a speech delivered in Paris in 1846 in French called the French "the first people in the universe".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Another British Francophile was the writer <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>, who argued very strongly after World War I for an Anglo-French alliance to uphold the peace, calling Britain and France in 1920 the "twin fortresses of European civilization".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The playwright <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a> was describe as an "ardent Francophile" who spent much of his time in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the better known Francophiles during this period was King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> who during his time as Prince of Wales lived for much of the time in France.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The writer <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Mortimer" title="Raymond Mortimer">Raymond Mortimer</a> was such a Francophile that he broke down in tears when he heard France had signed an armistice with Nazi Germany on 21 June 1940, saying it was if half of England had just fallen into the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell,_P.H_page_22_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell,_P.H_page_22-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Francophile writer and historian <a href="/wiki/Denis_William_Brogan" title="Denis William Brogan">Denis William Brogan</a> wrote after hearing of the armistice of 1940 that he very much looked forward to the day when the "eternal France" which he loved would return.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell,_P.H_page_22_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell,_P.H_page_22-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Francophile novelist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Langbridge_Morgan" title="Charles Langbridge Morgan">Charles Langbridge Morgan</a> dedicated his 1940 novel <i>The Voyage</i> to two French friends, writing "France is an ideal necessary for civilization and will live again when tyranny is spent".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The writer, diplomat and National Labour MP <a href="/wiki/Harold_Nicolson" title="Harold Nicolson">Harold Nicolson</a> was a Francophile who when he visited France for the first time in five years in March 1945, he fell to kiss the earth upon landing in France.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell,_P.H_page_66_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell,_P.H_page_66-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a Frenchman asked the prostrate Nicolson "<i>Monsieur a laissé tomber quelque-chose?</i>" ("Sir, have you dropped something?"), Nicolson replied "<i>Non, j'ai retrouvé quelque-chose</i>" (No, I have recovered something").<sup id="cite_ref-Bell,_P.H_page_66_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell,_P.H_page_66-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia">Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with much of the Western world and the Middle East at the time, Francophilia was quite common in Iran in the 19th century, and even so more in the 20th century. In Iran, many key politicians and diplomats of the 20th century were French-educated or avid Francophiles. Among them <a href="/wiki/Teymur_Bakhtiar" title="Teymur Bakhtiar">Teymur Bakhtiar</a>, the founder of the Iranian intelligence agency, <a href="/wiki/SAVAK" title="SAVAK">SAVAK</a>; <a href="/wiki/Amir-Abbas_Hoveida" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir-Abbas Hoveida">Amir-Abbas Hoveida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iran" title="Prime Minister of Iran">Prime Minister of Iran</a> from 1965 to 1977; <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Pakravan" title="Hassan Pakravan">Hassan Pakravan</a>, a diplomat and intelligence figure; <a href="/wiki/Nader_Jahanbani" title="Nader Jahanbani">Nader Jahanbani</a>, <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a> under the last <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a>; and Abdullah Entezam-Saltaneh, another famous diplomat to the West. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prince <a href="/wiki/Saionji_Kinmochi" title="Saionji Kinmochi">Saionji Kinmochi</a>, a <i>genro</i> (elder statesmen) was educated in France, where he received a law degree at the Sorbonne.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In words of the Canadian historian <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Macmillan" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Macmillan">Margaret Macmillan</a>, Saionji "...loved the French, their culture and their liberal traditions. He even spoke French in his sleep. To the end of his life, he drank Vichy water and wore Houbigant cologne, which had to be imported specially for him".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prince Saionji was merely an extreme case of the Francophilia that characterized Meiji Japan. The Justice Minister, <a href="/wiki/Et%C5%8D_Shimpei" class="mw-redirect" title="Etō Shimpei">Etō Shimpei</a> was an admirer of the French who modeled the legal and administrative systems together with the police force after that of France.<sup id="cite_ref-Sim,_Richard_page_258_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sim,_Richard_page_258-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A French lawyer <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Boissonade" title="Gustave Boissonade">Gustave Boissonade</a> was recruited to draft the Japanese legal code, which is why the Japanese legal code today very closely resembles the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Napoleonic Code</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another French lawyer, Prosper Gambet-Gross served as the special advisor to <a href="/wiki/Kawaji_Toshiyoshi" title="Kawaji Toshiyoshi">Kawaji Toshiyoshi</a> who created a French-style police force for Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Sim,_Richard_page_258_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sim,_Richard_page_258-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese educational system from 1872 onward was modeled after the French educational system and in the same year Japan was divided into prefectures as the French administrative system was considered by the Japanese to be the best in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Sim,_Richard_page_258_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sim,_Richard_page_258-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese received a French military mission in 1870 to train their army as the French Army was considered the best in the world. After France's defeat in the war of 1870–71, the Japanese sent the French military mission home, to be replaced by a German military mission. </p><p> The Japanese writer <a href="/wiki/Kaf%C5%AB_Nagai" title="Kafū Nagai">Kafū Nagai</a> wrote after visiting France: </p><blockquote><p>"No matter how much I wanted to sing Western songs, they were all very difficult. Had I, born in Japan, no choice but to sing Japanese songs? Was there a Japanese song that expressed my present sentiment -- a traveler who had immersed himself in love and the arts in France but was now going back to the extreme end of the Orient where only death would follow monotonous life? . . . I felt totally forsaken. I belonged to a nation that had no music to express swelling emotions and agonized feelings."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lebanon">Lebanon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Lebanon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, Francophilia is very common among the <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronites</a> who have since the 19th century viewed the French as their "guardian angels", their special protectors and friends in their struggles against the Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/1860_Mount_Lebanon_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 Mount Lebanon civil war">In 1860</a>, the French intervened to put a stop to the massacres of the Maronites by the Muslims and the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> which were being permitted by the Ottoman authorities, earning them the lasting thanks of the Maronites. Starting in the 19th century, much of the Maronite elite was educated at <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Schools">schools</a> in France, making the Maronites one of the most ardently Francophile groups in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufman_pages_1-28_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufman_pages_1-28-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lebanese writer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Corm" title="Charles Corm">Charles Corm</a> in a series of poems in French published after World War I portrayed the Lebanese as a "Phoenician" people whose <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and Francophilia made them part of the West and who had nothing to do either with the Arabs or Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufman_pages_1-28_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufman_pages_1-28-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">Franco-Ottoman alliance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pouqueville" title="François Pouqueville">François Pouqueville</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a> first arose in <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> with <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Postel" title="Guillaume Postel">Guillaume Postel</a> and the French Embassy to the court of the Ottoman Sultan <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, when <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_IV" title="Mehmed IV">Mehmed IV</a> sent the ambassador <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCteferrika_S%C3%BCleyman_A%C4%9Fa" class="mw-redirect" title="Müteferrika Süleyman Ağa">Müteferrika Süleyman Ağa</a> to the court of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> in 1669, it caused a sensation that triggered the <a href="/wiki/Turquerie" title="Turquerie">Turquerie</a> fashion craze in France and then the rest of Western Europe, which lasted until well into the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> granted <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> special privileges on account of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">Franco-Ottoman alliance</a>. French mercantilism was protected, French subjects were exempt from the taxes and tributes normally required of Christian residents of the Empire, no French subjects could be taken into Ottoman slavery and French subjects were granted full freedom of worship. Thus, France became the unofficial protector of all Catholics in the East.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 18th and 19th centuries, French influence increased in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a> and customs penetrated deep into the Ottoman learned classes and aristocracy; French was the preferred second language, rich Ottomans sent their children to school and universities in France and the Western "<a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>" was associated with French culture.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> continues to have many <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> loanwords that were adopted in this period, and 5,350 Turkish words are of French origin, according to the Turkish Language Society, one eighth of a standard dictionary<sup id="cite_ref-hurriyetdailynews.com_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hurriyetdailynews.com-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See <a href="/wiki/List_of_replaced_loanwords_in_Turkish#Loanwords_of_French_origin" title="List of replaced loanwords in Turkish">List of replaced loanwords in Turkish#Loanwords of French origin</a>.). <a href="/wiki/Francophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophilia">Francophilia</a> still exists to a rather limited extent in modern Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-hurriyetdailynews.com_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hurriyetdailynews.com-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vestiges of the 19th and early 20th century Francophilia include the famous <a href="/wiki/Pera_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Pera Palace">Pera Palace</a> hotel in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and its ideals of "Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity" inspired many secular and progressive movements in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkey">Ottoman Turkey</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Turk">Young Turk</a> movement that would go on to create the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s breaking of the age-old Franco-Ottoman alliance by conquering <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>-controlled <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> also had an effect.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali the Great</a>, who became the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Vali_(governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vali (governor)"><i>vali</i></a> (governor) of Egypt in 1805 and ruled as a <i>de facto</i> independent ruler until his death in 1848 had been strongly impressed with the Napoleon's <i>Armée d'Orient</i>, and imported French veterans of the Napoleonic wars to train his army.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell,_Mona_page_205_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell,_Mona_page_205-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egypt was very much in the French sphere of influence politically, economically and culturally in the 19th century, and French was the preferred language of Egypt's elites right up to the 1952 revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell,_Mona_page_205_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell,_Mona_page_205-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the court of the Khedive <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'il Pasha">Isma'il Pasha</a> of Egypt, better known as Isma'il the Magnificent the languages used were French and Turkish.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reflecting his Francophilia, the French-educated Isma'il emulated <a href="/wiki/Georges-Eug%C3%A8ne_Haussmann" title="Georges-Eugène Haussmann">Baron Haussmann</a> by tearing down much of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> to rebuild it in the style of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even today, the architecture of <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cairo" title="Downtown Cairo">downtown Cairo</a> closely resembles that of downtown Paris. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a> applied to work as a kitchen helper on a French merchant steamer in <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Saigon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_cruiser_Latouche-Tr%C3%A9ville" title="French cruiser Latouche-Tréville">Amiral de Latouche-Tréville</a>, using the alias Văn Ba. The ship departed on 5 June 1911 and arrived in Marseille, France on 5 July 1911. The ship then left for <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a>, returning to <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> in mid-September. There, he applied for the French Colonial School but did not succeed. He instead decided to begin traveling the world by working on ships and visiting many countries from 1911 to 1917. While working as the French cook's helper on a ship in 1912, Ho Chi Minh traveled to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. From 1912 to 1913, he may have lived in <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> where he claimed to have worked as a baker at the <a href="/wiki/Parker_House_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Parker House Hotel">Parker House Hotel</a>. He was also one of the founding members of the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> where he organized the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a> independence movement in his homeland of <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> with <a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxist-Leninist</a> ideologies after it was mixed between <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Kingdom of Champa</a> with its long history with India and China. He read the Declaration of Independence of Vietnam on 2 September 1945 after <a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">World War II</a> came to an end with the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> which follows the <a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August General Uprising</a> throughout <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/Indochinese_Communist_Party" title="Indochinese Communist Party">Communist Party of Indochina</a> which will be later known as the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a> (CPV) after his death in 1969. On 2 July 1976, Vietnam was <a href="/wiki/Reunification_Day" title="Reunification Day">reunified</a> as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, with <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> as the capital of the entire region after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a> in 1975. Vietnam was influenced by the Indian-origin religion Buddhism via the strong impact of culture of <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a> as it also considered sacred by many native Vietnamese and Chinese influences with 50,000 ethnic Cham in the south-central coastal area practice a devotional form of Hinduism. Hinduism in Vietnam is associated with the Cham ethnic minority as the first religion of the Champa kingdom was a form of Shaivite Hinduism which is brought by sea from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_African_Republic">Central African Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Central African Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Colonel <a href="/wiki/Jean-B%C3%A9del_Bokassa" title="Jean-Bédel Bokassa">Jean-Bédel Bokassa</a> of the Army of the Central African Republic seized power in 1965 and ruled until he was deposed by French troops in 1979. Bokassa was a great Francophile who maintained extremely close relations with France, often going elephant hunting with the French President <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%E2%80%99Estaing" class="mw-redirect" title="Valéry Giscard d’Estaing">Valéry Giscard d’Estaing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nostalgia_for_a_Nightmare_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nostalgia_for_a_Nightmare-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1977, Bokassa in imitation of his hero Napoleon crowned himself Emperor and renamed his nation the Central African Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Nostalgia_for_a_Nightmare_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nostalgia_for_a_Nightmare-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bokassa was also notorious as one of Africa's most brutal dictators, engaging in cannibalism, becoming so vicious that even the French could not stand supporting his regime anymore and thus the <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">French Foreign Legion</a> deposed the Emperor in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-Nostalgia_for_a_Nightmare_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nostalgia_for_a_Nightmare-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bokassa once nonchalantly told a French diplomat after his overthrow about the banquets he used to organize with the French style cooking that: "You never noticed it, but you ate human flesh."<sup id="cite_ref-Nostalgia_for_a_Nightmare_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nostalgia_for_a_Nightmare-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(Zaire)"><span id="Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_.28Zaire.29"></span>Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a> was also a great francophile as well as <a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Joseph-Désiré Mobutu</a> because of its relations between <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> which was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="Leopold II of Belgium">Leopold II, King of the Belgians</a> when he claimed the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a> before it was reconstituted as a new territory, the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> in 1908. On 30 June 1960, after 75 years of <a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian colonial rule</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a>, The Congo achieved its independence from Belgium, which later renamed as <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a> in 1971, before returning to its original name in 1997 with the <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a>, nicknamed as (<i>Africa's First World War</i>). About half of <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a> residents feel solidarity towards Francophone countries, and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> is seen as important for education and relations with the government. French is the sole official language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gabon">Gabon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Gabon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bongo" title="Omar Bongo">Omar Bongo</a>, the long time dictator of <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> from 1967 until his death in 2009 was described by <i>The Economist</i> in 2016 as "every inch the Francophile" who was very close to successive governments in Paris from the time he came to power until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Economist_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Economist-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, the country declared an intention to add English as a second official language, as Ali Bongo who succeeded his father as president does not share his father's Francophilia.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Economist_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Economist-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was later clarified that the country intended to introduce English as a first foreign language in schools, while keeping French as the general medium of instruction and the sole official language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ivory_Coast_(Côte_d'Ivoire)"><span id="Ivory_Coast_.28C.C3.B4te_d.27Ivoire.29"></span>Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>President <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Houphou%C3%ABt-Boigny" title="Félix Houphouët-Boigny">Félix Houphouët-Boigny</a> of the Côte d'Ivoire was described as a "staunch Francophile" who maintained very close links with France, and successfully insisted that the French name for his country be used instead of the Ivory Coast.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was Houphouet-Boigny who coined the term <i><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7afrique" title="Françafrique">France-Afrique</a></i> (later shortened to <i>Françafrique</i>) to describe the "special relationship" between France and its former African colonies, in which Francophone African nations were in the French political, cultural, military and economic sphere of influence, something which Houphouet-Boigny welcomed, though France's influence in Africa has been highly controversial given that most of the African regimes the French supported have been dictatorships. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senegal">Senegal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Senegal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a> was the first African to become the member of the <i><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie Française">Académie Française</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> after he wrote the memoirs of his native country of <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> as its leader of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7afrique" title="Françafrique">Francophone Africa</a> since it was colonized by <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in 1677 that has located the oldest colonial city of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Louis,_Senegal" title="Saint-Louis, Senegal">Saint-Louis</a> as a trading post. <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a> became the capital of <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a> in 1902, with <a href="/wiki/Louis_Faidherbe" title="Louis Faidherbe">Louis Faidherbe</a> and his black soldiers that once recruited by the French have created <a href="/wiki/Senegalese_Tirailleurs" title="Senegalese Tirailleurs">Senegalese Tirailleurs</a> and transforming the African populations within its sphere into French citizens. Following the end of both <a href="/wiki/Paris_in_World_War_I" title="Paris in World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paris_in_World_War_II" title="Paris in World War II">World War II</a> which led the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">liberation of Paris</a> from the <a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">Nazi regime</a> in August 1944, Senghor became the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Senegal" title="President of Senegal">President of Senegal</a> on 6 September after the country gained independence from France on 4 April 1960, with Dakar as its capital remain. Senghor wrote the national anthem of <a href="/wiki/Le_Lion_rouge" title="Le Lion rouge">Le Lion rouge</a>, meaning (<i>The Red Lion</i>). French is the sole official language of Senegal while <a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a> became the most spoken language in the country, the <a href="/wiki/Radiodiffusion_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_S%C3%A9n%C3%A9galaise" title="Radiodiffusion Télévision Sénégalaise">RTS</a> were broadcast in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and even the money of <a href="/wiki/CFA_franc" title="CFA franc">CFA franc</a> which was created by France as its former colony that is located in Dakar being the sole capital of Francophone Africa as Senegal and France have become both <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="France–Senegal relations">friendships</a> with the currency of <a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc" title="Central African CFA franc">Central African CFA franc</a> remained. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_America">North America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Canada" title="French language in Canada">French language in Canada</a></div> <p>In Canada, the term has two distinct meanings, that of "appreciation of, or support for, France" and, more commonly, "appreciation of, or support for, French as an official language of Canada". With the expansion of <a href="/wiki/French_immersion" title="French immersion">French immersion</a> programs in many schools following the passage of <i><a href="/wiki/Official_Languages_Act_of_1969" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Languages Act of 1969">Official Languages Act of 1969</a></i> which elevated French to an equal official language of the national bureaucracy, many <a href="/wiki/English_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="English Canadian">Anglophone Canadians</a> have developed a greater appreciation for the French culture that is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Canadian identity</a>. Graduates of such programs (and others who speak French as an additional language) are called <i>francophiles</i> in Canada, as opposed to <i><a href="/wiki/Francophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophones">francophones</a></i> which is the term typically reserved for native speakers or near-native fluent speakers of French. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haiti">Haiti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Haiti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Republic of <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> was once the French colony of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> until a successful slave revolt drove the French out. Despite this history, the Haitian elite was traditionally very Francophile to the point that the Haitian writer <a href="/wiki/Jean_Price-Mars" title="Jean Price-Mars">Jean Price-Mars</a> published a book in 1928 <i>Ainsi Parla l'Oncle</i> (So Spoke the Uncle) accusing the elite of <i>bovarysme</i>, of intentionally neglecting and ignoring traditional Haitian folk culture as it had too many West African elements and was not French enough for the elite.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 10% of Haiti's population speak French as their first language while the other 90% speak <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole"><i>Kréyol</i></a> (a mixture of French and various West African languages) that has often been mocked by the Francophile Haitian elite as a bastardized French.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Haiti, the question of whatever one speaks French or <i>Kréyol</i> is racially charged as the elite tended to be of Afro-European ancestry while the masses are black. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>General <a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a> liked to call himself the "Napoleon of the West", and during his rule, the Mexican Army wore uniforms that closely resembled the uniforms of Napoleon's <i>Grande Armée</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, there is great interest in French culture, including French food, art, philosophy, politics, as well as the French lifestyle in general. Historically, French style, particularly that of Paris, has long been considered the height of sophistication by Americans of all social classes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical">Historical</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Historical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">French support of the American Revolution</a> was a significant factor in shaping American's feelings towards France. Prior to that, the French had been seen as rivals for control of North America until their defeat in the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>. With the elimination of France as a major colonial power in North America, the rivalry between American colonists and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a> back home came into focus, and France's role switched to that of a potential ally. </p><p>The pro-French sentiment was probably strengthened by the overthrow of the French monarchy and the creation of a "brother-republic" in France. Notwithstanding the turmoil of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and certain disputes between the two countries (such as the <a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a>), generally good relations continued. During the Napoleonic era, the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>, and the entry of the United States into the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, concurrent with the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, gave the two nations common interests and diplomatic relations blossomed. </p><p>Among the most famous early American Francophiles was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even during the excesses of the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a>, Jefferson refused to disavow the revolution because he was, as Jean Yarbrough wrote, "convinced that the fates of the two republics were indissolubly linked. To back away from France would be to undermine the cause of republicanism in America."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commenting on the continuing revolutions in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, Jefferson predicted that "this ball of liberty, I believe most piously, is now so well in motion that it will roll round the globe, at least the enlightened part of it, for light & liberty go together. it is our glory that we first put it into motion."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jefferson would often sign his letters "Affectionately adieu" and commented late in life "France, freed from that monster, Bonaparte, must again become the most agreeable country on earth."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1995 film <i><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_in_Paris" title="Jefferson in Paris">Jefferson in Paris</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/James_Ivory_(director)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Ivory (director)">James Ivory</a>, recalls the connection. The "staunchly Francophile"<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jefferson and, by extension, his adherents or "<a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonians</a>", were characterized by his political enemies, the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalists</a>, as "decadent, ungodly and immoral Francophiles".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, who spent seven years as the popular <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to France">United States Ambassador to France</a> was also a Francophile.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> Republican Senator <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a> spent his first three grades in a Parisian school and majored in Romance Languages and Literatures at <a href="/wiki/Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard">Harvard</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Cabot Lodge Sr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Sr.</a>, his grandfather, was also a Francophile and befriended <a href="/wiki/Jean_Jules_Jusserand" title="Jean Jules Jusserand">Jean Jules Jusserand</a>, the French Ambassador to the US. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a> was another American founding father that was also a Francophile. He was broadly sympathetic to both the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic wars">Napoleonic wars</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Various_2">Various</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Various"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Americans have studied at art schools in France, including the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_Beaux-Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts">Beaux Arts academy in Paris</a>, the premier institution of its kind in the country. The students and graduated alumni have been deeply influential on American style, particularly during the 19th and the early 20th centuries. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> was a 19th century American writer who was a Francophile. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Lost_Generation#In_literature" title="Lost Generation">1920s</a>, many American intellectuals and writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Hemingway</a> and <a href="/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald" title="F. Scott Fitzgerald">Fitzgerald</a>, moved to Paris, a city that they linked to an idea of happiness.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Americans, including several women, did so as well for various reasons. <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker">Josephine Baker</a> is one of the most prominent of them all, as witnessed in her song <i>J’ai deux amours</i>, in which she proclaimed her love for both USA and Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-parisunlocked1_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parisunlocked1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">WWII</a>, another generation of Americans were attracted by Paris or southern France as well, including painters such as <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Pollock" title="Jackson Pollock">Jackson Pollock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis" title="Sam Francis">Sam Francis</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or future celebrities such as <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jackie Kennedy</a><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who used to live in Paris and are still beloved by French people. Some American politicians have also proclaimed their love for France, and even speak the language. Among them are <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Antony Blinken</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Francophile sentiment in the US was deeply influential on American public opinion and involvement in both <a href="/wiki/World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wars">World Wars</a>. The Francophile filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Preston_Sturges" title="Preston Sturges">Preston Sturges</a> always considered France his "second home" where he spent much of his childhood, was fluent in French and was greatly influenced by the films of his close friend <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Clair" title="René Clair">René Clair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the subject of cuisine, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Child" title="Julia Child">Julia Child</a> is probably the most famous of many Francophile-American chefs and of many American graduates of French cooking-schools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Actors">Actors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Actors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After WWII, Jean Seberg moved to Paris and eventually reached stardom while working there, married two Frenchmen and is buried there.<sup id="cite_ref-parisunlocked1_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parisunlocked1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable francophile actors include <a href="/wiki/Bradley_Cooper" title="Bradley Cooper">Bradley Cooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gordon-Levitt" title="Joseph Gordon-Levitt">Joseph Gordon-Levitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matt_Groening" title="Matt Groening">Matt Groening</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Simon" title="Sam Simon">Sam Simon</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_L._Brooks" title="James L. Brooks">James L. Brooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trey_Parker" title="Trey Parker">Trey Parker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matt_Stone" title="Matt Stone">Matt Stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seth_MacFarlane" title="Seth MacFarlane">Seth MacFarlane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Hicks" title="Bill Hicks">Bill Hicks</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Carlin" title="George Carlin">George Carlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Bill Maher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blake_Lively" title="Blake Lively">Blake Lively</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Portman" title="Natalie Portman">Natalie Portman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molly_Ringwald" title="Molly Ringwald">Molly Ringwald</a>, Steven Gabrielle and Robert Crawford.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The director and actor <a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a> is a Francophile whose films often made references to French cinema, philosophy and novels.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recurring theme in Allen's films is the celebration of Paris as the ideal place for romantic love.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allen's 1982 film <i>A Midsummer Night's Sex Comedy</i> frequently pays homage to the work of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Jean Renoir</a> while Allen has described <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">François Truffaut</a> as his favorite director.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Francophile hero of Allen's 2011 film <i><a href="/wiki/Midnight_in_Paris" title="Midnight in Paris">Midnight in Paris</a></i> Gil Pender bears striking similarities with Allen, leading to reviewers to suggest that the character of Pender is a stand-in for the director-writer.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Business">Business</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Business"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French-American Chamber of Commerce organization has worked to promote business ties between the two countries. A <i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></i> interview has described the <a href="/wiki/Beaujolais_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaujolais (wine)">Beaujolais</a> <a href="/wiki/Wine_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine Festival">Wine Festival</a>, the largest such festival in the US, as a major event for those interested in French culture to mix.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceania">Oceania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Australia is tied to France through history: visit from <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup,_comte_de_Lap%C3%A9rouse" title="Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse">Lapérouse</a> and assistance during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Australian also appreciate and look up to French culture and cuisine. Shops often try to make their name sound French<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a trip to Paris is a common prize in games or often pictured in advertisements. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a> is celebrated in Sydney though a 4-days festival, drawing up to 500,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/France-New_Zealand_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="France-New Zealand relations">France-New Zealand relations</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophobia">Francophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Alliance française">Alliance française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_expressions_in_English" class="mw-redirect" title="List of French expressions in English">List of French expressions in English</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Afrancesado" title="Afrancesado">Afrancesado</a></i>, Spanish Francophiles of the 19th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss%C3%A3o_Art%C3%ADstica_Francesa" title="Missão Artística Francesa">Missão Artística Francesa</a>, French culture mission in Brazil in the 19th and 20th centuries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">Culture of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_possessions_and_colonies" title="List of French possessions and colonies">List of French possessions and colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_France" title="Foreign relations of France">Foreign relations of France</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard G. Hovannisian, "The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times: Foreign dominion to statehood : the fifteenth century to the twentieth century", Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. (p. 156)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.larevuetoudi.org/en/story/manifesto-walloon-culture-1983">Manifesto for Walloon Culture (1983)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173010/http://www.larevuetoudi.org/en/story/manifesto-walloon-culture-1983">Archived</a> March 3, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.larevuetoudi.org/en/story/second-manifest-2003">Second Manifest (2003)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305210456/http://www.larevuetoudi.org/en/story/second-manifest-2003">Archived</a> March 5, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toews, John <i>Becoming Historical Cultural Reformation and Public Memory in Early Nineteenth-Century Berlin</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2004 page 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202003132/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4717134/A-very-complex-king.html">"A Very Complex King For Frederick the Great the battlefield was not the only place to win glory"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. 27 March 1999. 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Kaplan, "Jefferson and France: An Essay on Politics and Political Ideas", Yale University Press, 1980</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald R. Schuckel "The origins of Thomas Jefferson as a Francophile, 1784-1789", Butler University, 1965.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Jefferson, Jean M. Yarbrough, The essential Jefferson, Hackett Publishing, 2006. (p. xx)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Jefferson, Paul Leicester Ford, "The Writings of Thomas Jefferson: 1795-1801", G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1896. (p. 22)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Jefferson, Henry Augustine Washington "The writings of Thomas Jefferson", Taylor & Maury, 1854. (p. 402)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eugene Victor Rostow, "A breakfast for Bonaparte: U.S. national security interests from the Heights of Abraham to the nuclear age" DIANE Publishing, 1992. (p. 116)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. M. Verhoeven, Beth Dolan Kautz, <i>Revolutions & Watersheds: Transatlantic Dialogues, 1775-1815</i>, Rodopi, 1999, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Holmes, <i>The Age of Wonder: The Romantic Generation and the Discovery of the Beauty and Terror of Science</i> (2010), p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopnik2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gopnik, Adam (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41222313">"Americans in Paris"</a>. <i>The American Scholar</i>. <b>73</b> (2): 13–30. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41222313">41222313</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105105434/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41222313">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Scholar&rft.atitle=Americans+in+Paris&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=13-30&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41222313%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gopnik&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41222313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trafalgar.com/real-word/where-to-go-paris-retrace-lost-generation/">"Where to go in Paris to retrace the footsteps of the 1920's 'Lost Generation'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Trafalgar.com. 25 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105115508/https://www.trafalgar.com/real-word/where-to-go-paris-retrace-lost-generation/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+to+go+in+Paris+to+retrace+the+footsteps+of+the+1920%27s+%27Lost+Generation%27&rft.pub=Trafalgar.com&rft.date=2021-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trafalgar.com%2Freal-word%2Fwhere-to-go-paris-retrace-lost-generation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parisunlocked1-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parisunlocked1_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parisunlocked1_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parisunlocked.com/paris-culture/famous-american-women-who-moved-to-paris/">"8 American Women Who Moved to Paris-- & Made History"</a>. 4 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105105437/https://www.parisunlocked.com/paris-culture/famous-american-women-who-moved-to-paris/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=8+American+Women+Who+Moved+to+Paris--+%26+Made+History&rft.date=2021-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parisunlocked.com%2Fparis-culture%2Ffamous-american-women-who-moved-to-paris%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://framemuseums.org/the-united-states-of-abstraction-american-artists-in-france-1946-1964/">"United States of Abstraction, American artists in France, 1946-1964"</a>. Framemuseums.org. 13 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105105437/https://framemuseums.org/the-united-states-of-abstraction-american-artists-in-france-1946-1964/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+of+Abstraction%2C+American+artists+in+France%2C+1946-1964&rft.pub=Framemuseums.org&rft.date=2021-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fframemuseums.org%2Fthe-united-states-of-abstraction-american-artists-in-france-1946-1964%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexpress.fr/styles/vip/de-jackie-kennedy-a-natalie-portman-pourquoi-les-americaines-aiment-paris_1552195.html">"De Jackie Kennedy à Natalie Portman, pourquoi les stars américaines aiment Paris - L'Express Styles"</a>. Lexpress.fr. 19 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105105600/https://www.lexpress.fr/styles/vip/de-jackie-kennedy-a-natalie-portman-pourquoi-les-americaines-aiment-paris_1552195.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+Jackie+Kennedy+%C3%A0+Natalie+Portman%2C+pourquoi+les+stars+am%C3%A9ricaines+aiment+Paris+-+L%27Express+Styles&rft.pub=Lexpress.fr&rft.date=2014-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexpress.fr%2Fstyles%2Fvip%2Fde-jackie-kennedy-a-natalie-portman-pourquoi-les-americaines-aiment-paris_1552195.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemps_de_Lecture_2_min.2013" class="citation web cs1">Temps de Lecture 2 min. (27 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2013/02/27/le-numero-de-charme-en-francais-de-john-kerry_1839923_3222.html">"Le numéro de charme en français de John Kerry"</a>. Lemonde.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105105443/https://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2013/02/27/le-numero-de-charme-en-francais-de-john-kerry_1839923_3222.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+num%C3%A9ro+de+charme+en+fran%C3%A7ais+de+John+Kerry&rft.pub=Lemonde.fr&rft.date=2013-02-27&rft.au=Temps+de+Lecture+2+min.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fameriques%2Farticle%2F2013%2F02%2F27%2Fle-numero-de-charme-en-francais-de-john-kerry_1839923_3222.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancophile" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexpress.fr/actualites/1/monde/antony-blinken-un-secretaire-d-etat-francophone-et-francophile-a-paris_2153545.html">"Antony Blinken, un secrétaire d'Etat francophone et francophile à Paris - L'Express"</a>. Lexpress.fr. 24 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211107055915/https://www.lexpress.fr/actualites/1/monde/antony-blinken-un-secretaire-d-etat-francophone-et-francophile-a-paris_2153545.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antony+Blinken%2C+un+secr%C3%A9taire+d%27Etat+francophone+et+francophile+%C3%A0+Paris+-+L%27Express&rft.pub=Lexpress.fr&rft.date=2021-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexpress.fr%2Factualites%2F1%2Fmonde%2Fantony-blinken-un-secretaire-d-etat-francophone-et-francophile-a-paris_2153545.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Viviani, Christiana "Hail the Conquering Autuer: Preston Sturges in <i>La Revue de cinéma</i>" pages 280-292 from <i>ReFocus: The Films of Preston Sturges</i> edited by Jeff Jaeckle, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2015 pages 280-281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Minute Help Guides, "The Unofficial Blake Lively Biography" (2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Menegaldo, Gilles "Woody Allen and France" from <i>A Companion to Woody Allen</i> pages 53-72edited by Peter J. Bailey and Sam B. Girgus, London: Blackwell, 2013 pages 56-57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Menegaldo, Gilles "Woody Allen and France" from <i>A Companion to Woody Allen</i> pages 53-72 edited by Peter J. Bailey and Sam B. Girgus, London: Blackwell, 2013 pages 54-55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Menegaldo, Gilles "Woody Allen and France" from <i>A Companion to Woody Allen</i> pages 53-72 edited by Peter J. Bailey and Sam B. Girgus, London: Blackwell, 2013 pages 61-62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/18741282">"A Moveable Fest Woody Allen's new film is one of his best"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 26 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170306215546/http://www.economist.com/node/18741282">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=A+Moveable+Fest+Woody+Allen%27s+new+film+is+one+of+his+best&rft.date=2011-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F18741282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130120071441/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/fea/lifetravel/stories/DN-mytown_0125gd.ART.State.Edition1.12e51.html">"Dallasnews.com - News for Dallas, Texas - The Dallas Morning News"</a>. 20 January 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/fea/lifetravel/stories/DN-mytown_0125gd.ART.State.Edition1.12e51.html">the original</a> on 20 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dallasnews.com+-+News+for+Dallas%2C+Texas+-+The+Dallas+Morning+News&rft.date=2013-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dallasnews.com%2Fsharedcontent%2Fdws%2Ffea%2Flifetravel%2Fstories%2FDN-mytown_0125gd.ART.State.Edition1.12e51.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180715041401/http://www.escapetoparis.com/2010/12/no-escaping%E2%80%A6-australian-francophilia/">"No escaping… Australian Francophilia » escape to paris"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escapetoparis.com/2010/12/no-escaping%E2%80%A6-australian-francophilia/">the original</a> on 15 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+escaping%E2%80%A6+Australian+Francophilia+%C2%BB+escape+to+paris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escapetoparis.com%2F2010%2F12%2Fno-escaping%25E2%2580%25A6-australian-francophilia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/music-and-dancing-in-the-streets-bringing-bastille-day-to-sydney-20170712-gx9kdj.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Music and dancing in the streets': Bringing Bastille Day to Sydney"</a>. 13 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180715040157/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/music-and-dancing-in-the-streets-bringing-bastille-day-to-sydney-20170712-gx9kdj.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Music+and+dancing+in+the+streets%27%3A+Bringing+Bastille+Day+to+Sydney&rft.date=2017-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnational%2Fnsw%2Fmusic-and-dancing-in-the-streets-bringing-bastille-day-to-sydney-20170712-gx9kdj.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francophile&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/francophile" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/francophile">francophile</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetfrancophile.com">PlanetFrancophile.com</a> PFr is the next generation of social networking websites dedicated to the international Francophiles. Most notably, PFr empowers the users by giving them control of their confidentiality and privileges settings. Since 1998, PFr has connected Francophiles worldwide on a sophisticated network management platform where your privacy is respected.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.Francophilia.com">Francophilia.com</a> is the world's only English-speaking social network for Francophiles.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090809165906/http://frphilia.com/">FrPhilia.com</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.MyFrenchLife.org">MyFrenchLife.org</a> - My French Life is the world's only social network for French and francophiles wanting to discover France beyond the cliché wherever they live - Magazine . Community . Events . Experiences - Publishing every day - Articles & Interviews in English and French - tips, guides & advice. Established in Melbourne Australia in 2009 offering French speaking events.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Xenophilia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cultural_appreciation" title="Template:Cultural appreciation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cultural_appreciation" title="Template talk:Cultural appreciation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural_appreciation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural appreciation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Xenophilia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Xenophilia" title="Xenophilia">Xenophilia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afrophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrophilia">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptomania_in_the_United_States" title="Egyptomania in the United States">Egyptian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Americanism" title="Pro-Americanism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadaphile" title="Canadaphile">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture" title="Native Americans in German popular culture">Native Americans in Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenophile" title="Armenophile">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophile" title="Sinophile">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelophile" title="Kartvelophile">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indomania" title="Indomania">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persophilia" title="Persophilia">Iranian/Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanophilia" title="Japanophilia">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Wave" title="Korean Wave">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Pro-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkophilia" title="Turkophilia">Turkish/Turkic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europhile" title="Europhile">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanophilia" title="Albanophilia">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrophile" title="Austrophile">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglophile" title="Anglophile">English/British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estophilia" title="Estophilia">Estonian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanophile" title="Germanophile">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_influence_on_Republican_Chile" title="Imperial German influence on Republican Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laconophilia" title="Laconophilia">Spartan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibernophile" title="Hibernophile">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonophile" title="Polonophile">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russophilia" title="Russophilia">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbophilia" title="Serbophilia">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suecophile" title="Suecophile">Swedish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullerby_syndrome" title="Bullerby syndrome">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainophilia" title="Ukrainophilia">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_revival" title="Viking revival">Viking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australophile" title="Australophile">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosemitism" title="Philosemitism">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">Acculturation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Enculturation" title="Enculturation">Enculturation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Racial_fetishism" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial fetishism">Racial fetishism</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francophile&oldid=1258003079">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francophile&oldid=1258003079</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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