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class="mw-page-title-main">Agriculture in Bahrain</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Bahrain&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Agriculture+in+Bahrain%22">"Agriculture in Bahrain"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Agriculture+in+Bahrain%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Agriculture+in+Bahrain%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Agriculture+in+Bahrain%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Vegetable_market_in_Bahrain%2C_circa_1930s.png/220px-Vegetable_market_in_Bahrain%2C_circa_1930s.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Vegetable_market_in_Bahrain%2C_circa_1930s.png/330px-Vegetable_market_in_Bahrain%2C_circa_1930s.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Vegetable_market_in_Bahrain%2C_circa_1930s.png/440px-Vegetable_market_in_Bahrain%2C_circa_1930s.png 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>Vegetable market in <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, circa 1930s.</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the low <a href="/wiki/Rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfall">rainfall</a> and poor soil, <b>agriculture in Bahrain</b> historically was an important sector of the <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the development of the <a href="/wiki/Oil_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil industry">oil industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">date palm</a> cultivation dominated <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, producing sufficient dates for both domestic consumption and export.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least twenty-three varieties of <a href="/wiki/Date_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Date (fruit)">dates</a> are grown, and the leaves, branches, buds, and flowers of the date palm also are used extensively.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1950s through the 1970s, changing food consumption habits, as well as the increasing <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a> that served as <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> sources, led to a gradual decline in date cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1980s, a significant number of palm groves had been replaced by new kinds of agricultural activities, including <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable garden">vegetable gardens</a>, nurseries for trees and flowers, <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a> production, and <a href="/wiki/Dairy_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy farm">dairy farms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Land_Distribution">Land Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Bahrain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Land Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bahrain's cultivated area had been reduced from 6,000 hectares (15,000 acres) before <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bahrain" title="History of Bahrain">independence</a> to 1,500 hectares (3,700 acres). The cultivated land consists of about 10,000 plots ranging in size from a few square meters to 4 hectares (9.9 acres).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These plots are distributed among approximately 800 owners. A minority of large owners, including individuals and institutions, are <a href="/wiki/Absentee_landlord" title="Absentee landlord">absentee landlords</a> who control about 60 percent of all cultivable land.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruling <a href="/wiki/Al_Khalifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Khalifa">Al Khalifa</a> own the greatest number of plots, including the largest and most productive ones, although public information pertaining to the distribution of ownership among family members was not available as of 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Absentee owners rent their plots to farmers, generally on the basis of three-year contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are approximately 2,400 farmers, 70 percent of whom do not own the land they cultivate.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vice-versa">Vice-versa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Bahrain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vice-versa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The small size of most plots and the maldistribution of ownership has tended to discourage private investment in agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the number of skilled farmworkers progressively declined after 1975 because an increasing number of villagers obtained high-paying, non-agricultural jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these impediments, official government policy since 1980 has aimed at expanding domestic production of crops through such programs as free distribution of <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>, technical assistance in adopting new and more efficient irrigation technologies, and low interest credit.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although these programs have contributed to significant increases in the production of <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">eggs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a>, the circumscribed extent of Bahrain's cultivable area limits the island's potential productive capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, agricultural imports remain a permanent aspect of the country's international trade.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993 the main food imports included fruits, vegetables, meat, live animals, <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Bahrain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_and_pearling_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing and pearling in Bahrain">Fishing and pearling in Bahrain</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Bahrain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHooglund1994" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hooglund, Eric (1994). "Bahrain: Agriculture and Fishing". In <a href="/wiki/Helen_Chapin_Metz" title="Helen Chapin Metz">Metz, Helen Chapin</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/93046476/"><i>Persian Gulf states: country studies</i></a> (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. pp. 122–124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8444-0793-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8444-0793-3"><bdi>0-8444-0793-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29548413">29548413</a>. <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bahrain%3A+Agriculture+and+Fishing&rft.btitle=Persian+Gulf+states%3A+country+studies&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=122-124&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29548413&rft.isbn=0-8444-0793-3&rft.aulast=Hooglund&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F93046476%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Bahrain" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite 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4em">Agriculture in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Armenia" title="Agriculture in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Azerbaijan" title="Agriculture in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bangladesh" title="Agriculture in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bhutan" title="Agriculture in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Brunei 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