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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_the_Rashtrakutas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_the_Rashtrakutas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Relationship to the Rashtrakutas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_the_Rashtrakutas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_feudatory_chiefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_feudatory_chiefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Early feudatory chiefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_feudatory_chiefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_sovereigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_sovereigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>As sovereigns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_sovereigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prataparudra_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prataparudra_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Prataparudra I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prataparudra_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ganapati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ganapati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Ganapati</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ganapati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rudrama_Devi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rudrama_Devi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Rudrama Devi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rudrama_Devi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prataparudra_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prataparudra_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.4</span> <span>Prataparudra II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prataparudra_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characterization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characterization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Characterization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characterization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characterization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characterization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genealogy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genealogy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Genealogy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genealogy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genealogy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genealogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Feudatory_chiefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feudatory_chiefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Feudatory chiefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feudatory_chiefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sovereign_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sovereign_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sovereign rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sovereign_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kakatiya dynasty</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="काकतीय वंश – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="काकतीय वंश" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سلالة كاكاتيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلالة كاكاتيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6" title="কাকতীয় রাজবংশ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাকতীয় রাজবংশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Kakatiya" title="Dinastia Kakatiya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinastia Kakatiya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakatiya-dynastiet" title="Kakatiya-dynastiet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kakatiya-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakatiya-Dynastie" title="Kakatiya-Dynastie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kakatiya-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2k%C3%A2tiya" title="Kâkâtiya – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kâkâtiya" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%B9%B4%ED%8B%B0%EC%95%BC_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="카카티야 왕조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카카티야 왕조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daular_Kakatiya" title="Daular Kakatiya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Daular Kakatiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="काकतीय वंश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="काकतीय वंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Kakatiya" title="Dinasti Kakatiya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Kakatiya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakatiya" title="Kakatiya – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kakatiya" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF" title="ಕಾಕತೀಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಕತೀಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="കാകാത്തിയ രാജവംശം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാകാത്തിയ രാജവംശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF" title="काकतीय – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="काकतीय" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A4%E6%9C%9D" title="カーカティーヤ朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カーカティーヤ朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Какатия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Какатия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BA" title="කාකතීය රාජවංශය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කාකතීය රාජවංශය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakatiya" title="Kakatiya – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kakatiya" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakatiya-dynastin" title="Kakatiya-dynastin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kakatiya-dynastin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="காக்கத்தியர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காக்கத்தியர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="కాకతీయులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాకతీయులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0" title="ราชวงศ์กากตียะ – Thai" lang="th" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country 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.ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kakatiya dynasty</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1163<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot200126_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot200126-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–1323</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Kakatiyas.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Kakatiyas, circa 1150–1300 CE.[2]"><img alt="Map of the Kakatiyas." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_the_Kakatiyas.png/250px-Map_of_the_Kakatiyas.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_the_Kakatiyas.png/375px-Map_of_the_Kakatiyas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_the_Kakatiyas.png/500px-Map_of_the_Kakatiyas.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Map of the Kakatiyas, circa 1150–1300 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Dynasty</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data">Orugallu (<a href="/wiki/Warangal" title="Warangal">Warangal</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao199322_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERao199322-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (Converted from <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197825_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197825-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">King</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Earliest rulers </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1163<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot200126_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot200126-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 November 1323</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukya Empire</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Reddi_Kingdom" title="Reddi Kingdom">Reddi Kingdom</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Musunuri_Nayakas" title="Musunuri Nayakas">Musunuri Nayakas</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani Sultanate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data">India</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background:lightyellow"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:History of Andhra Pradesh">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0 5px; background: #EEDC82; font-size:135%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="History of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Telangana" title="History of Telangana">Telangana</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lepakshi...jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Lepakshi...jpg/200px-Lepakshi...jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Lepakshi...jpg/300px-Lepakshi...jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Lepakshi...jpg/400px-Lepakshi...jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="704" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Chronology of the <a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">Telugu people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> history</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Geography of Andhra Pradesh">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Politics of Andhra Pradesh">Political history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #EEDC82"> History and Kingdoms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Dynasties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asmaka" title="Asmaka">Assaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvaku" title="Andhra Ikshvaku">Andhra Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Gotrika" title="Ananda Gotrika">Ananda Gotrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salankayana_dynasty" title="Salankayana dynasty">Salankayanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina_dynasty" title="Vishnukundina dynasty">Vishnukundinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Vamsa" title="Kota Vamsa">Kota Vamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagi" title="Chagi">Chagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velanati_Chodas" title="Velanati Chodas">Velanati Chodas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kakatiya dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musunuri_Nayakas" title="Musunuri Nayakas">Musunuri Nayaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recherla_Nayakas" title="Recherla Nayakas">Recherla Nayaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemmasani_Nayaks" title="Pemmasani Nayaks">Pemmasani Nayaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reddi_Kingdom" title="Reddi Kingdom">Reddy dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gajapati_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Gajapati Empire">Gajapati Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Golconda" title="Sultanate of Golconda">Sultanate of Golconda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Template:History of Andhra Pradesh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Template talk:History of Andhra Pradesh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Andhra Pradesh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kakatiya dynasty</b> (<a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a>: Kākatīya)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Andhras" title="Andhras">Telugu dynasty</a> that ruled most of eastern <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a> region in present-day India between 12th and 14th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their territory comprised much of the present day <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, and parts of eastern <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, and southern <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVentakaramanayya19421–2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVentakaramanayya19421–2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their capital was Orugallu, now known as <a href="/wiki/Warangal" title="Warangal">Warangal</a>. </p><p>Early Kakatiya rulers served as feudatories to <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakutas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukyas</a> for more than two centuries. They assumed sovereignty under Prataparudra I in 1163 CE by suppressing other Chalukya subordinates in the Telangana region.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ganapati_(Kakatiya_dynasty)" title="Ganapati (Kakatiya dynasty)">Ganapati Deva</a> (r. 1199–1262) significantly expanded Kakatiya lands during the 1230s and brought under Kakatiya control the Telugu-speaking lowland delta areas around the <a href="/wiki/Godavari_River" title="Godavari River">Godavari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishna_River" title="Krishna River">Krishna</a> rivers. Ganapati Deva was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Rudrama_Devi" title="Rudrama Devi">Rudrama Devi</a> (r. 1262–1289) who is one of the few queens in Indian history. <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>, who visited India around 1289–1293, made note of Rudrama Devi's rule and nature in flattering terms. She successfully repelled the attacks of <a href="/wiki/Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty" title="Seuna (Yadava) dynasty">Yadavas</a> (Seuna) of Devagiri into the Kakatiyan territory.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1303, <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khalji</a>, the emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> invaded the Kakatiya territory which ended up as a disaster for the Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But after the successful <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Warangal_(1310)" title="Siege of Warangal (1310)">siege</a> of Warangal in 1310, Prataparudra II was forced to pay annual <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> to Delhi. Another attack by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq">Ulugh Khan</a> (i.e. Tughluq) in 1323 saw stiff resistance by the Kakatiyan army, but they were finally defeated. The demise of the Kakatiya dynasty resulted in confusion and anarchy under alien rulers for some time, before <a href="/wiki/Musunuri_Nayakas" title="Musunuri Nayakas">Musunuri Nayakas</a> united the various Telugu clans and recovered <a href="/wiki/Warangal" title="Warangal">Warangal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kakatiyas unified the distinct upland and lowland cultures of Telugu lands, which brought into being a feeling of cultural affinity between those who spoke the <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu language</a>. Kakatiya period also saw the construction of reservoirs for irrigation in the uplands called "tanks" many of which are still used today. They were egalitarian in nature and anyone, regardless of birth, could acquire the <i><a href="/wiki/Nayak_(title)" title="Nayak (title)">nayaka</a></i> title that denoted the warrior status. They recruited peasants into the military which resulted in a new warrior class and provided social mobility. Kakatiya era also saw the development of a distinct style of architecture that improved and innovated upon the existing modes.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most notable examples are the <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Pillar_Temple" title="Thousand Pillar Temple">Thousand Pillar Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hanamkonda" title="Hanamkonda">Hanamkonda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramappa_Temple" title="Ramappa Temple">Ramappa Temple</a> in Palampet, <a href="/wiki/Warangal_Fort" title="Warangal Fort">Warangal Fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golconda_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Golconda Fort">Golconda Fort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kota_Gullu" title="Kota Gullu">Kota Gullu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ghanpur,_Mulugu_district" title="Ghanpur, Mulugu district">Ghanpur</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_names">Etymology and names</h2></div> <p>Studies of the inscriptions and coinage by the historian <a href="/wiki/Dineshchandra_Sircar" title="Dineshchandra Sircar">Dineshchandra Sircar</a> reveal that there was no contemporary standard spelling of the family name. Variants include <i>Kakatiya</i>, <i>Kakatiyya</i>, <i>Kakita</i>, <i>Kakati</i> and <i>Kakatya</i>. The family name was often prefixed to the name of the monarch, giving constructs such as <i>Kakatiya-Prataparudra</i>. Some of the monarchs also had alternate names; for example, <i>Venkata</i> and <i>Venkataraya</i> may have been alternate names of Prataparuda I, with the former appearing on a coin in the form <i>Venkata-Kakatiya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESircar2008241_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESircar2008241-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Kakatiya inscriptions, the family's name derives from the name of a place called Kakati. However, Kumarasvami Somapithin, in his 15th-century commentary on Vidynatha's <i>Prataparudra-Yashobhushanam</i> or <i>Prataparudriya</i> states that the family was named after their tutelary goddess Kakati, a form of <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1957196_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1957196-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197824–25_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197824–25-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that the early Kakatiya chiefs resided at a place called Kakati, which had a shrine of their tutelary goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1957197_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1957197-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197822–23_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197822–23-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Hindu mythological texts do not mention any such form of Durga, the worship of a goddess named Kakati is attested by several other sources. For example, Vallabharaya's <i>Krida-bhiramamu</i> mentions an image of Kakatamma ("Mother Kakati") in the Kakatiya capital Orugallu. The 16th century <a href="/wiki/Shitab_Khan" title="Shitab Khan">Shitap Khan</a> inscription mentions the reinstallation of the image of goddess Jaganmatruka (mother of the universe) and the lotus seat of the Kakatirajya, which had been destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turushkas</a> (Turkic people).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197822_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197822-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one theory, Kakati was originally a <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> goddess (possibly <a href="/wiki/Padmavati_(Jainism)" title="Padmavati (Jainism)">Padmavati</a>) and later came to be regarded as a form of Durga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197824–25_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197824–25-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bayyaram" title="Bayyaram">Bayyaram</a> tank inscription from the reign of Ganapati-deva states that the Kakatiya chief Venna (c. 9th century) resided at Kakati, because of which his descendants came to be known as Kakatishas ("lords of Kakati").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197822,_37_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197822,_37-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ganapati-deva's Garavapadu charter traces the family's ancestry to <a href="/wiki/Durjaya_(Andhra_chieftain)" title="Durjaya (Andhra chieftain)">Durjaya</a>, a legendary <a href="/wiki/Chieftain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chieftain">chieftain</a> of ancient Andhra, arrived at a town called Kakati during a hunting expedition, and set up his camp there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197822–23_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197822–23-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern identity of Kakati is uncertain: different historians have variously attempted to identify it with modern Kakati village in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanker,_Chhattisgarh" title="Kanker, Chhattisgarh">Kanker</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a>. <i>Siddheshvara-Charitra</i>, a later literary work, states that the ancestors of the Kakatiya family lived at Kandarapura (identified with modern <a href="/wiki/Kandhar" title="Kandhar">Kandhar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>). However, no other evidence supports this tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197823_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197823-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the Kakatiya capital Orugallu (present-day Warangal) was also called "Kakati-pura" ("Kakati town"), as attested by some inscriptions of the dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1957197_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1957197-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu_with_His_Mount,_Garuda,_His_Consort,_Lakshmi,_and_Attendants,_12-13th_century,_Kakatiya_period._Andhra_Pradesh,_Kalyani_region,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Vishnu_with_His_Mount%2C_Garuda%2C_His_Consort%2C_Lakshmi%2C_and_Attendants%2C_12-13th_century%2C_Kakatiya_period._Andhra_Pradesh%2C_Kalyani_region%2C_India.jpg/220px-Vishnu_with_His_Mount%2C_Garuda%2C_His_Consort%2C_Lakshmi%2C_and_Attendants%2C_12-13th_century%2C_Kakatiya_period._Andhra_Pradesh%2C_Kalyani_region%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="442" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Vishnu_with_His_Mount%2C_Garuda%2C_His_Consort%2C_Lakshmi%2C_and_Attendants%2C_12-13th_century%2C_Kakatiya_period._Andhra_Pradesh%2C_Kalyani_region%2C_India.jpg/330px-Vishnu_with_His_Mount%2C_Garuda%2C_His_Consort%2C_Lakshmi%2C_and_Attendants%2C_12-13th_century%2C_Kakatiya_period._Andhra_Pradesh%2C_Kalyani_region%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Vishnu_with_His_Mount%2C_Garuda%2C_His_Consort%2C_Lakshmi%2C_and_Attendants%2C_12-13th_century%2C_Kakatiya_period._Andhra_Pradesh%2C_Kalyani_region%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Vishnu with his mount, Garuda, his consort, Lakshmi, and attendants, 12-13th century, Kakatiya period. Kalyani region, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <p>Much of the information about the Kakatiya period comes from inscriptions, including around 1,000 stone inscriptions, and 12 copper-plate inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry19783–6_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry19783–6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these inscriptions document matters relating to religion, such as donations to <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> temples. They are particularly abundant for the period 1175–1324 CE, which is the period when the dynasty most flourished and are a reflection of that. The probability is that many inscriptions have been lost due to buildings falling into disuse and also the ravages of subsequent rulers, most notably the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> region. Inscriptions are still being discovered today but governmental agencies tend to concentrate on recording those that are already known rather than searching for new examples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot200111,_17,_19_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot200111,_17,_19-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1978 book written by <a href="/wiki/P._V._Parabrahma_Sastry" title="P. V. Parabrahma Sastry">P.V.P. Sastry</a> on the history of the Kakatiyas, published by the Government of Andhra Pradesh also constitutes one of the sources. <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> stone inscription from Kakatiya king <a href="/wiki/Prataparudra_Deva" title="Prataparudra Deva">Prataparudra</a> was found in <a href="/wiki/Motupalli" title="Motupalli">Motupalli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prakasam_district" title="Prakasam district">Prakasam district</a> in Andhra Pradesh.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Information about the Kakatiya period also comes from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> literary works written during Kakatiya and post-Kakatiya period. The most notable among these works include <i>Prataparudriyam</i>, <i>Krida-bhiramamu</i>, <i>Panditaradhya-charitamu</i>, <i>Sivayogasaramu</i>, <i>Nitisara</i>, <i>Niti-sastra-muktavali</i>, <i>Nrutya-ratnavali</i>, <i>Pratapa-charita</i>, <i>Siddhesvara-charitra</i>, <i>Somadeva-rajiyamu</i>, <i>Palnativira-charitra</i>, <i>Velugotivari-vamsavali</i>, and <i>Velugotivari-vamsacharitra</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry19788–12_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry19788–12-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chronicles by Muslim authors such as <a href="/wiki/Isami_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isami (historian)">Isami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Firishta" title="Firishta">Firishta</a> describe Prataparudra's defeats against the Muslim armies. The <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a> text <i>Kumara-Ramana-charita</i> also provides information about Prataparudra's relations with the <a href="/wiki/Kampili_kingdom" title="Kampili kingdom">Kampili kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197812_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197812-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides epigraphs and literature, the forts, temples and tanks constructed during the Kakatiya period are an important source of information about contemporary society, art and architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197812–13_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197812–13-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3></div> <p>The Kakatiya rulers traced their ancestry to a legendary chief or ruler named <a href="/wiki/Durjaya_(Andhra_chieftain)" title="Durjaya (Andhra chieftain)">Durjaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197822–23_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197822–23-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many other ruling dynasties of Andhra also claimed descent from Durjaya. Nothing further is known about this chief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot200153_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot200153-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the Kakatiya records do not mention the <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> (social class) of the family, but the majority of the ones that do, proudly describe them as <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot200151_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot200151-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include the Bothpur and Vaddamanu inscriptions of Ganapati's general Malyala Gunda <i>senani</i>. The Kakatiyas also maintained marital relations with other Shudra families, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kota_Vamsa" title="Kota Vamsa">Kotas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Natavadi" title="Natavadi">Natavadi</a> chiefs. All this evidence indicates that the Kakatiyas were of Shudra origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197829_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197829-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few copper-plate inscriptions of the Kakatiya family describe them as belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> (warrior) varna. These inscriptions primarily document grants to <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmans</a>, and appear to be inspired by the genealogies of the <a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Imperial Cholas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot200151_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot200151-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Motupalli" title="Motupalli">Motupalli</a> inscription of Ganapati counts legendary <a href="/wiki/Solar_dynasty" title="Solar dynasty">solar dynasty</a> kings such as <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> among the ancestors of Durjaya, the progenitor of the Kakatiya family. The Malkapuram inscription of Visvesvara Sivacharya, the preceptor of Kakatiya rulers Ganapati-deva and Rudrama-devi, also connects the Kakatiyas to the solar dynasty (Sūryavaṃsa). <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197827_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197827-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "Kshatriya" in these panegyric records appears to signify the family's warrior-like qualities rather than their actual varna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197827–29_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197827–29-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_to_the_Rashtrakutas">Relationship to the Rashtrakutas</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Periodo_hoysala-kakatiya,_kubera,_prov._sconosciuta,_1100-1350_dc_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Periodo_hoysala-kakatiya%2C_kubera%2C_prov._sconosciuta%2C_1100-1350_dc_ca.jpg/220px-Periodo_hoysala-kakatiya%2C_kubera%2C_prov._sconosciuta%2C_1100-1350_dc_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Periodo_hoysala-kakatiya%2C_kubera%2C_prov._sconosciuta%2C_1100-1350_dc_ca.jpg/330px-Periodo_hoysala-kakatiya%2C_kubera%2C_prov._sconosciuta%2C_1100-1350_dc_ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Periodo_hoysala-kakatiya%2C_kubera%2C_prov._sconosciuta%2C_1100-1350_dc_ca.jpg/440px-Periodo_hoysala-kakatiya%2C_kubera%2C_prov._sconosciuta%2C_1100-1350_dc_ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2874" data-file-height="4230" /></a><figcaption>Kubera, Hoysala-Kakatiya period, 1100-1350 CE.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to an interpretation of the Mangallu and the <a href="/wiki/Bayyaram" title="Bayyaram">Bayyaram</a> inscriptions, the Kakatiyas were not just <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta">Rashtrakuta</a> vassals, but also a branch of the Rashtrakuta family.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 956 CE Mangallu inscription was issued by the <a href="/wiki/Chalukyas_of_Vengi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukyas of Vengi">Vengi Chalukya</a> prince Dānārnava, at the request of the Kakatiya chief <a href="/wiki/Gunda_IV" title="Gunda IV">Gunda IV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry19782,_39–40_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry19782,_39–40-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription names Gundyana's ancestors as Gundiya-Rashtrakuta (<a href="/wiki/Gunda_III" title="Gunda III">Gunda III</a>) and Eriya-Rashtrakuta (<a href="/wiki/Erra_(Kakatiya_dynasty)" title="Erra (Kakatiya dynasty)">Erra</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197816_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197816-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suggests that Gunda IV was a Rashtrakuta general, and not a Vengi Chalukya subordinate, as assumed by some earlier historians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197816_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197816-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bayyaram" title="Bayyaram">Bayyaram</a> tank inscription, which records the construction of the <i>Dharma-kirti-samudra</i> tank by Ganapati's sister Mailama (or Mailamba), provides another genealogical list.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197830_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197830-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The similarities of names mentioned in the Mangallu and Bayyaram inscriptions lists suggest that both of these refer to the same family:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197817–18_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197817–18-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Genealogical list of early Kakatiyas<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197817_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197817-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Mangallu grant inscription</th> <th>Bayyaram tank inscription </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kakatiya family</td> <td>Durjaya family </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Venna-<i>nripa</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gundiya Rashtrakuta</td> <td>Gunda I </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Gunda II </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Gunda III </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eriya Rashtrakuta</td> <td>Erra </td></tr> <tr> <td>Betiya (married Vandyanamba)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kakartya Gundyana</td> <td>Pindi-Gunda (Gunda IV) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The significance of the suffix "Rashtrakuta" in the names of the early Kakatiya chiefs is debated. According to one theory, the suffix only implies that these chiefs were Rashtrakuta's subordinates. This theory is based on the fact that the phrase <i>Rashtrakuta-kutumbinah</i> appears in several Rashtrakuta-era copper-plate inscriptions, and refers to the officers and subjects of the Rashtrakuta kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197818–19_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197818–19-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to another theory, the suffix implies that the Kakatiyas were a branch of the Rashtrakuta family because the term <i>Rashtrakuta-kutumbinah</i> was used for officers employed by the Rashtrakuta administration, not feudatory chiefs: the early records of the Kakatiya chiefs describe them as <i><a href="/wiki/Samanta" title="Samanta">samantas</a></i> (feudatory chiefs).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197819_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197819-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kazipet" title="Kazipet">Kazipet</a> Darga inscription of <a href="/wiki/Durgaraja" title="Durgaraja">Durgaraja</a> states that his father <a href="/wiki/Beta_II" title="Beta II">Beta II</a> was born in the family of <a href="/wiki/Samanta" title="Samanta">Samanta</a> Viṣṭi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197820_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197820-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian P.V.P. Sastry theorises that "Viṣṭi" is a corruption of <a href="/wiki/Vrishni" title="Vrishni">Vrishni</a>, the name of a clan from which some Rashtrakutas claimed descent. He notes that some chiefs of Rashtrakuta origin adopted the title "Viṭṭi-narayana", which means "as great as Narayana (<a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>) of the Vitti (Vrishni) family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197820–21_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197820–21-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sastry further proposes that the term "Voddi", which appears in the phrase <i>Voddi-kula</i> ("Voddi family") in the Mangallu inscription may be same as "Viṣṭi".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197821_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197821-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sastry also believes that the early Kakatiya chiefs followed <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, which was also patronized by the Rashtrakutas, thus strengthening the view that the two dynasties were connected (see <a href="#Religion">Religion</a> section below).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197824–25_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197824–25-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kakatiyas seemed to have adopted the mythical bird <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a> as their royal insignia, as attested by the Ekamranatha temple inscription of Ganapati-deva, the <a href="/wiki/Ramappa_Temple" title="Ramappa Temple">Palampet</a> inscription of the Kakatiya general <a href="/wiki/Recharla_Rudra" class="mw-redirect" title="Recharla Rudra">Recharla Rudra</a>, and Vidyanatha's <i>Prataparudriya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197820_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197820-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bayyaram tank inscription calls the Kakatiya chief Beta I (son of Gunda IV) <i>Garudamka</i>-Beta, and "Garuda" here appears to refer to the family's emblem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197819,_25_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197819,_25-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hindu mythology, Garuda is the <a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">vahana</a> of god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>. The Rashtrakutas and some other dynasties of Deccan claimed descent from the <a href="/wiki/Vrishni" title="Vrishni">Vrishni</a> clan (associated with Vishnu's <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>) and had adopted Garuda as their royal insignia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197819_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197819-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Sastry, this corroborates the theory that the Kakatiyas were associated with the Rashtrakuta family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197825_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197825-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sastry further speculates that the Kakatiyas may have adopted the Garuda symbol because of Jain influence: the <a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">yaksha</a> of the Jain <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">tirthankara</a> <a href="/wiki/Shantinatha" title="Shantinatha">Shantinatha</a> is represented by the Garuda symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197825_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197825-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when the Kakatiyas switched their allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Chalukyas_of_Kalyani" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukyas of Kalyani">Chalukyas of Kalyani</a>, they also adopted the <a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">varaha</a> symbol used by the Chalukyas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197845_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197845-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on Ganapati-deva's Garavapadu inscription, which names <a href="/wiki/Karikala_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Karikala Chola">Karikala Chola</a> among the family's ancestors, epigraphist C.R.K. Charlu theorised that the Kakatiyas were a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Telugu_Chodas" title="Telugu Chodas">Telugu Chodas</a>. However, no other Kakatiya record mentions Karikala, and unlike the Telugu Chodas, the Kakatiyas did not claim to belong to the <a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a>-<a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">gotra</a>. Therefore, Sastry dismisses Charlu's theory as untenable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197821_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197821-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_feudatory_chiefs">Early feudatory chiefs</h3></div> <p>The regnal years of the early members of the Kakatiya family are not certain. The earliest known Kakatiya chief is Venna or Vanna (r. c. 800-815), who claimed descent from <a href="/wiki/Durjaya_(Andhra_chieftain)" title="Durjaya (Andhra chieftain)">Durjaya</a>, legendary <a href="/wiki/Chieftain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chieftain">chieftain</a> of ancient Andhra. According to Kakatiya inscriptions, he ruled from a town called Kakati, because of which his family was called Kakatishas ("lords of Kakati"). Not much is known about his successors Gunda I and Gunda II, who ruled during c. 815-865 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197837_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197837-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bayyaram tank inscription compares his successors - Gunda I, Gunda II, and Gunda III - to the three Ramas (<a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Dasharatha-Rama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a>). </p><p>The c. 956 CE Mangallu inscription suggests that the Kakatiyas came to the <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>-speaking region as commanders of the Rashtrakuta armies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1957197_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1957197-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest of these was Venna's son <a href="/wiki/Gunda_III" title="Gunda III">Gunda III</a>, who died during <a href="/wiki/Krishna_II" title="Krishna II">Krishna II</a>'s invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Chalukyas_of_Vengi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukyas of Vengi">Vengi Chalukya</a> kingdom around 895 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197837–39_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197837–39-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krishna II captured the Kurravadi (possibly present-day <a href="/wiki/Kuravi" title="Kuravi">Kuravi</a>) region from the Vengi Chalukyas, and probably appointed Gunda III's son <a href="/wiki/Erra_(Kakatiya_dynasty)" title="Erra (Kakatiya dynasty)">Erra</a> as a governor there. Not much is known about Erra's son Betiya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197839_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197839-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a Rashtrakuta vassal, Betiya's son <a href="/wiki/Gunda_IV" title="Gunda IV">Gunda IV</a> (r. c. 955-995) helped the Vengi Chalukya prince Danarnava ascend the throne after a succession dispute. In 973 CE, after the collapse of the Rashtrakuta empire and the murder of Danarnava, he attempted to carve out an independent principality at <a href="/wiki/Kuravi" title="Kuravi">Kuravi</a>. The Mudugonda Chalukyas, whom he had displaced from Kuravi, sought help from the <a href="/wiki/Chalukyas_of_Kalyani" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukyas of Kalyani">Kalyani Chalukyas</a>, who had usurped the power from the Rashtrakutas. The Kalyani Chalukya forces probably defeated and killed Gunda IV.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197839–42_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197839–42-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son <a href="/wiki/Beta_I" title="Beta I">Beta I</a> (r. c. 1000-1052 CE) accepted the Kalyani Chalukya suzerainty and received from them the fief of Anumakonda (modern Hanamakonda), which later became the Kakatiya capital. He distinguished himself in the Chalukya campaigns against the Cholas, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Someshvara_I" title="Someshvara I">Someshvara I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1957199_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1957199-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Prola_I" title="Prola I">Prola I</a> (r. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1052-1076), the son of Beta I, participated in various Chalukya military campaigns, consolidated the Kakatiya control around Anumakonda by defeating local chiefs, and obtained Anumakonda as a hereditary fief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197846_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197846-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYazdani1960578_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazdani1960578-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chalukya king granted his son <a href="/wiki/Beta_II" title="Beta II">Beta II</a> (r. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 996-1051) the Sabbi-1000 province (the historical Sabbi-nadu region with 1000 villages, centred around <a href="/wiki/Vemulawada,_Rajanna_Sircilla_district" title="Vemulawada, Rajanna Sircilla district">Vemulavada</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197848–49_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197848–49-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was succeeded by his sons, first Durga-raja and then Prola II (r. c. 1116–1157).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197836_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197836-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the decline of the Rashtrakuta power, the Kakatiyas served as vassals of the <a href="/wiki/Chalukyas_of_Kalyani" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukyas of Kalyani">Kalyani Chalukyas</a>. After the decline of the Chalukya power in the 12th century, they assumed sovereignty by suppressing other Chalukya subordinates in the Telangana region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry19786_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry19786-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_sovereigns">As sovereigns</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prataparudra_I">Prataparudra I</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:290px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kakatiya dynasty is located in South Asia"><img alt="Kakatiya dynasty is located in South Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/290px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/435px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/580px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a></span><div id="annotation_139x169" style="position:absolute; 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left:150px; top:105px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chandelas_of_Jejakabhukti" title="Chandelas of Jejakabhukti"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>CHANDELAS</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_147x117" style="position:absolute; left:147px; top:117px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Tripuri" title="Kalachuris of Tripuri"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>KALACHURIS<br /><small>(TRIPURI)</small></b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_132x133" style="position:absolute; left:132px; top:133px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Ratnapura" title="Kalachuris of Ratnapura"><b><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KALACHURIS<br /><small>(RATNAPURA)</small></span></b></a></span></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.431%;left:75.844%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>SENAS</b></span></a></div></div></div><div id="annotation_185x94" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:94px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Karnats_of_Mithila" title="Karnats of Mithila"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KARNATAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_185x130" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:130px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Nagvanshis_of_Chotanagpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>NAGVANSIS</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_230x90" style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:90px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kamarupa#Breakup_and_End_of_Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>KAMARUPAS</b></span></a></span></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:56.571%;left:62.857%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>EASTERN<br />GANGAS</b></span></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.73%;left:51.169%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Guge" title="Guge"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>GUGE</b></span></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:17.09%;left:44.675%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><a href="/wiki/Maryul" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryul"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>MARYUL</b></span></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:19.91%;left:39.481%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Lohara_dynasty" title="Lohara dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>LOHA-<br />RAS</b></span></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.01%;left:23.117%;font-size:45%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Soomra_dynasty" title="Soomra dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF"><b>SOOMRA<br />EMIRATE</b></span></a></div></div></div><div id="annotation_5x90" style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:90px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kalmat" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Kalmat"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF"><b>MAKRAN<br />SULTANATE</b></span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" title="File:South Asia non political, with rivers.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location of the Kakatiyas and neighbouring South Asian polities in 1175, on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid Empire">Ghurid Empire</a> invasion of the subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> <p>The 1149 Sanigaram inscription of Prola II is the last known record of the Kakatiyas as vassals. The 1163 Anumakonda inscription of <a href="/wiki/Rudradeva" title="Rudradeva">Rudradeva</a> alias Prataparudra I is the earliest known record that describes the Kakatiyas as a sovereign power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry19782_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry19782-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Sastry, Prataparudra I reigned between around 1158 – 1195,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197836_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197836-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Sircar gives the dates 1163–1195. He was also known as Rudra Deva, Kakatiya Rudradeva, Venkata, and Venkataraya<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESircar2008241_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESircar2008241-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESircar1979130_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESircar1979130-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the son of Prola II, who had made efforts to assert greater Kakatiya influence on territories in the eastern parts of the declining Western Chalukyan empire and who died in a battle fought against the <a href="/wiki/Velanati_Chodas" title="Velanati Chodas">Velanati Choda</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Gonka_II" title="Gonka II">Gonka II</a> around 1157/1158 while doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasad1988119,_124_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasad1988119,_124-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot2001184_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2001184-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was during Prataparudra's reign, in 1163, that the Kakatiyas declared an end to their status as <a href="/wiki/Feudatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudatory">feudatory</a> chiefs of the Chalukyas.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is notable that inscriptions were henceforth written using the Kakatiya chiefs' vernacular Telugu rather than the <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada language</a> that had prevailed until that point.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200513_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200513-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mahadeva succeeded Prataparudra I as king, reigning probably from 1195 to 1199.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197836_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197836-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ganapati">Ganapati</h4></div> <p>Just as the Yadava and Hoysala dynasties took control of linguistically related areas during the 13th century, so too did the Kakatiyas under the rule of Ganapati.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200513_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200513-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also known as Ganapathi Deva and, according to Sastry, reigned between 1199 and 1262; Sircar gives regnal dates of 1199–1260.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197836_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197836-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESircar1979130_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESircar1979130-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He significantly expanded Kakatiya lands during the 1230s when he launched a series of attacks outside the dynasty's traditional Telangana region and thus brought under Kakatiya control the Telugu-speaking lowland delta areas around the Godavari and Krishna rivers. The outcome in the case of all three dynasties, says historian Richard Eaton, was that they "catalysed processes of supralocal identity formation and community building".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200513_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200513-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kakatiya capital at Orugallu, established in 1195, was not forgotten while Ganapati expanded his territory. He organised the building of a massive <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> wall around the city, complete with ramps designed for ease of access to its <a href="/wiki/Rampart_(fortification)" title="Rampart (fortification)">ramparts</a> from within. A moat and numerous <a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastions</a> were also constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200517_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200517-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ganapati was keen to bolster the dynasty's economy. He encouraged merchants to trade abroad, abolishing all taxes except for a fixed duty and supporting those who risked their lives to travel afar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesai1962_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesai1962-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He created the man-made <a href="/wiki/Pakhal_Lake" title="Pakhal Lake">Pakhal Lake</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rudrama_Devi">Rudrama Devi</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudramadevi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rudramadevi.jpg/220px-Rudramadevi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rudramadevi.jpg/330px-Rudramadevi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rudramadevi.jpg/440px-Rudramadevi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1660" data-file-height="2348" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Rudrama_Devi" title="Rudrama Devi">Rudrama Devi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Rudrama_Devi" title="Rudrama Devi">Rudrama Devi</a>, also known as Rudramadevi, reigned around 1262–1289 CE (alternative dates: 1261–1295 CE) and is one of the few queens in Indian history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197836_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197836-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalia199421_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalia199421-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sen2_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sen2-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sources disagree regarding whether she was the widow of Ganapati or his daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubiés200073_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubiés200073-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>, who visited India probably sometime around 1289–1293, made note of Rudrama Devi's rule and nature in flattering terms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubiés200050,_73_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubiés200050,_73-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She continued the planned fortification of the capital, raising the height of Ganapati's wall as well as adding a second earthen <a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification)" title="Curtain wall (fortification)">curtain wall</a> 1.5 miles (2.4 km) in diameter and with an additional 150 feet (46 m)-wide moat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200517_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200517-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A fragmentary <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> language inscription also states that the Kakatiya general Bhairava defeated the Yadava army probably in or after 1263 CE, which may be a reference to his repulsion of <a href="/wiki/Mahadeva_of_Devagiri" title="Mahadeva of Devagiri">Mahadeva</a>'s invasion. A coin of Mahadeva bears the Kakatiya emblem <a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">varaha</a> with the Yadava symbols; this varaha may have been stuck on Mahadeva's coins to mark the Kakatiya victory.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rudrama was married to Virabhadra, an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukya" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Chalukya">Eastern Chalukyan</a> prince of <a href="/wiki/Nidadavolu" title="Nidadavolu">Nidadavolu</a> who had been selected for that purpose by her father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuryanarayana1986163_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuryanarayana1986163-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having no son as an heir,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200517_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200517-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rudrama abdicated in favour of her grandson when it became apparent that the expansionist <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khalji</a> was encroaching on the Deccan and might in due course attack the Kakatiyas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubiés200073_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubiés200073-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prataparudra_II">Prataparudra II</h4></div> <p>The earliest biography of Rudrama Devi's successor, <a href="/wiki/Prataparudra_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Prataparudra II">Prataparudra II</a>, is the <i>Prataparudra Caritramu</i>, dating from the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200516_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200516-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His reign began in 1289 (alternative date: 1295) and ended with the demise of the dynasty in 1323.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197836_55-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197836-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sen2_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sen2-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is described by Eaton as the "first chapter in a larger story" that saw the style of polity in the Deccan change from being regional kingdoms to transregional <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultanates</a> that survived until the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton20059–11_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton20059–11-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Replica_of_the_Koh-i-Noor_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Replica_of_the_Koh-i-Noor_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Replica_of_the_Koh-i-Noor_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Replica_of_the_Koh-i-Noor_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Replica_of_the_Koh-i-Noor_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Replica_of_the_Koh-i-Noor_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Replica_of_the_Koh-i-Noor_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2278" data-file-height="2278" /></a><figcaption>A replica of the <a href="/wiki/Koh-i-Noor" title="Koh-i-Noor">Koh-i-Noor</a> diamond. The diamond was originally owned by the Kakatiya dynasty.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kakatiya kingdom attracted the attention of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khalji</a> because of the possibility of plunder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200640_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200640-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first foray into the Kakatiya kingdom was made in 1303 by Malik Chajju, the nephew of the Indian Muslim Wazir <a href="/wiki/Nusrat_Khan_Jalesari" title="Nusrat Khan Jalesari">Nusrat Khan Jalesari</a> of Delhi, and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq">Fakhruddin Jauna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was a disaster due to the resistance of the Kakatiya army in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Upparapalli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Upparapalli (page does not exist)">Battle of Upparapalli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004160&nbsp;"An_earlier_attack_on_Warangal_in_1304_had_been_unsuccessful."_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004160&nbsp;"An_earlier_attack_on_Warangal_in_1304_had_been_unsuccessful."-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1309 the <a href="/wiki/Gujaratis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujaratis">Gujarati</a> general, <a href="/wiki/Malik_Kafur" title="Malik Kafur">Malik Kafur</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in an attempt to force Prataparudra into acceptance of a position subordinate to the sultanate at Delhi. Kafur organised a month-long <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Warangal,_1310" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Warangal, 1310">siege of Orugallu</a> that ended with success in February 1310. Prataparudra was forced to make various symbolic acts of obeisance designed to demonstrate his new position as a subordinate but, as was Alauddin's plan, he was not removed as ruler of the area but rather forced thereafter to pay annual <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> to Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200517–18_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200517–18-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was probably at this time that the <a href="/wiki/Koh-i-Noor" title="Koh-i-Noor">Koh-i-Noor</a> diamond passed from Kakatiya ownership to that of Alauddin, along with 20,000 horses and 100 elephants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200640_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200640-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1311, Prataparudra formed a part of the sultanate forces that attacked the <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan Dynasty">Pandyan empire</a> in the south, and he took advantage of that situation to quell some of his vassals in <a href="/wiki/Nellore" title="Nellore">Nellore</a> who had seen his reduced status as an opportunity for independence. Later, though, in 1318, he failed to provide the annual tribute to Delhi, claiming that the potential for being attacked on the journey made it impossible. The succeeding Sultan Mubarak Shah responded by sending another of his Gujarati generals, <a href="/wiki/Khusrau_Khan" title="Khusrau Khan">Khusrau Khan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to Orugallu with a force that bristled with technology previously unknown in the area, including <a href="/wiki/Trebuchet" title="Trebuchet">trebuchet</a>-like machines. Prataparudra had to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Warangal,_1318" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Warangal, 1318">submit once more</a>, with his obeisance on this occasion being arranged by the sultanate to include a very public display whereby he bowed towards Delhi from the ramparts of Orugallu. The amount of his annual tribute was changed, becoming 100 elephants and 12,000 horses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200518–19_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200518–19-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new arrangements did not last long. Taking advantage of a revolution in Delhi that saw the Khalji dynasty removed and the Punjab-born <a href="/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Tughlaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq">Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq</a> installed as sultan,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prataparudra again asserted his independence in 1320. Tughlaq sent his son, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq">Jauna Khan</a>, to defeat the defiant Kakatiya king in 1321. Khan's army was riven with internal dissension due to rumours of the king's death, which caused many officers to leave the army.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This caused the siege on this occasion to last much longer — six months, rather than the few weeks that had previously been the case. The attackers were initially repulsed and Khan's forces retreated to regroup in Devagiri. Prataparudra celebrated the apparent victory by opening up his grain stores for public feasting. Khan returned in 1323 with his revitalised and reinforced army and, with few supplies left, Prataparudra was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Warangal,_1323" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Warangal, 1323">forced into submission</a> after a five-month siege. The unprepared and battle-weary army of Orugallu was finally defeated, and Orugallu was renamed Sultanpur. It seems probable, from combining various contemporary and near-contemporary accounts, that Prataparudra committed suicide near the <a href="/wiki/Narmada_River" title="Narmada River">Narmada River</a> while being taken as a prisoner to Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200520–21_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200520–21-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot2001176_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2001176-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characterization">Characterization</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography">Geography</h3></div> <p>The Kakatiya base was the city of Orugallu<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaoShulman201217_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaoShulman201217-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the dry uplands of northern Telangana on the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a>. From there they expanded their influence into <a href="/wiki/Coastal_Andhra" title="Coastal Andhra">Coastal Andhra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/River_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="River basin">delta</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Godavari_River" title="Godavari River">Godavari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishna_River" title="Krishna River">Krishna</a> rivers that feed into the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>. According to Rao and Shulman, the latter contained a high proportion of <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> while the former was the haunt of "peasants, artisans and warriors".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaoShulman20024_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaoShulman20024-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Kakatiyas, cultural innovation often began in the uplands, was refined in the lowlands and then recycled back into the Deccan. This bi-directional flow of cultural influences brought into being a feeling of cultural affinity between those who spoke the <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu language</a> where nothing of that nature had previously existed.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unification of the distinct upland and lowland cultures was their most significant political achievement, achieved through a process of binding many locally powerful figures in allegiance to the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaoShulman201217_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaoShulman201217-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area of land under Kakatiya control reached its zenith around the 13th century CE during the rule of Ganapati Deva. By this time, <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> and the Deccan were essentially under the aegis of four <a href="/wiki/Hindu_monarchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu monarchies">Hindu monarchies</a>, of which the Kakatiyas were one.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four dynasties were in a constant state of warfare with each other, with the Kakatiyas eventually exercising control from close to Anagondi in the west to <a href="/wiki/Basavakalyan" title="Basavakalyan">Kalyani</a> in the north-east, and down to Kanei and <a href="/wiki/Ganjam_district" title="Ganjam district">Ganjam district</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Orissa,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa, India">Orissa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVentakaramanayya19421–2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVentakaramanayya19421–2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_architecture" title="Kakatiya architecture">Kakatiya architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Pillar_Temple" title="Thousand Pillar Temple">Thousand Pillar Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramappa_Temple" title="Ramappa Temple">Ramappa Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warangal_Fort" title="Warangal Fort">Warangal Fort</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kota_Gullu" title="Kota Gullu">Kota Gullu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Master_piece_of_ramappa_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Master_piece_of_ramappa_temple.jpg/330px-Master_piece_of_ramappa_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Master_piece_of_ramappa_temple.jpg/495px-Master_piece_of_ramappa_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Master_piece_of_ramappa_temple.jpg/660px-Master_piece_of_ramappa_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5489" data-file-height="2864" /></a><figcaption>13th century <a href="/wiki/Ramappa_Temple" title="Ramappa Temple">Ramappa Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A notable trend during the dynastic period was the construction of reservoirs for irrigation in the uplands, around 5000 of which were built by warrior families subordinate to the Kakatiyas. This dramatically altered the possibilities for development in the sparsely populated dry areas. Many of these edifices, often called "tanks", including the large examples at Pakala and Ramappa, are still used today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200514_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200514-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another notable architectural feature of the dynasty relates to temples. Even before the arrival of the dynasty, there were large, well-established and well-endowed Hindu places of worship in the relatively populous delta areas; however, the temples of the uplands, which were smaller and less cosmopolitan in origin and funding, did not exist until the Kakatiya period. In the lowlands, where Brahmins were numerous, the temples had long benefited from a desire to build social networks for the purposes of domestic and foreign trade, as well as for obtaining grazing rights in the face of competition; in the uplands, the endowment of the buildings was often associated with the construction and continued maintenance of reservoirs and enabled a different type of networking based on political hierarchies. The strengthening of those hierarchies, which was achieved in part by donating land for the temples and then attending worship, was necessary as the inland agrarian society grew rapidly in number and location.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200514–15_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200514–15-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Society">Society</h3></div> <p>There is a disparity between the analysis of inscriptions, of which the work of Cynthia Talbot has been in the vanguard and the traditional works of <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic Hinduism</a> that described pre-colonial India in terms of a reverent and static society that was subject to the strictures of the <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste system</a>. Colonial British administrators found much that appealed to them in the latter works but the Kakatiya inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh, which depict a far wider range of society and events, suggest that the reality was far more fluid and very different from the idealised image.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200512_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200512-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caste itself seems to have been of low importance as a social identifier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESubrahmanyam1998_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubrahmanyam1998-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a lack of consistency regarding the varna rank of Kakatiyas. In most of their inscriptions, no varna affiliation was specified. In the case of a few where it was specified, they were mostly recorded to have been Kshatriyas. A handful of the inscriptions however tried to portray them as Kshatriyas.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anyone, regardless of birth, could acquire the <i><a href="/wiki/Nayak_(title)" title="Nayak (title)">nayaka</a></i> title to denote warrior statusKshatriy and this they did. There is also little evidence that Kakatiya society paid much regard to caste identities, in the sense of <i><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">jāti</a></i>. Although occupation does appear to have been an important designator of social position, the inscriptions suggest that people were not bound to an occupation by birth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200515–16_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200515–16-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot200150–52_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot200150–52-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The population became more settled in geographic terms. The growth of an agricultural peasant class subsumed many tribal people who previously had been nomadic. The nexus of politics and military was a significant feature of the era, and the Kakatiya recruitment of peasants into the military did much to create a new warrior class, develop social mobility and to extend the influence of the dynasty into areas of its kingdom that previously would have been untouched.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot2001174_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2001174-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kakatiya kings, and in particular the last two, encouraged an egalitarian ethos. The entrenched landed nobility that had existed before the dynasty found its power to be on the wane; the royal gifting of lands formerly in the possession of nobles to people of lesser status did much to effect this dilution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200516_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200516-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2></div> <p>Historian P.V.P. Sastry theorizes that the early Kakatiya chiefs were followers of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>. A story in the <i>Siddhesvara-charita</i> states that Madhavavarman, an ancestor of the Kakatiyas, obtained military strength by the grace of goddess <a href="/wiki/Padmakshi_Temple" title="Padmakshi Temple">Padmakshi</a>. The 1123 Govindapuram Jain inscription of Polavasa, another family of feudatory chiefs, contains a similar account of how their ancestor Madhavavarman obtained military strength by the grace of the Jain goddess Yakshesvari.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197824_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197824-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to tradition, Prola II was initiated into <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Kalamukha" title="Kalamukha">Kalamukha</a> preceptor Ramesvara Panditabefor and established Shaivism as his family's religion. The Shaivism-affiliated personal names of the later Kakatiya kings (such as Rudra, Mahadeva, Harihara, and Ganapati) also indicate a shift towards Shaivism. This, according to Sastry, strengthens the theory that the early Kakatiya chiefs were Jains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197825_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197825-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genealogy">Genealogy</h2></div> <p>The following members of the Kakatiya family are known from epigraphic evidence. The rulers are children of their predecessors unless otherwise specified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197830–36_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197830–36-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feudatory_chiefs">Feudatory chiefs</h3></div> <ul><li><i>Nripa</i> Venna, born in the family of Durjaya (r. c. 800-815)</li> <li>Gunda I (r. c. 815-?)</li> <li>Gunda II (r. c. ?-865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunda_III" title="Gunda III">Gunda III</a> (died before 900)</li> <li><i>Nripati</i> <a href="/wiki/Erra_(Kakatiya_dynasty)" title="Erra (Kakatiya dynasty)">Erra</a></li> <li>Betiya</li> <li><i>Nripati</i> <a href="/wiki/Gunda_IV" title="Gunda IV">Gunda IV</a> alias Pindi-Gunda (r. c. 955-995)</li> <li><i>Nripati</i> <a href="/wiki/Beta_I" title="Beta I">Beta I</a> alias Garuda Beta (r. c. 996-1051)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prola_I" title="Prola I">Prola I</a> (r. c. 1052-1076)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_II" title="Beta II">Beta II</a> alias Tribhuvanamalla (r. c. 1076-1108)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgaraja" title="Durgaraja">Durgaraja</a> alias Tribhuvanamalla (r. c. 1108-1116), son of Beta II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prola_II" title="Prola II">Prola II</a> (r. c. 1116-1157), son of Beta II, married Muppama <ul><li>His children included Rudra, Mahadeva, Harihara, Ganapati and Repolla Durga</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sovereign_rulers">Sovereign rulers</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudradeva" title="Rudradeva">Rudra</a> (r. c. 1158-1195), son of Prola II, became a sovereign Tughlaq'sin 1163</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadeva_(Kakatiya_dynasty)" title="Mahadeva (Kakatiya dynasty)">Mahadeva</a> (r. c. 1196-1199), son of Prola II, married Bayyama <ul><li>Had three children, including Ganapati-deva, Mailamba, and Kundamba</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapati_(Kakatiya_dynasty)" title="Ganapati (Kakatiya dynasty)">Ganapati-deva</a> (r. c. 1199-1262), married Somala-devi <ul><li>Had two children, including Ganapamba (married Kota Beta) and Rudrama-devi</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudrama_Devi" title="Rudrama Devi">Rudrama-devi</a> (r. c. 1262-1289), married Chalukya Virabhadra <ul><li>Had three children, including Mummadamba (married Kakati Mahadeva), Rudrama (married Yadava prince Ellana-deva), and Ruyyama (married Induluri Annaya-mantri)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prataparudra" title="Prataparudra">Prataparudra-deva</a> (r. c. 1289-1323), son of Mummadamba, tributary to the Delhi Sultanate at times</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kakatiya_Kala_Thoranam_(Warangal_Gate)_and_Ruins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kakatiya_Kala_Thoranam_%28Warangal_Gate%29_and_Ruins.jpg/220px-Kakatiya_Kala_Thoranam_%28Warangal_Gate%29_and_Ruins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kakatiya_Kala_Thoranam_%28Warangal_Gate%29_and_Ruins.jpg/330px-Kakatiya_Kala_Thoranam_%28Warangal_Gate%29_and_Ruins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Kakatiya_Kala_Thoranam_%28Warangal_Gate%29_and_Ruins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_Kala_Thoranam" title="Kakatiya Kala Thoranam">Kakatiya Kala Thoranam</a> (Warangal Gate).</figcaption></figure> <p>Tughlaq's control of the area lasted only for around a decade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200643_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200643-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fall of the Kakatiya dynasty resulted in both political and cultural disarray because of both disparate resistance to the sultanate and dissension within it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot2001176_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2001176-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure of the Kakatiya polity disintegrated and their lands soon fell under the control of numerous families from communities such as the <a href="/wiki/Reddy" title="Reddy">Reddies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Velama_(caste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Velama (caste)">Velamas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaoShulman201216_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaoShulman201216-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as 1330,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot2001177_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2001177-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Musunuri_Nayaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Musunuri Nayaks">Musunuri Nayaks</a> who served as army chiefs for Kakatiya kingdom united the various Telugu clans and recovered <a href="/wiki/Warangal" title="Warangal">Warangal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> and ruled for half a century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot2001177–182_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2001177–182-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surrounded by more significant states,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaoShulman201216_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaoShulman201216-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the 15th century these new entities had ceded to the <a href="/wiki/Bahamani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamani Sultanate">Bahamani Sultanate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sangama_dynasty" title="Sangama dynasty">Sangama dynasty</a>, the latter of which evolved to become the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayanagara empire">Vijayanagara empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200522_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200522-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A brother of Prataparudra II, Annamaraja, has been associated with ruling what eventually became the <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bastar_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastar state">Bastar</a> during the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> period. This appears likely to be historical revisionism, dating from a genealogy published by the ruling family in 1703, because it records only eight generations spanning almost four centuries of rule. Such revisionism and tenuous claims of connection to the Kakatiyas were not uncommon because it was perceived as legitimising the right to rule and warrior status. Talbot notes that there is a record of a brother called Annamadeva and that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He is said to have left [Orugallu] for the northeast after anointing Prataparudra's son as king. Thus, the founder of the family fortunes in Bastar may very well have been a Telugu warrior from Telangana who was familiar with the prevalent legends about the Kakatiyas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot2001192–193_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2001192–193-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to Talbot and Eaton, a revisionist interpretation of Prataparudra II himself appeared much sooner, within a few years of his death, and for broadly similar reasons. A stone inscription dated 1330 mentions a Prolaya Nayaka, who was said to have restored order, as in Prataparudra days. He presented himself as a legitimate successor to Prataparudra, by portraying both of them as righteous monarchs, meanwhile reconstructing Prataparudra's life and career favourably.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200526–27_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200526–27-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1420, Muslim rulers had become accommodated to the Deccan society, and strong dichotomies between Hindus and Muslims were no longer useful. Muslim rulers were no longer conceived as diametrically opposed to the figure of Prataparudra, but rather as rulers of equal status.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200527–28_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200527–28-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This type of revisionism, which Talbot describes as "social memories" and which persist to the present day,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot2001175_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2001175-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reappeared in the 16th century with the <i>Prataparudra Caritramu</i> hagiography, which claimed him to be the founder of the <i>Padmanayaka</i> class of Telugu warriors and provided the elite of the Vijayanagara empire with what Talbot has described as a "charter of legitimacy". This work claimed, contrary to all reasonable evidence, that he did not die after being taken prisoner but instead met with the sultan, was recognised as being an <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, and was allowed to return to Orugallu. Once back home, the <i>Prataparudra Caritamu</i> says, he released the <i>Padmanayakas</i> from their allegiance to him and told them to become independent kings. The work also claims Vijayanagara to be an ally of Prataparudra, which is clearly anachronistic but served the purpose of elevating the role of the <i>Paadmanayakas</i>, whom it claimed to be ultimately subordinate to Vijayanagara during his time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200528–29_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200528–29-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramappa_Temple" title="Ramappa Temple">Ramappa Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_Kala_Thoranam" title="Kakatiya Kala Thoranam">Kakatiya Kala Thoranam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanskrit: काकतीय; <small>romanised</small>: <i>kākatīya</i>; <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: కాకతీయులు; <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>: ಕಾಕತೀಯ</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma1957">Sharma (1957</a>, p. 234): "Vennama, the son of Dāma, led his troops in a defeat of the Turks very probably during Ala-ud-din Khalji's first invasion of Telangana in 1303. This success against the Turkish arms took place in the battle of Upparapalli, where Potuganti Maili is said to have put the enemies to flight."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kakatiya coins bore the <a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a> script.(<a href="#CITEREFPrasad1988">Prasad 1988</a>, p. 9)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalbot2001">Talbot (2001</a>, p. 128): "Soon after he came to power, Rudradeva had the Thousand Pillared temple built in <a href="/wiki/Hanamkonda" title="Hanamkonda">Hanamkonda</a>, then the Kakatiya capital. The Sanskrit inscription recording its foundation in 1163 contains an elaborate genealogy of Rudradeva's ancestry... Since it was the earliest of Rudradeva's inscriptions to omit any mention of the Chalukya dynasty of Kalyani, we can assume that the construction of the temple was meant to mark Rudradeva's new status as an overlord in his own right."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> referred to the kingdom as Mutfili, which was the name for the area around a major port of the dynasty, now known as <a href="/wiki/Masulipatnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Masulipatnam">Masulipatnam</a>.(<a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1991">Chakravarti 1991</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma1957">Sharma (1957</a>, p. 234): "Vennama, the son of Dāma, led his troops in a defeat of the Turks very probably during Ala-ud-din Khalji's first invasion of Telangana in 1303. This success against the Turkish arms took place in the battle of Upparapalli, where Potuganti Maili is said to have put the enemies to flight."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term <i>andhra bhasa</i>, meaning <i>language of Andhra</i>, appeared as a synonym for the <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu language</a> at least as early as 1053 and suggests an emerging correlation of linguistics and geography. (<a href="#CITEREFEaton2005">Eaton 2005</a>, p. 13) The linguistic mapping of regions of India continued to the present day and formed a part of the <a href="/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act,_1956" title="States Reorganisation Act, 1956">States Reorganisation Act, 1956</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aside from the Kakatiyas, the dominant Hindu monarchies in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> and the Deccan around the 13th century CE were the <a href="/wiki/Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty" title="Seuna (Yadava) dynasty">Yadavas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysalas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pandya_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandya Empire">Pandyas</a>. The Yadavas, Hoysalas and Kakatiyas had carved up what had been the area controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukya Empire</a>, while the Pandyas controlled lands formerly under the <a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a>.(<a href="#CITEREFVentakaramanayya1942">Ventakaramanayya 1942</a>, p. 1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalbot2001">Talbot (2001</a>, p. 51): "An inscription reads: `The Kakatiya dynasty, praised by the entire world and belonging to the fourth <i>varna</i>, then came into existence. In it was born the king named Prola, who was renowned for being exceedingly judicious.'... [In a handful of inscriptions], the Kakatiyas are linked with the solar dynasty of the ancient <i>kshatriyas</i>, stemming from Ikshvaku through Dasharatha and Rama... The lack of consistency regarding the <i>varna</i> rank of the Kakatiya dynasty is noteworthy, as is the fact that their <i>Kshatriya</i> claims were put forth primarily in documents associated with gifts to <i>brahmans</i>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChattopadhyaya1998">Chattopadhyaya (1998</a>, pp. 57–58) quotes from the Vilasa grant of Prolaya Nayaka: "[W]hen Prataparudra of the Kakati family ruled, even such celebrated rulers of the past as <i>Yayati</i>, <i>Nabhaga</i> and <i>Bhagiratha</i> were completely forgotten."... "[W]hen the Sun, <i>viz</i>., Prataparudra set, the world was enveloped in the <i>Turuska</i> darkness. The evil (<i>adharma</i>), which he had up to that time kept under check, flourished under them, as the conditions were very favourable for its growth."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot200126-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot200126_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalbot2001">Talbot 2001</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185"><i>A Historical Atlas of South Asia</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 147, map XIV.3 (b). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210" title="Special:BookSources/0226742210"><bdi>0226742210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+Atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=147%2C+map+XIV.3+%28b%29&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0226742210&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKakatiya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERao199322-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao199322_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRao1993">Rao 1993</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&dq=Kakatiya+kannada&pg=PA35"><i>Precolonial India in Practice Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra</i></a>. Oxford University Press. 20 September 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803123-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803123-9"><bdi>978-0-19-803123-9</bdi></a>. <q>The Kakatiyas first issued inscriptions in Kannada that were very closely modelled on those of their imperial overlords, the Chalukyas of Kalyani</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Precolonial+India+in+Practice+Society%2C+Region%2C+and+Identity+in+Medieval+Andhra&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001-09-20&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803123-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpfAKljlCJq0C%26dq%3DKakatiya%2Bkannada%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKakatiya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197825-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197825_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197825_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197825_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197825_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastry1978">Sastry 1978</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Mamidi2023" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mamidi_Harikrishna" title="Mamidi Harikrishna">Dr. Mamidi, Harikrishna</a> (19 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231019020424/https://telanganatoday.com/rise-and-fall-of-kakatiyas-turning-point-in-indian-history">"Rise and fall of Kakatiyas, turning point in Indian history"</a>. <i>Telangana Today</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://telanganatoday.com/rise-and-fall-of-kakatiyas-turning-point-in-indian-history">the original</a> on 19 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telangana+Today&rft.atitle=Rise+and+fall+of+Kakatiyas%2C+turning+point+in+Indian+history&rft.date=2023-10-19&rft.aulast=Dr.+Mamidi&rft.aufirst=Harikrishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftelanganatoday.com%2Frise-and-fall-of-kakatiyas-turning-point-in-indian-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKakatiya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVentakaramanayya19421–2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVentakaramanayya19421–2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVentakaramanayya19421–2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVentakaramanayya1942">Ventakaramanayya 1942</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a map of their territory see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185"><i>A Historical atlas of South Asia</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 147, map XIV.3 (b). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210" title="Special:BookSources/0226742210"><bdi>0226742210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=147%2C+map+XIV.3+%28b%29&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0226742210&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKakatiya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._V.1957" class="citation book cs1">T. V., Mahalingam (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459498/2015.459498.A-Comprehensive_djvu.txt"><i>Seuna-Kakatiya</i></a>. p. 150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seuna-Kakatiya&rft.pages=150&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=T.+V.&rft.aufirst=Mahalingam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.459498%2F2015.459498.A-Comprehensive_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKakatiya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalbot2001">Talbot 2001</a>, p. 178; <a href="#CITEREFEaton2005">Eaton 2005</a>, pp. 26–27; <a href="#CITEREFChattopadhyaya1998">Chattopadhyaya 1998</a>, pp. 57–59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1999" class="citation book cs1">Singh, B. Satyanarayana (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SujVAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Art and Architecture of the Kākatīyas</i></a>. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan. pp. 33, 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86050-34-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86050-34-7"><bdi>978-81-86050-34-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Architecture+of+the+K%C4%81kat%C4%AByas&rft.pages=33%2C+65&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Kala+Prakashan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-86050-34-7&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=B.+Satyanarayana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSujVAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKakatiya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESircar2008241-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESircar2008241_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESircar2008241_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSircar2008">Sircar 2008</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1957196-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1957196_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma1957">Sharma 1957</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197824–25-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197824–25_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197824–25_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197824–25_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastry1978">Sastry 1978</a>, pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1957197-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1957197_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1957197_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1957197_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma1957">Sharma 1957</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197822–23-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197822–23_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197822–23_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197822–23_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastry1978">Sastry 1978</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197822-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197822_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastry1978">Sastry 1978</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197822,_37-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197822,_37_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastry1978">Sastry 1978</a>, p. 22, 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197823-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197823_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastry1978">Sastry 1978</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry19783–6-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry19783–6_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastry1978">Sastry 1978</a>, pp. 3–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot200111,_17,_19-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot200111,_17,_19_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalbot2001">Talbot 2001</a>, pp. 11, 17, 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/tamil-inscription-from-kakatiya-era-found-in-medieval-ap-port-town/articleshow/84959219.cms">"Tamil Inscription From Kakatiya Era Found In Medieval AP Port Town"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 2 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Tamil+Inscription+From+Kakatiya+Era+Found+In+Medieval+AP+Port+Town&rft.date=2021-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fhyderabad%2Ftamil-inscription-from-kakatiya-era-found-in-medieval-ap-port-town%2Farticleshow%2F84959219.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKakatiya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry19788–12-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry19788–12_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastry1978">Sastry 1978</a>, pp. 8–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197812-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197812_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastry1978">Sastry 1978</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197812–13-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197812–13_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastry1978">Sastry 1978</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot200153-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot200153_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalbot2001">Talbot 2001</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot200151-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot200151_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot200151_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalbot2001">Talbot 2001</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197829-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197829_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastry1978">Sastry 1978</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197827-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197827_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastry1978">Sastry 1978</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197827–29-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197827–29_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastry1978">Sastry 1978</a>, pp. 27–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x1zt3Uv9rF8C&dq=rashtrakuta+gundyana&pg=PA3"><i>Arch. Series</i></a>. 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href="#CITEREFSastry1978">Sastry 1978</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197830-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197830_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastry1978">Sastry 1978</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197817–18-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197817–18_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastry1978">Sastry 1978</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197817-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197817_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastry1978">Sastry 1978</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197818–19-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197818–19_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastry1978">Sastry 1978</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197819-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197819_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197819_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastry1978">Sastry 1978</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197820-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197820_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197820_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastry1978">Sastry 1978</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197820–21-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197820–21_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastry1978">Sastry 1978</a>, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197821-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197821_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197821_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastry1978">Sastry 1978</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197819,_25-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197819,_25_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastry1978">Sastry 1978</a>, p. 19, 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197845-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197845_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastry1978">Sastry 1978</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197837-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197837_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastry1978">Sastry 1978</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197837–39-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197837–39_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastry1978">Sastry 1978</a>, pp. 37–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197839-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197839_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastry1978">Sastry 1978</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197839–42-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197839–42_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastry1978">Sastry 1978</a>, pp. 39–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1957199-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1957199_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma1957">Sharma 1957</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li 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Penguin UK. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-196655-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-196655-7"><bdi>978-0-14-196655-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+in+the+Persianate+Age%3A+1000-1765&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2019-07-25&rft.isbn=978-0-14-196655-7&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaIF6DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKakatiya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry19782-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry19782_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastry1978">Sastry 1978</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESircar1979130-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESircar1979130_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESircar1979130_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSircar1979">Sircar 1979</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasad1988119,_124-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasad1988119,_124_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrasad1988">Prasad 1988</a>, pp. 119, 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2001184-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot2001184_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalbot2001">Talbot 2001</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200513-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200513_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200513_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200513_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEaton2005">Eaton 2005</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200517-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200517_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200517_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200517_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEaton2005">Eaton 2005</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesai1962-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesai1962_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesai1962">Desai 1962</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalia199421-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalia199421_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKalia1994">Kalia 1994</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sen2-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sen2_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sen2_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2013" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra (2013). <i>A Textbook of Medieval Indian History</i>. 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Dept. of Punjab Historical Studies. 1966. p. 152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+-+Punjab+History+Conference+Volume+1&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Punjabi+University.+Dept.+of+Punjab+Historical+Studies&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWhFDAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DGhiyasuddin%2BTughluq%2Bis%2Bsupposed%2Bto%2Bhave%2Bbeen%2Bborn%2Bfrom%2Ba%2BJat%2Bwoman%2Bof%2BPunjab%2B%2C%2Bwhom%2Bhis%2BTurkish%2Bfather%2Bis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKakatiya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatish_Chandra2004" class="citation book cs1">Satish Chandra (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&dq=ulugh+khan+warangal&pg=PA95"><i>Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One</i></a>. 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2001176-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot2001176_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot2001176_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalbot2001">Talbot 2001</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaoShulman201217-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaoShulman201217_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaoShulman201217_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaoShulman2012">Rao & Shulman 2012</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaoShulman20024-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaoShulman20024_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaoShulman2002">Rao & Shulman 2002</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200514-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200514_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEaton2005">Eaton 2005</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200514–15-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200514–15_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEaton2005">Eaton 2005</a>, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200512-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200512_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEaton2005">Eaton 2005</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESubrahmanyam1998-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESubrahmanyam1998_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSubrahmanyam1998">Subrahmanyam 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200515–16-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200515–16_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEaton2005">Eaton 2005</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot200150–52-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot200150–52_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalbot2001">Talbot 2001</a>, pp. 50–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2001174-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot2001174_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalbot2001">Talbot 2001</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197824-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197824_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastry1978">Sastry 1978</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastry197830–36-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastry197830–36_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastry1978">Sastry 1978</a>, pp. 30–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200643-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200643_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2006">Asher & Talbot 2006</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaoShulman201216-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaoShulman201216_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaoShulman201216_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaoShulman2012">Rao & Shulman 2012</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2001177-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot2001177_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalbot2001">Talbot 2001</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2001177–182-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot2001177–182_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalbot2001">Talbot 2001</a>, pp. 177–182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200522-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200522_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEaton2005">Eaton 2005</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2001192–193-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot2001192–193_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalbot2001">Talbot 2001</a>, pp. 192–193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200526–27-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200526–27_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEaton2005">Eaton 2005</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200527–28-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200527–28_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEaton2005">Eaton 2005</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2001175-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot2001175_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalbot2001">Talbot 2001</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200528–29-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200528–29_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEaton2005">Eaton 2005</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output 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Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-17018-330-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-17018-330-3"><bdi>978-8-17018-330-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Minor+Cha%E1%B8%B7ukya+Families+in+Medieval+Andhradesa&rft.pub=B.+R.+Publishing&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-8-17018-330-3&rft.aulast=Suryanarayana&rft.aufirst=Kolluru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df6seAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKakatiya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2001" class="citation cs2">Talbot, Austin Cynthia (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C"><i>Pre-colonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra</i></a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19803-123-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19803-123-9"><bdi>978-0-19803-123-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre-colonial+India+in+Practice%3A+Society%2C+Region%2C+and+Identity+in+Medieval+Andhra&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19803-123-9&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Austin+Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpfAKljlCJq0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKakatiya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVentakaramanayya1942" class="citation cs2">Ventakaramanayya, N. (1942), <i>The Early Muslim Expansion in South India</i>, University of Madras</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Muslim+Expansion+in+South+India&rft.pub=University+of+Madras&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Ventakaramanayya&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKakatiya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYazdani1960" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Venkataramanayya, N.; Sarma, M. Somasekhara (1960). "The Kakatiyas of Warangal". In Yazdani, Ghulam (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g0D5RAAACAAJ"><i>The Early History of the Deccan Parts VII–XI</i></a>. Vol. VIII: Yādavas of Seuṇadeśa. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170691259" title="Special:BookSources/9788170691259"><bdi>9788170691259</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59001459">59001459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Kakatiyas+of+Warangal&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+the+Deccan+Parts+VII%E2%80%93XI&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59001459&rft.isbn=9788170691259&rft.aulast=Venkataramanayya&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Sarma%2C+M.+Somasekhara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg0D5RAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKakatiya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kakatiya_dynasty" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya dynasty</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot1991" class="citation journal cs1">Talbot, Cynthia (May 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2057210">"Temples, Donors, and Gifts: Patterns of Patronage in Thirteenth-Century South India"</a>. <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>50</b> (2): 308–340. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2057210">10.2307/2057210</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2057210">2057210</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161557646">161557646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Temples%2C+Donors%2C+and+Gifts%3A+Patterns+of+Patronage+in+Thirteenth-Century+South+India&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=308-340&rft.date=1991-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161557646%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2057210%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2057210&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F2057210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKakatiya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Talbot, Cynthia (2018). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_32934">"Kākatīya dynasty"</a></span>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (3rd ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=K%C4%81kat%C4%ABya+dynasty&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2F%2A-COM_32934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKakatiya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_kingdoms_of_India" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Template:Middle kingdoms of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Template talk:Middle kingdoms of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle kingdoms of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle_kingdoms_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0; font-size:100%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2">Timeline and<br />cultural period </td> <td rowspan="2">Northwestern India<br />(<a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sapta_Sindhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapta Sindhu">Sapta Sindhu</a>) </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Central India </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">Southern India</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cdcdcd"> <td>Upper Gangetic Plain <br />(<a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Ganga-Yamuna doab</a>) </td> <td>Middle Gangetic Plain </td> <td>Lower Gangetic Plain </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;background-color:#CED4F2"> <td colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age India">IRON AGE</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Srauta" class="mw-redirect" title="Srauta">Srauta</a> culture)<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware culture</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Shramanic culture</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Prehistoric_era" title="History of India">Pre-history</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 6th century BCE</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuru_kingdom" title="Kuru kingdom">Kuru</a>-<a href="/wiki/Panchala" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">Panchala</a> </td> <td>Magadha </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Persian_and_Greek_conquests" title="History of India">Persian-Greek influences</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><b>"<a href="/wiki/History_of_India#"Second_urbanisation"_(800-200_BCE)" title="History of India">Second Urbanisation</a>"</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Shramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shramana">Rise of Shramana movements</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> - <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> - <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a> - <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Prehistoric_era" title="History of India">Pre-history</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 5th century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="1">(<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Persian conquests</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga dynasty</a> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 4th century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="1">(<a href="/wiki/Greek_conquests_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek conquests in India">Greek conquests</a>) </td> <td colspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Dynasty">Nanda empire</a></b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CED4F2"> <td colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">HISTORICAL AGE</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="4"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">Spread of Buddhism</a></b> </td> <td><b>Pre-history</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 3rd century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></b><br />(300 BCE – 200 CE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheras</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="5"><b>Preclassical Hinduism</b><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - <b>"Hindu Synthesis"</b><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (ca. 200 BC - 300 CE)<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Epics</a> - <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> - <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> - <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a> - <a href="/wiki/Smarta_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Smarta Tradition">Smarta Tradition</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 2nd century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Maha-Meghavahana_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty">Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></b><br />(300 BCE – 200 CE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheras</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 1st century BCE</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 1st century CE</b> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"> <p><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthians</a> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom">Kuninda Kingdom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 2nd century</b> </td> <td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 3rd century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a> kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="6"><b>"Golden Age of Hinduism"</b>(ca. CE 320-650)<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a><br />Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 4th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> </td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty" title="Varman dynasty">Varman dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvakus" class="mw-redirect" title="Andhra Ikshvakus">Andhra Ikshvakus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadamba Dynasty">Kadamba Dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ganga Dynasty">Western Ganga Dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 5th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a> </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Vishnukundina</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 6th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nezak_Huns" title="Nezak Huns">Nezak Huns</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maitraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Maitraka">Maitraka</a> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Vishnukundina</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="6"><b>Late-Classical Hinduism</b> (ca. CE 650-1100)<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> - <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Buddhism in India">Decline of Buddhism in India</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 7th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Sassanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Sassanids">Indo-Sassanids</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Harsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Harsha">Empire of Harsha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mlechchha_dynasty" title="Mlechchha dynasty">Mlechchha dynasty</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom (revival)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 8th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Mahishmati" title="Kalachuris of Mahishmati">Kalachuri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 9th century</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratihara</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty#Chera_Perumals_of_Makkotai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Chera Perumals of Makkotai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>10th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pala_dynasty_(Kamarupa)" title="Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)">Pala dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kamboja-Pala_Dynasty_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamboja-Pala Dynasty of Bengal">Kamboja-Pala dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalyani_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalyani Chalukyas">Kalyani Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera Perumals of Makkotai</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">References and sources for table</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <p><b>References</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiltebeitel (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiltebeitel (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.41</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Flood, Gavin D. (1996), <i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKakatiya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alf_Hiltebeitel" title="Alf Hiltebeitel">Hiltebeitel, Alf</a> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=nl#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"</i></a>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+In%3A+Joseph+Kitagawa%2C+%22The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Hiltebeitel&rft.aufirst=Alf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkfyzAAAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26hl%3Dnl%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKakatiya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Michaels, Axel (2004), <i>Hinduism. Past and present</i>, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+Past+and+present&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKakatiya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), <i>The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Yoga+and+Tantra.+Indic+Religions+to+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKakatiya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Telangana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telangana" title="Template:Telangana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telangana" title="Template talk:Telangana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telangana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telangana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Telangana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Telangana" title="Architecture of Telangana">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_cuisine" title="Telangana cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Telangana" title="Culture of Telangana">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Telangana" title="Demographics of Telangana">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Telangana" title="Economy of Telangana">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Telangana" title="Education in Telangana">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana#Geography" title="Telangana">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Telangana" title="Government of Telangana">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Telangana" title="History of Telangana">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_Language_Day" title="Telangana Language Day">Language day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Telangana" title="Politics of Telangana">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Telangana" title="List of people from Telangana">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Telangana" title="Tourism in Telangana">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynasties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina_dynasty" title="Vishnukundina dynasty">Vishnukundinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rastrakutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukyas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kakatiyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musunuri_Nayakas" title="Musunuri Nayakas">Musunuri Nayakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Golconda" title="Sultanate of Golconda">Qutb Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Asaf Jahi dynasty (Nizams)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Telangana" title="List of districts of Telangana">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adilabad_district" title="Adilabad district">Adilabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komaram_Bheem_Asifabad_district" title="Komaram Bheem Asifabad district">Komaram Bheem Asifabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadradri_Kothagudem_district" title="Bhadradri Kothagudem district">Bhadradri Kothagudem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanamkonda_district" title="Hanamkonda district">Hanamkonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_district,_India" title="Hyderabad district, India">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagtial_district" title="Jagtial district">Jagtial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangaon_district" title="Jangaon district">Jangaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayashankar_Bhupalpally_district" title="Jayashankar Bhupalpally district">Jayashankar Bhupalpally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogulamba_Gadwal_district" title="Jogulamba Gadwal district">Jogulamba Gadwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamareddy_district" title="Kamareddy district">Kamareddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimnagar_district" title="Karimnagar district">Karimnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khammam_district" title="Khammam district">Khammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabubabad_district" title="Mahabubabad district">Mahabubabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabubnagar_district" title="Mahabubnagar district">Mahabubnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mancherial_district" title="Mancherial district">Mancherial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medak_district" title="Medak district">Medak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medchal-Malkajgiri_district" title="Medchal-Malkajgiri district">Medchal-Malkajgiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulugu_district" title="Mulugu district">Mulugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarkurnool_district" title="Nagarkurnool district">Nagarkurnool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalgonda_district" title="Nalgonda district">Nalgonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayanpet_district" title="Narayanpet district">Narayanapet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmal_district" title="Nirmal district">Nirmal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizamabad_district" title="Nizamabad district">Nizamabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peddapalli_district" title="Peddapalli district">Peddapalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajanna_Sircilla_district" title="Rajanna Sircilla district">Rajanna Sircilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranga_Reddy_district" title="Ranga Reddy district">Ranga Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangareddy_district" title="Sangareddy district">Sangareddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddipet_district" title="Siddipet district">Siddipet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suryapet_district" title="Suryapet district">Suryapet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikarabad_district" title="Vikarabad district">Vikarabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanaparthy_district" title="Wanaparthy district">Wanaparthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warangal_district" title="Warangal district">Warangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadadri_Bhuvanagiri" title="Yadadri Bhuvanagiri">Y.Bhuvanagiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">Commissionerates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_City_Police" title="Hyderabad City Police">Hyderabad central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachakonda_Police_Commissionerate" title="Rachakonda Police Commissionerate">Rachakonda-Bhuvanagiri, Hyderabad East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberabad_Metropolitan_Police" title="Cyberabad Metropolitan Police">Cyberabad-Hyderabad West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimnagar_Police_Commissionerate" title="Karimnagar Police Commissionerate">Karimnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khammam_Police_Commissionerate" title="Khammam Police Commissionerate">Khammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizamabad_Police" title="Nizamabad Police">Nizamabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramagundam_Police_Commissionerate" title="Ramagundam Police Commissionerate">Ramagundam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddipet_Police_Commissionerate" title="Siddipet Police Commissionerate">Siddipet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warangal_Police_Commissionerate" title="Warangal Police Commissionerate">Warangal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Telangana" title="List of cities and towns in Telangana">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warangal" title="Warangal">Warangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizamabad,_Telangana" title="Nizamabad, Telangana">Nizamabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khammam" title="Khammam">Khammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimnagar" title="Karimnagar">Karimnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramagundam" title="Ramagundam">Ramagundam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahbubnagar" title="Mahbubnagar">Mahbubnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalgonda" title="Nalgonda">Nalgonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adilabad" title="Adilabad">Adilabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secunderabad" title="Secunderabad">Secunderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suryapet" title="Suryapet">Suryapet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Telangana" title="Tourism in Telangana">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Churches_in_Telangana" title="Category:Churches in Telangana">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dams_in_Telangana" title="Category:Dams in Telangana">Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forts_in_Telangana" title="Category:Forts in Telangana">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Temples_in_Telangana" title="Category:Temples in Telangana">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mosques_in_Telangana" title="Category:Mosques in Telangana">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Telangana" title="Category:Lakes of Telangana">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_parks_in_Telangana" title="Category:National parks in Telangana">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_Telangana" title="Category:Wildlife sanctuaries of Telangana">Sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_Telangana" title="Category:Waterfalls of Telangana">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">Municipal corporations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Hyderabad_Municipal_Corporation" title="Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimnagar_Municipal_Corporation" title="Karimnagar Municipal Corporation">Karimnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khammam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Khammam Municipal Corporation">Khammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizamabad_Municipal_Corporation" title="Nizamabad Municipal Corporation">Nizamabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramagundam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Ramagundam Municipal Corporation">Ramagundam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Warangal_Municipal_Corporation" title="Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation">Warangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boduppal" title="Boduppal">Boduppal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerzadiguda" title="Peerzadiguda">Peerzadiguda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharnagar,_Telangana" title="Jawaharnagar, Telangana">Jawaharnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizampet" title="Nizampet">Nizampet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badangpet" title="Badangpet">Badangpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandlaguda_Jagir" title="Bandlaguda Jagir">Bandlaguda Jagir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerpet%E2%80%93Jillelguda" title="Meerpet–Jillelguda">Meerpet–Jillelguda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Telangana" title="List of cities and towns in Telangana">List of cities in Telangana by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Telangana" title="List of cities and towns in Telangana">List of cities in Telangana by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_agglomerations_in_Telangana" title="List of urban agglomerations in Telangana">List of urban agglomerations in Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Telangana" title="List of districts of Telangana">List of districts in Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_local_bodies_in_Telangana" title="List of urban local bodies in Telangana">List of urban local bodies in Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Andhra_Pradesh" style="vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Andhra_Pradesh" title="Template:Andhra Pradesh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Andhra_Pradesh" title="Template talk:Andhra Pradesh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Andhra_Pradesh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Andhra Pradesh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Andhra_Pradesh" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></span>  <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: none; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><div>Capital: <b><a href="/wiki/Amaravati" title="Amaravati">Amaravati</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Andhra Pradesh">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="History of Andhra Pradesh">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Geography of Andhra Pradesh">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Government of Andhra Pradesh">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Demographics of Andhra Pradesh">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Culture of Andhra Pradesh">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Economy of Andhra Pradesh">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Politics of Andhra Pradesh">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Education in Andhra Pradesh">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_cuisine" title="Andhra cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Andhra_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Andhra Pradesh">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Tourism in Andhra Pradesh">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Sports in Andhra Pradesh">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Transport in Andhra Pradesh">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Song</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maa_Telugu_Thalliki" title="Maa Telugu Thalliki">Maa Telugu Thalliki</a></dd> <dt>Language</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></dd> <dt>Dance</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></dd> <dt>Sport</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></dd> <dt>Animal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Blackbuck</a></dd> <dt>Bird</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rose-ringed_parakeet" title="Rose-ringed parakeet">Rose-ringed parakeet</a></dd> <dt>Fish</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Channa_marulius" title="Channa marulius">Great Snakehead</a></dd> <dt>Flower</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_officinale" title="Jasminum officinale">Jasmine</a></dd> <dt>Fruit</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Banganapalle_(mango)" title="Banganapalle (mango)">Banginapalli Mango</a></dd> <dt>Tree</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Azadirachta_indica" title="Azadirachta indica">Neem</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Andhra" title="North Andhra">North Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Andhra" title="Coastal Andhra">Coastal Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayalaseema" title="Rayalaseema">Rayalaseema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of districts of Andhra Pradesh">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitharama_Raju_district" title="Alluri Sitharama Raju district">Alluri Sitharama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anakapalli_district" title="Anakapalli district">Anakapalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anantapur_district" title="Anantapur district">Anantapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annamayya_district" title="Annamayya district">Annamayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bapatla_district" title="Bapatla district">Bapatla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittoor_district" title="Chittoor district">Chittoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Godavari_district" title="East Godavari district">East Godavari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluru_district" title="Eluru district">Eluru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntur_district" title="Guntur district">Guntur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadapa_district" title="Kadapa district">Kadapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakinada_district" title="Kakinada district">Kakinada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konaseema_district" title="Konaseema district">Konaseema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_district" title="Krishna district">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurnool_district" title="Kurnool district">Kurnool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandyal_district" title="Nandyal district">Nandyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTR_district" title="NTR district">NTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palnadu_district" title="Palnadu district">Palnadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvathipuram_Manyam_district" title="Parvathipuram Manyam district">Parvathipuram Manyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prakasam_district" title="Prakasam district">Prakasam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellore_district" title="Nellore district">Nellore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srikakulam_district" title="Srikakulam district">Srikakulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sathya_Sai_district" title="Sri Sathya Sai district">Sri Sathya Sai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirupati_district" title="Tirupati district">Tirupati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam_district" title="Visakhapatnam district">Visakhapatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizianagaram_district" title="Vizianagaram district">Vizianagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Godavari_district" title="West Godavari district">West Godavari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Metropolis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayawada" title="Vijayawada">Vijayawada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Andhra_Pradesh_by_population" title="List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by population">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoni" title="Adoni">Adoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anantapur" title="Anantapur">Anantapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimavaram" title="Bhimavaram">Bhimavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilakaluripet" title="Chilakaluripet">Chilakaluripet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittoor" title="Chittoor">Chittoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmavaram,_Sri_Sathya_Sai_district" title="Dharmavaram, Sri Sathya Sai district">Dharmavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadiri" title="Kadiri">Kadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluru" title="Eluru">Eluru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudivada" title="Gudivada">Gudivada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntakal" title="Guntakal">Guntakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntur" title="Guntur">Guntur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindupur" title="Hindupur">Hindupur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadapa" title="Kadapa">Kadapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakinada" title="Kakinada">Kakinada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurnool" title="Kurnool">Kurnool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machilipatnam" title="Machilipatnam">Machilipatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madanapalle" title="Madanapalle">Madanapalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandyal" title="Nandyal">Nandyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasaraopet" title="Narasaraopet">Narasaraopet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellore" title="Nellore">Nellore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuzvid" title="Nuzvid">Nuzvid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongole" title="Ongole">Ongole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakollu" title="Palakollu">Palakollu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proddatur" title="Proddatur">Proddatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajahmundry" title="Rajahmundry">Rajahmundry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srikakulam" title="Srikakulam">Srikakulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadepalligudem" title="Tadepalligudem">Tadepalligudem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadipatri" title="Tadipatri">Tadipatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenali" title="Tenali">Tenali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirupati" title="Tirupati">Tirupati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuni" title="Tuni">Tuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayawada" title="Vijayawada">Vijayawada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizianagaram" title="Vizianagaram">Vizianagaram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Transport in Andhra Pradesh">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Airports_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Airports in Andhra Pradesh">Airports</a></li> <li>Railways</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:State_highways_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:State highways in Andhra Pradesh">Roadways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ports_and_harbours_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Ports and harbours of Andhra Pradesh">Seaports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Tourism in Andhra Pradesh">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dams_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Dams in Andhra Pradesh">Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forts_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Forts in Andhra Pradesh">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Lakes of Andhra Pradesh">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_parks_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:National parks in Andhra Pradesh">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_temples_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Hindu temples in Andhra Pradesh">Hindu temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Churches_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Churches in Andhra Pradesh">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wildlife_sanctuaries_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Andhra Pradesh">Wildlife sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Waterfalls of Andhra Pradesh">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="History of Andhra Pradesh">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvaku" title="Andhra Ikshvaku">Andhra Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Gotrika" title="Ananda Gotrika">Ananda Gotrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salankayana_dynasty" title="Salankayana dynasty">Salankayana dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina_dynasty" title="Vishnukundina dynasty">Vishnukundina dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kakatiya dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velanati_Chodas" title="Velanati Chodas">Velanati Chodas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musunuri_Nayakas" title="Musunuri Nayakas">Musunuri Nayakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Eastern Ganga dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reddi_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Reddi kingdom">Reddi kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb Shahi dynasty">Qutb Shahi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asaf_Jahi_dynasty" title="Asaf Jahi dynasty">Asaf Jahi dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Related lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Andhra_Pradesh_by_population" title="List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by population">List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_agglomerations_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of urban agglomerations in Andhra Pradesh">List of urban agglomerations in Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revenue_divisions_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh">List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_local_bodies_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh">List of urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mandals_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh">List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><div><span 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