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<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>Eritrea - RationalWiki</title> <script>document.documentElement.className="client-js";RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":!1,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"Z981poRmsM5ibgQXJ5hLuQAAANc","wgCSPNonce":!1,"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":!1,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Eritrea","wgTitle":"Eritrea","wgCurRevisionId":2720288,"wgRevisionId":2720288,"wgArticleId":190403,"wgIsArticle":!0,"wgIsRedirect":!1,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Authoritarianism","Authoritarian regimes","African countries","Crimes against humanity","Government incompetence","Totalitarianism","Homophobia","Transphobia"],"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Eritrea","wgRelevantArticleId":190403,"wgIsProbablyEditable":!0, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":!0,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgMediaViewerOnClick":!0,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":!0};RLSTATE={"site.styles":"ready","noscript":"ready","user.styles":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles.legacy":"ready","mediawiki.toc.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.legacy.js","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","mmv.head","mmv.bootstrap.autostart"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.implement("user.options@1hzgi",function($,jQuery,require,module){/*@nomin*/mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); });});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cmediawiki.toc.styles%7Cskins.vector.styles.legacy&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.35.6"/> <meta name="description" content="North Ethiopia Eritrea, formally the State of Eritrea, also sometimes called "Africa's North Korea", is a horrifyingly corrupt, impoverished, and oppressive East African country, demolished by decades of conflict with Ethiopia.&#91;2&#93; Located in the northern Horn of Africa, it has a long southern border with Ethiopia, a nation it had historically been a part of&#91;3&#93; before Italy purchased the region from a local Sultan and turned it into a colony.&#91;2&#93;&#91;4&#93; Ethiopia got it back after World War II,&#91;5&#93; but ethnic Eritreans longed for independence, and Ethiopia's annexation of the region would trigger a three-decade-long war.&#91;6&#93; After Eritrea successfully won this war and held a referendum, they gained national sovereignty under a heavily authoritarian single-party state.&#91;2&#93; Five years later, a border clash would lead to the Eritrean-Ethiopian War, which settled nothing and only resulted in two of the world's poorest countries wasting money and lives. Since then, Ethiopia has become a highly corrupt, de-facto one-party state,&#91;7&#93; and Eritrea is still a sovereign, totalitarian military dictatorship.&#91;2&#93;"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrea&action=edit"/> <link rel="edit" title="Edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrea&action=edit"/> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"/> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="RationalWiki (en)"/> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"/> <link rel="license" href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Copyrights"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="RationalWiki Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="RationalWiki"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Eritrea"/> <meta property="og:description" content="North Ethiopia Eritrea, formally the State of Eritrea, also sometimes called "Africa's North Korea", is a horrifyingly corrupt, impoverished, and oppressive East African country, demolished by decades of conflict with Ethiopia.&#91;2&#93; Located in the northern Horn of Africa, it has a long southern border with Ethiopia, a nation it had historically been a part of&#91;3&#93; before Italy purchased the region from a local Sultan and turned it into a colony.&#91;2&#93;&#91;4&#93; Ethiopia got it back after World War II,&#91;5&#93; but ethnic Eritreans longed for independence, and Ethiopia's annexation of the region would trigger a three-decade-long war.&#91;6&#93; After Eritrea successfully won this war and held a referendum, they gained national sovereignty under a heavily authoritarian single-party state.&#91;2&#93; Five years later, a border clash would lead to the Eritrean-Ethiopian War, which settled nothing and only resulted in two of the world's poorest countries wasting money and lives. 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Elections were scheduled for 2001, but have yet to take place. It is no wonder that Eritrea is often nicknamed the <b>“North Korea of Africa.”</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Asma Saad, consicely explaining Eritrea<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox" style="float: right; clear:right; border: 2px solid silver; margin: 0 0 .5em .5em; width: 200px;"> <div style="background-color: #e7ece6; font-size: 15px; text-align: center; padding: .3em;"><b>State of <s><a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a></s> Eritrea</b> <b></b></div> <center><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Eritrea.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Eritrea.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/195px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="195" height="98" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/293px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/390px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></center> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>Demographics</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by population" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by population">Population</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>3,546,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by GDP (nominal)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP (million)</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>2,075 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">GDP p/cap.</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>585 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by life expectancy" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>62.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by Human Development Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by Human Development Index">Development Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>0.434 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>Government</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Democracy Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Democracy Index">Democracy Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>2.37 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Corruption Perceptions Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>23 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>More</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Education Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Education Index">Education Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>0.267 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" class="extiw" title="wp:Importance of religion by country" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Importance of religion by country">Religiosity</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p><s><b>North Ethiopia</b></s> <b>Eritrea</b>, formally the <b>State of Eritrea</b>, also sometimes called "<b><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>'s <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></b>", is a horrifyingly corrupt, impoverished, and oppressive East African country, demolished by decades of conflict with <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-overview_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-2">[2]</a></sup> Located in the northern Horn of Africa, it has a long southern border with Ethiopia, a nation it had historically been a part of<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> before <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> purchased the region from a local Sultan and turned it into a <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonialism">colony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-overview_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> Ethiopia got it back after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-historynet_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historynet-5">[5]</a></sup> but ethnic Eritreans longed for independence, and Ethiopia's annexation of the region would trigger a three-decade-long war.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> After Eritrea successfully won this war and held a referendum, they gained national sovereignty under a heavily authoritarian single-party state.<sup id="cite_ref-overview_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-2">[2]</a></sup> Five years later, a border clash would lead to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean-Ethiopian_War" class="extiw" title="wp:Eritrean-Ethiopian War" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Eritrean-Ethiopian War">Eritrean-Ethiopian War</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> which settled nothing and only resulted in two of the world's poorest countries wasting money and lives. Since then, Ethiopia has become a highly corrupt, de-facto one-party state,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> and Eritrea is still a sovereign, <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> military <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-overview_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p>The Eritrean government spent 6.3% of the country's entire GDP on its military in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> Even the USA only spent 3.85% that year, and a 2010 peak couldn't even top that.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> These expenditures are particularly galling for a country with its population in appalling poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> President Afwerki maintains his military primarily for the purpose of oppressing the public, throwing people into shipping containers to die,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> and other horrific human rights violations.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> Military service is inescapable; the government drafts arbitrarily and with impunity. Eritrea is also one of the most censored nations in the world, and all independent news media has been shut down since 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Political_and_civil_rights"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Political and civil rights</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Elections_and_the_democratic_process"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Elections and the democratic process</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Freedom_of_religion"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Freedom of religion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Press_freedom"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Press freedom</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#LGBT_rights"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">LGBT rights</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Crimes_against_humanity"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Crimes against humanity</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Government_slavery"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Government slavery</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Refugees"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Refugees</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Gallery"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_and_civil_rights">Political and civil rights</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Political and civil rights">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Elections_and_the_democratic_process">Elections and the democratic process</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Elections and the democratic process">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Isaias_Afwerki_in_2002.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Isaias_Afwerki_in_2002.jpg/200px-Isaias_Afwerki_in_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="313" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Isaias_Afwerki_in_2002.jpg/300px-Isaias_Afwerki_in_2002.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Isaias_Afwerki_in_2002.jpg/400px-Isaias_Afwerki_in_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1225" data-file-height="1920" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Isaias_Afwerki_in_2002.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>President Afwerki all the way back in 2002.</div></div></div> <p>Ha! Made you look! </p><p>There are no elections. </p><p>This is not an exaggeration. There has not been one election since the Eritrean independence referendum of 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-africaelections_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-africaelections-14">[14]</a></sup> The International Foundation for Electoral Systems has a very strikingly blank page for displaying the results of past Eritrean elections.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> For another similarity to North Korea, here's the page for North Korea, which is also blank.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> </p><p>President Isaias Afwerki has been around since 1993 when he was appointed by the National Assembly, which was itself in a transitional phase where it was almost entirely composed of old Eritrean People's Liberation Front leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-africaelections_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-africaelections-14">[14]</a></sup> Of course, the constitution they ratified mandated that free and open elections by secret ballot would be held once the country had been stabilized. Those elections were scheduled for December 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> Needless to say, they never happened. Currently, the only party allowed to be within sniffing range of power is the totalitarian nationalist <a href="/wiki/Bullshit" title="Bullshit">People's Front for Democracy and Justice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-profile_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-profile-18">[18]</a></sup> Note the similar name to the EPLF. </p><p>Sadly, there isn't much hope for any elections in the future, either. President Afwerki has rather transparently been using the constant threat of Ethiopia to justify his postponement of national elections.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> Naturally, another violently hostile border dispute popped up in 2008, this time with Djibouti,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> in case Ethiopia wasn't enough. </p><p>The point is that Eritrea's IFES Election Guide page will likely stay blank for a <i>long</i> time. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Freedom_of_religion">Freedom of religion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Freedom of religion">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Colorful_Throng_(8383371153).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Colorful_Throng_%288383371153%29.jpg/330px-Colorful_Throng_%288383371153%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Colorful_Throng_%288383371153%29.jpg/500px-Colorful_Throng_%288383371153%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Colorful_Throng_%288383371153%29.jpg/960px-Colorful_Throng_%288383371153%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Colorful_Throng_(8383371153).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The unfortunate Eritrean people.</div></div></div> <p>Eritrea officially recognizes the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, the Coptic <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Christianity">Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunni" title="Sunni">Sunni Islam</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> Church of Eritrea as valid religions.<sup id="cite_ref-eritreareligion_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eritreareligion-21">[21]</a></sup> Unregistered faiths, particularly <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostals</a>, face brutal persecution, including routine beatings and imprisonment in deliberately harsh environments such as shipping containers.<sup id="cite_ref-eritreareligion_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eritreareligion-21">[21]</a></sup> Religious gatherings are banned for unregistered faiths, and the punishment often involves prolonged and arbitrary prison sentences without trial. As of 2013, the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom estimates that Eritrea has roughly 3,000 people imprisoned due to religious beliefs, with many survivors reporting being tortured.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> </p><p>Of course, you can't sleep easy if you're a member of a recognized religion, either. The Eritrean government is more than happy to interfere in the internal affairs of these religions to control their populace and purge dissenters.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> </p><p><i>How Christlike.</i> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Press_freedom">Press freedom</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Press freedom">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>You didn't expect Eritrea to have a free press, did you? </p><p>Let's start with the big one: The Committee to Protect Journalists rated Eritrea as the most censored nation in 2012. Even more censored than <i>North Korea.</i><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> They cite the nation's disturbing willingness to arrest journalists for almost no reason and the President's even more disturbing refusal to account for the prisoners' whereabouts, health, or legal status. </p><p>Much of this activity occurs under the 1996 Press Proclamation Law, which mandates that all publications must be approved by the Information Ministry before release. Also, it bans reprinting material from banned publications, of which there are many.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> Foreign journalists are also not permitted to enter the country. </p><p>This began with a ban on independent media on September 18th, 2001, when the government banned all private publications, arrested eleven people, and ordered all printing houses to stop printing <i>everything</i>, including wedding invitations and nightclub posters.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> After this, President Afwerki successfully centralized the entire national press under his control, consequently reducing the nation's newspapers to little more than vehicles for ads and obituaries. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="LGBT_rights">LGBT rights</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: LGBT rights">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Sexual intercourse between members of the same gender is illegal in Eritrea, leading to jail time from 10 days to 3 years.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> There are also reports of suspected <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">gay</a> individuals being rounded up for imprisonment or death, although the country's general environment makes these reports difficult to confirm.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> There are no legal protections for gay or <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> individuals against discrimination, and changing gender is illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> Discourse in Eritrea is so suppressed that the very existence of sexual minorities is probably unknown to much of the nation's population. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Crimes_against_humanity">Crimes against humanity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Crimes against humanity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></div> <p>Given the indefinite suspension of Eritrea's constitution for more than twenty years, it's hardly surprising that the nation has no real rule of law. Its lack of a judiciary, a real national assembly, or any kind of democratic institution has created a climate where the government is free to brutalize its citizens with absolute impunity.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> Nothing and no one can hold Eritrea's president accountable, which is, of course, the point. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> press release and many other NGOs have repeatedly exposed a multitude of crimes against humanity committed by the Eritrean government in its detention facilities, its military camps, and other locations. These crimes include <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, political <a href="/wiki/Murder" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder">murder</a>, judicial <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>, indefinite national service, and arbitrary detention.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Government_slavery">Government slavery</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Government slavery">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The compulsory military service is 18 months, but in reality, those drafted by it often spend the rest of their lives in government slave labor utterly unrelated to the military.<sup id="cite_ref-HWR_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HWR-32">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> They really have no reason to still have the draft going on, as they aren't in conflict with anyone now. Eritrean children are forced to become child soldiers, usually when they are in their last school year.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Refugees">Refugees</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Refugees">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:African_refugees_in_Israel_3.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/African_refugees_in_Israel_3.jpg/250px-African_refugees_in_Israel_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/African_refugees_in_Israel_3.jpg/375px-African_refugees_in_Israel_3.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/African_refugees_in_Israel_3.jpg/500px-African_refugees_in_Israel_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:African_refugees_in_Israel_3.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Eritrean asylum seekers at Levinsky park Tel Aviv.</div></div></div> <p>As can be expected with such horrific conditions, more than 400,000<sup id="cite_ref-HWR_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HWR-32">[32]</a></sup> (tried to) flee Eritrea, making them one of the biggest sources of refugees from 2001 to 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> Unfortunately, Eritrea has some draconian laws, forcing citizens to pay income tax even while living abroad (the US is the only other country to do this),<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> and allegedly employs spies to intimidate Eritrean refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> (HRW) reported that <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> purposely mistreats Eritrean asylum seekers to force them to leave.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> has tactics for deterring Eritrean asylum seekers. Danish Immigration Service used to, in November 2014, state that Eritrean asylum seekers don't face persecution for illegally leaving Eritrea.<sup id="cite_ref-denmark_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denmark-39">[39]</a></sup> They hastily switched their position in December 2014 after the HRW and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> complained.<sup id="cite_ref-denmark_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denmark-39">[39]</a></sup> In 2016, Denmark legalized police taking money and expensive personal possessions from asylum seekers in searches.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> </p><p>Britain's asylum officials had an increase in rejected Eritrean asylum seekers, which led to a rise in successful appeals.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> The waiting process to officially claim asylum is long; asylum seekers may have to wait for years. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Gallery">Gallery</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <center><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:48.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmara_street.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Asmara_street.jpg/225px-Asmara_street.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="158" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Asmara_street.jpg/338px-Asmara_street.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Asmara_street.jpg/450px-Asmara_street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3260" data-file-height="2288" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Street in Asmara, Eritrea's capital. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:57px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eritrean_Injera_with_stews.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Eritrean_Injera_with_stews.jpg/225px-Eritrean_Injera_with_stews.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="141" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Eritrean_Injera_with_stews.jpg/338px-Eritrean_Injera_with_stews.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Eritrean_Injera_with_stews.jpg/450px-Eritrean_Injera_with_stews.jpg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="338" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Eritrean flatbread with various stews. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:43px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheikh_Hanafi_Mosque_(8529064326).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sheikh_Hanafi_Mosque_%288529064326%29.jpg/250px-Sheikh_Hanafi_Mosque_%288529064326%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sheikh_Hanafi_Mosque_%288529064326%29.jpg/500px-Sheikh_Hanafi_Mosque_%288529064326%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Sheikh Hanafi Mosque in Massawa. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:53px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Independence_Day_of_Eritrea.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Independence_Day_of_Eritrea.jpg/225px-Independence_Day_of_Eritrea.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="149" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Independence_Day_of_Eritrea.jpg/338px-Independence_Day_of_Eritrea.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Independence_Day_of_Eritrea.jpg/450px-Independence_Day_of_Eritrea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>"Free" Eritrea, huh? </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:43px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_Cafe_(8384455850).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Traditional_Cafe_%288384455850%29.jpg/225px-Traditional_Cafe_%288384455850%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Traditional_Cafe_%288384455850%29.jpg/338px-Traditional_Cafe_%288384455850%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Traditional_Cafe_%288384455850%29.jpg/450px-Traditional_Cafe_%288384455850%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Coffee is served at an Eritrean cafe. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:52.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Train_Asmara_Eritrea.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Train_Asmara_Eritrea.jpg/250px-Train_Asmara_Eritrea.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Train_Asmara_Eritrea.jpg/500px-Train_Asmara_Eritrea.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="778" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Eritrean steam train. </p> </div> </div></li> </ul></center> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">Asia's Eritrea</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrea&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li>See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" class="extiw" title="wp:Eritrea" rel="nofollow">Eritrea</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13349078">Eritrea country profile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/africa/eritrea">Eritrea | World | Africa | Human Rights Watch</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrea&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mjps.ssmu.ca/2018/02/21/eritreas-silent-totalitarianism/">Eritrea's Silent Totalitarianism</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-overview-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-overview_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-overview_2-1">2.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-overview_2-2">2.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-overview_2-3">2.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13349075">Eritrea profile - overview</a> (May 4, 2016) <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" class="extiw" title="wp:Kingdom of Aksum" rel="nofollow">Kingdom of Aksum</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Eritrea">Text of <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i> 1911.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historynet-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-historynet_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad18">History of Eritrea</a> <i>Historyworld.net</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalpolicy.org/security-council/index-of-countries-on-the-security-council-agenda/ethiopia-and-eritrea.html">Ethiopia and Eritrea</a> <i>Global Policy Forum</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theconversation.com/ethiopia-needs-a-multi-party-democracy-to-end-the-crushing-impact-of-corruption-75144"><i>Ethiopia needs a multi-party democracy to end the crushing impact of corruption</i></a><i> Asayehgn Desta. </i>The Conversation<i>. April 17, 2017.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defenceweb.co.za/security/african-militaries/eritrea/?catid=119%3Aafrican-militaries&Itemid=255">Eritrea</a>. <i>DefenseWeb.</i> May 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/USA/united-states/military-spending-defense-budget">U.S. Military Spending/Defense Budget 1960-2025</a>. <i>MacroTrends.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2708880">/* Errors processing stylesheet [[:Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css]] (rev 2708880): • Invalid or unsupported value for property 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.cs1-ws-icon a{}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThelwell2019" class="citation web cs1">Thelwell, Kim (2019-10-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://borgenproject.org/facts-about-poverty-in-eritrea/">"9 Facts About Poverty In Eritrea"</a>. <i>The Borgen Project</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Borgen+Project&rft.atitle=9+Facts+About+Poverty+In+Eritrea&rft.date=2019-10-07&rft.aulast=Thelwell&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fborgenproject.org%2Ffacts-about-poverty-in-eritrea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/05/eritrea-detainees-in-overcrowded-and-unsanitary-conditions-defenceless-against-covid19/">"Eritrea: Detainees in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions defenceless against COVID-19"</a>. <i>Amnesty International</i>. 2020-05-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=Eritrea%3A+Detainees+in+overcrowded+and+unsanitary+conditions+defenceless+against+COVID-19&rft.date=2020-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fnews%2F2020%2F05%2Feritrea-detainees-in-overcrowded-and-unsanitary-conditions-defenceless-against-covid19%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFHoureld2024" class="citation web cs1">Houreld, Katharine (2024-01-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/TvP7g">"An African gulag so ghastly that inmates risk death to escape"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=An+African+gulag+so+ghastly+that+inmates+risk+death+to+escape&rft.date=2024-01-06&rft.aulast=Houreld&rft.aufirst=Katharine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.is%2FTvP7g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/country/eritrea/freedom-world/2024">"Eritrea: Freedom in the World 2024 Country Report"</a>. <i>Freedom House</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+House&rft.atitle=Eritrea%3A+Freedom+in+the+World+2024+Country+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fcountry%2Feritrea%2Ffreedom-world%2F2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-africaelections-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-africaelections_14-0">14.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-africaelections_14-1">14.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://africanelections.tripod.com/er.html">Elections in Eritrea</a> Last Updated: 23 January 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electionguide.org/countries/id/68/"><i>IFES Election Guide</i> State of Eritrea</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electionguide.org/countries/id/115/"><i>IFES Election Guide</i> Democratic People's Republic of Korea</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2001/eritrea">Freedom House Report|Eritrea 2001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-profile-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-profile_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13349078">Eritrea country profile</a> <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Isaias-Afwerki">Isaias Afwerki</a> <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-40340210">What is behind tension between Eritrea and Djibouti?</a> <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i> 20 June 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eritreareligion-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-eritreareligion_21-0">21.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-eritreareligion_21-1">21.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3663654.stm">Religious persecution in Eritrea</a> <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i> Jonah Fisher, 17 September, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/11/06/the-country-thats-never-had-an-election/">The country that's never had an election</a> Tiffany Lynch, <i>Foreign Policy</i>. Nov 6, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.uscirf.gov/countries/eritrea#annual-reports">[1]</a> US Commission on International Religious Freedom "Eritrea Annual Reports: Key Findings"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpj.org/2013/02/attacks-on-the-press-in-2012-eritrea.php">Attacks on the Press: Eritrea</a> <i>The Committee to Protect Journalists</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2015/eritrea">Eritrea</a> <i>Freedom House</i> 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/remembering-day-eritrean-press-died-170918074330130.html">Remembering the day the Eritrean press died</a> <i>Al Jazeera</i> SEP.18.17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afrol.com/articles/35788">Homosexuality "against Eritrean values"</a> <i>afrol News</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humandignitytrust.org/country-profile/eritrea/">"Eritrea"</a>. <i>Human Dignity Trust</i>. 2024-12-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Dignity+Trust&rft.atitle=Eritrea&rft.date=2024-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.humandignitytrust.org%2Fcountry-profile%2Feritrea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.equaldex.com/region/eritrea">LGBT Rights in Eritrea</a>. <i>Equaldex.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2016/06/531522-crimes-against-humanity-committed-eritrea-warns-un-group">Crimes against humanity committed in Eritrea, warns UN group</a> <i>UN News</i> 8 June 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=20067&LangID=E">UN Inquiry finds crimes against humanity in Eritrea</a> <i>UN Human Rights: Office of the High Commissioner</i> 8 June 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HWR-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HWR_32-0">32.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HWR_32-1">32.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/eritrea">Eritrea: events of 2016</a> <i>HRW</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47773812">EU accused of funding project in Eritrea using 'forced labour'</a> <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/22/eritrea-migrants-child-soldier-fled-what-is-going">It's not at war, but up to 3% of its people have fled. What is going on in Eritrea?</a> by Patrick Kingsley <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/4dfa11499.pdf">UNHCR Glocal Trends 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afrol.com/articles/36196">Eritrea "intimidates emigrants into paying tax"</a> <i>afrol News</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/100675-160127-how-eritrea-controls-its-exiles">How Eritrea controls its exiles</a> by Daniel Campos <i>i24NEWS</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/09/09/make-their-lives-miserable/israels-coercion-eritrean-and-sudanese-asylum-seekers">"Make Their Lives Miserable"</a> <i>HRW</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-denmark-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-denmark_39-0">39.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-denmark_39-1">39.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/03/03/dispatches-denmarks-deterrence-tactics-refugees">Dispatches: Denmark’s Deterrence Tactics on Refugees</a> <i>HRW</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/26/danish-parliament-approves-plan-to-seize-assets-from-refugees">Danish parliament approves plan to seize assets from refugees</a> by David Crouch and Patrick Kingsley <i>The Guardian</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/young-eritreans-are-victims-of-poor-decision-making-by-british-asylum-officials-71834">Young Eritreans are victims of poor decision making by British asylum officials</a> by Jo Wilding <i>The Conversation</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Nations_of_the_world-navigationbox" class="toccolours" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em 3.5%; text-align:center;"> <div style="margin:0.15em; padding:0.1em; background:#ccccff; font-weight:bold;"><span id="Nations_of_the_world-navigationbox"><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nations</a> of the world</span> </div> <div class="hlist" style="font-size: 90%; margin: 0.15em 1.425em;"><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><b>Africa</b></a>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> — <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eritrea</a> — <a href="/wiki/ESwatini" title="ESwatini">eSwatini</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> — <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> — <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> <p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><b>Asia</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> — <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> — <a href="/wiki/Burma" title="Burma">Burma</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> — <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia 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— <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> — <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>) — <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America"><b>North America</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> — <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa 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