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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geo-fence_warrant&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Geo-fence warrant">Geo-fence warrant</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of search warrant</div> <p>A <b>geofence warrant</b> or a <b>reverse location warrant</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Search_warrant" title="Search warrant">search warrant</a> issued by a court to allow <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a> to search a database to find all active <a href="/wiki/Mobile_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile devices">mobile devices</a> within a particular <a href="/wiki/Geo-fence" class="mw-redirect" title="Geo-fence">geo-fence</a> area. Courts have granted law enforcement geo-fence warrants to obtain information from databases such as <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sensorvault" title="Sensorvault">Sensorvault</a>, which collects users' historical <a href="/wiki/Geo-location" class="mw-redirect" title="Geo-location">geolocation</a> data.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geo-fence warrants are a part of a category of warrants known as <a href="/wiki/Reverse_search_warrant" title="Reverse search warrant">reverse search warrants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhuiyan-Guardian_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhuiyan-Guardian-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geofence_warrant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geofence warrants were first used in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> reported that it had received 982 such warrants in 2018, 8,396 in 2019, and 11,554 in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhuiyan-Guardian_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhuiyan-Guardian-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2021 transparency report showed that 25% of data requests from law enforcement to Google were geo-fence data requests.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Google is the most common recipient of geo-fence warrants and the main provider of such data,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although companies including <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyft" title="Lyft">Lyft</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uber" title="Uber">Uber</a> have also received such warrants.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legality">Legality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geofence_warrant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geofence_warrant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some lawyers and privacy experts believe reverse search warrants are unconstitutional under the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, which protects people from unreasonable <a href="/wiki/Search_and_seizure" title="Search and seizure">searches and seizures</a>, and requires any search warrants be specific to what and to whom they apply.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fourth Amendment specifies that warrants may only be issued "upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized."<sup id="cite_ref-:03_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some lawyers, legal scholars, and privacy experts have likened reverse search warrants to <a href="/wiki/General_warrant" class="mw-redirect" title="General warrant">general warrants</a>, which were made illegal by the Fourth Amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Groups including the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> have opposed geo-fence warrants in <a href="/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae">amicus briefs</a> filed in motions to quash such orders to disclose geo-fence data.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024 the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit">United States Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals</a> found that geofence warrants are "categorically prohibited by the Fourth Amendment."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geofence_warrant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragnet_(policing)" title="Dragnet (policing)">Dragnet (policing)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geofence_warrant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFValentino-DeVries2019" class="citation news cs1">Valentino-DeVries, Jennifer (April 13, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/04/13/us/google-location-tracking-police.html">"Tracking Phones, Google Is a Dragnet for the Police"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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May 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Geofence+Warrants+and+the+Fourth+Amendment&rft.volume=134&rft.issue=7&rft.date=2021-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharvardlawreview.org%2F2021%2F05%2Fgeofence-warrants-and-the-fourth-amendment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeofence+warrant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFussell2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Fussell, Sidney (August 27, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/geofence-warrants-google/">"An Explosion in Geofence Warrants Threatens Privacy Across the US"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028">1059-1028</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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May 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Geofence+Warrants+and+the+Fourth+Amendment&rft.volume=134&rft.issue=7&rft.date=2021-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharvardlawreview.org%2F2021%2F05%2Fgeofence-warrants-and-the-fourth-amendment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeofence+warrant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynchSobel2021" class="citation web cs1">Lynch, Jennifer; Sobel, Nathaniel (August 31, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/08/new-federal-court-rulings-find-geofence-warrants-unconstitutional-0">"New Federal Court Rulings Find Geofence Warrants Unconstitutional"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Frontier+Foundation&rft.atitle=New+Federal+Court+Rulings+Find+Geofence+Warrants+Unconstitutional&rft.date=2021-08-31&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.au=Sobel%2C+Nathaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eff.org%2Fdeeplinks%2F2020%2F08%2Fnew-federal-court-rulings-find-geofence-warrants-unconstitutional-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeofence+warrant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrocker2024" class="citation web cs1">Crocker, Andrew (2024-08-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2024/08/federal-appeals-court-finds-geofence-warrants-are-categorically-unconstitutional">"Federal Appeals Court Finds Geofence Warrants Are "Categorically" Unconstitutional"</a>. <i>Electronic Frontier Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Frontier+Foundation&rft.atitle=Federal+Appeals+Court+Finds+Geofence+Warrants+Are+%22Categorically%22+Unconstitutional&rft.date=2024-08-12&rft.aulast=Crocker&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eff.org%2Fdeeplinks%2F2024%2F08%2Ffederal-appeals-court-finds-geofence-warrants-are-categorically-unconstitutional&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeofence+warrant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geofence_warrant&oldid=1260858452">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geofence_warrant&oldid=1260858452</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographic_position" title="Category:Geographic position">Geographic position</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_privacy" title="Category:Internet privacy">Internet privacy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Google" title="Category:Google">Google</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Databases" title="Category:Databases">Databases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Warrants" title="Category:Warrants">Warrants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_terminology" title="Category:Law enforcement terminology">Law enforcement terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Searches_and_seizures" title="Category:Searches and seizures">Searches and seizures</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 December 2024, at 23:54<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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