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It got its official start in 1795, when Kamehameha I (1758–1819), also known as Kamehameha the Great, conquered four of the islands and united them with his home island of Hawaiʻi.&#91;3&#93; Fifteen years later, the two remaining islands would join the kingdom voluntarily, uniting the archipelago. The United States was the kingdom's closest trading partner and they kept a close eye on the islands to make sure that competing colonial powers like Britain, Germany, and Japan wouldn't take control of the islands, but as time went on, the white American planters would have an increasing amount of influence on the islands, and in 1887, a group of these planters would lead a coup against the kingdom. The kingdom would have its last real gasp of independence in 1893, when another coup overthrew Queen Liliʻuokalani (1838–1917). 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It got its official start in 1795, when Kamehameha I (1758–1819), also known as Kamehameha the Great, conquered four of the islands and united them with his home island of Hawaiʻi.&#91;3&#93; Fifteen years later, the two remaining islands would join the kingdom voluntarily, uniting the archipelago. The United States was the kingdom's closest trading partner and they kept a close eye on the islands to make sure that competing colonial powers like Britain, Germany, and Japan wouldn't take control of the islands, but as time went on, the white American planters would have an increasing amount of influence on the islands, and in 1887, a group of these planters would lead a coup against the kingdom. The kingdom would have its last real gasp of independence in 1893, when another coup overthrew Queen Liliʻuokalani (1838–1917). 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The text, "Ua mau ke ea o ka ʻāina i ka pono", means "The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness".</div></div></div> <table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #440055; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:White; background-color:#440055"><b>Tomorrow is a mystery,<br />but yesterday is</b><br /><a href="/wiki/History" title="History"><font size="5" color="White"><b>History</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ccbeda;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:History" title="Category:History"><img alt="Icon history.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/c/cb/Icon_history.svg/100px-Icon_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/c/cb/Icon_history.svg/150px-Icon_history.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/c/cb/Icon_history.svg/200px-Icon_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#440055; text-align:center;"><b>Secrets of times gone by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#ccbeda;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_of_1920" title="Depression of 1920">Depression of 1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Rosmus" title="Anna Rosmus">Anna Rosmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military-industrial_complex" title="Military-industrial complex">Military-industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Pillow_Massacre" title="Fort Pillow Massacre">Fort Pillow Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocahontas" title="Pocahontas">Pocahontas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvil_Dewey" title="Melvil Dewey">Melvil Dewey</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historynav" title="Template:Historynav">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historynav" title="Template talk:Historynav">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Historynav&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>♫ʻO ka haliʻa aloha i hiki mai<br /> <p>♫Ke hone aʻe nei i<br /> ♫Kuʻu manawa<br /> ♫ʻO ʻoe nō kuʻu ipo aloha<br /> </p> ♫A loko e hana nei<br /></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—"Aloha ʻOe", Liliʻuokalani<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[note 1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[note 2]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kingdom of Hawaiʻi</b> was a formerly independent country located in the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaiian</a> archipelago. It got its official start in 1795, when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_I" class="extiw" title="wp:Kamehameha I" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Kamehameha I">Kamehameha I</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (1758–1819), also known as <b>Kamehameha the Great</b>, conquered four of the islands and united them with his home island of Hawaiʻi.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a></sup> Fifteen years later, the two remaining islands would join the kingdom voluntarily, uniting the archipelago. The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> was the kingdom's closest trading partner and they kept a close eye on the islands to make sure that competing <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonialism">colonial</a> powers like <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> wouldn't take control of the islands, but as time went on, the white American planters would have an increasing amount of influence on the islands, and in 1887, a group of these planters would lead a <a href="/wiki/Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup">coup</a> against the kingdom. The kingdom would have its last real gasp of independence in 1893, when another coup overthrew Queen <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lili%CA%BBuokalani" class="extiw" title="wp:Liliʻuokalani" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Liliʻuokalani">Liliʻuokalani</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (1838–1917). Hawaii would then become a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> dominated by white American planters, and 5 years later would be officially annexed by the US.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Independence"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Independence</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#American_conquest"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">American conquest</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hawai%CA%BBi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Naha_Stone,_Hilo.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Naha_Stone%2C_Hilo.jpg/165px-Naha_Stone%2C_Hilo.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="110" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Naha_Stone%2C_Hilo.jpg/248px-Naha_Stone%2C_Hilo.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Naha_Stone%2C_Hilo.jpg/330px-Naha_Stone%2C_Hilo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2573" data-file-height="1723" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Naha_Stone,_Hilo.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The rock that Kamehameha I supposedly turned over to prove he was king.</div></div></div> <p>Hawaii was first settled sometime between 300 and 600 CE by a group of <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesia">Polynesians</a> from the Marquesas Islands, in modern-day <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Polynesia" class="extiw" title="wp:French Polynesia" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: French Polynesia">French Polynesia</span></a>.<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> Sometime later, a second wave of settlers from Tahiti would arrive; there would be tensions between these two groups.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a></sup> The islands would later develop complex social hierarchies, with the <i>aliʻi</i> being the top class, composed of the <i>moʻi</i> (<a href="/wiki/King" class="mw-redirect" title="King">king</a>) and <i>kahuna</i> (craftsmen and priests), while most people belonged to the <i>makaʻainana</i>, with the outcasts going to the <i>kauwa</i>. The islands also developed a complex religious code called the <i>kapu</i>, which were supposedly handed down by the <a href="/wiki/Gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Gods">gods</a> and ancestor spirits, who mandated the acceptable food to eat, clothes to wear, and how to interact with a chief, among other things.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a></sup> Additionally, native Hawaiians had well-developed systems of agriculture, fishing, navigating, and <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a></sup> </p><p>The first European to arrive was Captain James Cook, a British explorer who was tasked with finding the legendary <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Passage" class="extiw" title="wp:Northwest Passage" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</span></a>.<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> In 1778, while traveling to the northwest of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> after going around <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, he spotted the island of Oahu and would land on the island of Kauai. The islands would initially be called the "Sandwich Islands", after Cook's financier, James Montague, Earl of Sandwich.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a></sup> Initially, the relations between Cook and the islanders were friendly, and Cook and his crew slept with much of the island's women, but they would bring tuberculosis and <a href="/wiki/Venereal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Venereal disease">venereal disease</a> to the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a></sup> However, on Cook's third arrival on the islands, which happened to coincide with the four-month-long religious festival of <i>Makahiki</i>, their relations would fall apart due to the ship and festival using up most of the island's resources, and Cook was forced to leave. Unfortunately for Cook, a storm would force him to return to the islands, and this time the islanders had had enough of him and tore apart his ship for resources. In response, Cook and a few of his marines would try to kidnap one of the high-ranking <i>aliʻi</i>; Cook and four of the marines were killed in the ensuing scuffle.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:FEMA_-_26842_-_Photograph_by_Adam_Dubrowa_taken_on_11-01-2006_in_Hawaii.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/FEMA_-_26842_-_Photograph_by_Adam_Dubrowa_taken_on_11-01-2006_in_Hawaii.jpg/165px-FEMA_-_26842_-_Photograph_by_Adam_Dubrowa_taken_on_11-01-2006_in_Hawaii.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="110" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/FEMA_-_26842_-_Photograph_by_Adam_Dubrowa_taken_on_11-01-2006_in_Hawaii.jpg/248px-FEMA_-_26842_-_Photograph_by_Adam_Dubrowa_taken_on_11-01-2006_in_Hawaii.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/FEMA_-_26842_-_Photograph_by_Adam_Dubrowa_taken_on_11-01-2006_in_Hawaii.jpg/330px-FEMA_-_26842_-_Photograph_by_Adam_Dubrowa_taken_on_11-01-2006_in_Hawaii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:FEMA_-_26842_-_Photograph_by_Adam_Dubrowa_taken_on_11-01-2006_in_Hawaii.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The famous statue of Kamehameha I, commissioned by King David Kalākaua and sculpted by Thomas Ridgeway Gould. Since no one was quite sure what Kamehameha looked like, the design took influence from a photograph of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tamatoa_Baker" class="extiw" title="wp:John Tamatoa Baker" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: John Tamatoa Baker">John Tamatoa Baker</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> statue of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, and a French copy of a Chinese copy of a <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> watercolor of the king. The designers took care to make it accurate to native Hawaiian culture, but the sandals are of a more European design and a Hawaiian would not let their cape drag on the ground, as it could damage the delicate feathers in it.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a></sup></div></div></div> <p>During this time, the Hawaiian archipelago was divided between multiple rulers and chieftains. Supposedly born on the year of Halley's Comet, Kamehameha (birth name Paiea) fulfilled a <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecy</a> when he was able to overturn the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naha_Stone" class="extiw" title="wp:Naha Stone" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Naha Stone">Naha Stone</span></a>.<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> With the help of Western weapons, Kamehameha the Great was able to win the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kepaniwai" class="extiw" title="wp:Battle of Kepaniwai" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Battle of Kepaniwai">Battle of Kepaniwai</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> which led Kamehameha to take over Maui, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nu%CA%BBuanu" class="extiw" title="wp:Battle of Nuʻuanu" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Battle of Nuʻuanu">Battle of Nuʻuanu</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> where he took over Oahu. By 1810, when the leader of Kauai agreed to become a tributary of Kamehameha, the islands were finally united. With their unification, Hawaii was able to stave off colonization for a few more decades.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Independence">Independence</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hawai%CA%BBi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Independence">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Iolani_Palace_(1328).JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Iolani_Palace_%281328%29.JPG/250px-Iolani_Palace_%281328%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="165" height="127" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Iolani_Palace_%281328%29.JPG/330px-Iolani_Palace_%281328%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="743" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Iolani_Palace_(1328).JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>ʻIolani Palace, the residence of the royal family and the only royal palace on U.S. soil. The original was torn down due to termite damage, but the palace was rebuilt in 1882 under King David Kalākaua.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a></sup></div></div></div> <p>Shortly after independence, Hawaii was a frequent stop for whaling expeditions, and they were able to make some money off of <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxing</a> the whalers. The British and American <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> missionary societies agreed to each <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Christianize</a> half of the Pacific, with the Americans getting the islands north of the Equator, including Hawaii.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a></sup> These <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> would arrive in 1820, one year after the death of Kamehameha I; they introduced <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> to the islands and discouraged native traditions. The descendants of the missionaries would become the dominant elites of the islands, putting them firmly in the American sphere of influence.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a></sup> While not colonized, Hawaii was on the radar of many of the colonial empires of the time. In 1838, Hawaii was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> for five months due to a land dispute with a British citizen.<sup id="cite_ref-historyscene_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyscene-18">[16]</a></sup> In 1849, a French admiral named Louis Tromelin invaded Honolulu, partially due to the persecution of <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a> but mostly to secure French trade interests in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a></sup> These events would lead the rulers of Hawaii to seek closer relations with the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-historyscene_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyscene-18">[16]</a></sup> </p><p>Kamehameha III's cabinet was filled with foreign ministers, who by that point would hold most of the real power. A big change happened in 1850, when foreigners were allowed to own land in Hawaii.<sup id="cite_ref-historyscene_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyscene-18">[16]</a></sup> The descendants of the missionaries quickly bought up most of the land and turned it into <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> plantations, essentially turning Hawaii into a banana republic.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a></sup> Foreign laborers from many countries including <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> were brought to Hawaii to work for the sugar plantations; the largest group was the <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a>, of which 80,000 would be brought to the islands by 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a></sup> At the same time, the native Hawaiians were dying out due to disease; by 1832, there were only around 130,000 native Hawaiians left (out of an initial population between 300,000 and 1,000,000), and by 1900, the population had declined to only 28,000.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a></sup> When Kamehameha V died without an heir, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kal%C4%81kaua" class="extiw" title="wp:David Kalākaua" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: David Kalākaua">David Kalākaua</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (1836–1891) was elected as the next Hawaiian monarch. He composed Hawaii's first national anthem, was able to implement some reforms, such as unbanning the hula (which had been banned since 1820), and was the first monarch to circumnavigate the world, travelling to far-off places like China, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and of course, the U.S., but he was still limited by the power of the white missionary class, and the tensions would soon reach a breaking point.<sup id="cite_ref-david_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-david-23">[21]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="American_conquest">American conquest</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hawai%CA%BBi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: American conquest">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raising_of_American_flag_at_Iolani_Palace_with_US_Marines_in_the_foreground_(detailed).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Raising_of_American_flag_at_Iolani_Palace_with_US_Marines_in_the_foreground_%28detailed%29.jpg/165px-Raising_of_American_flag_at_Iolani_Palace_with_US_Marines_in_the_foreground_%28detailed%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="130" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Raising_of_American_flag_at_Iolani_Palace_with_US_Marines_in_the_foreground_%28detailed%29.jpg/248px-Raising_of_American_flag_at_Iolani_Palace_with_US_Marines_in_the_foreground_%28detailed%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Raising_of_American_flag_at_Iolani_Palace_with_US_Marines_in_the_foreground_%28detailed%29.jpg/330px-Raising_of_American_flag_at_Iolani_Palace_with_US_Marines_in_the_foreground_%28detailed%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Raising_of_American_flag_at_Iolani_Palace_with_US_Marines_in_the_foreground_(detailed).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>U.S. Marines raising the American flag in ʻIolani Palace during the annexation of Hawaii.</div></div></div> <p>Kalākaua was well aware that the American business owners were a threat to the sovereignty of his kingdom. On the other hand, he needed to placate them in order to stay in power, and the Americans did at least protect them from other colonial powers like Britain, <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>. Thus, he had to play both sides by seeking closer relationships with countries that could protect Hawaii from American colonization, all while staying close to America; his apocryphal last words were fabricated by novelist Eugene Burns, in Hawaiian, "tell them that I tried."<sup id="cite_ref-thompson_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thompson-24">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[note 3]</a></sup> In 1867, the U.S. annexed the nearby Midway Islands, so named because they were about midway between the U.S. and Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a></sup> The American-owned plantations would become more powerful with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocity_Treaty_of_1875" class="extiw" title="wp:Reciprocity Treaty of 1875" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Reciprocity Treaty of 1875">Reciprocity Treaty of 1875</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> which allowed Hawaiian sugar to be sold in the U.S. without levies or tariffs and also gave the U.S. Pearl Harbor.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a></sup> Twelve years later, Kalākaua would be forced at gunpoint to sign the "Bayonet Constitution", which took power away from the monarchy and gave it to the settler-dominated legislature. The document was written by the Hawaiian League, a group led by the grandson of one of the missionaries that was plotting U.S. annexation of Hawaii, with the closely-associated <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> group known as the Hawaiian Rifles forcing the king to sign it.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a></sup> </p><p>Kalākaua died in 1891, and he was succeeded by his sister Liliʻuokalani, who was no fan of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> that was forced on her country. She would write a new constitution for the country, which would give her power over the islands' governors and legislature and would also lower the property requirements for voting (as the old ones made it virtually impossible for native Hawaiians to vote).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a></sup> The white planters reacted about as well as you'd expect. In 1893, the Hawaiian League, now rebranded as the "Committee of Safety", took over Aliʻiolani Hale (which was next to ʻIolani Palace). On January 16, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">U.S. Marines</a> arrived to the island, supposedly under orders on neutrality, but the message was sent to Liliʻuokalani, who, outgunned, surrendered a day later to avoid bloodshed.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a></sup> A provisional government would be led by Sanford Dole, cousin of James Dole, who founded the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dole_Fruit_Company" class="extiw" title="wp:Dole Fruit Company" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Dole Fruit Company">Dole Fruit Company</span></a>.<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> Even U.S. <a href="/wiki/POTUS" class="mw-redirect" title="POTUS">President</a> Grover Cleveland wanted Liliʻuokalani to be put back on the throne, but Dole refused his request.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a></sup> Ultimately, the more <a href="/wiki/Imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperialist">imperialist</a> William McKinley would annex Hawaii in 1898 shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Spanish-American_War" title="Spanish-American War">Spanish-American War</a>. The islands would become an official U.S. territory in 1900, and Dole would be its first governor.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hawai%CA%BBi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The U.S.'s conquest of Hawaiʻi just led to more of the same domination by white planters over the economy; this would only begin to change after statehood when tourism became a bigger industry. The Hawaiian language was banned in 1896, and many Hawaiians would later see their lands taken away to fuel the tourism industry.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a></sup> Native Hawaiians still suffer from a disproportionate rate of <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> and poor access to <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a></sup> though on a happier note the native population is starting to rebound.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a></sup> Native Hawaiians are still fighting for their land rights,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a></sup> and there is even a Hawaiian Sovereignty Movement that calls for greater self-determination for the Native Hawaiians,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a></sup> but with the U.S.'s vastly superior military and <a href="/wiki/Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy">economy</a> they aren't likely to get anywhere soon.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[note 4]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hawai%CA%BBi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Translation: Sweet memories come back to me / Bringing fresh remembrances / Of the past / Dearest one, yes, you are mine own / From you, true love shall never depart</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">As the song was written by the last monarch of Hawaiʻi, it is heavily associated with the fall of the Hawaiian Kingdom and is considered a symbol of Hawaiʻi in general.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kalakaua's actual last words were the less dramatic:<sup id="cite_ref-thompson_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thompson-24">[22]</a></sup> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span><br /> <small> <table class="collapsible collapsed" border="0"> <tbody><tr> <th>Original in Aue, he kanaka au, eia i loko o ke kukonukonu o ka maʻi!.: </th></tr> <tr> <td>Alas, I am a man who is seriously ill. </td></tr></tbody></table> </small></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">There's a strong <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican">Puerto Rican</a> independence movement too, with a slightly higher chance of success, but given the inertia <a href="/wiki/Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress">Congress</a> has been in for the past decade it's unlikely to go anywhere as well, despite PR not being a state.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hawai%CA%BBi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/52073/alohaoe-farewell-to-thee">Aloha’oe (Farewell to Thee)</a>, <i>Poetry Foundation</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/how-music-hawaiis-last-ruler-guided-islands-people-through-crisis-180971783/">How the Music of Hawaiʻi’s Last Ruler Guided the Island’s People Through Crisis</a>, Jane Recker, <i>Smithsonian</i> 26 March 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/puhe/learn/historyculture/kamehameha.htm">Kamehameha the Great</a>, <i>National Park Service</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nvlchawaii.org/hawaiian-monarchy-overthrown-territory-hawaii">Hawaiian Monarchy Overthrown; Territory of Hawaii</a>, <i>Nisei Veterans Legacy</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.konacoffee.com/kona-coffee/the-first-settlements-in-hawaii/">When did people first come to Hawaii?</a>, <i>Kona Coffee</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grunge.com/162604/what-pre-american-hawaii-was-really-like/">What Pre-American Hawaii was really like</a>, Deborah Kennedy, <i>Grunge</i> 8 March 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/locations/hawaii/colonization.htm">European Contact & Colonization</a>, <i>National Park Service</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.groupersandwich.com/why-was-hawaii-called-the-sandwich-islands/">Why Was Hawaii Called The Sandwich Islands?</a>, <i>GrouperSandwich</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2019/02/14/how-foolish-rumour-hawaiians-ate-cook-began">How the foolish rumour that Hawaiians ate Cook began</a>, Lilikalā Kameʻeleihiwa, <i>NITV</i>, 14 February 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/places/cook-landing-site.htm">Cook Landing Site, HI</a>, <i>National Park Service</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aoc.gov/explore-capitol-campus/art/kamehameha-i-statue">Kamehameha I Statue</a>, <i>Architect of the Capitol</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gohawaii.com/culture/history/king-kamehameha">The Story of King Kamehameha I</a>, <i>Go Hawaii</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gohawaii.com/islands/oahu/regions/honolulu/iolani-palace">Iolani Palace</a>, <i>Go Hawaii</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/38228334/hey-royal-watchers-uk-and-hawaii-actually-have-a-long-shared-history/">Hey royal watchers! UK and Hawaii share a long, rich history</a>, Jonathan Saupe, <i>Hawaii News Now</i> 19 May 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/a/hawaii.edu/ndnp-hawaii/Home/historical-feature-articles/christian-missionaries-in-hawaii">Christian Missionaries in Hawaii</a>, Alice Kim, <i>University of Hawaii</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historyscene-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-historyscene_18-0">16.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-historyscene_18-1">16.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-historyscene_18-2">16.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ushistoryscene.com/article/aloha-hawaii/">Hawaii</a>, Alvita Akiboh, <i>US History Scene</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imagesofoldhawaii.com/french-invasion-of-honolulu/">French Invasion of Honolulu</a>, Peter T. Young, <i>Images of Old Hawaii, 25 August 2013</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2012/02/26/147304072/how-sugar-brought-down-hawaiis-nationhood">How Sugar Brought An End to Hawaii's Nationhood</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" class="mw-redirect" title="NPR">NPR</a></i> 26 February 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hawaii.edu/uhwo/clear/home/HawaiiLaborHistory.html">History of Labor in Hawai‘i</a>, <i>University of Hawai‘i</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsq-sds.org/article/view/1270/1300">A Wholesome Horror: The Stigmas of Leprosy in 19th Century Hawaii</a>, Ron Amundson, <i>Disability Studies Quarterly</i> 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-david-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-david_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wbur.org/endlessthread/2018/08/10/david-kalakaua">King David Kalākaua: The Original Most Interesting Man In The World</a>, Meghan B. Kelly, <i>wbur</i> 10 August 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thompson-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-thompson_24-0">22.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-thompson_24-1">22.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.honolulumagazine.com/kalakauas-famous-last-words/">Kalakaua's Famous Last Words? We thought we knew Kalakaua’s deathbed words. We were wrong.</a> by David Thompson (February 27, 2013) <i>Honolulu Magazine</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.midway-island.com/history/chronology-of-events/">Chronology</a>, <i>Midway Islands</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dartmouth.edu/~hist32/History/S26%20-%20Reciprocity%20Treaty%20of%201875.htm">Reciprocity Treaty of 1875</a>, Kate Farr, Dartmouth</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/jul6/bayonet-constitution/">Jul 6, 1887 CE: Bayonet Constitution</a>, <i>National Geographic Society</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hawaii-nation.org/constitution-1893.html">Draft Constitution of January 14, 1893</a>, <i>Hawaii Nation</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imagesofoldhawaii.com/13-signatories/">13 Signatories</a>, Peter T. Young, <i>Images of Old Hawaii</i> 10 July 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&PageID=407">Sanford Ballard Dole</a>, <i>Hawaii History</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/gp/17661.htm">Annexation of Hawaii, 1898</a>, <i>US Department of State</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/struggle-hawaiian-sovereignty-introduction">The Struggle For Hawaiian Sovereignty - Introduction</a>, Trask Haunami-Kay, <i>Cultural Survival</i> March 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.civilbeat.org/2018/09/poverty-persists-among-hawaiians-despite-low-unemployment/">Poverty Persists Among Hawaiians Despite Low Unemployment</a>, Anita Hofschneider, <i>CivilBeat</i> 19 September 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/04/18/398578801/it-took-two-centuries-but-the-native-hawaii-ans-has-finally-bounced-back">It Took Two Centuries, But The Native Hawaiian Population May Be Bouncing Back</a>, Gene Demby, <i>NPR</i> 18 April 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.propublica.org/article/the-government-promised-to-return-ancestral-hawaiian-land-then-never-finished-the-job/amp">The Government Promised to Return Ancestral Hawaiian Land, Then Never Finished the Job</a>, Rob Perez and Agnel Phillip, <i>ProPublica</i> 19 December 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afar.com/magazine/understanding-the-hawaii-sovereignty-movement/amp">What Is the Hawai‘i Sovereignty Movement?</a>, Aislyn Greene, <i>Afar</i> 2 September 2021</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Nations_of_the_world-navigationbox" class="toccolours" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em 3.5%; text-align:center;"> <div style="margin:0.15em; padding:0.1em; background:#ccccff; font-weight:bold;"><span id="Nations_of_the_world-navigationbox"><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nations</a> of the world</span> </div> <div class="hlist" style="font-size: 90%; margin: 0.15em 1.425em;"><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><b>Africa</b></a>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> — <a href="/wiki/ESwatini" title="ESwatini">eSwatini</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> — <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> — <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> <p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><b>Asia</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> — <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> — <a href="/wiki/Burma" title="Burma">Burma</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> — <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Egypt" 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Korea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> — <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a> — <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> — <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> — <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Timor-Leste" title="Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> — <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><b>Europe</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> — <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Czechia" title="Czechia">Czechia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> — <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> — <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> — <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> — <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> — <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> — <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> — <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> — <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> — <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> — <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> — <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> — <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>) — <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America"><b>North America</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> — <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> — <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> — <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> — <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> — <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> — <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>) <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><b>Oceania</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> — <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America"><b>South America</b></a>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> — <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui" title="Rapa Nui">Rapa Nui</a>) — <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> — <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands"><small>Malvinas</small></a>)— <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> — <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> — <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><b>Separatist or disputed</b>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> —<a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Micronation" title="Micronation">Micronation</a> — <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand">Sealand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> — <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> </p> <span style="float:left;"><big><b>Historical</b>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> — <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> — <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> — <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a> — <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Hawaiʻi</a> — <a 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