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[o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div 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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Cultural components </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_components-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultural components subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Development of popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Political culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Cultural legislation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Contemporary politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationalism_and_protectionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalism_and_protectionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 Nationalism and protectionism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalism_and_protectionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.4 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul 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href="#Public_opinion_data_on_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Public opinion data on culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion_data_on_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Outside views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Canada" title="Category:Culture of Canada">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Culture of Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada"><img alt="Culture of Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Transparentcanadacultureicon.png/130px-Transparentcanadacultureicon.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Transparentcanadacultureicon.png/195px-Transparentcanadacultureicon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Transparentcanadacultureicon.png/260px-Transparentcanadacultureicon.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_folklore" title="Canadian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression_in_Canada" title="Freedom of expression in Canada">Free expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada" title="Public holidays in Canada">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_women" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Canadian women">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Values</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_comics" title="Canadian comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_comics" title="Quebec comics">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Canada" title="List of festivals in Canada">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_humour" title="Canadian humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Law in Canada">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Canada" title="Media of Canada">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Canada" title="Television in Canada">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Canada" title="List of radio stations in Canada">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspapers_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers in Canada">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Canada" title="Internet in Canada">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Canada" title="Video games in Canada">Video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Research</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada#Culture" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_historians" title="List of Canadian historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_studies" title="Canadian studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Surveys</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/14px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/21px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/28px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Canada_sidebar" title="Template:Culture of Canada sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Canada_sidebar" title="Template talk:Culture of Canada sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Canada_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Canada sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maple_leaf_-_panoramio_-_Mario_Hains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Maple_leaf_-_panoramio_-_Mario_Hains.jpg/290px-Maple_leaf_-_panoramio_-_Mario_Hains.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Maple_leaf_-_panoramio_-_Mario_Hains.jpg/435px-Maple_leaf_-_panoramio_-_Mario_Hains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Maple_leaf_-_panoramio_-_Mario_Hains.jpg/580px-Maple_leaf_-_panoramio_-_Mario_Hains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Perhaps the most prominent symbol of Canada, the <a href="/wiki/Maple_leaf" title="Maple leaf">maple leaf</a> has been a de facto symbol since the 1700s.</figcaption></figure> The culture of Canada embodies the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">artistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">culinary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">literary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_humour" title="Canadian humour">humour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">musical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">political</a> and social elements that are representative of Canadians. Throughout Canada's history, its culture has been influenced firstly by its <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples in Canada">indigenous cultures</a>, and later by <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">European culture</a> and traditions, mostly by the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">French</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LoueSajatovic2011-1">[1]</a> Over time, elements of the cultures of Canada's immigrant populations have become incorporated to form a Canadian <a href="/wiki/Cultural_mosaic" title="Cultural mosaic">cultural mosaic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LoueSajatovic2011-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-MagocsiOntario1999vmm-2">[2]</a> Certain segments of Canada's population have, to varying extents, also been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">American culture</a> due to shared language (in English-speaking Canada), significant <a href="/wiki/Media_of_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of United States">media penetration</a>, and geographic proximity.<a href="#cite_note-Development1999-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-RicksMichaels1990-4">[4]</a> Canada is often characterized as being "very <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_diversity" title="Cultural diversity">diverse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">multicultural</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Cotter2011rt-5">[5]</a> Canada's <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">federal government</a> has often been described as the instigator of <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">multicultural</a> ideology because of its public emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="Economic impact of immigration to Canada">social importance of immigration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JohnsonJoseph-Salisbury2018-6">[6]</a> Canada's culture draws from its broad range of constituent nationalities, and policies that promote a <a href="/wiki/Just_society" title="Just society">just society</a> are constitutionally protected.<a href="#cite_note-PettySherbert2006-7">[7]</a> Canadian policies—such as <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">abortion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">euthanasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Legal status of same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">cannabis</a>; an emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Cultural_mosaic" title="Cultural mosaic">cultural diversity</a>; <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">large-scale immigration</a>; abolishing <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Canada" title="Capital punishment in Canada">capital punishment</a>; <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">publicly funded health care</a>; higher and more <a href="/wiki/Income_taxes_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Income taxes in Canada">progressive taxation</a>; efforts to eliminate <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">poverty</a>; and strict <a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun politics in Canada">gun control</a> are social indicators of the country's <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">cultural values</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HollifieldMartin2014b-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-BrickerWright2005-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Canadians identify</a> with the country's institutions of health care, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">military peacekeeping</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Parks_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="National Parks of Canada">national park system</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The Canadian government has influenced culture with programs, laws and institutions. It has created <a href="/wiki/Crown_corporations_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown corporations of Canada">crown corporations</a> to promote Canadian culture through media, such as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (CBC) and the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a> (NFB), and promotes many events which it considers to promote Canadian traditions. It has also tried to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">protect Canadian culture</a> by setting legal minimums on <a href="/wiki/Canadian_content" title="Canadian content">Canadian content</a> in many media using bodies like the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission" title="Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission">Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission</a> (CRTC).<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_components">Cultural components</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Cultural components">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Influences">Influences</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Influences">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History of Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fur_traders_in_canada_1777.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Fur_traders_in_canada_1777.jpg/220px-Fur_traders_in_canada_1777.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Fur_traders_in_canada_1777.jpg/330px-Fur_traders_in_canada_1777.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Fur_traders_in_canada_1777.jpg/440px-Fur_traders_in_canada_1777.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur traders</a> at work as depicted in 1777 by <a href="/wiki/Claude_J._Sauthier" title="Claude J. Sauthier">Claude J. Sauthier</a></figcaption></figure> For thousands of years, Canada has been inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples in Canada">indigenous peoples</a> from a variety of <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas">different cultures</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">several major linguistic groupings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FriesenHarrison2010m-14">[14]</a> Although not without conflict and bloodshed, early European interactions with <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> populations in what is now Canada were arguably peaceful.<a href="#cite_note-Preston2009-15">[15]</a> First Nations and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis people (Canada)">Métis</a> peoples played a critical part in the development of <a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">European colonies in Canada</a>, particularly for their role in assisting European <a href="/wiki/Coureur_des_bois" title="Coureur des bois">coureur des bois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">voyageurs</a> in the exploration of the continent during the <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">North American fur trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miller2009-16">[16]</a> Over the course of three centuries, countless North American Indigenous words, inventions, concepts, and games have become an everyday part of <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Canadian language</a> and use.<a href="#cite_note-Edinburgh-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_place_names_in_Canada_of_aboriginal_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="List of place names in Canada of aboriginal origin">Many places in Canada</a>, both natural features and human habitations, use indigenous names. The <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">name "Canada"</a> itself derives from the <a href="/wiki/Laurentian_language" title="Laurentian language">St. Lawrence Huron-Iroquoian</a> word "Kanata" meaning "village" or "settlement".<a href="#cite_note-places-18">[18]</a> The name of Canada's capital city <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin language</a> term "adawe" meaning "to trade".<a href="#cite_note-places-18">[18]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keep_All_Canadians_Busy_-_Victory_bonds_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Keep_All_Canadians_Busy_-_Victory_bonds_poster.jpg/170px-Keep_All_Canadians_Busy_-_Victory_bonds_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Keep_All_Canadians_Busy_-_Victory_bonds_poster.jpg/255px-Keep_All_Canadians_Busy_-_Victory_bonds_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Keep_All_Canadians_Busy_-_Victory_bonds_poster.jpg/340px-Keep_All_Canadians_Busy_-_Victory_bonds_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A Canadian <a href="/wiki/War_bond" title="War bond">war bond</a> poster that depicts an industrious beaver, a <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">national symbol of Canada</a></figcaption></figure> In the 17th-century, French colonials settled <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> in <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a>, in the present-day <a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">Maritimes</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a>, along the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hudson2002-19">[19]</a> These regions were under <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French control</a> from 1534 to 1763. However, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Royal_(1710)" title="Siege of Port Royal (1710)">conquered Acadia</a> in 1710 and <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_New_France_(1758%E2%80%931760)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of New France (1758–1760)">conquered Canada</a> in 1760. The British were able to <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Acadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Deportation of the Acadians">deport most of the Acadians</a>, but they were unable to deport the <a href="/wiki/Canadien" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadien">Canadiens</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a> because they severely outnumbered the British forces. The British therefore had to <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_New_France_(1758%E2%80%931760)#Consequences" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of New France (1758–1760)">make deals with Canadiens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">hope they would one day become assimilated</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Powell2009v-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, from 1775 to 1783, provoked the migration of 40,000 to 50,000 <a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalist" title="United Empire Loyalist">United Empire Loyalists</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> to the newly conquered British lands, which brought American influences to Canada for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-Powell2009v-20">[20]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Canadian">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="English Canadian">English</a> people settled in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a> fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a> also arrived between 1845 and 1852.<a href="#cite_note-Powell2009v-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">Canadian Forces</a> and overall civilian participation in the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Canada during World War I">First World War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Canada during World War II">Second World War</a> helped to foster <a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationalism" title="Canadian nationalism">Canadian nationalism</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Francisags-21">[21]</a> however, in 1917 and 1944, <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">conscription crises</a> highlighted the considerable rift along ethnic lines between Anglophones and Francophones.<a href="#cite_note-Taucar2002hy-22">[22]</a> As a result of the First and Second World Wars, the Government of Canada became more assertive and less deferential to British authority.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson2013c-23">[23]</a> Canada, until the 1940s, was often described as "<a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">binational</a>", with the 2 components being the cultural, linguistic and political identities of <a href="/wiki/English_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="English Canadian">English Canadians</a> and of <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French Canadians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Robinson1991-24">[24]</a> Legislative restrictions on immigration (such as the <a href="/wiki/Continuous_journey_regulation" title="Continuous journey regulation">Continuous journey regulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Immigration_Act,_1923" title="Chinese Immigration Act, 1923">Chinese Immigration Act</a>) that had favoured British, American and other European immigrants (such as <a href="/wiki/Canadians_of_Dutch_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadians of Dutch descent">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="German Canadian">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Canadians" title="Italian Canadians">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Canadians" title="Polish Canadians">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Canadian">Swedish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Canadian">Ukrainian</a>) were amended during the 1960s,<a href="#cite_note-Kivisto2008j-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bromley2011-26">[26]</a> resulting in an influx of people of many different ethnicities.<a href="#cite_note-KsenychLiu2001-27">[27]</a> By the end of the 20th century, immigrants were increasingly <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Canadian">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Canadian">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Canadian">Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaican Canadian">Jamaican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino Canadian">Filipino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Canadians" title="Lebanese Canadians">Lebanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Canadians" title="Pakistani Canadians">Pakistani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Canadian">Haitian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Multicultural-28">[28]</a> By the 21st century Canada had <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">thirty four ethnic groups</a> with at least one hundred thousand members each, of which eleven have over 1,000,000 people and numerous others are represented in smaller numbers.<a href="#cite_note-stats-29">[29]</a> As of 2006<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit">[update]</a>, 16.2% of the population self-identify as a <a href="/wiki/Visible_minority" title="Visible minority">visible minority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stats-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Development_of_popular_culture">Development of popular culture</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development of popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Good_old_days_of_ice_hockey.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cartoon drawing of hockey game and people falling through the ice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Good_old_days_of_ice_hockey.png/260px-Good_old_days_of_ice_hockey.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Good_old_days_of_ice_hockey.png/390px-Good_old_days_of_ice_hockey.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Good_old_days_of_ice_hockey.png/520px-Good_old_days_of_ice_hockey.png 2x" data-file-width="1473" data-file-height="809" /></a><figcaption>"Ye Gude Olde Days" from <a href="/wiki/Hockey:_Canada%27s_Royal_Winter_Game" title="Hockey: Canada's Royal Winter Game">Hockey: Canada's Royal Winter Game</a>, 1899</figcaption></figure> Themes and symbols of pioneers, trappers, and traders played an important part in the early development of Canadian culture.<a href="#cite_note-pioneer_lit-30">[30]</a> Modern Canadian culture as it is understood today can be traced to its time <a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)#Expansion" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">period of westward expansion</a> and nation building.<a href="#cite_note-Blad2011-31">[31]</a> Contributing factors include Canada's unique geography, climate, and cultural makeup. Being a cold country with long winter nights for most of the year, certain unique leisure activities developed in Canada during this period including <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> and embracement of the summer indigenous game of <a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">lacrosse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> By the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> came to believe themselves possessed of a unique "northern character," due to the long, harsh winters that only those of hardy body and mind could survive.<a href="#cite_note-Cameron1997-35">[35]</a> This hardiness was claimed as a Canadian trait, and sports that reflected this, such as <a href="/wiki/Snowshoeing" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowshoeing">snowshoeing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing" title="Cross-country skiing">cross-country skiing</a>, were asserted as characteristically Canadian.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> During this period, the churches tried to influence leisure activities by preaching against drinking, and scheduling annual revivals and weekly club activities.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In a society in which most middle-class families now owned a harmonium or piano, and standard education included at least the rudiments of music, the result was often an original song.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Such stirrings frequently occurred in response to noteworthy events, and few local or national excitements were allowed to pass without some musical comment.<a href="#cite_note-Century-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> By the 1930s, radio played a major role in uniting Canadians behind their local or regional teams. Rural areas were especially influenced by sports coverage and the propagation of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_folklore" title="Canadian folklore">national myths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Outside the sports and music arena, Canadians expressed a national character of being hard working, peaceful, orderly and polite.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_culture">Political culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Political culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cultural_legislation">Cultural legislation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cultural legislation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Official_bilingualism_in_Canada" title="Official bilingualism in Canada">Official bilingualism in Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights in Canada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism in Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_outside_Union_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Statue_outside_Union_Station.jpg/170px-Statue_outside_Union_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Statue_outside_Union_Station.jpg/255px-Statue_outside_Union_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Statue_outside_Union_Station.jpg/340px-Statue_outside_Union_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Multiculturalism" title="Monument to Multiculturalism">Monument to Multiculturalism</a> by Francesco Pirelli, in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/French_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canada">French Canada</a>'s early development was relatively cohesive during the 17th and 18th centuries, and this was preserved by the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act</a> of 1774, which allowed Roman Catholics to hold offices and practice their faith.<a href="#cite_note-quebec_culture_survival-43">[43]</a> In 1867, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act</a> was thought to meet the growing calls for Canadian autonomy while avoiding the overly strong decentralization that contributed to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-civil_war-44">[44]</a> The compromises reached during this time between the English- and French-speaking <a href="/wiki/Fathers_of_Confederation" title="Fathers of Confederation">Fathers of Confederation</a> set Canada on a path to <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">bilingualism</a> which in turn contributed to an acceptance of diversity.<a href="#cite_note-Coche-45">[45]</a> The English and French languages have had limited constitutional protection since 1867 and full official status since 1969.<a href="#cite_note-LinteauDurocher1983-46">[46]</a> Section 133 of the Constitution Act of 1867 (BNA Act) guarantees that both languages may be used in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LinteauDurocher1983-46">[46]</a> Canada adopted its <a href="/wiki/Official_Languages_Act_(Canada)" title="Official Languages Act (Canada)">first Official Languages Act</a> in 1969, giving English and French equal status in the government of Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Kosel2010f-47">[47]</a> Doing so makes them "official" languages, having preferred status in law over all other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">languages used in Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kosel2010f-47">[47]</a> Prior to the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Bill_of_Rights" title="Canadian Bill of Rights">Canadian Bill of Rights</a> in 1960 and its successor the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a> in 1982, the laws of Canada did not provide much in the way of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">civil rights</a> and this issue was typically of limited concern to the courts.<a href="#cite_note-ChurchSchulze2007-48">[48]</a> Canada since the 1960s has placed emphasis on equality and inclusiveness for all people.<a href="#cite_note-MacLennan2004-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism in Canada</a> was adopted as the official policy of the Canadian government and is enshrined in <a href="/wiki/Section_Twenty-seven_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Twenty-seven of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Black-BranchAssociation1995-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-DuncanLey1993-51">[51]</a> In 1995, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> ruled in <a href="/wiki/Egan_v._Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Egan v. Canada">Egan v. Canada</a> that <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> should be "read in" to <a href="/wiki/Section_Fifteen_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Fifteen of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Section Fifteen of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a>, a part of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution of Canada</a> guaranteeing <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">equal rights</a> to all Canadians.<a href="#cite_note-Dranoff2011-52">[52]</a> Following a series of decisions by provincial courts and the Supreme Court of Canada, on July 20, 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Marriage_Act" title="Civil Marriage Act">Civil Marriage Act</a> (Bill C-38) became law, legalizing <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Canada" title="Same-sex marriage in Canada">same-sex marriage in Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Angelini2011-53">[53]</a> Furthermore, sexual orientation was included as a protected status in the human-rights laws of the federal government and of all provinces and territories.<a href="#cite_note-Steinberg2009-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary_politics">Contemporary politics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Contemporary politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics of Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament-Ottawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Parliament-Ottawa.jpg/220px-Parliament-Ottawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Parliament-Ottawa.jpg/330px-Parliament-Ottawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Parliament-Ottawa.jpg/440px-Parliament-Ottawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Centre_Block" title="Centre Block">Centre Block</a> of the Canadian parliament buildings on <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian government">Canadian governments</a> at the federal level have a tradition of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WesthuesWharf2014a-55">[55]</a> and govern with a <a href="/wiki/Moderate" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderate">moderate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrist">centrist</a> political ideology.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson2016-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Canada's <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a> approach to governance emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> and multiculturalism, is based on selective <a href="/wiki/Economic_migrant" title="Economic migrant">immigration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">social integration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_dissent" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of dissent">suppression</a> of <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right politics</a> that has wide public and political support.<a href="#cite_note-Ambrosea-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peace,_order,_and_good_government" title="Peace, order, and good government">Peace, order, and good government</a> are constitutional goals of the Canadian government.<a href="#cite_note-DixonScheurell2016-60">[60]</a> Canada has a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a> in which many of its legislative customs derive from the unwritten <a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">conventions</a> of and precedents set by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Westminster parliament</a> of the United Kingdom. The country has been dominated by two parties,<a href="#cite_note-EvansGraaf2013-61">[61]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">centre-left</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party of Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Centre-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-right">centre-right</a> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party of Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BaumerGold2015-62">[62]</a> The historically predominant Liberals position themselves at the centre of the political scale,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> with the Conservatives sitting on the right and the <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic Party</a> occupying the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EvansGraaf2013-61">[61]</a> Smaller parties like the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec nationalist">Quebec nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green Party of Canada</a> have also been able to exert their influence over the political process by representation at the federal level. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nationalism_and_protectionism">Nationalism and protectionism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nationalism and protectionism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationalism" title="Canadian nationalism">Canadian nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Quebec nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">Quebec sovereignty movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Canadian cultural protectionism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St-Jean!042.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/St-Jean%21042.jpg/220px-St-Jean%21042.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/St-Jean%21042.jpg/330px-St-Jean%21042.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/St-Jean%21042.jpg/440px-St-Jean%21042.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Quebec%27s_National_Holiday" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec's National Holiday">Quebec's National Holiday</a> (French: La Fête nationale du Québec) is celebrated annually on June 24, <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_St._John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity of St. John the Baptist">St. John the Baptist Day</a>.</figcaption></figure> In general, Canadian nationalists are concerned about the protection of Canadian sovereignty and loyalty to the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canadian State</a>, placing them in the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal nationalism">civic nationalist</a> category. It has likewise often been suggested that <a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">anti-Americanism</a> plays a prominent role in Canadian nationalist ideologies.<a href="#cite_note-O'Connor2007-64">[64]</a> A unified, bi-cultural, tolerant and sovereign Canada remains an ideological inspiration to many Canadian nationalists.<a href="#cite_note-Russell2004-65">[65]</a> Alternatively <a href="/wiki/Quebecois_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebecois nationalism">Quebecois nationalism</a> and support for maintaining <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French Canadian</a> culture many of whom were supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">Quebec sovereignty movement</a> during the late-20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Clift1982-66">[66]</a> Cultural protectionism in Canada has, since the mid-20th century, taken the form of conscious, interventionist attempts on the part of various Canadian governments to promote Canadian cultural production.<a href="#cite_note-Rowe2010-67">[67]</a> Sharing a <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">large border</a>, a common language (for the majority), and being exposed to massive diffusions of American <a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">media</a> makes it difficult for Canada to preserve its own culture versus being assimilated to <a href="/wiki/American_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="American culture">American culture</a>. While Canada tries to maintain its cultural differences, it also must balance this with responsibility in trade arrangements such as the <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> (GATT) and the <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement</a> (USMCA).<a href="#cite_note-Raboy1990-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations of Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Canadian peacekeeping</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UN-Marty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a person in a military uniform wearing a United Nations blue helmet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/UN-Marty.jpg/220px-UN-Marty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/UN-Marty.jpg/330px-UN-Marty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/UN-Marty.jpg/440px-UN-Marty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1397" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeper" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian peacekeeper">Canadian peacekeeper</a> in 1976 wearing the distinctive <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">flag of Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_beret" title="Blue beret">UN blue helmet</a></figcaption></figure> The notion of <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> is deeply embedded in Canadian culture and a distinguishing feature that Canadians feel sets their foreign policy apart from its <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Canada–United States relations">closest ally, the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gutiérrez-Haces_2018_s015-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carroll_2016_pp._167–176-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anon._u211-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Canada's foreign policy</a> of peacekeeping, <a href="/wiki/Peace_enforcement" title="Peace enforcement">peace enforcement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peacemaking" title="Peacemaking">peacemaking</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">peacebuilding</a> has been intertwined with its tendency to pursue <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">multilateral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">international</a> solutions since the end of <a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Edgar_2002_pp._107–117-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keating_2002_p.-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Whitworth_2004_p._91-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gabryś_Soroka_2017_p._40-75">[75]</a> Canada's central role in the development of peacekeeping in the mid-1950s gave it credibility and established it as a country fighting for the "common good" of all nations.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Canada has since been engaged with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) in promoting its <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a> status into an active role in world affairs.<a href="#cite_note-Juneau_Momani_2022_p._131-77">[77]</a> Canada has long been reluctant to participate in military operations that are not sanctioned by the United Nations,<a href="#cite_note-Massie_2019_pp._575–594-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mingst_Karns_2019_p._63-79">[79]</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="Canada and the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Iraq_War" title="Canada and the Iraq War">2003 Invasion of Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Massie_2019_pp._575–594-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mingst_Karns_2019_p._63-79">[79]</a> Canada has participated in US-led, UN-sanctioned operations such as the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Friction" title="Operation Friction">first Gulf War</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_War_in_Afghanistan" title="Canada in the War in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mobile" title="Operation Mobile">Libya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Massie_2019_pp._575–594-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mingst_Karns_2019_p._63-79">[79]</a> The country also participates with its NATO allies in UN-sanctioned missions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Echo" title="Operation Echo">Kosovo Conflict</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Haiti_relations" title="Canada–Haiti relations">Haiti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Massie_2019_pp._575–594-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mingst_Karns_2019_p._63-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Values">Values</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Values">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Canadian values</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Canadian values</a> are the perceived commonly shared ethical and human values of Canadians. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_parties_in_Canada" title="List of federal political parties in Canada">major political parties</a> have claimed explicitly that they uphold Canadian values, but use generalities to specify them. Historian <a href="/wiki/Ian_McKay_(historian)" title="Ian McKay (historian)">Ian MacKay</a> argues that, thanks to the long-term political impact of "<a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Rebels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Canada" title="Socialism in Canada">Reds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Reform_Movement_(Upper_Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Reform Movement (Upper Canada)">Radicals</a>", and allied leftist political elements, "egalitarianism, social equality, and peace... are now often simply referred to...as 'Canadian values.'"<a href="#cite_note-McKay2005-80">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Canada ranks among the highest</a> in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, education, and gender equality.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> A 2013 <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a> survey found that an "overwhelming majority" of Canadians shared the values of human rights (with 92% of respondents agreeing that they are a shared Canadian value), respect for the law (92%) and gender equality (91%).<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Universal access to publicly funded health services "is often considered by Canadians as a fundamental value that ensures national health care insurance for everyone wherever they live in the country."<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms_(English).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms_%28English%29.jpg/330px-Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms_%28English%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms_%28English%29.jpg/495px-Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms_%28English%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms_%28English%29.jpg/660px-Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms_%28English%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4050" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>A copy of the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></figcaption></figure> The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, was intended to be a source for Canadian values and national unity.<a href="#cite_note-SnidermanFletcher1996-84">[84]</a> The 15th Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> wrote in his Memoirs that:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Canada itself could now be defined as a "society where all people are equal and where they share some fundamental values based upon freedom", and that all Canadians could identify with the values of liberty and equality.<a href="#cite_note-Trudeau1993-85">[85]</a></blockquote> Numerous scholars, beginning in the 1940s with American sociologist <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Martin_Lipset" title="Seymour Martin Lipset">Seymour Martin Lipset</a>; have tried to identify, measure and compare them with other countries, especially the United States.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lipset1991-87">[87]</a> However, there are critics who say that such a task is practically impossible.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Denis_Stairs_(political_scientist)" title="Denis Stairs (political scientist)">Denis Stairs</a> a professor of political Science at <a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_University" title="Dalhousie University">Dalhousie University</a>; links the concept of Canadian values with <a href="#Nationalism_and_protectionism">nationalism</a>. [Canadians typically]...believe, in particular, that they subscribe to a distinctive set of values – Canadian values – and that those values are special in the sense of being unusually virtuous.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identity">Identity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Identity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Canadian identity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stenciled_identity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Stenciled_identity.jpg/220px-Stenciled_identity.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Stenciled_identity.jpg/330px-Stenciled_identity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Stenciled_identity.jpg/440px-Stenciled_identity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Maple_leaf" title="Maple leaf">maple leaf</a> is the symbol most associated with <a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Canadian identity</a>.</figcaption></figure> Canada's large geographic size, the presence of a significant number of indigenous peoples, the conquest of one European linguistic population by another and relatively open <a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration policy">immigration policy</a> have led to an extremely <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Canada">diverse society</a>. As a result, the issue of Canadian identity remains under scrutiny.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Canada has constitutional protection for policies that promote multiculturalism rather than <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a> or a single national myth.<a href="#cite_note-DeRoccoChabot2008-91">[91]</a> In Quebec, cultural identity is strong, and many commentators speak of a <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Quebec" title="Culture of Quebec">French Canadian culture</a> as distinguished from English Canadian culture.<a href="#cite_note-FranklinBaun1995-92">[92]</a> However, as a whole, Canada is in theory, a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_mosaic" title="Cultural mosaic">cultural mosaic</a>—a collection of several regional, and ethnic subcultures.<a href="#cite_note-English2004-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-CarrollTom2005-94">[94]</a> As Professor <a href="/wiki/Alan_Cairns" title="Alan Cairns">Alan Cairns</a> noted about the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , "the initial federal government premise was on developing a pan-Canadian identity"'.<a href="#cite_note-saunders-95">[95]</a> Pierre Trudeau himself later wrote in his Memoirs (1993) that "Canada itself" could now be defined as a "society where all people are equal and where they share some fundamental values based upon freedom", and that all Canadians could identify with the values of liberty and equality.<a href="#cite_note-Trudeau_1993_p._323-96">[96]</a> Political philosopher Charles Blattberg suggests that Canada is a "<a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">multinational country</a>"; as all Canadians are members of Canada as a civic or political community, a community of citizens, and this is a community that contains many other kinds within it. These include not only communities of ethnic, regional, religious, and civic (the provincial and municipal governments) sorts, but also national communities, which often include or overlap with many of the other kinds.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Journalist and author <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gwyn_(Canadian_writer)" title="Richard Gwyn (Canadian writer)">Richard Gwyn</a> has suggested that "tolerance" has replaced "loyalty" as the touchstone of Canadian identity.<a href="#cite_note-Gwyn2008b-98">[98]</a> Journalist and professor <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cohen_(journalist)" title="Andrew Cohen (journalist)">Andrew Cohen</a> wrote in 2007: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Canadian Identity, as it has come to be known, is as elusive as the <a href="/wiki/Bigfoot" title="Bigfoot">Sasquatch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ogopogo" title="Ogopogo">Ogopogo</a>. It has animated—and frustrated—generations of statesmen, historians, writers, artists, philosophers, and the National Film Board ... Canada resists easy definition.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen2008zxc-99">[99]</a></blockquote> Canada's 15th prime minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> in regards to uniformity stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Uniformity is neither desirable nor possible in a country the size of Canada. We should not even be able to agree upon the kind of Canadian to choose as a model, let alone persuade most people to emulate it. There are few policies potentially more disastrous for Canada than to tell all Canadians that they must be alike. There is no such thing as a model or ideal Canadian. What could be more absurd than the concept of an "all-Canadian" boy or girl? A society which emphasizes uniformity is one which creates intolerance and hate.<a href="#cite_note-Hines2018-100">[100]</a></blockquote> In 2015, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> defined the country as the world's first <a href="/wiki/Postnationalism" title="Postnationalism">postnational state</a>: "There is no core identity, no mainstream in Canada".<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The question of Canadian identity was traditionally dominated by three fundamental themes: first, the often conflicted relations between English Canadians and French Canadians stemming from the French Canadian imperative for cultural and linguistic survival; secondly, the generally close ties between English Canadians and the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, resulting in a gradual political process towards complete independence from the imperial power; and finally, the close proximity of English-speaking Canadians to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Marger2011-102">[102]</a> Much of the debate over contemporary Canadian identity is argued in political terms, and defines Canada as a country defined by its government policies, which are thought to reflect deeper cultural values.<a href="#cite_note-Kennett1998-103">[103]</a> In 2013, more than 90% of Canadians believed that the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the national flag were the top symbols of Canadian identity. Next highest were the national anthem, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and hockey.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inter-provincial_interactions">Inter-provincial interactions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Inter-provincial interactions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Western_alienation" title="Western alienation">Western alienation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Distinct_society" title="Distinct society">Distinct society</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calgary_political_protest_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Calgary_political_protest_1.JPG/220px-Calgary_political_protest_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Calgary_political_protest_1.JPG/330px-Calgary_political_protest_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Calgary_political_protest_1.JPG/440px-Calgary_political_protest_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Demonstrators in <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>, Alberta, protesting the coalition of opposition parties attempting to take control of Parliament during the <a href="/wiki/2008_Canadian_parliamentary_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Canadian parliamentary dispute">2008 Canadian parliamentary dispute</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Western_alienation" title="Western alienation">Western alienation</a> is the notion that the <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">western provinces</a> have historically been alienated, and in extreme cases excluded, from mainstream Canadian political affairs in favour of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> or more specifically the <a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">central provinces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wesley2011o-105">[105]</a> Western alienation claims that these latter two are politically represented, and economically favoured, more significantly than the former, which has given rise to the sentiment of alienation among many western Canadians.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Likewise; the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">Quebec sovereignty movement</a> that lead to the <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_nation_motion" title="Québécois nation motion">Québécois nation</a> and the province of Quebec being recognized as a "<a href="/wiki/Distinct_society" title="Distinct society">distinct society</a>" within Canada, highlights the sharp divisions between the Anglo and Francophone population.<a href="#cite_note-Blake2007-107">[107]</a> Though more than half of Canadians live in just two provinces (Ontario and Quebec), each province is largely self-contained due to provincial economic self-sufficiency. Only 15 percent of Canadians live in a different province from where they were born, and only 10 percent go to another province for university. Canada has always been like this, and stands in sharp contrast to the United States' internal mobility which is much higher. For example 30 percent live in a different state from where they were born, and 30 percent go away for university. <a href="/wiki/Scott_Gilmore" title="Scott Gilmore">Scott Gilmore</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a> argues that "Canada is a nation of strangers", in the sense that for most individuals, the rest of Canada outside their province is little-known. Another factor is the cost of internal travel. Intra-Canadian airfares are high—it is cheaper and more common to visit the United States than to visit another province. Gilmore argues that the mutual isolation makes it difficult to muster national responses to major national issues.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humour">Humour</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Humour">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_humour" title="Canadian humour">Canadian humour</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_humour" title="Canadian humour">Canadian humour</a> is an integral part of the Canadian Identity. There are several traditions in Canadian humour in both <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">French</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scobie-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lacombe-110">[110]</a> While these traditions are distinct and at times very different, there are common themes that relate to Canadians' shared history and <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitical</a> situation in the Western Hemisphere and the world. Various trends can be noted in Canadian comedy. One trend is the portrayal of a "typical" Canadian family in an ongoing radio or television series.<a href="#cite_note-Owram1997-111">[111]</a> Other trends include outright absurdity,<a href="#cite_note-Boberg2010-112">[112]</a> and political and cultural satire.<a href="#cite_note-New2002ty-113">[113]</a> Irony, parody, satire, and self-deprecation are arguably the primary characteristics of Canadian humour.<a href="#cite_note-Nieguth2015-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tinic2005-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brooks2002-116">[116]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Festival_Juste_pour_rire_de_Montr%C3%A9al,_Qu%C3%A9bec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Festival_Juste_pour_rire_de_Montr%C3%A9al%2C_Qu%C3%A9bec.jpg/220px-Festival_Juste_pour_rire_de_Montr%C3%A9al%2C_Qu%C3%A9bec.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Festival_Juste_pour_rire_de_Montr%C3%A9al%2C_Qu%C3%A9bec.jpg/330px-Festival_Juste_pour_rire_de_Montr%C3%A9al%2C_Qu%C3%A9bec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Festival_Juste_pour_rire_de_Montr%C3%A9al%2C_Qu%C3%A9bec.jpg/440px-Festival_Juste_pour_rire_de_Montr%C3%A9al%2C_Qu%C3%A9bec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Just_for_Laughs" title="Just for Laughs">Just for Laughs Festival</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Québec, at the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Saint-Denis" title="Théâtre Saint-Denis">Saint-Denis Theatre</a></figcaption></figure> The beginnings of Canadian national radio comedy date to the late 1930s with the debut of <a href="/wiki/The_Happy_Gang" title="The Happy Gang">The Happy Gang</a>, a long-running weekly variety show that was regularly sprinkled with corny jokes in between tunes.<a href="#cite_note-Murray2003-117">[117]</a> Canadian television comedy begins with <a href="/wiki/Wayne_and_Shuster" title="Wayne and Shuster">Wayne and Shuster</a>, a sketch comedy duo who performed as a comedy team during the Second World War, and moved their act to radio in 1946 before moving on to television.<a href="#cite_note-Weingrad-118">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_City_Television" title="Second City Television">Second City Television</a>, otherwise known as <a href="/wiki/Second_City_Television" title="Second City Television">SCTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Farce" title="Royal Canadian Air Farce">Royal Canadian Air Farce</a>, <a href="/wiki/This_Hour_Has_22_Minutes" title="This Hour Has 22 Minutes">This Hour Has 22 Minutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Kids_in_the_Hall_(TV_series)" title="The Kids in the Hall (TV series)">The Kids in the Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trailer_Park_Boys" title="Trailer Park Boys">Trailer Park Boys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corner_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Corner gas">Corner gas</a> and more recently <a href="/wiki/Schitt%27s_Creek" title="Schitt's Creek">Schitt's Creek</a> are regarded as television shows which were very influential on the development of Canadian humour.<a href="#cite_note-Charney2005-119">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_comedians" title="List of Canadian comedians">Canadian comedians</a> have had great success in the film industry and are amongst the most recognized in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Charney2005-119">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Humber_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Humber College">Humber College</a> in Toronto and the École nationale de l'humour in Montreal offer post-secondary programmes in comedy writing and performance.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> is also home to the bilingual (English and French) <a href="/wiki/Just_for_Laughs" title="Just for Laughs">Just for Laughs</a> festival and to the <a href="/wiki/Just_for_Laughs_Museum" title="Just for Laughs Museum">Just for Laughs Museum</a>, a bilingual, international museum of comedy.<a href="#cite_note-Colombo2001-121">[121]</a> Canada has a national television channel, <a href="/wiki/The_Comedy_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="The Comedy Network">The Comedy Network</a>, devoted to comedy. Many Canadian cities feature comedy clubs and showcases, most notable, <a href="/wiki/The_Second_City" title="The Second City">The Second City</a> branch in Toronto (originally housed at <a href="/wiki/The_Old_Fire_Hall" title="The Old Fire Hall">The Old Fire Hall</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Yuk_Yuk%27s" title="Yuk Yuk's">Yuk Yuk's</a> national chain.<a href="#cite_note-Stebbins1990o-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Comedy_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Comedy Awards">The Canadian Comedy Awards</a> were founded in 1999 by the Canadian Comedy Foundation for Excellence, a not-for-profit organization.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols">Symbols</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Symbols">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">National symbols of Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Canadian royal symbols</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_Canada_1859_5c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Stamp_Canada_1859_5c.jpg/200px-Stamp_Canada_1859_5c.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Stamp_Canada_1859_5c.jpg/300px-Stamp_Canada_1859_5c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Stamp_Canada_1859_5c.jpg/400px-Stamp_Canada_1859_5c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>One of the national symbols of Canada, the beaver is depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Nickel_(Canadian_coin)" title="Nickel (Canadian coin)">Canadian five-cent piece</a> and was on the first <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Canada" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Canada">Canadian postage stamp</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1859.</figcaption></figure> Predominant symbols of Canada include the <a href="/wiki/Maple_leaf" title="Maple leaf">maple leaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">beaver</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_horse" title="Canadian horse">Canadian horse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Many official symbols of the country such as the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Flag of Canada</a> have been changed or modified over the past few decades to Canadianize them and de-emphasise or remove references to the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Buckner2005nb-127">[127]</a> Other prominent symbols include the sports of <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">hockey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">lacrosse</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canada_goose" title="Canada goose">Canada goose</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rockies" title="Canadian Rockies">Canadian Rockies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-symbol1-128">[128]</a> and more recently the <a href="/wiki/Totem_pole" title="Totem pole">totem pole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inuksuk" title="Inuksuk">Inuksuk</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Nels-129">[129]</a> material items such as <a href="/wiki/Canadian_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian beer">Canadian beer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">maple syrup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuque" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuque">tuques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Canoes">canoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanaimo_bar" title="Nanaimo bar">nanaimo bars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butter_tart" title="Butter tart">butter tarts</a> and the Quebec dish of <a href="/wiki/Poutine" title="Poutine">poutine</a> have also been defined as uniquely Canadian.<a href="#cite_note-Nels-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Symbols of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canadian monarchy</a> continue to be featured in, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Arms_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms of Canada">Arms of Canada</a>, the armed forces, and the prefix <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Canadian_Ship" title="His Majesty's Canadian Ship">His Majesty's Canadian Ship</a>. The designation Royal remains for institutions as varied as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Canadian Armed Forces">Royal Canadian Armed Forces</a>, Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Winnipeg_Ballet" title="Royal Winnipeg Ballet">Royal Winnipeg Ballet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MurrayViotti1994pl-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Restoration-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts">Arts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Arts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Visual arts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Canadian art</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Jack_Pine,_by_Tom_Thomson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/The_Jack_Pine%2C_by_Tom_Thomson.jpg/180px-The_Jack_Pine%2C_by_Tom_Thomson.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/The_Jack_Pine%2C_by_Tom_Thomson.jpg/270px-The_Jack_Pine%2C_by_Tom_Thomson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/The_Jack_Pine%2C_by_Tom_Thomson.jpg/360px-The_Jack_Pine%2C_by_Tom_Thomson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1105" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tom_Thomson" title="Tom Thomson">Tom Thomson</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Jack_Pine" title="The Jack Pine">The Jack Pine</a>, Winter 1916–17. <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada" title="National Gallery of Canada">National Gallery of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>.</figcaption></figure> Indigenous artists were producing art in the territory that is now called Canada for thousands of years prior to the arrival of European settler colonists and the eventual establishment of Canada as a nation state.<a href="#cite_note-Phillips2011-133">[133]</a> Like the peoples that produced them, <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_by_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous art traditions</a> spanned territories that extended across the current national boundaries between Canada and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FriesenFriesen2006-134">[134]</a> The majority of indigenous artworks preserved in museum collections date from the period after European contact and show evidence of the creative adoption and adaptation of European trade goods such as metal and glass beads.<a href="#cite_note-Harper1977-135">[135]</a> Canadian sculpture has been enriched by the walrus ivory, muskox horn and caribou antler and soapstone carvings by the <a href="/wiki/Inuit_art" title="Inuit art">Inuit artists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Förg1999-136">[136]</a> These carvings show objects and activities from the daily life, myths and legends of the Inuit.<a href="#cite_note-Leigh2010-137">[137]</a> Inuit art since the 1950s has been the traditional gift given to foreign dignitaries by the Canadian government.<a href="#cite_note-Stern2010-138">[138]</a> The works of most early Canadian painters followed European trends.<a href="#cite_note-Dalal2011-139">[139]</a> During the mid-19th century, <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Krieghoff" title="Cornelius Krieghoff">Cornelius Krieghoff</a>, a Dutch-born artist in Quebec, painted scenes of the life of the <a href="/wiki/Habitants" title="Habitants">habitants</a> (French-Canadian farmers). At about the same time, the Canadian artist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kane" title="Paul Kane">Paul Kane</a> painted pictures of indigenous life in western Canada. A group of landscape painters called the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven_(artists)" title="Group of Seven (artists)">Group of Seven</a> developed the first distinctly Canadian style of painting, inspired by the works of the legendary landscape painter Tom Thomson.<a href="#cite_note-Jessup2001-140">[140]</a> All these artists painted large, brilliantly coloured scenes of the Canadian wilderness. Since the 1930s, Canadian painters have developed a wide range of highly individual styles. <a href="/wiki/Emily_Carr" title="Emily Carr">Emily Carr</a> became famous for her paintings of <a href="/wiki/Totem_pole" title="Totem pole">totem poles</a> in British Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald2009-141">[141]</a> Other noted painters have included the landscape artist <a href="/wiki/David_Milne_(artist)" title="David Milne (artist)">David Milne</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Painter" class="mw-redirect" title="Painter">painters</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Riopelle" title="Jean-Paul Riopelle">Jean-Paul Riopelle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Town" title="Harold Town">Harold Town</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Carson_(painter)" title="Charles Carson (painter)">Charles Carson</a> and multi-media artist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Snow" title="Michael Snow">Michael Snow</a>. The abstract art group <a href="/wiki/Painters_Eleven" title="Painters Eleven">Painters Eleven</a>, particularly the artists <a href="/wiki/William_Ronald" title="William Ronald">William Ronald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Bush" title="Jack Bush">Jack Bush</a>, also had an important impact on modern art in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Nowell2011-142">[142]</a> Government support has played a vital role in their development enabling visual exposure through publications and periodicals featuring Canadian art, as has the establishment of numerous art schools and colleges across the country.<a href="#cite_note-Corse1997-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Canadian literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atwood123.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Atwood123.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="245" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="157" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a> is a Canadian poet, novelist, literary critic, essayist, inventor, teacher, and environmental activist.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Canadian literature</a> is often divided into French- and English-language literatures, which are rooted in the literary traditions of France and Britain, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Keith2006-144">[144]</a> Canada's early literature, whether written in English or French, often reflects the Canadian perspective on nature, frontier life, and Canada's position in the world, for example the poetry of <a href="/wiki/Bliss_Carman" title="Bliss Carman">Bliss Carman</a> or the memoirs of <a href="/wiki/Susanna_Moodie" title="Susanna Moodie">Susanna Moodie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Parr_Traill" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine Parr Traill">Catherine Parr Traill</a>. These themes, and Canada's literary history, inform the writing of successive generations of Canadian authors, from <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Cohen" title="Leonard Cohen">Leonard Cohen</a> to <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a>. By the mid-20th century, Canadian writers were exploring national themes for Canadian readers. Authors were trying to find a distinctly Canadian voice, rather than merely emulating British or American writers. Canadian identity is closely tied to its literature. The question of national identity recurs as a theme in much of Canada's literature, from <a href="/wiki/Hugh_MacLennan" title="Hugh MacLennan">Hugh MacLennan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Two_Solitudes_(novel)" title="Two Solitudes (novel)">Two Solitudes</a> (1945) to <a href="/wiki/Alistair_MacLeod" title="Alistair MacLeod">Alistair MacLeod</a>'s <a href="/wiki/No_Great_Mischief" title="No Great Mischief">No Great Mischief</a> (1999). Canadian literature is often categorized by <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">region or province</a>; by the socio-cultural origins of the author (for example, <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a>, indigenous peoples, LGBT, and <a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Canadian">Irish Canadians</a>); and by literary period, such as "Canadian postmoderns" or "Canadian Poets Between the Wars". Canadian authors have accumulated numerous international awards.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> In 1992, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ondaatje" title="Michael Ondaatje">Michael Ondaatje</a> became the first Canadian to win the <a href="/wiki/Booker_Prize" title="Booker Prize">Booker Prize</a> for <a href="/wiki/The_English_Patient" title="The English Patient">The English Patient</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BrackettGaydosik2006-146">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a> won the Booker in 2000 for <a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Assassin" title="The Blind Assassin">The Blind Assassin</a><a href="#cite_note-HengenThomson2007-147">[147]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yann_Martel" title="Yann Martel">Yann Martel</a> won it in 2002 for the <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Pi" title="Life of Pi">Life of Pi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Martel2010-148">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carol_Shields" title="Carol Shields">Carol Shields</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Stone_Diaries" title="The Stone Diaries">The Stone Diaries</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General%27s_Awards" title="Governor General's Awards">Governor General's Awards</a> in Canada in 1993, the 1995 <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for Fiction">Pulitzer Prize for Fiction</a>, and the 1994 <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Critics_Circle_Award" title="National Book Critics Circle Award">National Book Critics Circle Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Werlock2001-149">[149]</a> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Munro" title="Alice Munro">Alice Munro</a> was the first Canadian to be awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> for <a href="/wiki/List_of_short_stories_by_Alice_Munro" title="List of short stories by Alice Munro">her work</a> as "master of the modern short story".<a href="#cite_note-nobelprize.org-150">[150]</a> Munro is also a recipient of the Man Booker International Prize for her lifetime body of work, and three-time winner of Canada's Governor General's Award for fiction.<a href="#cite_note-GaunceMayr2012-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Theatre">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre of Canada</a></div> Canada has had a thriving stage theatre scene since the late 1800s.<a href="#cite_note-Osnes2001-152">[152]</a> Theatre festivals draw many tourists in the summer months, especially the <a href="/wiki/Stratford_Shakespeare_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratford Shakespeare Festival">Stratford Shakespeare Festival</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stratford,_Ontario" title="Stratford, Ontario">Stratford</a>, Ontario, and the <a href="/wiki/Shaw_Festival" title="Shaw Festival">Shaw Festival</a> in <a href="/wiki/Niagara-on-the-Lake" title="Niagara-on-the-Lake">Niagara-on-the-Lake</a>, Ontario. The <a href="/wiki/Famous_People_Players" title="Famous People Players">Famous People Players</a> are only one of many touring companies that have also developed an international reputation.<a href="#cite_note-Pang2004-153">[153]</a> Canada also hosts one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Fringe_theatre" title="Fringe theatre">fringe festivals</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_International_Fringe_Festival" title="Edmonton International Fringe Festival">Edmonton International Fringe Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pang2004b-154">[154]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Opera_House_and_Majestic_Theatre,_Adelaide_Street,_Toronto,_Canada.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Grand_Opera_House_and_Majestic_Theatre%2C_Adelaide_Street%2C_Toronto%2C_Canada.JPG/220px-Grand_Opera_House_and_Majestic_Theatre%2C_Adelaide_Street%2C_Toronto%2C_Canada.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Grand_Opera_House_and_Majestic_Theatre%2C_Adelaide_Street%2C_Toronto%2C_Canada.JPG/330px-Grand_Opera_House_and_Majestic_Theatre%2C_Adelaide_Street%2C_Toronto%2C_Canada.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Grand_Opera_House_and_Majestic_Theatre%2C_Adelaide_Street%2C_Toronto%2C_Canada.JPG/440px-Grand_Opera_House_and_Majestic_Theatre%2C_Adelaide_Street%2C_Toronto%2C_Canada.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption>A 1904 postcard showing the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Opera_House_(Toronto)" title="Grand Opera House (Toronto)">Grand Opera House</a> and Majestic Theatre, Adelaide Street, in the current <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Theatre_District" title="Toronto Theatre District">Toronto Theatre District</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">Canada's largest cities</a> host a variety of modern and historical venues. The <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Theatre_District" title="Toronto Theatre District">Toronto Theatre District</a> is Canada's largest, as well as being the third largest English-speaking theatre district in the world.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> In addition to original Canadian works, shows from the West End and Broadway frequently tour in Toronto. Toronto's Theatre District includes the venerable <a href="/wiki/Roy_Thomson_Hall" title="Roy Thomson Hall">Roy Thomson Hall</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Wales_Theatre" title="Princess of Wales Theatre">Princess of Wales Theatre</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Tim_Sims_Playhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Tim Sims Playhouse">Tim Sims Playhouse</a>; <a href="/wiki/The_Second_City" title="The Second City">The Second City</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Canon_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon Theatre">Canon Theatre</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Panasonic_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Panasonic Theatre">Panasonic Theatre</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Alexandra_Theatre" title="Royal Alexandra Theatre">Royal Alexandra Theatre</a>; historic <a href="/wiki/Massey_Hall" title="Massey Hall">Massey Hall</a>; and the city's new opera house, the <a href="/wiki/Sony_Centre_for_the_Performing_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Centre for the Performing Arts">Sony Centre for the Performing Arts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Toronto's Theatre District also includes the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Museum_Canada" title="Theatre Museum Canada">Theatre Museum Canada</a>. <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>'s theatre district ("<a href="/wiki/Quartier_des_Spectacles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartier des Spectacles">Quartier des Spectacles</a>") is the scene of performances that are mainly French-language, although the city also boasts a lively anglophone theatre scene, such as the <a href="/wiki/Centaur_Theatre" title="Centaur Theatre">Centaur Theatre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Large French theatres in the city include <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Saint-Denis" title="Théâtre Saint-Denis">Théâtre Saint-Denis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Nouveau_Monde" title="Théâtre du Nouveau Monde">Théâtre du Nouveau Monde</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> is host to, among others, the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Fringe_Festival" title="Vancouver Fringe Festival">Vancouver Fringe Festival</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arts_Club_Theatre_Company" title="Arts Club Theatre Company">Arts Club Theatre Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carousel_Theatre" title="Carousel Theatre">Carousel Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bard_on_the_Beach" title="Bard on the Beach">Bard on the Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Under_the_Stars_(Vancouver)" title="Theatre Under the Stars (Vancouver)">Theatre Under the Stars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Studio_58" title="Studio 58">Studio 58</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a> is home to <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Calgary" title="Theatre Calgary">Theatre Calgary</a>, a mainstream regional theatre; <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Theatre_Projects" title="Alberta Theatre Projects">Alberta Theatre Projects</a>, a major centre for new play development in Canada; the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Animated_Objects_Society" title="Calgary Animated Objects Society">Calgary Animated Objects Society</a>; and <a href="/wiki/One_Yellow_Rabbit" title="One Yellow Rabbit">One Yellow Rabbit</a>, a touring company.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> There are three major theatre venues in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Little_Theatre" title="Ottawa Little Theatre">Ottawa Little Theatre</a>, originally called the Ottawa Drama League at its inception in 1913, is the longest-running community theatre company in Ottawa.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Since 1969, Ottawa has been the home of the <a href="/wiki/National_Arts_Centre" title="National Arts Centre">National Arts Centre</a>, a major performing-arts venue that houses four stages and is home to the <a href="/wiki/National_Arts_Centre_Orchestra" title="National Arts Centre Orchestra">National Arts Centre Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Ottawa Symphony Orchestra">Ottawa Symphony Orchestra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opera_Lyra_Ottawa" title="Opera Lyra Ottawa">Opera Lyra Ottawa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Established in 1975, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Canadian_Theatre_Company" title="Great Canadian Theatre Company">Great Canadian Theatre Company</a> specializes in the production of Canadian plays at a local level.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Television">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Canada" title="Television in Canada">Television in Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CBC_Centre.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/CBC_Centre.JPG/220px-CBC_Centre.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/CBC_Centre.JPG/330px-CBC_Centre.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/CBC_Centre.JPG/440px-CBC_Centre.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption>CBC's English-language master control point, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Centre" title="Canadian Broadcasting Centre">Canadian Broadcasting Centre</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a></figcaption></figure> Canadian television, especially supported by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Petersen2002-164">[164]</a> is the home of a variety of locally produced shows. French-language television, like French Canadian film, is buffered from excessive American influence by the fact of language, and likewise supports a host of home-grown productions.<a href="#cite_note-JamesKasoff2008-165">[165]</a> The success of French-language domestic television in Canada often exceeds that of its English-language counterpart. In recent years nationalism has been used to prompt products on television. The <a href="/wiki/I_Am_Canadian" title="I Am Canadian">I Am Canadian</a> campaign by <a href="/wiki/Molson" class="mw-redirect" title="Molson">Molson</a> beer, most notably the commercial featuring Joe Canadian, infused <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Canada" title="Beer in Canada">domestically brewed beer</a> and nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-Igartua2006-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Canada's television industry is in full expansion as a site for Hollywood productions.<a href="#cite_note-MoscoSchiller2001-168">[168]</a> Since the 1980s, Canada, and Vancouver in particular, has become known as <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_North" title="Hollywood North">Hollywood North</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Punter2003-169">[169]</a> The American TV series <a href="/wiki/Queer_as_Folk_(North_American_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Queer as Folk (North American TV series)">Queer as Folk</a> was filmed in Toronto. Canadian producers have been very successful in the field of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction_television" title="Canadian science fiction television">science fiction</a> since the mid-1990s, with such shows as <a href="/wiki/The_X-Files" title="The X-Files">The X-Files</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stargate_SG-1" title="Stargate SG-1">Stargate SG-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highlander:_The_Series" title="Highlander: The Series">Highlander: The Series</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica_(2004_TV_series)" title="Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series)">new Battlestar Galactica</a>, <a href="/wiki/My_Babysitter%27s_a_Vampire_(TV_series)" title="My Babysitter's a Vampire (TV series)">My Babysitter's a Vampire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smallville" title="Smallville">Smallville</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Outer_Limits_(1995_TV_series)" title="The Outer Limits (1995 TV series)">The Outer Limits</a> all filmed in Vancouver.<a href="#cite_note-Resnick2007-170">[170]</a> The CRTC's Canadian content regulations dictate that a certain percentage of a domestic broadcaster's transmission time must include content that is produced by Canadians, or covers Canadian subjects.<a href="#cite_note-BlumlerNossiter1991-171">[171]</a> These regulations also apply to <a href="/wiki/Cable_television_in_the_United_States" title="Cable television in the United States">US cable television</a> channels such as <a href="/wiki/MTV_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Canada">MTV</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Channel_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery Channel (Canada)">Discovery Channel</a>, which have local versions of their channels available on <a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television_in_Canada" title="Multichannel television in Canada">Canadian cable networks</a>. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Canada" title="BBC Canada">BBC Canada</a>, while showing primarily <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> shows from the United Kingdom, also carries Canadian output. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Film">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Cinema of Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Quebec" title="Cinema of Quebec">Cinema of Quebec</a></div> A number of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_pioneers_in_early_Hollywood" title="Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood">Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood</a> significantly contributed to the creation of the motion picture industry in the early days of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Rasmussen2011-172">[172]</a> Over the years, many Canadians have made enormous contributions to the American entertainment industry, although they are frequently not recognized as Canadians.<a href="#cite_note-Foster2000-173">[173]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanford_Theatre_at_482_Queen_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Stanford_Theatre_at_482_Queen_Street.jpg/220px-Stanford_Theatre_at_482_Queen_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Stanford_Theatre_at_482_Queen_Street.jpg/330px-Stanford_Theatre_at_482_Queen_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Stanford_Theatre_at_482_Queen_Street.jpg/440px-Stanford_Theatre_at_482_Queen_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Standard_Theatre_(Toronto)" title="Standard Theatre (Toronto)">Standard Theatre</a>, 482 Queen Street West, Toronto, 1906</figcaption></figure> Canada has developed a vigorous film industry that has produced a variety of well-known films and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_actors" title="List of Canadian actors">actors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kindem2000-174">[174]</a> In fact, this eclipsing may sometimes be creditable for the bizarre and innovative directions of some works,<a href="#cite_note-Kindem2000-174">[174]</a> such as auteurs <a href="/wiki/Atom_Egoyan" title="Atom Egoyan">Atom Egoyan</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Sweet_Hereafter_(film)" title="The Sweet Hereafter (film)">The Sweet Hereafter</a>, 1997) and <a href="/wiki/David_Cronenberg" title="David Cronenberg">David Cronenberg</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Fly_(1986_film)" title="The Fly (1986 film)">The Fly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naked_Lunch_(film)" title="Naked Lunch (film)">Naked Lunch</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Violence_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="A History of Violence (film)">A History of Violence</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> work of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Snow" title="Michael Snow">Michael Snow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Chambers_(artist)" title="Jack Chambers (artist)">Jack Chambers</a>. Also, the distinct French-Canadian society permits the work of directors such as <a href="/wiki/Denys_Arcand" title="Denys Arcand">Denys Arcand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denis_Villeneuve" title="Denis Villeneuve">Denis Villeneuve</a>, while First Nations cinema includes the likes of <a href="/wiki/Atanarjuat:_The_Fast_Runner" title="Atanarjuat: The Fast Runner">Atanarjuat: The Fast Runner</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/76th_Academy_Awards" title="76th Academy Awards">76th Academy Awards</a>, Arcand's <a href="/wiki/The_Barbarian_Invasions" title="The Barbarian Invasions">The Barbarian Invasions</a> became Canada's first film to win the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fraser2007-175">[175]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a> is a public agency that produces and distributes films and other audiovisual works which reflect Canada to Canadians and the rest of the world'.<a href="#cite_note-FerlieLynn2007-176">[176]</a> Canada has produced many popular documentaries such as <a href="/wiki/The_Corporation_(2003_film)" title="The Corporation (2003 film)">The Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanook_of_the_North" title="Nanook of the North">Nanook of the North</a>, <a href="/wiki/Final_Offer" title="Final Offer">Final Offer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canada:_A_People%27s_History" title="Canada: A People's History">Canada: A People's History</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival" title="Toronto International Film Festival">Toronto International Film Festival</a> (TIFF) is considered by many to be one of the most prevalent film festivals for Western cinema. It is the première film festival in North America from which the Oscars race begins.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music of Canada</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ojazzfest.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ojazzfest.JPG/200px-Ojazzfest.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ojazzfest.JPG/300px-Ojazzfest.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ojazzfest.JPG/400px-Ojazzfest.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Jazz_Festival" title="Ottawa Jazz Festival">Ottawa Jazz Festival</a> inside <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Centre" title="Rideau Centre">Rideau Centre</a>, 2008</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">music of Canada</a> has reflected the multi-cultural influences that have shaped the country. Indigenous, the French, and the British have all made historical contributions to the musical heritage of Canada. The country has produced its own <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_composers" title="List of Canadian composers">composers</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_musicians" title="List of Canadian musicians">musicians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">ensembles</a> since the mid-1600s.<a href="#cite_note-Willy-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mich-179">[179]</a> From the 17th century onward, Canada has developed a music infrastructure that includes <a href="/wiki/Church_hall" title="Church hall">church halls</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber halls</a>; <a href="/wiki/College_or_university_school_of_music" class="mw-redirect" title="College or university school of music">conservatories</a>; <a href="/wiki/Academy" title="Academy">academies</a>; <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Performing arts centre">performing arts centres</a>; <a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">record companies</a>; <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">radio stations</a>, and television music-video channels.<a href="#cite_note-Gar-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> The music has subsequently been heavily influenced by American culture because of its proximity and migration between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-Historica-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scholars-184">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian rock">Canadian rock</a> has had a considerable impact on the development of modern <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> and the development of the most popular <a href="/wiki/Canadian_music_genres" title="Canadian music genres">subgenres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NicksSloniowski2002-185">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthems_and_nationalistic_songs_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthems and nationalistic songs of Canada">Patriotic music in Canada</a> dates back over 200 years as a distinct category from British patriotism, preceding the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">first legal steps to independence</a> by over 50 years. The earliest known song, "<a href="/wiki/The_Bold_Canadian" title="The Bold Canadian">The Bold Canadian</a>", was written in 1812.<a href="#cite_note-Jortner2011-186">[186]</a> The national anthem of Canada, "<a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">O Canada</a>" adopted in 1980,<a href="#cite_note-anthem-fr-187">[187]</a> was originally commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Quebec" title="Lieutenant Governor of Quebec">Lieutenant Governor of Quebec</a>, the Honourable <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Robitaille" title="Théodore Robitaille">Théodore Robitaille</a>, for the 1880 <a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean-Baptiste_Day" title="Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day">Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day</a> ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Calixa_Lavall%C3%A9e" title="Calixa Lavallée">Calixa Lavallée</a> wrote the music, which was a setting of a patriotic poem composed by the poet and judge Sir <a href="/wiki/Adolphe-Basile_Routhier" title="Adolphe-Basile Routhier">Adolphe-Basile Routhier</a>. The text was originally only in French, before English lyrics were written in 1906.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Music broadcasting in the country is regulated by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC). The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Academy_of_Recording_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences">Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences</a> presents Canada's music industry awards, the <a href="/wiki/Juno_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Juno Award">Juno Awards</a>, which were first awarded in a ceremony during the summer of 1970.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Canada">Media in Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CBC_Radio_Canada_Chevrolet_Express_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/CBC_Radio_Canada_Chevrolet_Express_02.jpg/220px-CBC_Radio_Canada_Chevrolet_Express_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/CBC_Radio_Canada_Chevrolet_Express_02.jpg/330px-CBC_Radio_Canada_Chevrolet_Express_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/CBC_Radio_Canada_Chevrolet_Express_02.jpg/440px-CBC_Radio_Canada_Chevrolet_Express_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (CBC) satellite truck, used for live television broadcasts</figcaption></figure> Canada's media is <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">highly autonomous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_country" title="Censorship by country">uncensored</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multicultural_media_in_Canada" title="Multicultural media in Canada">diverse</a>, and very regionalized.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_Act_(1991)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasting Act (1991)">Broadcasting Act</a> declares "the system should serve to safeguard, enrich, and strengthen the cultural, political, social, and economic fabric of Canada".<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Canada has a well-developed media sector, but its cultural output—particularly in <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">English films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Canada" title="Television in Canada">television shows</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_magazines" title="List of Canadian magazines">magazines</a>—is often overshadowed by imports from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> As a result, the preservation of a distinctly Canadian culture is supported by federal government programs, laws, and institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (CBC), the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a> (NFB), and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission" title="Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission">Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission</a> (CRTC).<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass media in Canada">Canadian mass media</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Newspapers_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers of Canada">print</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_online_media" title="Canadian online media">digital</a>, and in both official languages, is largely dominated by a "<a href="/wiki/Media_ownership_in_Canada" title="Media ownership in Canada">handful of corporations</a>".<a href="#cite_note-TarasBakardjievaPannekoek20072-196">[196]</a> The largest of these corporations is the country's national <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Public broadcaster">public broadcaster</a>, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, which also plays a significant role in producing domestic cultural content, operating <a href="/wiki/CBC_Radio" title="CBC Radio">its own radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/CBC_Television" title="CBC Television">TV</a> networks in both English and French.<a href="#cite_note-TarasBakardjievaPannekoek2007-197">[197]</a> In addition to the CBC, some provincial governments offer their own public educational TV broadcast services as well, such as <a href="/wiki/TVOntario" class="mw-redirect" title="TVOntario">TVOntario</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9-Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Télé-Québec">Télé-Québec</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Non-news media content in Canada, including film and television, is influenced both by local creators as well as by imports from the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and France.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> In an effort to reduce the amount of foreign-made media, government interventions in television broadcasting can include both regulation of content and public financing.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Canadian tax laws</a> limit foreign competition in magazine advertising.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports in Canada</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports in Canada</a> consists of a variety of games. Although there are many contests that Canadians value, the most common are <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Box_lacrosse" title="Box lacrosse">box lacrosse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">soccer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">curling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ringette" title="Ringette">ringette</a>. All but curling and soccer are considered domestic sports as they were either invented by Canadians or trace their roots to Canada.<a href="#cite_note-MorrowWamsley2013-202">[202]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ice_hockey_McGill_University_1884.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ice_hockey_McGill_University_1884.jpg/170px-Ice_hockey_McGill_University_1884.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ice_hockey_McGill_University_1884.jpg/255px-Ice_hockey_McGill_University_1884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ice_hockey_McGill_University_1884.jpg/340px-Ice_hockey_McGill_University_1884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a> being played at <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, 1884</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a>, referred to as simply "hockey", is Canada's most prevalent <a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">winter sport</a>, its most popular spectator sport, and its most successful sport in international competition. It is Canada's official national winter sport.<a href="#cite_note-Kidd1996-203">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">Lacrosse</a>, a sport with <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous</a> origins, is Canada's oldest and <a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">official summer sport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kidd1996-203">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian football</a> is Canada's second most popular spectator sport,<a href="#cite_note-Canadian_Press_2006-06-08-204">[204]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">Canadian Football League</a>'s annual championship, the <a href="/wiki/Grey_Cup" title="Grey Cup">Grey Cup</a>, is the country's largest annual sports event.<a href="#cite_note-Wong2009-205">[205]</a> While other sports have a larger spectator base, association football, known in Canada as soccer in both English and French, has the most registered players of any team sport in Canada, and is the most played sport with all demographics, including ethnic origin, ages and genders.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Professional teams exist in many cities in Canada – with a <a href="/wiki/MLS_teams" class="mw-redirect" title="MLS teams">trio of teams</a> in North America's top pro league, <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a> – and international soccer competitions such as the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a>, <a href="/wiki/UEFA_European_Championship" title="UEFA European Championship">UEFA Euro</a> and the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League" title="UEFA Champions League">UEFA Champions League</a> attract some of the biggest audiences in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Other popular team sports include <a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">curling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Street_hockey" title="Street hockey">street hockey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Canada" title="Rugby league in Canada">rugby league</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Canada" title="Rugby union in Canada">rugby union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">softball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultimate (sport)">Ultimate frisbee</a>. Popular individual sports include <a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">auto racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">karate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">kickboxing</a>, hunting, <a href="/wiki/Shooting_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting sport">sport shooting</a>, fishing, cycling, golf, hiking, <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_skating" title="Ice skating">ice skating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snowboarding" title="Snowboarding">snowboarding</a>, swimming, <a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">triathlon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disc_golf" title="Disc golf">disc golf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_sport_(recreation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water sport (recreation)">water sports</a>, and several forms of <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a>. As a country with a generally cool climate, Canada has enjoyed greater success at the <a href="/wiki/Canada_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Canada at the Winter Olympics">Winter Olympics</a> than at the <a href="/wiki/Canada_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Canada at the Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a>, although significant regional variations in climate allow for a wide variety of both team and individual sports. Great achievements in Canadian sports are recognized by <a href="/wiki/Canada%27s_Sports_Hall_of_Fame" title="Canada's Sports Hall of Fame">Canada's Sports Hall of Fame</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Danilov1997cv-208">[208]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Lou_Marsh_Trophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lou Marsh Trophy">Lou Marsh Trophy</a> is awarded annually to Canada's top athlete by a panel of journalists.<a href="#cite_note-Zawadzki2001efg-209">[209]</a> There are numerous other Sports Halls of Fame in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Danilov1997cv-208">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Canadian cuisine</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CanadianCuisineSubset.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/CanadianCuisineSubset.png/160px-CanadianCuisineSubset.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/CanadianCuisineSubset.png/240px-CanadianCuisineSubset.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/CanadianCuisineSubset.png/320px-CanadianCuisineSubset.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2828" /></a><figcaption>A small sampling of Canadian foods. Clockwise from top left: <a href="/wiki/Montreal-style_smoked_meat" title="Montreal-style smoked meat">Montreal-style smoked meat</a>; <a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">maple syrup</a>; <a href="/wiki/Poutine" title="Poutine">poutine</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nanaimo_bar" title="Nanaimo bar">Nanaimo bar</a>; <a href="/wiki/Butter_tart" title="Butter tart">butter tart</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Peameal_bacon" title="Peameal bacon">peameal bacon</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Canadian cuisine</a> varies widely depending on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">region</a>. The former Canadian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a> has been paraphrased to have noted: "Canada has a cuisine of cuisines. Not a stew pot, but a smorgasbord."<a href="#cite_note-smorg-210">[210]</a> While there are considerable overlaps between Canadian food and the rest of the cuisine in North America, many unique dishes (or versions of certain dishes) are found and available only in the country. Common contenders for the Canadian <a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">national food</a> include <a href="/wiki/Poutine" title="Poutine">poutine</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Butter_tarts" class="mw-redirect" title="Butter tarts">butter tarts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> Other popular Canadian made foods include indigenous fried bread <a href="/wiki/Bannock_(Indigenous_American_food)" title="Bannock (Indigenous American food)">bannock</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Tourti%C3%A8re" title="Tourtière">tourtière</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kraft_Dinner" title="Kraft Dinner">Kraft Dinner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketchup_chips" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketchup chips">ketchup chips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Date_squares" class="mw-redirect" title="Date squares">date squares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanaimo_bars" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanaimo bars">nanaimo bars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Back_bacon" title="Back bacon">back bacon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(cocktail)" title="Caesar (cocktail)">caesar</a> cocktail and many many more.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> The Canadian province of Quebec is the birthplace and world's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">maple syrup</a>,<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Montreal-style_bagel" title="Montreal-style bagel">Montreal-style bagel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montreal-style_smoked_meat" title="Montreal-style smoked meat">Montreal-style smoked meat</a> are both food items originally developed by Jewish communities living in Quebec<a href="#cite_note-Simmons2012-218">[218]</a> The three earliest cuisines of Canada have First Nations, English, and French roots. The indigenous population of Canada often have their own traditional cuisine. The cuisines of English Canada are closely related to <a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the United States">American cuisine</a>. Finally, the traditional cuisines of French Canada have evolved from 16th-century <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French cuisine</a> because of the tough conditions of colonial life and the winter provisions of <a href="/wiki/Coureur_des_bois" title="Coureur des bois">Coureur des bois</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Civitello2011-219">[219]</a> With subsequent waves of immigration in the 18th and 19th century from Central, Southern, and Eastern Europe, and then from Asia, Africa and <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, the regional cuisines were subsequently affected.<a href="#cite_note-Civitello2011-219">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_opinion_data_on_culture">Public opinion data on culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Public opinion data on culture">edit</a>]</div> A 2022 web survey by the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Canadian_Studies" title="Association for Canadian Studies">Association for Canadian Studies</a> found that an absolute majority of respondents in all provinces except Alberta disagreed with the statement that "there is only one Canadian culture". Most respondents didn't choose what music to listen to based on whether or not the artist was Canadian. While half of Quebeckers and more than one third of respondents in the rest of Canada agreed that "I worry about preserving my culture" at the same time 60% of respondents agreed that "If a Canadian artist is good enough, they will become discovered without the need for specific Canadian content rules". Forty-six percent of respondents had no favourite Canadian musical artist. Rock, pop, and country music were the most popular genres of music, with above twenty percent fan bases in all age categories, but with hip-hop also appealing to more than twenty percent in the youngest cohort (18–35 years old). Film genre preferences were largely as the same across age categories, with comedies and action films the most popular, except that only one percent of older people (>55 years old) were fans of animated movies compared to eleven percent in young adults, while older adults showed a strong preference for dramas compared to younger people. Three out of four respondents could not name a single Canadian visual artist, living or dead.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_views">Outside views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Outside views">edit</a>]</div> In a 2002 interview with the Globe and Mail, <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV" title="Aga Khan IV">Aga Khan</a>, the 49th Imam of the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismaili Muslims</a>, described Canada as "the most successful <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">pluralist society</a> on the face of our globe",<a href="#cite_note-WhiteSimeon2009iu-221">[221]</a> citing it as "a model for the world".<a href="#cite_note-stackhouse-2002-222">[222]</a> A 2007 poll ranked Canada as the country with the most positive influence in the world. 28,000 people in 27 countries were asked to rate 12 countries as either having a positive or negative worldwide influence. Canada's overall influence rating topped the list with 54 per cent of respondents rating it mostly positive and only 14 per cent mostly negative.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> A global opinion poll for the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> saw Canada ranked the second most positively viewed nation in the world (behind Germany) in 2013 and 2014.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> The United States is home to a number of perceptions about Canadian culture, due to the countries' partially shared heritage and the relatively large number of cultural features common to both the US and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> For example, the average Canadian may be perceived as more reserved than his or her American counterpart.<a href="#cite_note-Inc.2009-227">[227]</a> Canada and the United States are often inevitably compared as sibling countries, and the perceptions that arise from this oft-held contrast have gone to shape the advertised worldwide identities of both nations: the United States is seen as the rebellious child of the British Crown, forged in the fires of <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">violent revolution</a>; Canada is the calmer offspring of the United Kingdom, known for a more relaxed national demeanour.<a href="#cite_note-seacoastnh1-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atkey2006-229">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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title="Lists of Canadians">List of Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_culture" title="Acadian culture">Acadian culture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LoueSajatovic2011-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LoueSajatovic2011_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoueSajatovic2011_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLoueSajatovic2011" class="citation book cs1">Loue, Sana; Sajatovic, Martha (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zQUd4W_mK1UC&pg=PA337">Encyclopedia of Immigrant Health</a>. Springer. p. 337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-5655-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-5655-2"><bdi>978-1-4419-5655-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Immigrant+Health&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-5655-2&rft.aulast=Loue&rft.aufirst=Sana&rft.au=Sajatovic%2C+Martha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzQUd4W_mK1UC%26pg%3DPA337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MagocsiOntario1999vmm-2"><a href="#cite_ref-MagocsiOntario1999vmm_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsiMulticultural_History_Society_of_Ontario1999" class="citation book cs1">Magocsi, Paul R.; Multicultural History Society of Ontario (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dbUuX0mnvQMC&pg=PA1186">Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples</a>. University of Toronto Press. pp. 1186–1187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-2938-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-2938-6"><bdi>978-0-8020-2938-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Canada%27s+Peoples&rft.pages=1186-1187&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-2938-6&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft.au=Multicultural+History+Society+of+Ontario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdbUuX0mnvQMC%26pg%3DPA1186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Development1999-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Development1999_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrganisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development1999" class="citation book cs1">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6hYxVNMj2YQC&pg=PA48">Economic and cultural transition towards a learning city: the case of Jena</a>. OECD Publishing. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-17015-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-17015-5"><bdi>978-92-64-17015-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+and+cultural+transition+towards+a+learning+city%3A+the+case+of+Jena&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-92-64-17015-5&rft.au=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6hYxVNMj2YQC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RicksMichaels1990-4"><a href="#cite_ref-RicksMichaels1990_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicksMichaels1990" class="citation book cs1">Ricks, Christopher; Michaels, Leonard (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=my7MokQsXxIC&pg=PA19">The State of the language</a>. University of California Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05906-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05906-1"><bdi>978-0-520-05906-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+of+the+language&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05906-1&rft.aulast=Ricks&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Michaels%2C+Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmy7MokQsXxIC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cotter2011rt-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Cotter2011rt_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne-Marie_Mooney_Cotter2011" class="citation book cs1">Anne-Marie Mooney Cotter (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0AcvVUevrMYC&pg=PA176">Culture clash: an international legal perspective on ethnic discrimination</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-1936-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-1936-5"><bdi>978-1-4094-1936-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+clash%3A+an+international+legal+perspective+on+ethnic+discrimination&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-1936-5&rft.au=Anne-Marie+Mooney+Cotter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0AcvVUevrMYC%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JohnsonJoseph-Salisbury2018-6"><a href="#cite_ref-JohnsonJoseph-Salisbury2018_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonJoseph-SalisburyKamunge2018" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Azeezat; Joseph-Salisbury, Remi; Kamunge, Beth (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib2rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT148">The Fire Now: Anti-Racist Scholarship in Times of Explicit Racial Violence</a>. Zed Books. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78699-382-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78699-382-3"><bdi>978-1-78699-382-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fire+Now%3A+Anti-Racist+Scholarship+in+Times+of+Explicit+Racial+Violence&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78699-382-3&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Azeezat&rft.au=Joseph-Salisbury%2C+Remi&rft.au=Kamunge%2C+Beth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIb2rDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PettySherbert2006-7"><a href="#cite_ref-PettySherbert2006_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettySherbertGérin2006" class="citation book cs1">Petty, Sheila; Sherbert, Garry; Gérin, Annie (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lBQ-3Lo3cdcC&pg=PA348">Canadian Cultural Poesis: Essays on Canadian Culture</a>. 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Press. p. 348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-486-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-486-7"><bdi>978-0-88920-486-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Cultural+Poesis%3A+Essays+on+Canadian+Culture&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-88920-486-7&rft.aulast=Petty&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft.au=Sherbert%2C+Garry&rft.au=G%C3%A9rin%2C+Annie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlBQ-3Lo3cdcC%26pg%3DPA348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HollifieldMartin2014b-8"><a href="#cite_ref-HollifieldMartin2014b_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollifieldMartinOrrenius2014" class="citation book cs1">Hollifield, James; Martin, Philip L.; Orrenius, Pia (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oec_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA103">Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective, Third Edition</a>. Stanford University Press. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8735-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8735-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-8735-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Controlling+Immigration%3A+A+Global+Perspective%2C+Third+Edition&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-8735-2&rft.aulast=Hollifield&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Martin%2C+Philip+L.&rft.au=Orrenius%2C+Pia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doec_BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrickerWright2005-9"><a href="#cite_ref-BrickerWright2005_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrickerWrightIpsos-Reid_(Firm)2005" class="citation book cs1">Bricker, Darrell; Wright, John; Ipsos-Reid (Firm) (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oCWHHfJhUvEC&pg=PT8">What Canadians think- about almost- everything</a>. Doubleday Canada. pp. 8–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-65985-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-65985-7"><bdi>978-0-385-65985-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Canadians+think-+about+almost-+everything&rft.pages=8-20&rft.pub=Doubleday+Canada&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-385-65985-7&rft.aulast=Bricker&rft.aufirst=Darrell&rft.au=Wright%2C+John&rft.au=Ipsos-Reid+%28Firm%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoCWHHfJhUvEC%26pg%3DPT8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/rfc-dlc/ccrf-ccdl/cases.html">"Examples of Charter-related cases – Canada's System of Justice"</a>. 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University of Toronto Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-9227-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-9227-5"><bdi>978-1-4426-9227-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230316173822/https://books.google.com/books?id=TcPckf7snr8C&pg=PT34">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2023. 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James Lorimer & Company. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88862-604-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88862-604-2"><bdi>978-0-88862-604-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quebec%2C+a+history%2C+1867%E2%80%931929&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=James+Lorimer+%26+Company&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-88862-604-2&rft.aulast=Linteau&rft.aufirst=Paul+Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=Durocher%2C+Ren%C3%A9&rft.au=Robert%2C+Jean-Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_vA0o0e0PdgC%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kosel2010f-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kosel2010f_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kosel2010f_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosel2010" class="citation book cs1">Kosel, Jochen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hkVZOHj-i2AC&pg=PA15">The Language Situation in Canada with Special Regard to Quebec</a>. 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Unisa Press. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86888-361-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86888-361-5"><bdi>978-1-86888-361-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+rights+from+a+comparative+and+international+law+perspective&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Unisa+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-86888-361-5&rft.aulast=Church&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft.au=Schulze%2C+Christian&rft.au=Strydom%2C+Hennie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2sMwFTOrixwC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacLennan2004-49"><a href="#cite_ref-MacLennan2004_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLennan2004" class="citation book cs1">MacLennan, Christopher (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xxt6VAsdW5oC&pg=PA119">Toward the Charter: Canadians and the Demand for a National Bill of Rights, 1929–1960</a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2536-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2536-8"><bdi>978-0-7735-2536-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+the+Charter%3A+Canadians+and+the+Demand+for+a+National+Bill+of+Rights%2C+1929%E2%80%931960&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2536-8&rft.aulast=MacLennan&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxxt6VAsdW5oC%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black-BranchAssociation1995-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Black-BranchAssociation1995_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack-BranchCanadian_Education_Association1995" class="citation book cs1">Black-Branch, Jonathan L.; Canadian Education Association (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b287tH3UbkAC&pg=PA38">Making Sense of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a>. Canadian Education Association. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-920315-78-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-920315-78-1"><bdi>978-0-920315-78-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Sense+of+the+Canadian+Charter+of+Rights+and+Freedoms&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Canadian+Education+Association&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-920315-78-1&rft.aulast=Black-Branch&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+L.&rft.au=Canadian+Education+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db287tH3UbkAC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DuncanLey1993-51"><a href="#cite_ref-DuncanLey1993_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncanLey1993" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, James S.; Ley, David (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XsINAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA205">Place/culture/representation</a>. Routledge. pp. 205–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09451-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09451-1"><bdi>978-0-415-09451-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Place%2Fculture%2Frepresentation&rft.pages=205-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-09451-1&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=James+S.&rft.au=Ley%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXsINAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dranoff2011-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Dranoff2011_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinda_Silver_Dranoff2011" class="citation book cs1">Linda Silver Dranoff (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ukQzP_ZLOAcC&pg=PT373">Every Canadian's Guide to the Law: Fourth Edition</a>. HarperCollins Canada. pp. 373–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4434-0559-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4434-0559-1"><bdi>978-1-4434-0559-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 3, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Every+Canadian%27s+Guide+to+the+Law%3A+Fourth+Edition&rft.pages=373-&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Canada&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4434-0559-1&rft.au=Linda+Silver+Dranoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DukQzP_ZLOAcC%26pg%3DPT373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Angelini2011-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Angelini2011_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Ubaldo_Angelini2011" class="citation book cs1">Paul Ubaldo Angelini (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rt-xlgrkYXAC&pg=PT315">Our Society: Human Diversity in Canada</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-17-650354-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-17-650354-3"><bdi>978-0-17-650354-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Society%3A+Human+Diversity+in+Canada&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-17-650354-3&rft.au=Paul+Ubaldo+Angelini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drt-xlgrkYXAC%26pg%3DPT315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steinberg2009-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Steinberg2009_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg2009" class="citation book cs1">Steinberg, Shirley R. 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Wilfrid Laurier Univ. 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University of Toronto Press. pp. 13–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-3521-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-3521-0"><bdi>978-1-4426-3521-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331010046/https://books.google.com/books?id=I_HzDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2023. Retrieved October 29, 2018. <q>...most Canadian governments, especially at the federal level, have taken a moderate, centrist approach to decision making, seeking to balance growth, stability, and governmental efficiency and economy...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking+Government%3A+Public+Administration+and+Politics+in+Canada%2C+Fourth+Edition&rft.pages=13-23&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-3521-0&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI_HzDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=rec/fra/sys/courtney&document=courtney&lang=e">"Plurality-Majority Electoral Systems: A Review"</a>. Elections Canada. August 27, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190912221327/https://elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=rec/fra/sys/courtney&document=courtney&lang=e">Archived</a> from the original on September 12, 2019. 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Nationalism and Ethnic Politics. 21 (2): 213–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13537113.2015.1032033">10.1080/13537113.2015.1032033</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145773856">145773856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalism+and+Ethnic+Politics&rft.atitle=Canadian+Multiculturalism+and+the+Absence+of+the+Far+Right+%E2%80%93+Nationalism+and+Ethnic+Politics&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=213-236&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13537113.2015.1032033&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145773856%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ambrosea&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft.au=Muddea%2C+Cas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaub2017" class="citation news cs1">Taub, Amanda (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/27/world/canada/canadas-secret-to-resisting-the-wests-populist-wave.html">"Canada's Secret to Resisting the West's Populist Wave"</a>. The New York Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/27/world/canada/canadas-secret-to-resisting-the-wests-populist-wave.html">the original</a> on January 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+Secret+to+Resisting+the+West%27s+Populist+Wave&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Taub&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F06%2F27%2Fworld%2Fcanada%2Fcanadas-secret-to-resisting-the-wests-populist-wave.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DixonScheurell2016-60"><a href="#cite_ref-DixonScheurell2016_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixonScheurell2016" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, John; Scheurell, Robert P. 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Routledge. pp. 48–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-36677-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-36677-5"><bdi>978-1-317-36677-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Welfare+in+Developed+Market+Countries&rft.pages=48-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-03-17&rft.isbn=978-1-317-36677-5&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Scheurell%2C+Robert+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnpzDCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EvansGraaf2013-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EvansGraaf2013_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EvansGraaf2013_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansde_Graaf2013" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Geoffrey; de Graaf, Nan Dirk (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bZhcx6hLOMMC&pg=PA166">Political Choice Matters: Explaining the Strength of Class and Religious Cleavages in Cross-National Perspective</a>. OUP Oxford. pp. 166–167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966399-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966399-6"><bdi>978-0-19-966399-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Choice+Matters%3A+Explaining+the+Strength+of+Class+and+Religious+Cleavages+in+Cross-National+Perspective&rft.pages=166-167&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966399-6&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.au=de+Graaf%2C+Nan+Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbZhcx6hLOMMC%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BaumerGold2015-62"><a href="#cite_ref-BaumerGold2015_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumerGold2015" class="citation book cs1">Baumer, Donald C.; Gold, Howard J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uBbvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT152">Parties, Polarization and Democracy in the United States</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-25478-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-25478-2"><bdi>978-1-317-25478-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331010054/https://books.google.com/books?id=uBbvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT152">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2023. Retrieved October 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parties%2C+Polarization+and+Democracy+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-25478-2&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Donald+C.&rft.au=Gold%2C+Howard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuBbvCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBittnerKoop2013" class="citation book cs1">Bittner, Amanda; Koop, Royce (March 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TdFTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA300">Parties, Elections, and the Future of Canadian Politics</a>. UBC Press. p. 300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-2411-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-2411-8"><bdi>978-0-7748-2411-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331005406/https://books.google.com/books?id=TdFTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA300">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2023. Retrieved October 29, 2018. <q>Domination by the Centre The central anomaly of the Canadian system, and the primary cause of its other peculiarities, has been its historical domination by a party of the centre. In none of the other countries is a centre party even a major player, much less the dominant....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parties%2C+Elections%2C+and+the+Future+of+Canadian+Politics&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2013-03-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-2411-8&rft.aulast=Bittner&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft.au=Koop%2C+Royce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTdFTCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Connor2007-64"><a href="#cite_ref-O'Connor2007_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor2007" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, Brendon (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jq4FMb47AnEC&pg=PA59">Anti-Americanism: Comparative perspectives</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84645-026-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84645-026-6"><bdi>978-1-84645-026-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Americanism%3A+Comparative+perspectives&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84645-026-6&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Brendon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJq4FMb47AnEC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell2004-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Russell2004_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2004" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Peter H. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M9sTM3z4XsAC&pg=PA156">Constitutional odyssey: can Canadians become a sovereign people?</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3777-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3777-0"><bdi>978-0-8020-3777-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+odyssey%3A+can+Canadians+become+a+sovereign+people%3F&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-3777-0&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM9sTM3z4XsAC%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clift1982-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Clift1982_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClift1982" class="citation book cs1">Clift, Dominique (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ArsBP5Efqx4C&pg=PA106">Quebec nationalism in crisis</a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 106–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0383-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0383-0"><bdi>978-0-7735-0383-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quebec+nationalism+in+crisis&rft.pages=106-108&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-0383-0&rft.aulast=Clift&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DArsBP5Efqx4C%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rowe2010-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Rowe2010_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Carlos_Rowe2010" class="citation book cs1">John Carlos Rowe (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XkA2rdpS0JIC&pg=PA393">A Concise Companion to American Studies</a>. John Wiley and Sons. p. 393. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0924-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0924-6"><bdi>978-1-4051-0924-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Companion+to+American+Studies&rft.pages=393&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0924-6&rft.au=John+Carlos+Rowe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXkA2rdpS0JIC%26pg%3DPA393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raboy1990-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Raboy1990_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaboy1990" class="citation book cs1">Raboy, Marc (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sJDctK2WgHIC&pg=PA301">Missed opportunities: the story of Canada's broadcasting policy</a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0775-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0775-3"><bdi>978-0-7735-0775-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Missed+opportunities%3A+the+story+of+Canada%27s+broadcasting+policy&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-0775-3&rft.aulast=Raboy&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsJDctK2WgHIC%26pg%3DPA301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gutiérrez-Haces_2018_s015-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Gutiérrez-Haces_2018_s015_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutiérrez-Haces2018" class="citation book cs1">Gutiérrez-Haces, Maria Teresa (November 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/uop/1488?lang=en">Identity and Otherness in Canadian Foreign Policy</a>. Collection internationale d'Études canadiennes | International Canadian Studies Series. University of Ottawa Press. pp. 231–250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7766-2722-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7766-2722-9"><bdi>978-0-7766-2722-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240304065237/https://books.openedition.org/uop/1488?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity+and+Otherness+in+Canadian+Foreign+Policy&rft.series=Collection+internationale+d%27%C3%89tudes+canadiennes+%26%23124%3B+International+Canadian+Studies+Series&rft.pages=231-250&rft.pub=University+of+Ottawa+Press&rft.date=2018-11-06&rft.isbn=978-0-7766-2722-9&rft.aulast=Guti%C3%A9rrez-Haces&rft.aufirst=Maria+Teresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fuop%2F1488%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carroll_2016_pp._167–176-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Carroll_2016_pp._167–176_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2016" class="citation journal cs1">Carroll, Michael K (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/44631172">"Peacekeeping: Canada's past, but not its present and future?"</a>. International Journal. 71 (1). [Sage Publications, Ltd., Canadian International Council]: 167–176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0020702015619857">10.1177/0020702015619857</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7020">0020-7020</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44631172">44631172</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240228173148/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44631172">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2024. Retrieved February 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal&rft.atitle=Peacekeeping%3A+Canada%27s+past%2C+but+not+its+present+and+future%3F&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=167-176&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=0020-7020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44631172%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0020702015619857&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Michael+K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44631172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anon._u211-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Anon._u211_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.environicsinstitute.org/docs/default-source/project-documents/canada-s-world-survey/canada%27s-current-role-in-world.pdf?sfvrsn=d5590018_4">"Canada's Current Role in World"</a> (PDF). Environics Institute for Survey Research. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240304065232/https://www.environicsinstitute.org/docs/default-source/project-documents/canada-s-world-survey/canada%27s-current-role-in-world.pdf?sfvrsn=d5590018_4">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Current+Role+in+World&rft.pub=Environics+Institute+for+Survey+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.environicsinstitute.org%2Fdocs%2Fdefault-source%2Fproject-documents%2Fcanada-s-world-survey%2Fcanada%2527s-current-role-in-world.pdf%3Fsfvrsn%3Dd5590018_4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edgar_2002_pp._107–117-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Edgar_2002_pp._107–117_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgar2002" class="citation journal cs1">Edgar, Alistair D. (2002). "Canada's changing participation in international peacekeeping and peace enforcement: What, if anything, does it mean?". Canadian Foreign Policy Journal. 10 (1): 107–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F11926422.2002.9673309">10.1080/11926422.2002.9673309</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1192-6422">1192-6422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Foreign+Policy+Journal&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+changing+participation+in+international+peacekeeping+and+peace+enforcement%3A+What%2C+if+anything%2C+does+it+mean%3F&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=107-117&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F11926422.2002.9673309&rft.issn=1192-6422&rft.aulast=Edgar&rft.aufirst=Alistair+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keating_2002_p.-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Keating_2002_p._73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeating2002" class="citation book cs1">Keating, T.F. (2002). Canada and World Order: The Multilateralist Tradition in Canadian Foreign Policy. Oxford University Press. pp. 108, 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-541529-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-541529-2"><bdi>978-0-19-541529-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+and+World+Order%3A+The+Multilateralist+Tradition+in+Canadian+Foreign+Policy&rft.pages=108%2C+112&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-541529-2&rft.aulast=Keating&rft.aufirst=T.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitworth_2004_p._91-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Whitworth_2004_p._91_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitworth2004" class="citation book cs1">Whitworth, S. 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Sharpe. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-416-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-416-2"><bdi>978-1-56324-416-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+culture+and+constitutionalism%3A+a+comparative+approach&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-416-2&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Baun%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNtvKidOH9pgC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-English2004-93"><a href="#cite_ref-English2004_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2004" class="citation book cs1">English, Allan D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z1OcatV808wC&pg=PA111">Understanding Military Culture: A Canadian Perspective</a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-7171-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-7171-6"><bdi>978-0-7735-7171-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Military+Culture%3A+A+Canadian+Perspective&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-7171-6&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Allan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz1OcatV808wC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CarrollTom2005-94"><a href="#cite_ref-CarrollTom2005_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgess,_Ann_CarrollBurgess,_Tom2005" class="citation book cs1">Burgess, Ann Carroll; Burgess, Tom (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TuggI-Ye_AUC&pg=PA31">Guide to Western Canada</a>. Globe Pequot Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-2987-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-2987-6"><bdi>978-0-7627-2987-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Western+Canada&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-2987-6&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Ann+Carroll&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTuggI-Ye_AUC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-saunders-95"><a href="#cite_ref-saunders_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2002" class="citation web cs1">Saunders, Philip (April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060307194214/http://www.cbc.ca/news/features/constitution/">"The Charter at 20"</a>. CBC News Online. <a href="/wiki/CBC/Radio-Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="CBC/Radio-Canada">CBC/Radio-Canada</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/features/constitution/">the original</a> on March 7, 2006. Retrieved March 17, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=The+Charter+at+20&rft.date=2002-04&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2Fconstitution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trudeau_1993_p._323-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Trudeau_1993_p._323_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudeau1993" class="citation book cs1">Trudeau, P.E. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zqsJbzlwtwsC&pg=PA323">Memoirs</a>. McClelland & Stewart. p. 323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-8588-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-8588-8"><bdi>978-0-7710-8588-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-8588-8&rft.aulast=Trudeau&rft.aufirst=P.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzqsJbzlwtwsC%26pg%3DPA323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlattberg2013" class="citation web cs1">Blattberg, Charles (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3084986">""Canadian Identity" and "Canadian Identity and Language""</a>. University of Montreal. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2238333">2238333</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815225536/https://www.academia.edu/3084986">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved December 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Canadian+Identity%22+and+%22Canadian+Identity+and+Language%22&rft.pub=University+of+Montreal&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2238333%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Blattberg&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3084986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gwyn2008b-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Gwyn2008b_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwyn2008" class="citation book cs1">Gwyn, Richard J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xN7jXe0H5FwC&pg=PA265">John A: The Man Who Made Us</a>. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-31476-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-31476-9"><bdi>978-0-679-31476-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+A%3A+The+Man+Who+Made+Us&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-679-31476-9&rft.aulast=Gwyn&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxN7jXe0H5FwC%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen2008zxc-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Cohen2008zxc_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2008" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Andrew (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=glcBcaMC6doC&pg=PA3">The Unfinished Canadian: The People We Are</a>. McClelland & Stewart. pp. 3–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-2286-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-2286-9"><bdi>978-0-7710-2286-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unfinished+Canadian%3A+The+People+We+Are&rft.pages=3-&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-2286-9&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DglcBcaMC6doC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hines2018-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Hines2018_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHines2018" class="citation book cs1">Hines, Pamela (August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9yFnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA180">The Trumping of America: A Wake Up Call to the Free World</a>. FriesenPress. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5255-0934-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5255-0934-6"><bdi>978-1-5255-0934-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trumping+of+America%3A+A+Wake+Up+Call+to+the+Free+World&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=FriesenPress&rft.date=2018-08&rft.isbn=978-1-5255-0934-6&rft.aulast=Hines&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9yFnDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> -Pierre Elliott Trudeau, as cited in The Essential Trudeau, ed. Ron Graham. (pp.16 – 20) </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForan2017" class="citation news cs1">Foran, Charles (January 4, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/04/the-canada-experiment-is-this-the-worlds-first-postnational-country">"The Canada experiment: is this the world's first 'postnational' country?"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved December 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Canada+experiment%3A+is+this+the+world%27s+first+%27postnational%27+country%3F&rft.date=2017-01-04&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Foran&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fjan%2F04%2Fthe-canada-experiment-is-this-the-worlds-first-postnational-country&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marger2011-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Marger2011_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarger2011" class="citation book cs1">Marger, Martin N. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aW4jOatwxkwC&pg=PA433">Race and Ethnic Relations: American and Global Perspectives</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 433. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-18638-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-18638-8"><bdi>978-1-111-18638-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+Ethnic+Relations%3A+American+and+Global+Perspectives&rft.pages=433&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-111-18638-8&rft.aulast=Marger&rft.aufirst=Martin+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaW4jOatwxkwC%26pg%3DPA433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennett1998-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Kennett1998_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Alexander_Kennett1998" class="citation book cs1">Steven Alexander Kennett (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G_fiXKP7ZPEC&pg=PA6">Securing the Social Union: A Commentary on the Decentralized Approach</a>. IIGR, Queen's University. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88911-767-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88911-767-9"><bdi>978-0-88911-767-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Securing+the+Social+Union%3A+A+Commentary+on+the+Decentralized+Approach&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=IIGR%2C+Queen%27s+University&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-88911-767-9&rft.au=Steven+Alexander+Kennett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG_fiXKP7ZPEC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/151001/dq151001a-eng.htm">"The Daily – Canadian identity, 2013"</a>. statcan.gc.ca. October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180503223951/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/151001/dq151001a-eng.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=The+Daily+%E2%80%93+Canadian+identity%2C+2013&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statcan.gc.ca%2Fdaily-quotidien%2F151001%2Fdq151001a-eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wesley2011o-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Wesley2011o_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesley2011" class="citation book cs1">Wesley, Jared J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_c5TCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21">Code Politics: Campaigns and Cultures on the Canadian Prairies</a>. UBC Press. pp. 21–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-2077-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-2077-6"><bdi>978-0-7748-2077-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Code+Politics%3A+Campaigns+and+Cultures+on+the+Canadian+Prairies&rft.pages=21-23&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-2077-6&rft.aulast=Wesley&rft.aufirst=Jared+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_c5TCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/4524787/western-canadians-alienation-ipsos/">"Western Canadians still feel more connected to their province than to country as a whole: Ipsos – Globalnews.ca"</a>. globalnews.ca. October 8, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190512070849/https://globalnews.ca/news/4524787/western-canadians-alienation-ipsos/">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=globalnews.ca&rft.atitle=Western+Canadians+still+feel+more+connected+to+their+province+than+to+country+as+a+whole%3A+Ipsos+%E2%80%93+Globalnews.ca&rft.date=2018-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F4524787%2Fwestern-canadians-alienation-ipsos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blake2007-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Blake2007_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake2007" class="citation book cs1">Blake, Raymond B. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f6KiHZe3KVgC&pg=PA265">Transforming the Nation: Canada and Brian Mulroney</a>. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. pp. 265–267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3214-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3214-4"><bdi>978-0-7735-3214-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transforming+the+Nation%3A+Canada+and+Brian+Mulroney&rft.pages=265-267&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+%E2%80%93+MQUP&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-3214-4&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Raymond+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df6KiHZe3KVgC%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmore2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_Gilmore" title="Scott Gilmore">Gilmore, Scott</a> (May 8, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/opinion/canada-a-nation-of-strangers/?sfi=1c19d41d13bc01bd139ed1efb9272ccf">"Canada: A nation of strangers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814013216/https://www.macleans.ca/opinion/canada-a-nation-of-strangers/?sfi=1c19d41d13bc01bd139ed1efb9272ccf">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2019. <q>Canada: A nation of strangers: Canadians don't often move out of their birth province. We vacation elsewhere. We barely know each other. We're now unable to muster national responses to big issues</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada%3A+A+nation+of+strangers&rft.pub=Maclean%27s&rft.date=2019-05-08&rft.aulast=Gilmore&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2Fopinion%2Fcanada-a-nation-of-strangers%2F%3Fsfi%3D1c19d41d13bc01bd139ed1efb9272ccf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scobie-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Scobie_109-0">^</a> Scobie, Stephen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/humorous-writing-in-english/">"Humorous Writing in English"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170925132611/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/humorous-writing-in-english/">Archived</a> September 25, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved on: April 23, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lacombe-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Lacombe_110-0">^</a> Lacombe, Michelle <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/humorous-writing-in-french/">"Humorous Writing in French"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170901122536/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/humorous-writing-in-french/">Archived</a> September 1, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved on: April 23, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-Owram1997-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Owram1997_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwram1997" class="citation book cs1">Owram, Doug (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pKdw6Y7_lksC&pg=PA91">Born at the right time: a history of the baby-boom generation</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8086-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8086-8"><bdi>978-0-8020-8086-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Born+at+the+right+time%3A+a+history+of+the+baby-boom+generation&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8086-8&rft.aulast=Owram&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpKdw6Y7_lksC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boberg2010-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Boberg2010_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoberg2010" class="citation book cs1">Boberg, Charles (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uW2rM_6I3gMC&pg=PA45">The English Language in Canada: Status, History and Comparative Analysis</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87432-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87432-8"><bdi>978-0-521-87432-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Language+in+Canada%3A+Status%2C+History+and+Comparative+Analysis&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87432-8&rft.aulast=Boberg&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuW2rM_6I3gMC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-New2002ty-113"><a href="#cite_ref-New2002ty_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew2002" class="citation book cs1">New, William H. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mkh2vJ_9GpEC&pg=PA516">Encyclopedia of literature in Canada</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 516. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-0761-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-0761-2"><bdi>978-0-8020-0761-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+literature+in+Canada&rft.pages=516&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-0761-2&rft.aulast=New&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMkh2vJ_9GpEC%26pg%3DPA516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nieguth2015-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Nieguth2015_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNieguth2015" class="citation book cs1">Nieguth, Tim (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wMjMCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA188">The Politics of Popular Culture: Negotiating Power, Identity, and Place</a>. MQUP. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-9685-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-9685-6"><bdi>978-0-7735-9685-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Popular+Culture%3A+Negotiating+Power%2C+Identity%2C+and+Place&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=MQUP&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-9685-6&rft.aulast=Nieguth&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwMjMCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tinic2005-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Tinic2005_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerra_Ayse_Tinic2005" class="citation book cs1">Serra Ayse Tinic (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HKbwixLBVeAC&pg=PA131">On location: Canada's television industry in a global market</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8548-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8548-1"><bdi>978-0-8020-8548-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+location%3A+Canada%27s+television+industry+in+a+global+market&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8548-1&rft.au=Serra+Ayse+Tinic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHKbwixLBVeAC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooks2002-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Brooks2002_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2002" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, Stephen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zHLD90pXWYEC&pg=PA45">The challenge of cultural pluralism</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97001-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97001-7"><bdi>978-0-275-97001-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+challenge+of+cultural+pluralism&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97001-7&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzHLD90pXWYEC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray2003-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Murray2003_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2003" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Gil (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd-MhtgwHE0C&pg=PA39">Nothing on but the radio: a look back at radio in Canada and how it changed the world</a>. Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-479-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-479-1"><bdi>978-1-55002-479-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nothing+on+but+the+radio%3A+a+look+back+at+radio+in+Canada+and+how+it+changed+the+world&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-479-1&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Gil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXd-MhtgwHE0C%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weingrad-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Weingrad_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoug_Hill,_Jeff_Weingrad2011" class="citation book cs1">Doug Hill, Jeff Weingrad (December 15, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rkUn4S_OlngC&pg=PT27">Saturday Night: A Backstage History of Saturday Night Life</a>. Untreed Reads. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61187-218-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61187-218-7"><bdi>978-1-61187-218-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saturday+Night%3A+A+Backstage+History+of+Saturday+Night+Life&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Untreed+Reads&rft.date=2011-12-15&rft.isbn=978-1-61187-218-7&rft.au=Doug+Hill%2C+Jeff+Weingrad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrkUn4S_OlngC%26pg%3DPT27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charney2005-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charney2005_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charney2005_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharney2005" class="citation book cs1">Charney, Maurice (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Og4ntxFQP2cC&pg=PA210">Comedy: a geographic and historical guide</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 210–213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32714-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32714-8"><bdi>978-0-313-32714-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comedy%3A+a+geographic+and+historical+guide&rft.pages=210-213&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32714-8&rft.aulast=Charney&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOg4ntxFQP2cC%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113153400/http://www.culturalhrc.ca/membership/members-e.asp">"Organisation Members"</a>. Cultural Human Resources Council. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturalhrc.ca/membership/members-e.asp">the original</a> on November 13, 2012. 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Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88882-232-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88882-232-1"><bdi>978-0-88882-232-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1000+questions+about+Canada%3A+places%2C+people%2C+things%2C+and+ideas+%3A+a+question-and-answer+book+on+Canadian+facts+and+culture&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-88882-232-1&rft.au=John+Robert+Colombo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwmRI6_3da2sC%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stebbins1990o-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Stebbins1990o_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStebbins1990" class="citation book cs1">Stebbins, Robert A. 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McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0735-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0735-7"><bdi>978-0-7735-0735-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+laugh-makers%3A+stand-up+comedy+as+art%2C+business%2C+and+life-style&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-0735-7&rft.aulast=Stebbins&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9yBWQnGpy84C%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120201060318/http://canadiancomedy.ca/history.php">"History"</a>. 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Canlii.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111041749/http://www.canlii.org/ca/sta/n-10.7/">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2009. Retrieved February 25, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Horse+of+Canada+Act&rft.pub=Canlii.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canlii.org%2Fca%2Fsta%2Fn-10.7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/o1-eng.cfm">"The beaver"</a>. Pch.gc.ca. December 17, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226002505/https://www.canada.ca/home.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved February 25, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+beaver&rft.pub=Pch.gc.ca&rft.date=2008-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pch.gc.ca%2Fpgm%2Fceem-cced%2Fsymbl%2Fo1-eng.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/o3-eng.cfm">"The Maple Leaf"</a>. Pch.gc.ca. 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UBC Press. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0916-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0916-0"><bdi>978-0-7748-0916-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+and+the+end+of+empire&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0916-0&rft.au=Phillip+Alfred+Buckner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27IggObUC9kC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-symbol1-128"><a href="#cite_ref-symbol1_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanadian_Heritage2002" class="citation book cs1">Canadian Heritage (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.693005/publication.html">Symbols of andCanada</a>. Canadian Government Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-660-18615-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-660-18615-3"><bdi>978-0-660-18615-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190623223342/http://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.693005/publication.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2019. 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Nelson Education-McGraw-Hill Education. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-17-672841-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-17-672841-0"><bdi>978-0-17-672841-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology+in+Action%2C+Canadian+Edition%2C+2nd+ed.&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Nelson+Education-McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.isbn=978-0-17-672841-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR0hwCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinsHutchins2006" class="citation book cs1">Hutchins, Donna; Hutchins, Nigel (2006). The Maple Leaf Forever: A Celebration of Canadian Symbols. Erin: The Boston Mills Press. p. iix intro. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55046-474-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55046-474-0"><bdi>978-1-55046-474-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maple+Leaf+Forever%3A+A+Celebration+of+Canadian+Symbols&rft.place=Erin&rft.pages=iix+intro&rft.pub=The+Boston+Mills+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55046-474-0&rft.aulast=Hutchins&rft.aufirst=Donna&rft.au=Hutchins%2C+Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MurrayViotti1994pl-131"><a href="#cite_ref-MurrayViotti1994pl_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayViotti1994" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Douglas J.; Viotti, Paul R. 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JHU Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-4794-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-4794-3"><bdi>978-0-8018-4794-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+defense+policies+of+nations%3A+a+comparative+study&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-4794-3&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Douglas+J.&rft.au=Viotti%2C+Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMCnY_VN9AjIC%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Restoration-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Restoration_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/news/news_release.2011.08.0889.html">"Restoration of traditional military service names welcomed"</a>. Government of New Brunswick (Intergovernmental Affairs Office of the Premier). 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110819174731/http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/news/news_release.2011.08.0889.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2011. 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McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3905-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3905-1"><bdi>978-0-7735-3905-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Museum+Pieces%3A+Toward+the+Indigenization+of+Canadian+Museums&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-3905-1&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Ruth+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNvCphIkc_cMC%26pg%3DPA267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FriesenFriesen2006-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FriesenFriesen2006_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriesenFriesen2006" class="citation book cs1">Friesen, John W.; Friesen, Virginia Agnes Lyons (2006). 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Calgary, AB: Detselig Enterprises. pp. xxi–Intro. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781550593044" title="Special:BookSources/9781550593044"><bdi>9781550593044</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62129850">62129850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Aboriginal+Art+and+Spirituality%3A+A+Vital+Link&rft.place=Calgary%2C+AB&rft.pages=xxi-Intro&rft.pub=Detselig+Enterprises&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62129850&rft.isbn=9781550593044&rft.aulast=Friesen&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft.au=Friesen%2C+Virginia+Agnes+Lyons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harper1977-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Harper1977_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Russell_Harper1977" class="citation book cs1">J. Russell Harper (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bxss7eeWAeYC&pg=PA57">Painting in Canada: a history</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6307-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6307-6"><bdi>978-0-8020-6307-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Painting+in+Canada%3A+a+history&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-6307-6&rft.au=J.+Russell+Harper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbxss7eeWAeYC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Förg1999-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Förg1999_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFörg1999" class="citation book cs1">Förg, Nicola (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o4rALXEjXcAC&pg=PA233">Canada: Pacific coast, the Rockies, Prairie Provinces, and the Territories</a>. Hunter Publishing, Inc. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88618-368-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88618-368-5"><bdi>978-3-88618-368-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%3A+Pacific+coast%2C+the+Rockies%2C+Prairie+Provinces%2C+and+the+Territories&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Hunter+Publishing%2C+Inc&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3-88618-368-5&rft.aulast=F%C3%B6rg&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do4rALXEjXcAC%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leigh2010-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Leigh2010_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatricia_Randolph_Leigh2010" class="citation book cs1">Patricia Randolph Leigh (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d8LynUs6KDAC&pg=PA93">International Exploration of Technology Equity and the Digital Divide: Critical, Historical and Social Perspectives</a>. 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(2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0y95_2m0pGUC&pg=PA151">Daily life of the Inuit</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36311-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36311-5"><bdi>978-0-313-36311-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+life+of+the+Inuit&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-36311-5&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Pamela+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0y95_2m0pGUC%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalal2011-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Dalal2011_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2011" class="citation book cs1">Dalal, Roshen (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RO4kS1IR71sC&pg=PA147">The Illustrated Timeline of the History of the World</a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4488-4797-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4488-4797-6"><bdi>978-1-4488-4797-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Timeline+of+the+History+of+the+World&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4488-4797-6&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRO4kS1IR71sC%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jessup2001-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Jessup2001_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessup2001" class="citation book cs1">Jessup, Lynda (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=81bt2ujVwnwC&pg=PA146">Antimodernism and artistic experience: policing the boundaries of modernity</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8354-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8354-8"><bdi>978-0-8020-8354-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antimodernism+and+artistic+experience%3A+policing+the+boundaries+of+modernity&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8354-8&rft.aulast=Jessup&rft.aufirst=Lynda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D81bt2ujVwnwC%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacDonald2009-141"><a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald2009_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2009" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Cheryl (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zG9ioqNnu3cC&pg=PA57">Celebrated Pets: Endearing Tales of Companionship and Loyalty</a>. Heritage House Publishing Co. pp. 57–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-894974-81-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-894974-81-3"><bdi>978-1-894974-81-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celebrated+Pets%3A+Endearing+Tales+of+Companionship+and+Loyalty&rft.pages=57-&rft.pub=Heritage+House+Publishing+Co&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-894974-81-3&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Cheryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzG9ioqNnu3cC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nowell2011-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Nowell2011_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowell2011" class="citation book cs1">Nowell, Iris (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rgvrHdQ_iXEC&pg=PP33">Painters Eleven: The Wild Ones of Canadian Art</a>. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-590-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-590-9"><bdi>978-1-55365-590-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Painters+Eleven%3A+The+Wild+Ones+of+Canadian+Art&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-55365-590-9&rft.aulast=Nowell&rft.aufirst=Iris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrgvrHdQ_iXEC%26pg%3DPP33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corse1997-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Corse1997_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorse1997" class="citation book cs1">Corse, Sarah M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YH0Ru6Al66sC&pg=PA60">Nationalism and literature: the politics of culture in Canada and the United States</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57912-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57912-4"><bdi>978-0-521-57912-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+literature%3A+the+politics+of+culture+in+Canada+and+the+United+States&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57912-4&rft.aulast=Corse&rft.aufirst=Sarah+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYH0Ru6Al66sC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keith2006-144"><a href="#cite_ref-Keith2006_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._J._Keith2006" class="citation book cs1">W. J. Keith (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rGawhTGpGK0C&pg=PA19">Canadian literature in English</a>. The Porcupine's Quill. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88984-283-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88984-283-0"><bdi>978-0-88984-283-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+literature+in+English&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=The+Porcupine%27s+Quill&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-88984-283-0&rft.au=W.+J.+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrGawhTGpGK0C%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robertfulford.com/CanadianNovelists.html">"Robert Fulford's column about the international success of Canadian literature"</a>. Robertfulford.com. June 6, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301052028/http://www.robertfulford.com/CanadianNovelists.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Fulford%27s+column+about+the+international+success+of+Canadian+literature&rft.pub=Robertfulford.com&rft.date=2001-06-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robertfulford.com%2FCanadianNovelists.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrackettGaydosik2006-146"><a href="#cite_ref-BrackettGaydosik2006_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrackettGaydosik2006" class="citation book cs1">Brackett, Mary Virginia; Gaydosik, Victoria (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IkiNBQXP65EC&pg=RA1-PA323">The Facts on File Companion to the British Novel: Beginnings through the 19th century</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5133-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5133-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-5133-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Facts+on+File+Companion+to+the+British+Novel%3A+Beginnings+through+the+19th+century&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5133-5&rft.aulast=Brackett&rft.aufirst=Mary+Virginia&rft.au=Gaydosik%2C+Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIkiNBQXP65EC%26pg%3DRA1-PA323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HengenThomson2007-147"><a href="#cite_ref-HengenThomson2007_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHengenThomson2007" class="citation book cs1">Hengen, Shannon Eileen; Thomson, Ashley (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kf1SSS2jIpMC&pg=PA272">Margaret Atwood: a reference guide, 1988–2005</a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5904-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5904-3"><bdi>978-0-8108-5904-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Margaret+Atwood%3A+a+reference+guide%2C+1988%E2%80%932005&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5904-3&rft.aulast=Hengen&rft.aufirst=Shannon+Eileen&rft.au=Thomson%2C+Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKf1SSS2jIpMC%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martel2010-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Martel2010_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartel2010" class="citation book cs1">Martel, Yann (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pzSzJP3qLwsC&pg=PA212">Beatrice and Virgil</a>. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-8197-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-8197-1"><bdi>978-0-8129-8197-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beatrice+and+Virgil&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-8197-1&rft.aulast=Martel&rft.aufirst=Yann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpzSzJP3qLwsC%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Werlock2001-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Werlock2001_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbby_H._P._Werlock2001" class="citation book cs1">Abby H. P. 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Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5249-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5249-8"><bdi>978-0-8264-5249-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carol+Shields%27s+The+stone+diaries%3A+a+reader%27s+guide&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-5249-8&rft.au=Abby+H.+P.+Werlock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2xuhmom0ZJoC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelprize.org-150"><a href="#cite_ref-nobelprize.org_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2013/press.pdf">"The Nobel Prize in Literature 2013"</a> (PDF) (Press release). 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012073434/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2013/press.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 12, 2013. Retrieved October 10, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature+2013&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fliterature%2Flaureates%2F2013%2Fpress.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GaunceMayr2012-151"><a href="#cite_ref-GaunceMayr2012_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaunceMayrLePanMather2012" class="citation book cs1">Gaunce, Julia; Mayr, Suzette; LePan, Don; Mather, Marjorie; Miller, Bryanne (July 25, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aE6-gRWo16sC&pg=PA236">The Broadview Anthology of Short Fiction, second edition</a>. Broadview Press. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55481-076-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55481-076-5"><bdi>978-1-55481-076-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Broadview+Anthology+of+Short+Fiction%2C+second+edition&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2012-07-25&rft.isbn=978-1-55481-076-5&rft.aulast=Gaunce&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft.au=Mayr%2C+Suzette&rft.au=LePan%2C+Don&rft.au=Mather%2C+Marjorie&rft.au=Miller%2C+Bryanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaE6-gRWo16sC%26pg%3DPA236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osnes2001-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Osnes2001_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsnes2001" class="citation book cs1">Osnes, Beth (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WTkCI62oXjEC&pg=PA57">Acting: an International encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-795-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-795-9"><bdi>978-0-87436-795-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acting%3A+an+International+encyclopedia&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87436-795-9&rft.aulast=Osnes&rft.aufirst=Beth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWTkCI62oXjEC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pang2004-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Pang2004_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuek_Cheng_Pang2004" class="citation book cs1">Guek Cheng Pang (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nn9vIqeR17YC&pg=PA102">Canada</a>. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 102–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1788-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1788-0"><bdi>978-0-7614-1788-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada&rft.pages=102-&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-1788-0&rft.au=Guek+Cheng+Pang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnn9vIqeR17YC%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pang2004b-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Pang2004b_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuek_Cheng_Pang2004" class="citation book cs1">Guek Cheng Pang (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nn9vIqeR17YC&pg=PA121">Canada</a>. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 121–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1788-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1788-0"><bdi>978-0-7614-1788-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada&rft.pages=121-&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-1788-0&rft.au=Guek+Cheng+Pang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnn9vIqeR17YC%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngelini2011" class="citation book cs1">Angelini, Paul Ubaldo (2011). Our Society: Human Diversity in Canada. Cengage Learning. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780176503543" title="Special:BookSources/9780176503543"><bdi>9780176503543</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Society%3A+Human+Diversity+in+Canada&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780176503543&rft.aulast=Angelini&rft.aufirst=Paul+Ubaldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121224062402/http://www.showmetoronto.com/toronto_tour_theatre_district.htm">"Toronto Theatre District"</a>. Showmetoronto.com. 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Tourisme Montréal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121414/https://www.mtl.org/en/experience/guide-to-theatres-montreal">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tourisme+Montr%C3%A9al&rft.atitle=Handy+guide+to+Montr%C3%A9al%27s+theatres&rft.date=2017-07-26&rft.aulast=Juilliard&rft.aufirst=Laure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtl.org%2Fen%2Fexperience%2Fguide-to-theatres-montreal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theatrebc.org/theatre-links/">"Theatre Links"</a>. 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Nac-cna.ca. March 17, 1970. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nac-cna.ca/en/about/nachistory/index.cfm">the original</a> on June 21, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NAC+History+%26%23124%3B+National+Arts+Centre&rft.pub=Nac-cna.ca&rft.date=1970-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nac-cna.ca%2Fen%2Fabout%2Fnachistory%2Findex.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadiantheatre.com/dict.pl?term=Great%20Canadian%20Theatre%20Company">"Great Canadian Theatre Company"</a>. Canadian Theatre Encyclopedia. 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CRC Press. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-1173-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-1173-4"><bdi>978-0-8493-1173-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+telecommunications+illustrated+dictionary&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-1173-4&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Julie+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db2mMzS0hCkAC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JamesKasoff2008-165"><a href="#cite_ref-JamesKasoff2008_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesKasoff2008" class="citation book cs1">James, Patrick; Kasoff, Mark J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7_LHcv89nW4C&pg=PA157">Canadian Studies in the New Millennium</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9468-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9468-1"><bdi>978-0-8020-9468-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Studies+in+the+New+Millennium&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-9468-1&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Kasoff%2C+Mark+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7_LHcv89nW4C%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Igartua2006-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Igartua2006_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosé_Eduardo_Igartua2006" class="citation book cs1">José Eduardo Igartua (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-rrwTFRLmd4C&pg=PA229">The other quiet revolution: national identities in English Canada, 1945–71</a>. UBC Press. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1088-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1088-3"><bdi>978-0-7748-1088-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+other+quiet+revolution%3A+national+identities+in+English+Canada%2C+1945%E2%80%9371&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-1088-3&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Eduardo+Igartua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-rrwTFRLmd4C%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/i-am-canadian-by-molson">"I. AM. CANADIAN! by Molson – CBC Archives"</a>. cbc.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180820094900/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/i-am-canadian-by-molson">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2018. 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Rowman & Littlefield. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-0954-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-0954-2"><bdi>978-0-7425-0954-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Continental+order%3F%3A+integrating+North+America+for+cybercapitalism&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-0954-2&rft.aulast=Mosco&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft.au=Schiller%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnxay5BZnNDIC%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Punter2003-169"><a href="#cite_ref-Punter2003_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPunter2003" class="citation book cs1">Punter, John (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0iTN8z4otp4C&pg=PA4">The Vancouver achievement: urban planning and design</a>. UBC Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0971-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0971-9"><bdi>978-0-7748-0971-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vancouver+achievement%3A+urban+planning+and+design&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0971-9&rft.aulast=Punter&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0iTN8z4otp4C%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Resnick2007-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Resnick2007_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResnick2007" class="citation book cs1">Resnick, Mike (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=izy_9MLeldsC&pg=PT111">Nebula Awards Showcase 2007</a>. 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Canada's Influence on the Film Industry: Canada's Pioneers in Early Hollywood. BiblioBazaar. pp. iix (intro).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Influence+on+the+Film+Industry%3A+Canada%27s+Pioneers+in+Early+Hollywood&rft.pages=iix+%28intro%29&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Rasmussen&rft.aufirst=Dana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foster2000-173"><a href="#cite_ref-Foster2000_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2000" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Charles (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UOw9GvrYvqIC&pg=PA27">Stardust and shadows: Canadians in early Hollywood</a>. Dundurn Press Ltd. pp. 27–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-348-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-348-0"><bdi>978-1-55002-348-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stardust+and+shadows%3A+Canadians+in+early+Hollywood&rft.pages=27-34&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-348-0&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUOw9GvrYvqIC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kindem2000-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kindem2000_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kindem2000_174-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorham_Anders_Kindem2000" class="citation book cs1">Gorham Anders Kindem (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zg-1VxIZKAwC&pg=PA304">The international movie industry</a>. SIU Press (reprint). pp. 304–307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-2299-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-2299-2"><bdi>978-0-8093-2299-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+international+movie+industry&rft.pages=304-307&rft.pub=SIU+Press+%28reprint%29&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8093-2299-2&rft.au=Gorham+Anders+Kindem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZg-1VxIZKAwC%26pg%3DPA304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fraser2007-175"><a href="#cite_ref-Fraser2007_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2007" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, Graham (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lU4YzO9MFqkC&pg=PA227">Sorry, I Don't Speak French: Confronting the Canadian Crisis That Won't Go Away</a>. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-4767-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-4767-1"><bdi>978-0-7710-4767-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sorry%2C+I+Don%27t+Speak+French%3A+Confronting+the+Canadian+Crisis+That+Won%27t+Go+Away&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-4767-1&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlU4YzO9MFqkC%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FerlieLynn2007-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FerlieLynn2007_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerlieLynnPollitt2007" class="citation book cs1">Ferlie, Ewan; Lynn, Laurence E.; Pollitt, Christopher (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cop4ff5LDRUC&pg=PA457">The Oxford handbook of public management</a>. Oxford Handbooks Online. p. 457. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922644-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922644-3"><bdi>978-0-19-922644-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+handbook+of+public+management&rft.pages=457&rft.pub=Oxford+Handbooks+Online&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-922644-3&rft.aulast=Ferlie&rft.aufirst=Ewan&rft.au=Lynn%2C+Laurence+E.&rft.au=Pollitt%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcop4ff5LDRUC%26pg%3DPA457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100203164603/http://www.tiff.net/default.aspx">"Toronto International Film Festival"</a>. Tiff.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tiff.net/default.aspx">the original</a> on February 3, 2010. Retrieved February 25, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toronto+International+Film+Festival&rft.pub=Tiff.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tiff.net%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willy-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Willy_178-0">^</a> Music in Canada 1600–1800. by Amtmann, Willy. Cambridge, Ont. : Habitex Books, 1975. 320 p.(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88912-020-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-88912-020-X">0-88912-020-X</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Mich-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Mich_179-0">^</a> La Musique au Québec 1600–1875. by Michelle Pharand. Montreal: Les Éditions de l'Homme (1976) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7759-0517-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7759-0517-8">0-7759-0517-8</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Gar-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Gar_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorey1997" class="citation book cs1">Morey, Carl (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eZQch8ieRtsC&pg=PP1">Music in Canada: a research and information guide</a>. Garland Pub. pp. ??. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1603-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1603-9"><bdi>978-0-8153-1603-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+Canada%3A+a+research+and+information+guide&rft.pages=%3F%3F&rft.pub=Garland+Pub.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-1603-9&rft.aulast=Morey&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeZQch8ieRtsC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309132436/http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/timeline/CCFTimeline.html">"The history of broadcasting in Canada"</a>. The Canadian Communications Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/timeline/CCFTimeline.html">the original</a> on March 9, 2012. Retrieved September 20, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Communications+Foundation&rft.atitle=The+history+of+broadcasting+in+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadcasting-history.ca%2Ftimeline%2FCCFTimeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Profiles of Canada. edited by Kenneth G. Pryke, Walter C. Soderlund. Boulder, Colo. : NetLibrary, 2000.(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-585-27925-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-585-27925-X">0-585-27925-X</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Historica-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Historica_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/history-of-canada-in-music-emc/">"History of Canada in music"</a>. Historica Foundation of Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171002071449/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/history-of-canada-in-music-emc/">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2017. 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Canadian Scholars Press, 1994. </li> <li id="cite_note-NicksSloniowski2002-185"><a href="#cite_ref-NicksSloniowski2002_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicksSloniowski2002" class="citation book cs1">Nicks, Joan; Sloniowski, Jeannette (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=skTVwTzT27cC&pg=PA219">Slippery pastimes: reading the popular in Canadian culture</a>. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. 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Canadian Heritage. Government of Canada. June 23, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090129084708/http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/anthem-fra.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2009. Retrieved June 26, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Heritage&rft.atitle=Hymne+national+du+Canada&rft.date=2008-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pch.gc.ca%2Fpgm%2Fceem-cced%2Fsymbl%2Fanthem-fra.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/o-canada/">"O Canada"</a>. 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Canadian Scholars. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77338-172-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77338-172-5"><bdi>978-1-77338-172-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Communication+Policy+and+Law&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Canadian+Scholars&rft.date=2020-05-20&rft.isbn=978-1-77338-172-5&rft.aulast=Bannerman&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgs0DEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVipond2011" class="citation book cs1">Vipond, Mary (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-0eDs29g49YC&pg=PA57">The Mass Media in Canada</a> (4th ed.). James Lorimer Company. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55277-658-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55277-658-2"><bdi>978-1-55277-658-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mass+Media+in+Canada&rft.pages=57&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=James+Lorimer+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-55277-658-2&rft.aulast=Vipond&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-0eDs29g49YC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwardson2008" class="citation book cs1">Edwardson, Ryan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadiancontentc0000edwa">Canadian Content: Culture and the Quest for Nationhood</a>. 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Canada.com. September 16, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/reginaleaderpost/news/sports/story.html?id=150b0ecd-fb4a-4cff-9ff0-24c5c17c1c52">the original</a> on November 8, 2012. 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Two arguments for, two against"</a>, Toronto Life, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torontolife.com/daily/daily-dish/aprons-icons/2010/04/22/is-poutine-canadas-national-food-two-arguments-for-two-against/">the original</a> on March 22, 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Life&rft.atitle=Is+poutine+Canada%27s+national+food%3F+Two+arguments+for%2C+two+against&rft.date=2010-04-22&rft.aulast=Sufrin&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torontolife.com%2Fdaily%2Fdaily-dish%2Faprons-icons%2F2010%2F04%2F22%2Fis-poutine-canadas-national-food-two-arguments-for-two-against%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaird2009" class="citation cs2">Baird, Elizabeth (June 30, 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515055607/https://www.canadianliving.com/food/article/does-canada-have-a-national-dish">"Does Canada Have a National Dish?"</a>, Canadian Living, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadianliving.com/blogs/food/2009/06/30/does-canada-have-a-national-dish/">the original</a> on May 15, 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Living&rft.atitle=Does+Canada+Have+a+National+Dish%3F&rft.date=2009-06-30&rft.aulast=Baird&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadianliving.com%2Fblogs%2Ffood%2F2009%2F06%2F30%2Fdoes-canada-have-a-national-dish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeMONTIS2010" class="citation cs2">DeMONTIS, RITA (June 21, 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808035716/http://www.torontosun.com/life/eat/2010/03/04/13112421.html">"Canadians butter up to this tart"</a>, Toronto Sun, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torontosun.com/life/eat/2010/03/04/13112421.html">the original</a> on August 8, 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Sun&rft.atitle=Canadians+butter+up+to+this+tart&rft.date=2010-06-21&rft.aulast=DeMONTIS&rft.aufirst=RITA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torontosun.com%2Flife%2Feat%2F2010%2F03%2F04%2F13112421.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews2015" class="citation web cs1">Andrews, Jennifer (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ricottaandradishes.com/other/34-uniquely-canadian-foods-other-than-poutine/">"34 Uniquely Canadian Foods (Other Than Poutine)"</a>. Ricotta & Radishes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151128071023/http://www.ricottaandradishes.com/other/34-uniquely-canadian-foods-other-than-poutine/">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2015. Retrieved December 1, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ricotta+%26+Radishes&rft.atitle=34+Uniquely+Canadian+Foods+%28Other+Than+Poutine%29&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ricottaandradishes.com%2Fother%2F34-uniquely-canadian-foods-other-than-poutine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/info_maple_syrup.htm">"Maple Syrup."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110908001546/http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/info_maple_syrup.htm">Archived</a> September 8, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/">Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110410075337/http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/">Archived</a> April 10, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed July 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-Simmons2012-218"><a href="#cite_ref-Simmons2012_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons2012" class="citation book cs1">Simmons, Gail (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FfOYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT45">Talking with My Mouth Full: My Life as a Professional Eater</a>. Hyperion. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4013-0415-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4013-0415-7"><bdi>978-1-4013-0415-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talking+with+My+Mouth+Full%3A+My+Life+as+a+Professional+Eater&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Hyperion&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4013-0415-7&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Gail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFfOYAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Civitello2011-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Civitello2011_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Civitello2011_219-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCivitello2011" class="citation book cs1">Civitello, Linda (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CwRE0HIIyWkC&pg=PA401">Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 401–402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-40371-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-40371-6"><bdi>978-0-470-40371-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuisine+and+Culture%3A+A+History+of+Food+and+People&rft.pages=401-402&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-470-40371-6&rft.aulast=Civitello&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCwRE0HIIyWkC%26pg%3DPA401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJedwab2022" class="citation web cs1">Jedwab, Jack (December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acs-metropolis.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/The-State-of-Canadian-Culture-and-the-perceived-need-to-protect-it.pdf">"The State of Canadian Culture and the perceived need to protect it"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Canadian_Studies" title="Association for Canadian Studies">Association for Canadian Studies</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201233226/https://acs-metropolis.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/The-State-of-Canadian-Culture-and-the-perceived-need-to-protect-it.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Association+for+Canadian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+State+of+Canadian+Culture+and+the+perceived+need+to+protect+it&rft.date=2022-12&rft.aulast=Jedwab&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facs-metropolis.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F01%2FThe-State-of-Canadian-Culture-and-the-perceived-need-to-protect-it.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WhiteSimeon2009iu-221"><a href="#cite_ref-WhiteSimeon2009iu_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteSimeon2009" class="citation book cs1">White, Linda A.; Simeon, Richard (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ATny9O-I6bwC&pg=PA102">The Comparative Turn in Canadian Political Science</a>. UBC Press. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1428-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1428-7"><bdi>978-0-7748-1428-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Comparative+Turn+in+Canadian+Political+Science&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-1428-7&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Linda+A.&rft.au=Simeon%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DATny9O-I6bwC%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stackhouse-2002-222"><a href="#cite_ref-stackhouse-2002_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStackhouse,_JohnMartin,_Patrick2002" class="citation cs2">Stackhouse, John; Martin, Patrick (February 2, 2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/opinions/columnists/doug-saunders/canadas-mistaken-identity/article1199074/">"Canada: 'A model for the world'"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>, Toronto, p. F3, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090629011942/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/opinions/columnists/doug-saunders/canadas-mistaken-identity/article1199074/">archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2009, retrieved June 29, 2009, <q>Canada is today the most successful pluralist society on the face of our globe, without any doubt in my mind ... That is something unique to Canada. It is an amazing global human asset</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Canada%3A+%27A+model+for+the+world%27&rft.pages=F3&rft.date=2002-02-02&rft.au=Stackhouse%2C+John&rft.au=Martin%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fopinions%2Fcolumnists%2Fdoug-saunders%2Fcanadas-mistaken-identity%2Farticle1199074%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadavisa.com/canada-a-good-influence-on-the-world.html">"Canada – A Good Influence on the World"</a>. Canadavisa.com. 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May 23, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523014312/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22624104">Archived</a> from the original on May 23, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BBC+poll%3A+Germany+most+popular+country+in+the+world&rft.date=2013-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-22624104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2014/world-service-country-poll">"World Service Global Poll: Negative views of Russia on the rise"</a>. BBC. June 4, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812221010/http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2014/world-service-country-poll">Archived</a> from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World+Service+Global+Poll%3A+Negative+views+of+Russia+on+the+rise&rft.date=2014-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fmediacentre%2Flatestnews%2F2014%2Fworld-service-country-poll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.people-press.org/2004/01/14/americans-and-canadians/">"Americans and Canadians – The North American Not-so-odd Couple"</a>. Pew Research Center. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501080109/http://www.people-press.org/2004/01/14/americans-and-canadians/">Archived</a> from the original on May 1, 2013. Retrieved June 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Americans+and+Canadians+%E2%80%93+The+North+American+Not-so-odd+Couple&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people-press.org%2F2004%2F01%2F14%2Famericans-and-canadians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inc.2009-227"><a href="#cite_ref-Inc.2009_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMercer_Human_Res_Consulting,_Inc.2009" class="citation book cs1">Mercer Human Res Consulting, Inc. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KX6PrBIUhm4C&pg=PA67">The Global Manager's Guide to Living and Working Abroad: Western Europe and the Americas: Western Europe and the Americas</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35884-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35884-5"><bdi>978-0-313-35884-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+Manager%27s+Guide+to+Living+and+Working+Abroad%3A+Western+Europe+and+the+Americas%3A+Western+Europe+and+the+Americas&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35884-5&rft.au=Mercer+Human+Res+Consulting%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKX6PrBIUhm4C%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-seacoastnh1-228"><a href="#cite_ref-seacoastnh1_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927051040/http://seacoastnh.com/arts/please031404.html">"The Myths that Made Canada"</a>. Vol. 4, no. 8. SeacoastNH.com. As I Please (column). March 14, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seacoastnh.com/arts/please031404.html">the original</a> on September 27, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Myths+that+Made+Canada&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2004-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseacoastnh.com%2Farts%2Fplease031404.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atkey2006-229"><a href="#cite_ref-Atkey2006_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkey2006" class="citation book cs1">Atkey, Mel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VBlRWQLsLFsC&pg=PT17">Broadway North: The Dream of a Canadian Musical Theatre</a>. Dundurn. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-2120-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-2120-3"><bdi>978-1-4597-2120-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broadway+North%3A+The+Dream+of+a+Canadian+Musical+Theatre&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4597-2120-3&rft.aulast=Atkey&rft.aufirst=Mel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVBlRWQLsLFsC%26pg%3DPT17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography of Canada</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes2019" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, H.D. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t9W1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PR1">Multiculturalism in Canada: Constructing a Model Multiculture with Multicultural Values</a>. Recovering Political Philosophy. Springer International Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-19835-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-19835-0"><bdi>978-3-030-19835-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404030945/https://books.google.com/books?id=t9W1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PR1">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multiculturalism+in+Canada%3A+Constructing+a+Model+Multiculture+with+Multicultural+Values&rft.series=Recovering+Political+Philosophy&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-030-19835-0&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=H.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt9W1DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeatyBritonFilax2010" class="citation book cs1">Beaty, Bart; Briton, Derek; Filax, Gloria (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jjqitK-cRb4C&pg=PP1">How Canadians Communicate III: Contexts of Canadian Popular Culture</a>. Athabasca University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-897425-59-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-897425-59-6"><bdi>978-1-897425-59-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Canadians+Communicate+III%3A+Contexts+of+Canadian+Popular+Culture&rft.pub=Athabasca+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-897425-59-6&rft.aulast=Beaty&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft.au=Briton%2C+Derek&rft.au=Filax%2C+Gloria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjjqitK-cRb4C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmentBercuson2008" class="citation book cs1">Carment, David; Bercuson, David (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OZJFUAPGh_0C&pg=PP1">The World in Canada: Diaspora, Demography, and Domestic Politics</a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-7455-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-7455-7"><bdi>978-0-7735-7455-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+in+Canada%3A+Diaspora%2C+Demography%2C+and+Domestic+Politics&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-7455-7&rft.aulast=Carment&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Bercuson%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOZJFUAPGh_0C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClément2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Cl%C3%A9ment" title="Dominique Clément">Clément, Dominique</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-kgS9cr2JYUC&pg=PP1">Canada's Rights Revolution: Social Movements and Social Change, 1937–82</a>. UBC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-5843-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-5843-4"><bdi>978-0-7748-5843-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Rights+Revolution%3A+Social+Movements+and+Social+Change%2C+1937%E2%80%9382&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-5843-4&rft.aulast=Cl%C3%A9ment&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-kgS9cr2JYUC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlahertyManning1993" class="citation book cs1">Flaherty, David H.; Manning, Frank E. 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Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-1623-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-1623-1"><bdi>978-90-420-1623-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+are+the+voices+coming+from%3F%3A+Canadian+culture+and+the+legacies+of+history&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-420-1623-1&rft.aulast=Howells&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D609xln7MN4AC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKearneyRay2009" class="citation book cs1">Kearney, Mark; Ray, Randy (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RoBytz0-XuQC&pg=PP1">The Big Book of Canadian Trivia</a>. Dundurn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77070-614-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77070-614-9"><bdi>978-1-77070-614-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Book+of+Canadian+Trivia&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-77070-614-9&rft.aulast=Kearney&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Ray%2C+Randy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRoBytz0-XuQC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKearney,_MarkRay,_Randy1999" class="citation book cs1">Kearney, Mark; Ray, Randy (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eMouyNJYOo8C&pg=PA3">Great Canadian Book of Lists</a>. Dundurn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88882-213-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88882-213-0"><bdi>978-0-88882-213-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Canadian+Book+of+Lists&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-88882-213-0&rft.au=Kearney%2C+Mark&rft.au=Ray%2C+Randy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeMouyNJYOo8C%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodnieks2006" class="citation book cs1">Podnieks, Andrew (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qnVpwcFbNWQC&pg=PP1">A Canadian Saturday Night: Hockey and the Culture of a Country</a>. Greystone Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-926812-05-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-926812-05-2"><bdi>978-1-926812-05-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Canadian+Saturday+Night%3A+Hockey+and+the+Culture+of+a+Country&rft.pub=Greystone+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-926812-05-2&rft.aulast=Podnieks&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqnVpwcFbNWQC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaysideWilcox2011" class="citation book cs1">Rayside, David Morton; Wilcox, Clyde (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7D9n76J5wi4C&pg=PP1">Faith, Politics, and Sexual Diversity in Canada and the United States</a>. UBC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-2009-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-2009-7"><bdi>978-0-7748-2009-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith%2C+Politics%2C+and+Sexual+Diversity+in+Canada+and+the+United+States&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-2009-7&rft.aulast=Rayside&rft.aufirst=David+Morton&rft.au=Wilcox%2C+Clyde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7D9n76J5wi4C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiseman2011" class="citation book cs1">Wiseman, Nelson (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TD5bmHBbDFIC&pg=PP1">In Search of Canadian Political Culture</a>. UBC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-4061-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-4061-3"><bdi>978-0-7748-4061-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Canadian+Political+Culture&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-4061-3&rft.aulast=Wiseman&rft.aufirst=Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTD5bmHBbDFIC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Canada" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Culture of Canada">Culture of Canada</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pch.gc.ca/index-eng.cfm">Canadian Heritage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219232216/http://www.pch.gc.ca/index-eng.cfm">Archived</a> December 19, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080302170327/http://www.culture.ca/">Culture.CA</a> – Canadian cultural portal online</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.international.gc.ca/cil-cai/country_insights-apercus_pays/ci-ic_ca.aspx?lang=eng">Cultural Information – Canada</a> – <a href="/wiki/Global_Affairs_Canada" title="Global Affairs Canada">Global Affairs Canada</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canada_topics" title="Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canada_topics" title="Template talk:Canada topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canada_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">Year list</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the indigenous peoples of Canada">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France (1534–1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1763%E2%80%931867)" title="History of Canada (1763–1867)">British Canada (1763–1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Post-Confederation (1867–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_world_wars_and_interwar_period" title="Canada in the world wars and interwar period">World wars and interwar period (1914–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Canada (1945–1960)">1945–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1982–present)">since 1982</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#History_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy" title="History of Canadian foreign policy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a> (west to east)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#Geography_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Canada" title="List of earthquakes in Canada">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Canada" title="List of islands of Canada">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Canada" title="Mountain peaks of Canada">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Canada" title="National parks of Canada">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Canada" title="List of rivers of Canada">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada" title="Wildlife of Canada">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Canada" title="Volcanism of Canada">Volcanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Politics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Canada" title="LGBTQ rights in Canada">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Canada" title="Firearms regulation in Canada">Firearms regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Canada" title="Agriculture in Canada">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada" title="Dairy farming in Canada">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Canada" title="Banking in Canada">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Canada" title="List of companies of Canada">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Canada" title="Oil reserves in Canada">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Canada" title="Tourism in Canada">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Canada" title="Transportation in Canada">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Canada" title="Science and technology in Canada">Science and tech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">Metropolitan areas and agglomerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">Population centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Euthanasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Canada" title="Corruption in Canada">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Canada" title="Terrorism in Canada">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Canada" title="Homelessness in Canada">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">Social programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Values</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_folklore" title="Canadian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada" title="Public holidays in Canada">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions,_innovations,_and_discoveries" title="List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Canadians" title="Lists of Canadians">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Symbols" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada" title="Coat of arms of Canada">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Provincial and territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_tartans_of_Canada" title="Regional tartans of Canada">Tartans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Canada-related_articles" title="Index of Canada-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics by provinces and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_historians" title="List of Canadian historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_studies" title="Canadian studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Indices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Canada" title="Category:Canada">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_people" title="Template:Canadian people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_people" title="Template talk:Canadian people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnic origins of people in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_First_Nations_band_governments" title="List of First Nations band governments">by band</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in Canada">Métis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_ethnicity" title="Canadian ethnicity">Canadian ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Québécois people">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Canadians" title="British Canadians">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadians" title="Scottish Canadians">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Canadians" title="Welsh Canadians">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundlander" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundlander">Newfoundlander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadians" title="Irish Canadians">Irish Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist#Nova_Scotia" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Horn of Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Canadians" title="Eritrean Canadians">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Canadians" title="Ethiopian Canadians">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Canadians" title="Somali Canadians">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Canadians" title="Berber Canadians">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Canadians" title="Algerian Canadians">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Canadians" title="Libyan Canadians">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Canadians" title="Moroccan Canadians">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Canadians" title="Tunisian Canadians">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Canadians" title="Coptic Canadians">Coptic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Canadians" title="Egyptian Canadians">Egyptian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">East Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Canadians" title="South Sudanese Canadians">South Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Canadians" title="Sudanese Canadians">Sudanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southern Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Canadians" title="South African Canadians">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Canadians" title="Zimbabwean Canadians">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">West Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Canadians" title="Ghanaian Canadians">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Canadians" title="Nigerian Canadians">Nigerian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Canadians" title="Igbo Canadians">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Canadians" title="Yoruba Canadians">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Canadians" title="American Canadians">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Canadians" title="Mexican Canadians">Mexican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_Canadians" title="Barbadian Canadians">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Canadians">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican Canadians">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Guyanese Canadians">Guyanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Canadians" title="Haitian Canadians">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Canadians" title="Jamaican Canadians">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Canadians">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_Canadians" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian Canadians">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Central and South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine Canadians">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Canadians">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean Canadians">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian Canadians">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Guatemalan Canadians">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Canadians">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvadoran Canadians">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruguayan Canadians">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan Canadians">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Canadians" title="Asian Canadians">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/West_Asian_Canadians" title="West Asian Canadians">Central Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Canadians" title="Afghan Canadians">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Canadians" title="Kazakh Canadians">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Canadians" title="Tajik Canadians">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Canadians" title="Tatar Canadians">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Canadians" title="Uzbek Canadians">Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Canadians" title="East Asian Canadians">East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians" title="Chinese Canadians">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Canadians" title="Hong Kong Canadians">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Canadians" title="Japanese Canadians">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Canadians" title="Korean Canadians">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Canadians" title="Mongolian Canadians">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Canadians" title="Taiwanese Canadians">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Canadians" title="Tibetan Canadians">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Canadians" title="South Asian Canadians">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Canadians" title="Bangladeshi Canadians">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Canadians">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_Canadians" title="Anglo-Indian Canadians">Anglo-Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Canadians" title="Tamil Canadians">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Canadians" title="Nepalese Canadians">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Canadians" title="Pakistani Canadians">Pakistani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Canadians" title="Punjabi Canadians">Punjabi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Canada" title="Romani people in Canada">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Canadians" title="Sri Lankan Canadians">Sri Lankan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Canadians" title="Southeast Asian Canadians">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Canadians" title="Cambodian Canadians">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Canadians" title="Filipino Canadians">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Canadians" title="Indonesian Canadians">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Canadians" title="Laotian Canadians">Laotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Canadians" title="Malaysian Canadians">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Canadians" title="Singaporean Canadians">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Canadians" title="Thai Canadians">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Canadians" title="Vietnamese Canadians">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/West_Asian_Canadians" title="West Asian Canadians">West Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Canadians" title="Arab Canadians">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Canadians" title="Iraqi Canadians">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Canadians" title="Jordanian Canadians">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Canadians" title="Lebanese Canadians">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Canadians" title="Palestinian Canadians">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Canadians" title="Saudi Canadians">Saudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Canadians" title="Syrian Canadians">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Canadians" title="Yemeni Canadians">Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Canadians" title="Armenian Canadians">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Canadians" title="Assyrian Canadians">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Canadians" title="Azerbaijani Canadians">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Canadians" title="Iranian Canadians">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Canadians" title="Israeli Canadians">Israeli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Canadians" title="Kurdish Canadians">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Canadians" title="Turkish Canadians">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Canadians" title="Austrian Canadians">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Canadians" title="Czech Canadians">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Canadians" title="German Canadians">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Canadians" title="Hungarian Canadians">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Canadians" title="Polish Canadians">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Canadians" title="Slovak Canadians">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Canadians" title="Slovene Canadians">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Canadians" title="Swiss Canadians">Swiss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Canadians" title="Belarusian Canadians">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Canadians" title="Russian Canadians">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Ukrainian Canadians">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_Canadians" title="Nordic and Scandinavian Canadians">Nordic and Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Canadians" title="Danish Canadians">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Canadians" title="Finnish Canadians">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Canadians" title="Icelandic Canadians">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Canadians" title="Norwegian Canadians">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Canadians" title="Swedish Canadians">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Canadians" title="Estonian Canadians">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Canadians" title="Latvian Canadians">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Canadians" title="Lithuanian Canadians">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southeast Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Canadians">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Canadians" title="Bosnian Canadians">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Canadians" title="Bulgarian Canadians">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Canadians" title="Croatian Canadians">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Canadians" title="Greek Canadians">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Canadians" title="Macedonian Canadians">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Canadians" title="Montenegrin Canadians">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Canadians" title="Romanian Canadians">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Canadians" title="Serbian Canadians">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Canadians" title="Yugoslav Canadians">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Canadians" title="Italian Canadians">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Canadians" title="Maltese Canadians">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Canadians" title="Portuguese Canadians">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Canadians" title="Spanish Canadians">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Canadians" title="Basque Canadians">Basque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Canadians" title="Belgian Canadians">Belgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish Canadians">Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Canadians" title="British Canadians">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Canadians" title="Cornish Canadians">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Canadians" title="Scotch-Irish Canadians">Scotch-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadians" title="Scottish Canadians">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Canadians" title="Welsh Canadians">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Canadians" title="Dutch Canadians">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Canadians" title="Breton Canadians">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Québécois people">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Canadian">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Canadians" title="Luxembourgish Canadians">Luxembourger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_Canadians" title="Oceanian Canadians">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Canadians" title="Australian Canadians">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_(Pacific_Island_worker)" title="Kanaka (Pacific Island worker)">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Canadians" title="New Zealand Canadians">New Zealander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canadian_identity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_identity" title="Template:Canadian identity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_identity" title="Template talk:Canadian identity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_identity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian identity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canadian_identity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Canadian identity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Culture of Canada</a> <ul><li> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Canadian cultural protectionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Canadian values</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National identities in Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationalism" title="Canadian nationalism">Canadian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_ethnicity" title="Canadian ethnicity">Canadian ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Quebec nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Quebec" title="Culture of Quebec">Culture of Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_alienation_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Western alienation in Canada">Western alienation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_separatism" title="Alberta separatism">Alberta separatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_movements_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation movements of Canada">Annexationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism#Canada" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Provincial and territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li>Debates and legislation:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Name</a> (1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Citizenship_Act,_1946" title="Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946">Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">National Anthem Act</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debate_on_the_monarchy_in_Canada" title="Debate on the monarchy in Canada">Debate on the monarchy in Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Canada" title="Monarchism in Canada">Monarchism in Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Canada" title="Republicanism in Canada">Republicanism in Canada</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Canadian_flag_debate" title="Great Canadian flag debate">Great Flag Debate</a> (1963–64)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Culture of Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadiana" title="Canadiana">Canadiana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hockey_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Hockey in Canada">Hockey in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens" title="Montreal Canadiens">Montreal Canadiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs" title="Toronto Maple Leafs">Toronto Maple Leafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadiens%E2%80%93Maple_Leafs_rivalry" title="Canadiens–Maple Leafs rivalry">Canadiens–Maple Leafs rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers" title="Edmonton Oilers">Edmonton Oilers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Flames" title="Calgary Flames">Calgary Flames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays" title="Toronto Blue Jays">Toronto Blue Jays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poutine" title="Poutine">Poutine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Canada" title="List of festivals in Canada">Festivals</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Stampede" title="Calgary Stampede">Calgary Stampede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Winter_Carnival" title="Quebec Winter Carnival">Carnaval</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Canada" title="Media of Canada">Media of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_humour" title="Canadian humour">Canadian humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks, parks and nature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Parks_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Parks of Canada">List of National Parks of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada#Climatology" title="Geography of Canada">Winter in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CN_Tower" title="CN Tower">CN Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chateau_Frontenac" class="mw-redirect" title="Chateau Frontenac">Chateau Frontenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_of_Abraham" title="Plains of Abraham">Plains of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banff_National_Park" title="Banff National Park">Banff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rockies" title="Canadian Rockies">Canadian Rockies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War and peacekeeping</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Canadian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_peacekeeping_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian peacekeeping missions">List of Canadian peacekeeping missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_I" title="Canada in World War I">Canada in World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_Cold_War" title="Canada in the Cold War">Canada in the Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="Canada and the Vietnam War">Canada and the Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_Korean_War" title="Canada in the Korean War">Canada in the Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_War_in_Afghanistan" title="Canada in the War in Afghanistan">Canada in the War in Afghanistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crown corporations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Canada" title="Bank of Canada">Bank of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mint" title="Royal Canadian Mint">Royal Canadian Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIA_Rail_Canada_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="VIA Rail Canada Inc">VIA Rail Canada Inc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relations between <a href="/wiki/English_Canada" title="English Canada">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canada">French</a> Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians" title="History of the Acadians">Acadian movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Acadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Deportation of the Acadians">Great Upheaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Anti-Quebec sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_question_(Quebec)" title="National question (Quebec)">National question (Quebec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">Quebec sovereignty movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Quebec" title="Federalism in Quebec">Federalism in Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Solitudes_(Canadian_society)" title="Two Solitudes (Canadian society)">Two Solitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distinct_society" title="Distinct society">Distinct society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="État québécois">État québécois</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Charter_of_Human_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms">Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_French_Language" title="Charter of the French Language">Charter of the French Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Quebec" title="Civil Code of Quebec">Civil Code of Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li>Notable events:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada Rebellion</a> (1837-1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Report" title="Durham Report">Durham Report</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Schools_Question" title="Manitoba Schools Question">Manitoba Schools Question</a> (1890–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_17" title="Regulation 17">Regulation 17</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Conscription Crisis of 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1944" title="Conscription Crisis of 1944">Conscription Crisis of 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_Revolution" title="Quiet Revolution">Quiet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vive_le_Qu%C3%A9bec_libre" title="Vive le Québec libre">Vive le Québec libre</a> speech (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Crisis" title="October Crisis">October Crisis</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_referendum,_1980" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec referendum, 1980">Quebec referendum, 1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_referendum,_1995" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec referendum, 1995">Quebec referendum, 1995</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Rally" title="Unity Rally">Unity Rally</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponsorship_scandal" title="Sponsorship scandal">Sponsorship scandal</a> (1996-2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_nation_motion" title="Québécois nation motion">Québécois nation motion</a> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_bilingualism_in_Canada" title="Official bilingualism in Canada">Official bilingualism in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_of_Inquiry_on_the_Situation_of_the_French_Language_and_Linguistic_Rights_in_Quebec" title="Commission of Inquiry on the Situation of the French Language and Linguistic Rights in Quebec">Gendron Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_policies_of_Canada%27s_provinces_and_territories" title="Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories">Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_dispute_over_Quebec%27s_language_policy" title="Legal dispute over Quebec's language policy">Legal dispute over Quebec's language policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_bilingualism_in_the_public_service_of_Canada" title="Official bilingualism in the public service of Canada">Official bilingualism in the public service of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Bilingualism_and_Biculturalism" title="Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism">Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_official_languages_policy_in_Canada" title="Timeline of official languages policy in Canada">Timeline of official languages policy in Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">Federal–Provincial– Territorial relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Province building">Province building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellions_of_1837%E2%80%931838" title="Rebellions of 1837–1838">Rebellions of 1837–1838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Dominion-Provincial_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations">Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations</a> (1937–40)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_of_Inquiry_on_Constitutional_Problems" title="Royal Commission of Inquiry on Constitutional Problems">Royal Commission of Inquiry on Constitutional Problems</a> (1953–56)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriation" title="Patriation">Patriation</a> debate (1960s to 1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton%E2%80%93Favreau_formula" title="Fulton–Favreau formula">Fulton–Favreau formula</a> (to 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Act_1982" title="Canada Act 1982">Canada Act 1982</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Health_Act" title="Canada Health Act">Canada Health Act</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Charter" title="Victoria Charter">Victoria Charter</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">Meech Lake Accord</a> (1987–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_Forum_on_National_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen's Forum on National Unity">Citizen's Forum on National Unity</a> (1990–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord" title="Charlottetown Accord">Charlottetown Accord</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Declaration" title="Calgary Declaration">Calgary Declaration</a> (1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aboriginal politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_Orgs_Canada" title="Template:Aboriginal Orgs Canada">National organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Metis" title="Template:Metis">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Red River Rebellion</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">North-West Rebellion</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Act" title="Indian Act">Indian Act</a> (1876-present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Register" title="Indian Register">Indian Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka_Crisis" title="Oka Crisis">Oka Crisis</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_self-government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal self-government in Canada">Self-Government</a></li> <li>Inuit territories <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuvialuit_Settlement_Region" title="Inuvialuit Settlement Region">Inuvialuit</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NunatuKavut" title="NunatuKavut">NunatuKavut</a> claimed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">Nunavik</a> (no final agreement)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut_Land_Claims_Agreement" title="Nunavut Land Claims Agreement">agreement 1993</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>First Nations territories <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eeyou_Istchee_James_Bay_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Eeyou Istchee James Bay Territory">Eeyou Istchee James Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitassinan" title="Nitassinan">Nitassinan</a> claimed</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Aboriginal_Peoples" title="Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples">Royal Commission</a> (1991–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Canadian_pipeline_and_railway_protests" title="2020 Canadian pipeline and railway protests">2020 Canadian pipeline and railway protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International relationships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Canada–United States relations">Canada–United States relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">CUSMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORAD" title="NORAD">NORAD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Canada–United Kingdom relations">Canada–United Kingdom relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Canada–France relations">Canada–France relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="La Francophonie">La Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada (New France)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current challenges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">COVID-19 pandemic in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_property_bubble" title="Canadian property bubble">Canadian property bubble</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_America" title="Culture of North America">Culture of North America </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Culture of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Bahamas" title="Culture of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Barbados" title="Culture of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belize" title="Culture of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Costa_Rica" title="Culture of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cuba" title="Culture of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Dominica" title="Culture of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Culture of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_El_Salvador" title="Culture of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Grenada" title="Culture of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guatemala" title="Culture of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Haiti" title="Culture of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Honduras" title="Culture of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jamaica" title="Culture of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mexico" title="Culture of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nicaragua" title="Culture of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Panama" title="Culture of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Culture of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Culture of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Culture of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Anguilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Aruba" title="Culture of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bermuda" title="Culture of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture of Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Culture of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greenland" title="Culture of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guadeloupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Martinique" title="Culture of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Montserrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Culture of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of the Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Saba_(island)" title="Culture of Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture of Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sint_Maarten" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&oldid=1259486520">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&oldid=1259486520</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Canada" title="Category:Culture of Canada">Culture of Canada</a></li></ul></div><div 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