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href="#Financial_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Financial system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conditions_of_pearlers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conditions_of_pearlers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Conditions of pearlers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conditions_of_pearlers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Fishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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href="/wiki/File:Irkhaya_Farms_center-pivot_irrigation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Irkhaya_Farms_center-pivot_irrigation.jpg/220px-Irkhaya_Farms_center-pivot_irrigation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Irkhaya_Farms_center-pivot_irrigation.jpg/330px-Irkhaya_Farms_center-pivot_irrigation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Irkhaya_Farms_center-pivot_irrigation.jpg/440px-Irkhaya_Farms_center-pivot_irrigation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1634" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Center-pivot_irrigation" title="Center-pivot irrigation">Center-pivot irrigation</a> system at <a href="/wiki/Al_Rekayya" title="Al Rekayya">Al Rekayya Farms</a> in central Qatar</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Agriculture in <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></b> is inherently limited in scope due to the harsh climate and lack of arable land.<sup id="cite_ref-mccoy_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mccoy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of this, small-scale <a href="/wiki/Farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Farming">farming</a>, nomadic <a href="/wiki/Herding" title="Herding">herding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a> were the predominant means of <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_economy" title="Subsistence economy">subsistence</a> in the region prior to the 20th century. Sea-based activities such as <a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">pearling</a> and fishing served as the primary sources of income for Qataris until the commencement of <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> drilling in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the relative importance of these activities has declined as a means of livelihood (with commercial pearling disappearing completely), the government has attempted to encourage <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and fishing to provide a degree of <a href="/wiki/Self-sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficiency">self-sufficiency</a> in food.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Qatar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_dates_on_archaeological_display_in_Zubarah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Old_dates_on_archaeological_display_in_Zubarah.jpg/220px-Old_dates_on_archaeological_display_in_Zubarah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Old_dates_on_archaeological_display_in_Zubarah.jpg/330px-Old_dates_on_archaeological_display_in_Zubarah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Old_dates_on_archaeological_display_in_Zubarah.jpg/440px-Old_dates_on_archaeological_display_in_Zubarah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1634" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption>Old <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">dates</a> on display at <a href="/wiki/Zubarah" title="Zubarah">Zubarah</a> Museum</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">Date palms</a> were one of the earliest crops to be cultivated in the peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, the trading of date palms had a significant impact on the Qatari economy.<sup id="cite_ref-mohamed_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mohamed-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Date palm leaves were also commonly used as a construction material.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as Qatar's geography and climate was unsuitable for large-scale crop cultivation, the bartering of date palms had a lesser impact on Qatar's revenues than did <a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">pearling</a>. As the waters surrounding Qatar contain some of the most abundant pearling beds in the world, this was the main source of income for Qatar's inhabitants until the discovery of oil in the 20th century. Pearl trading was supplemented in some areas by camel breeding. Fishing also played an important role in the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-qdl_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qdl-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Gordon_Lorimer_(1870-1914)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gordon Lorimer (1870-1914)">J.G. Lorimer</a>'s wrote about the role of agriculture for settled villagers in 1908 in his <i><a href="/wiki/Gazetteer_of_the_Persian_Gulf,_Oman_and_Central_Arabia" title="Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia">Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>"The principal and almost the exclusive source of livelihood in Qatar is pearl-fishing, supplemented in some places by the breeding of camels. Agriculture hardly exists. The only date palms-- and they are not numerous-- appear to be those in the gardens at <a href="/wiki/Al_Luqta" title="Al Luqta">Laqta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Markhiya" title="Al Markhiya">Markhiyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mushayrib" title="Mushayrib">Mushairib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nu%60ayjah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nu`ayjah">Na'aijah</a>, Sakkak, <a href="/wiki/Al_Sakhama" title="Al Sakhama">Sakhamah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Wakrah" title="Al Wakrah">Wakrah</a>; and it is not clear that any vegetable gardens exist except at some of the same places, A few semi-wild clumps of dates are found on the west coast near Dohat-as-Salwa. Besides camels the settled villagers have a few horses and cattle, which they keep in their own possession, and some sheep and goats which are tended for them by the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>. They also fish along the coast of the district. </p><p>These remarks are not intended to apply to the Bedouins of Qatar, who are pastoral in their habits, like the rest of their race elsewhere, and own livestock in the proportions usual among Arab nomads." </p> </blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camels_grazing_at_a_livestock_farm_in_southern_Qatar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Camels_grazing_at_a_livestock_farm_in_southern_Qatar.jpg/220px-Camels_grazing_at_a_livestock_farm_in_southern_Qatar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Camels_grazing_at_a_livestock_farm_in_southern_Qatar.jpg/330px-Camels_grazing_at_a_livestock_farm_in_southern_Qatar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Camels_grazing_at_a_livestock_farm_in_southern_Qatar.jpg/440px-Camels_grazing_at_a_livestock_farm_in_southern_Qatar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1503" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption>A camel farm in southern Qatar</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Inventory of agricultural resources in 1908</b><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>City</th> <th>Fishing boats</th> <th>Camels</th> <th>Horses </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Khuwayr" title="Al Khuwayr">Khor Hassan</a></td> <td>5</td> <td>20</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhalouf" title="Abu Dhalouf">Abu Dhalouf</a></td> <td>10</td> <td>30</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ar_Ru%27ays" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar Ru'ays">Ar Ru'ays</a></td> <td>10</td> <td>20</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fuwayrit" title="Fuwayrit">Fuwayrit</a></td> <td>12</td> <td>100</td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Thakhira" title="Al Thakhira">Al Thakhira</a></td> <td>5</td> <td>10</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Khor_(city)" title="Al Khor (city)">Al Khor</a></td> <td>30</td> <td>100</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Simaisma" title="Simaisma">Simaisma</a></td> <td>10</td> <td>70</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Daayen_(village)" title="Al Daayen (village)">Al Daayen</a></td> <td>10</td> <td>60</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lusail" title="Lusail">Lusail</a></td> <td>3</td> <td>70</td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></td> <td>90</td> <td>800</td> <td>150 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Wakrah" title="Al Wakrah">Al Wakrah</a></td> <td>30</td> <td>150</td> <td>40 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After Qatar began reaping significant monetary returns from oil drilling in the 1950s to 1960s, the number of Qataris employed in agriculture witnessed a decline, as the country now had the means to import large amounts of food.<sup id="cite_ref-hassan_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hassan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Food_prices" title="Food prices">food prices</a> started rising in the early 1970s, Qatar realized the importance of attaining food self-sufficiency. At the beginning of 1974, the emirate requested the Arab Organization for Agricultural Development to send researchers to study it and corroborate their results with those of an earlier <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> report of the country's terrestrial and marine resources. After nearly half a year of study starting in July 1974, the research mission submitted its report to the government in November 1974. In September of that year, Qatar created a committee that would examine ways to help boost the country's agricultural development. A report released by Qatar's ministries, also in 1974, disclosed that agriculture only accounted for 0.65% of all contributions to Qatar's GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-hassan_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hassan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1985, the Agricultural and Water Research Department, in collaboration with the Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands, initiated a project in Qatar to explore the use of <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a> for agricultural purposes. The project aimed to conserve natural resources, specifically soil and water, and to develop effective soil and water management practices suited to local conditions. The initiative involved utilizing saltwater with salinity levels ranging from 2,000 to 10,000 parts per million for agricultural use.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation_and_livestock">Cultivation and livestock</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Qatar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cultivation and livestock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GoatGrazingInQatar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/GoatGrazingInQatar.jpg/220px-GoatGrazingInQatar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/GoatGrazingInQatar.jpg/330px-GoatGrazingInQatar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/GoatGrazingInQatar.jpg/440px-GoatGrazingInQatar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Goats grazing on the arid desert terrain</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Date_palm_plantation_in_southern_Qatar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Date_palm_plantation_in_southern_Qatar.jpg/220px-Date_palm_plantation_in_southern_Qatar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Date_palm_plantation_in_southern_Qatar.jpg/330px-Date_palm_plantation_in_southern_Qatar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Date_palm_plantation_in_southern_Qatar.jpg/440px-Date_palm_plantation_in_southern_Qatar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1634" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption>Date palm plantation in Al Mashabiya, southern Qatar</figcaption></figure> <p>Only 2.5% (28,000 ha.) of the land in Qatar is arable or suitable for use as pastureland. This is a major increase from the two prior decades. In 1996, 8,312 ha. of land was arable, while in 1980 only 2,256 ha. was arable.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Farming currently plays only a minor role in the economy. Of the 8,312 ha. of arable land in 1994, 2,345 ha. were used to cultivate <a href="/wiki/Permanent_crop" title="Permanent crop">permanent crops</a>, while 5,987 ha. were used to grow <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual crops</a>. <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">Date palms</a> were the most abundant permanent crop.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_root_vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="List of root vegetables">Root vegetables</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Carrot" title="Carrot">carrots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mangelwurzel" title="Mangelwurzel">fodder beets</a> are also some of the most important crops produced by Qatari farms.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1960 and 1970 agriculture grew.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of <a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">farms</a>, for example, increased fourfold to 411.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of farms more than doubled by June 1986 when it was reported that there were 883 farms.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qataris</a> who own agricultural land or properties generally hold government jobs and hire <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistanis</a>, or non-Qatari <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a> to manage their farms. The government operates one <a href="/wiki/Experimental_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Experimental farm">experimental farm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of land under cultivation in 1990, about 48 percent was used for <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a> (23,000 tons produced), 33 percent for <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Date_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Date (fruit)">date</a> production (8,000 tons), 11 percent for <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a> (70,000 tons), and 8 percent for <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grains</a> (3,000 tons).<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990 the country had approximately 128,000 head of <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, 78,000 <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a>, 24,000 <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a>, 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, and 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also <a href="/wiki/Dairy_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy farm">dairy farms</a> and about 2,000 chickens for <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All but 20 percent of local demand for <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">eggs</a> is met domestically.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the encouragement of agriculture and fishing, these two elements of the economy together produced only about 1 percent of the <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2017, following the <a href="/wiki/2017_Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis">closure</a> of Qatar's only land border with <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, the country announced plans to airlift 4,000 cows in a bid to meet around one-third of its dairy demand. Local company <a href="/wiki/Baladna_(company)" title="Baladna (company)">Baladna</a> will be responsible for the dairy production.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, Baladna announced that it will be importing an additional 10,000 cows so that they can meet Qatar's dairy requirements in full by 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domestic production of meats, <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a>, and crops increased by 400% from June 2017, the onset of Qatar's diplomatic spat, to March 2018, according to the Ministry of Municipality and Environment. Nearly all (98%) the demand for poultry is being met.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2019, Qatar's vegetable output increased by 20% since mid-2017 to 66,000 tonnes per year. It is expected to further increase by 20,000-40,000 tonnes by 2020. Prior to the <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9319_Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2017–19 Qatar diplomatic crisis">embargo</a>, Qatar produced only 20% and 10% of its dairy and poultry needs respectively. By 2019, the country became self-sufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Date_syrup">Date syrup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Qatar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Date syrup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boxed_Dates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Boxed_Dates.jpg/220px-Boxed_Dates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Boxed_Dates.jpg/330px-Boxed_Dates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Boxed_Dates.jpg/440px-Boxed_Dates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Boxed <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">dates</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The manufacturing of <a href="/wiki/Date_honey" title="Date honey">date syrup</a> is one of the oldest industries in Qatar, dating back to at least the 17th century. Qatar's natural landscape can support only a few types of agriculture, and <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">date palms</a> are among them. The syrup was obtained by using a traditional date press called <i>madabi</i>s or <i>madbasa</i>. Due to its high-calorie content and nutrient density, it was a cheap and quick source of energy for the locals, particularly pearl divers.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With a short harvesting season for dates, the production of date syrup allowed for their preservation and prolonged consumption. This syrup served both civil and commercial purposes, being traded as a commodity and providing sustenance during periods of tribal conflicts and unrest. While modernization and lifestyle changes initially led to a decline in date syrup consumption, recent trends toward health-conscious alternatives have sparked renewed interest in this traditional sweetener.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soils">Soils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Qatar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Soils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Qatar's soils vary in soil texture, ranging from sandy loam to heavy calcareous clay. The majority of cultivation that occurs is on clay loam soil. However, there are numerous problems with this soil, including high <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> levels, low amounts of nutrients, and a bad water infiltration rate.<sup id="cite_ref-hassan_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hassan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the soils in Qatar are <a href="/wiki/Orthent" title="Orthent">orthents</a>, meaning they lack horizon development and are very shallow.<sup id="cite_ref-kubaisi_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kubaisi-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Qatar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farms_in_Al_Thaqab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Farms_in_Al_Thaqab.jpg/220px-Farms_in_Al_Thaqab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Farms_in_Al_Thaqab.jpg/330px-Farms_in_Al_Thaqab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Farms_in_Al_Thaqab.jpg/440px-Farms_in_Al_Thaqab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1596" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption>Farmland in <a href="/wiki/Ath_Thaqab" title="Ath Thaqab">Ath Thaqab</a>, northern Qatar</figcaption></figure> <p>Severe conditions, such as extremely high temperatures and lack of water and fertile soil, hinder increased <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural production">agricultural production</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Orthent" title="Orthent">Orthents</a>, the predominant soil type in the peninsula, accounting for approximately 1,020,000 ha., are unfavorable for crop cultivation because of their extreme shallowness.<sup id="cite_ref-kubaisi_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kubaisi-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The limited <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> that permits agriculture in some areas is being depleted so rapidly that <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">saltwater</a> is encroaching and making the soil inhospitable to all but the most salt-resistant crops.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern section of Qatar comprises the most significant source of fresh groundwater in the country, mainly due to the more advantageous hydro-geological conditions than those that exist in the southern section of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-llamas_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-llamas-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rate of groundwater extraction in 1966 was 20 million m<sup>3</sup>/year. This increased to 120 million m<sup>3</sup>/year by 2000. Studies have approximated that aquifer storage will be completely exhausted by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-llamas_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-llamas-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pearling">Pearling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Qatar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pearling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_pearl_in_a_bronze_oyster_at_Sheikh_Faisal_bin_Qassim_Al_Thani_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/A_pearl_in_a_bronze_oyster_at_Sheikh_Faisal_bin_Qassim_Al_Thani_Museum.jpg/220px-A_pearl_in_a_bronze_oyster_at_Sheikh_Faisal_bin_Qassim_Al_Thani_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/A_pearl_in_a_bronze_oyster_at_Sheikh_Faisal_bin_Qassim_Al_Thani_Museum.jpg/330px-A_pearl_in_a_bronze_oyster_at_Sheikh_Faisal_bin_Qassim_Al_Thani_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/A_pearl_in_a_bronze_oyster_at_Sheikh_Faisal_bin_Qassim_Al_Thani_Museum.jpg/440px-A_pearl_in_a_bronze_oyster_at_Sheikh_Faisal_bin_Qassim_Al_Thani_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="1634" /></a><figcaption>A pearl in a bronze oyster at <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Faisal_bin_Qassim_Al_Thani_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Faisal bin Qassim Al Thani Museum">Sheikh Faisal bin Qassim Al Thani Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearling</a> was the main source of revenue for Qatar until the discovery of oil in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-usatoday_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usatoday-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 85 pearl beds exist in Qatar's territorial waters.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pearling is an ancient practice in the Persian Gulf, though it is not known exactly when Arabs began diving for pearls. It has been suggested that the profession dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a> civilization in Bahrain approximately 5,000 years ago, which the inhabitants of Qatar came into contact with at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-duwaylik15_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duwaylik15-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest pearl found in the Qatari Peninsula was discovered in a grave at <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Debayan" title="Wadi Debayan">Wadi Debayan</a> in 2022 and has been dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4600</span> BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the season for pearl harvest was divided into 3 periods. <i>Hansiyah</i> lasted for 40 days and commenced in mid-April. <i>Ghaus Al Kebir</i>, the primary pearl diving season, took place from May to 10 September. Lastly, <i>Ruddah</i> occurred from late September to early October.<sup id="cite_ref-casey_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casey-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sambuk" title="Sambuk">Sambuk</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">dhow</a>, was traditionally used for pearling trips. From the 18th to 20th centuries, the majority of pearls were exported to <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> where they would be classified and sent to European markets. The remaining yield would be sent to markets in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The importance of the pearl in Qatar is exemplified by a quote of <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Thani" title="Mohammed bin Thani">Mohammed bin Thani</a>, ruler of Qatar in the late 1800s, who in 1877 was quoted as saying "<i>We are all, from the highest to the lowest, slaves of one master: Pearl.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sea_captain" title="Sea captain">captain</a> of a pearling craft is called <i>noukhadha</i>, and is responsible for the most important tasks of a pearling trip such as managing interpersonal conflicts between the divers (<i>al-fawwas</i>) and the storage of pearls in the pearling vessel, which is known as <i>al-hairat</i>. There were two categories of captains: the sea-captain, <i>noukhadha bahr</i>, who accompanied the divers on the voyage, and the land-captain, <i>noukhadha barr</i>, who stayed ashore. The <i>al-muqaddim</i> is responsible for all ship operations while the <i>al-sakuni</i> is the driver of the ship. <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Slave labor</a> was occasionally used by pearling crews.<sup id="cite_ref-duwaylik15_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duwaylik15-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Divers from Persia, <a href="/wiki/Baluchistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluchistan">Baluchistan</a> and elsewhere in Arabia were also used. While collecting pearls from oysters, divers would plunge to depths of 50 to 80 feet. This work was fraught with dangers and divers often suffered from various medical conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Inventory of pearling ships and their crews in 1908</b><sup id="cite_ref-casey_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casey-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>City</th> <th>Number of boats</th> <th>Number of men </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Khuwayr" title="Al Khuwayr">Khor Hassan</a></td> <td>20</td> <td>240 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhalouf" title="Abu Dhalouf">Abu Dhalouf</a></td> <td>20</td> <td>200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ar_Ru%27ays" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar Ru'ays">Ar Ru'ays</a></td> <td>18</td> <td>270 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fuwayrit" title="Fuwayrit">Fuwayrit</a></td> <td>35</td> <td>420 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Thakhira" title="Al Thakhira">Al Thakhira</a></td> <td>15</td> <td>180 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Khor_(city)" title="Al Khor (city)">Al Khor</a></td> <td>80</td> <td>1200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Simaisma" title="Simaisma">Simaisma</a></td> <td>50</td> <td>600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Daayen_(village)" title="Al Daayen (village)">Al Daayen</a></td> <td>70</td> <td>840 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lusail" title="Lusail">Lusail</a></td> <td>9</td> <td>90 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></td> <td>350</td> <td>6300 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Wakrah" title="Al Wakrah">Al Wakrah</a></td> <td>150</td> <td>2550 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arab_pearl_divers_in_the_Persian_Gulf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Arab_pearl_divers_in_the_Persian_Gulf.jpg/220px-Arab_pearl_divers_in_the_Persian_Gulf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Arab_pearl_divers_in_the_Persian_Gulf.jpg/330px-Arab_pearl_divers_in_the_Persian_Gulf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Arab_pearl_divers_in_the_Persian_Gulf.jpg/440px-Arab_pearl_divers_in_the_Persian_Gulf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>Pearl diving in the Persian Gulf</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Zubarah" title="Zubarah">Zubarah</a>, a settlement on the northwest coast of Qatar, is one of the best preserved and most extensive pearling settlements in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reaching its climax in the 18th century, it was primarily an <a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">emporium</a> and pearling settlement that capitalized on its proximity to pearl beds, possession of a large harbor and its central position on the Persian Gulf routes.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Cultured_pearl" title="Cultured pearl">cultured pearl</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> in the 20th century, pearling ceased to be a viable option for many Qataris.<sup id="cite_ref-usatoday_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usatoday-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_system">Financial system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Qatar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Financial system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During Qatar's pearl diving season, the financial system operated in two primary ways. The first method, termed <i>Al-Ghees Asselfi</i> or loan diving, was based on <a href="/wiki/Credit" title="Credit">credit</a> extended by the ship's captain. Divers would leave money with their families to cover expenses during their absence, which could last up to three months. The second method, called <i>Al-Ghees Tesqam</i> or <a href="/wiki/In_kind" title="In kind">in kind</a> <a href="/wiki/Loan" title="Loan">loan</a>, involved divers leaving their families supplies such as dates, coffee, <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a>, rice, and sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-althani48_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-althani48-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a man joined a diving crew, he received a <i>glatah</i>, representing his portion of the diving profits, akin to a share of the earnings. These shares were apportioned according to well-established percentages and professional practices. The distribution of shares included the ship (similar to rental fees), the noukhadha (whether sea or land-captain), the <i>al-mejdemi</i> (who communicated the captain's orders to the crew), the <i>al-sakuni</i> (the helmsman), and the divers, with the noukhadha receiving the lion's share of profits.<sup id="cite_ref-althani48_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-althani48-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conditions_of_pearlers">Conditions of pearlers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Qatar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Conditions of pearlers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Divers were often <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">slaves</a> or victims of <a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">debt bondage</a>. However, pearl traders in Qatar were historically less reliant on forced labor than in neighboring countries. In Paul W. Harrison's 1924 book <i>The Arab at Home</i>, he compares the living conditions between pearl divers in <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> and Qatar, stating:<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>"The fundamental difficulty is in the divers themselves. The majority of the divers of <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrein</a> are <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>, or belong to that semi-Persian community known as the “<a href="/wiki/Baharna" title="Baharna">Baharina</a>.” They are cheated and defrauded by their employers to a degree almost beyond belief. Their economic condition is pitiable. Not so the comparatively small number of divers who come in from the desert. The <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a> who come and dive are never exploited. A captain who attempted to cheat them would lose his head and he knows it. Therefore these Bedouins, who avoid debt as they would the plague, receive a much better reward for their work than the others. These wild men bow to no authority except that of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> in Heaven, and are not easy victims. They usually club together and dive in boats by themselves. They keep out of debt, and so have no limitations to their independence. I asked one of them once in a jocose way whether he was sure that the captain was honest in the reports that were submitted as to the prices secured for pearls and the season’s proceeds. “Ah,” said the diver with the broadest sort of an engaging smile. “What is that you say? Does the captain lie about the price of the pearls he sells for us? No, indeed, he does not lie. He tells the truth. If he should try to cheat us, ha-a.’’ Here the smile extended till it took in his whole face, and he drew the edge of his hand across his own neck in a gesture the meaning of which could not be misunderstood. </p><p> The most conspicuous example, however, of divers who are out of debt and therefore out of bondage, is to be found in <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Katar</a>. Here is a small diving community where practically all of the men are out of debt, and the atmosphere of freedom and equality, good fellowship and comfort is a refreshing contrast to the conditions in Bahrein. The men show real independence and self-respect. These divers can change their employers if the treatment they receive is not satisfactory. They can move to another city to live. In a word, they are free men. Yet the system under which they work is no different from that obtaining in Bahrein. It is the divers who are different. They are Bedouins or descended from Bedouins. They keep out of debt and as a result the system works very well."</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fishing">Fishing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Qatar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fishing, historically, has been overshadowed by <a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">pearling</a> due to the higher costs associated with maintaining the crafts and equipment for fishing trips.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qatar_National_Fishing_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qatar National Fishing Company (page does not exist)">Qatar National Fishing Company</a> was incorporated in 1966 to fish for <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Territorial_waters" title="Territorial waters">territorial waters</a> and to process catches in a refrigerated factory.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> is a large market for Doha's commercial fish.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total catch of fish and other aquatic animals for 1989 was 4,374 tons.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Qatar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mccoy-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mccoy_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy2014" class="citation book cs1">McCoy, Lisa (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UMwdBQAAQBAJ"><i>Qatar (Major Muslim Nations)</i></a>. 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Immel Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heritageofqatar00vinerich/page/50">50</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0907151500" title="Special:BookSources/978-0907151500"><bdi>978-0907151500</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+heritage+of+Qatar&rft.pages=50&rft.edition=print&rft.pub=Immel+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0907151500&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft.au=Vine%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheritageofqatar00vinerich%2Fpage%2F50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Qatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Casey & Vine, p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbs2014" class="citation web cs1">Hobbs, Mark (18 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qdl.qa/en/divers-are-pearl%E2%80%99s-best-friend-pearl-diving-gulf-1840s%E2%80%931930s">"Divers are a Pearl's Best Friend: Pearl Diving in the Gulf 1840s–1930s"</a>. 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In The Middle East Journal 5/2: 161–180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/201306/the.pearl.emporium.of.al.zubarah.htm">"The Pearl Emporium of Al Zubarah"</a>. Saudi Aramco World. December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150215053440/https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/201306/the.pearl.emporium.of.al.zubarah.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-02-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Crowell Company. pp. 92–93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+at+home&rft.pages=92-93&rft.pub=Thomas+Y.+Crowell+Company&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Paul+Wilberforce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farabathome00harr%2Fpage%2F93%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3Dkatar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Qatar" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Ali2024" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Al-Ali, Khalid bin Ghanem (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moc.gov.qa/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-1.pdf"><bdi lang="ar">الُهَُوِّيَة الَوَطنّيّة الَقَطرّيّة</bdi></a> [<i>Qatari National Identity</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Arabic). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Qatar)" title="Ministry of Culture (Qatar)">Ministry of Culture (Qatar)</a>. p. 49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8F%D9%87%D9%8E%D9%8F%D9%88%D9%90%D9%91%D9%8A%D9%8E%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8E%D9%88%D9%8E%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%91%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8E%D9%82%D9%8E%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%91%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A9&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Culture+%28Qatar%29&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Al-Ali&rft.aufirst=Khalid+bin+Ghanem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moc.gov.qa%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F04%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2587%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D8%25B7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D8%25B7%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Qatar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Qatar_topics" title="Template:Qatar topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Qatar_topics" title="Template talk:Qatar topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Qatar_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Qatar topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Qatar_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Qatar-related_topics" title="List of Qatar-related topics">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Qatar" title="History of Qatar">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Qatar" title="Archaeology of Qatar">Archaeology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Qatar" title="Geography of Qatar">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_border" title="Qatar–Saudi Arabia border">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Qatar" title="List of cities in Qatar">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Qatar" title="List of islands of Qatar">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Qatar" title="Municipalities of Qatar">Municipalities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zones_of_Qatar" title="Zones of Qatar">Zones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of protected areas of Qatar">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Qatar" title="Time in Qatar">Time in Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wadis_of_Qatar" title="List of wadis of Qatar">Wadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Qatar" title="Wildlife of Qatar">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Qatar" title="Politics of Qatar">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Qatar" title="Cabinet of Qatar">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Qatar" title="Constitution of Qatar">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Qatar" title="Consultative Assembly of Qatar">Consultative Assembly <span style="font-size:85%;">(parliament)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emirs_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of emirs of Qatar">Emir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Al_Thani" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Al Thani">House of Al Thani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Qatar" title="Foreign relations of Qatar">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Qatar" title="Human rights in Qatar">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Qatar" title="Law enforcement in Qatar">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Armed_Forces" title="Qatar Armed Forces">Military</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qatari_Emiri_Navy" title="Qatari Emiri Navy"> Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Emiri_Air_Force" title="Qatar Emiri Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Amiri_Guard" title="Qatar Amiri Guard">Amiri Guard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Qatar" title="List of prime ministers of Qatar">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Qatar" title="Visa policy of Qatar">Visa policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Qatar" title="Economy of Qatar">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Qatar" title="Energy in Qatar">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Qatar" title="Natural gas in Qatar">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_riyal" title="Qatari riyal">Riyal <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatar Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Qatar" title="Telecommunications in Qatar">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Qatar" title="Transport in Qatar">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Qatar" title="Category:Society of Qatar">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Qatar" title="Crime in Qatar">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Qatar" title="Demographics of Qatar">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Qatar" title="Education in Qatar">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Qatar" title="Health in Qatar">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Qatar" title="Healthcare in Qatar">Healthcare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qataris" title="Qataris">Qataris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Qatar" title="Women in Qatar">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Qatar" title="Culture of Qatar">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/As_Salam_al_Amiri" class="mw-redirect" title="As Salam al Amiri">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Qatar" title="Architecture of Qatar">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_art" title="Qatari art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Qatar" title="Cinema of Qatar">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_clothing" title="Qatari clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Qatar" title="Emblem of Qatar">Emblem of Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Qatar" title="Flag of Qatar">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_folklore" title="Qatari folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_literature" title="Qatari literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Qatar">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Qatar" title="Music of Qatar">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Qatar" title="Public holidays in Qatar">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Qatar" title="Sport in Qatar">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Qatar" title="Television in Qatar">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Qatar" title="Theatre of Qatar">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Qatar" title="Outline of Qatar">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Qatar-related_topics" title="List of Qatar-related topics">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Qatar" title="Category:Qatar">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Agriculture_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Agriculture_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Agriculture in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Armenia" title="Agriculture in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Azerbaijan" title="Agriculture in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bahrain" title="Agriculture in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bangladesh" title="Agriculture in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bhutan" title="Agriculture in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Cambodia" title="Agriculture in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_China" title="Agriculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Cyprus" title="Agriculture in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Agriculture in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_India" title="Agriculture in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Indonesia" title="Agriculture in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran" title="Agriculture in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Israel" title="Agriculture in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Jordan" title="Agriculture in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Kazakhstan" title="Agriculture in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_North_Korea" title="Agriculture in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_South_Korea" title="Agriculture in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Agriculture in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Laos" title="Agriculture in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Lebanon" title="Agriculture in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Malaysia" title="Agriculture in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mongolia" title="Agriculture in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Myanmar" title="Agriculture in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Nepal" title="Agriculture in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Oman" title="Agriculture in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pakistan" title="Agriculture in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Agriculture in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Russia" title="Agriculture in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Agriculture in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Singapore" title="Agriculture in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Agriculture in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Syria" title="Agriculture in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Tajikistan" title="Agriculture in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Thailand" title="Agriculture in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Turkey" title="Agriculture in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Turkmenistan" title="Agriculture in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Agriculture in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Uzbekistan" title="Agriculture in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Vietnam" title="Agriculture in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Agriculture in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Taiwan" title="Agriculture in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Macau" title="Agriculture in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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