CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head> <link rel=preload href="https://assets.psychcentral.com/_next/vendor-538cd-legacy.js" as=script crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=preload href="https://assets.psychcentral.com/_next/lib-87568-legacy.js" as=script crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=preload href="https://assets.psychcentral.com/_next/felib-core-db794-legacy.js" as=script crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=preload href="https://assets.psychcentral.com/_next/b53c0674-add8-4b34-b87e-4ab4c5c6478c/psy/pages/infinite.js-legacy.js" as=script crossorigin=anonymous> <title>What Is Trauma? Effects, Causes, Types, and How to Heal</title><link rel="canonical" href="https://psychcentral.com/health/what-is-trauma"/><meta name="description" content="Trauma is a response to an intensely stressful event(s). While the after-effects can be difficult to manage, healing is possible."/><meta name="keywords" content="what is trauma"/><meta name="k1" content="othermentalhealth"/><meta name="k2" content="mentalhealth"/><meta name="ROBOTS" content="NOODP"/><meta name="sailthru.image.thumb" content="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/what-is-trauma-blue-sky-thoughtful-alone-clouds-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg"/><meta name="sailthru.tags" content="othermentalhealth,mentalhealth"/><meta name="article:published_time" content="2022-01-04T23:18:00.000Z"/><meta name="article:author" content="Gina Ryder"/><meta property="og:title" content="What Is Trauma? Effects, Causes, Types, and How to Heal"/><meta property="og:description" content="Trauma is a response to an intensely stressful event(s). While the after-effects can be difficult to manage, healing is possible."/><meta property="og:type" content="article"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://psychcentral.com/health/what-is-trauma"/><meta name="twitter:title" content="What Is Trauma? Effects, Causes, Types, and How to Heal"/><meta name="twitter:description" content="Trauma is a response to an intensely stressful event(s). While the after-effects can be difficult to manage, healing is possible."/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/what-is-trauma-blue-sky-thoughtful-alone-clouds-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Psych Central"/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@psychcentral"/><meta name="twitter:creator" content="@psychcentral"/><meta property="fb:app_id" content="122386177775099"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/what-is-trauma-blue-sky-thoughtful-alone-clouds-1200x628-facebook-1200x628.jpg"/><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"/><meta property="og:image:height" content="628"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/what-is-trauma-blue-sky-thoughtful-alone-clouds-732x549-thumbnail.jpg"/><meta property="og:image:width" content="732"/><meta property="og:image:height" content="549"/> <style data-emotion="css 0 1e4ja14 1pf0x3y 79elbk ck5ydc 13njx2h 3o9pqj upe1zs jwb353 1xdhyk6 1081t4c eqytyw v23quv 1qsp2zb 1vtpbs6 spwcx4 7wivn5 1bnren8 1ujqk39 1v78rwm 9zytxy 150s69f d2znx6 1oanbjp touwnm 6ry8z3 h9jo37 h0zs0i 1ub4i5m 1l48sh1 1acbpvw 12wdr8u 16wahxh 12qvns3 4rlg7s 130mbve 12va8w7 1avyp1d 14hk5xp xqvouu slwzda 1uwjw6e 1dxissy 1ugaz02 138ocmy f6pdvi dorrmn 7vynax 10ib5jr 1culwpr 2kgwd5 t143ak 1p4nzih">.css-1e4ja14{text-align:center;font-size:0;line-height:0;}.css-1pf0x3y{width:100%;display:block;}.css-79elbk{position:relative;}.css-ck5ydc{margin-right:0;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-ck5ydc{margin-right:0;}}@media(min-width:990px){.css-ck5ydc{margin-right:80px;}}.css-13njx2h{margin-bottom:50px;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-13njx2h{margin-bottom:0;}}.css-3o9pqj{width:40%;margin:0 20px;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-3o9pqj{width:40%;margin:0 20px;}}@media(min-width:990px){.css-3o9pqj{width:150px;margin:0 20px 0 0;}}.css-upe1zs{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-jwb353{display:none;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-jwb353{display:none;}}@media(min-width:990px){.css-jwb353{display:block;}}.css-1081t4c{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-eqytyw{display:block;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-eqytyw{display:block;}}@media(min-width:990px){.css-eqytyw{display:none;}}.css-v23quv{margin-bottom:30px;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-v23quv{margin-bottom:30px;}}@media(min-width:990px){.css-v23quv{margin-bottom:0;}}.css-1qsp2zb{-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;}.css-1vtpbs6{width:auto;height:40px;margin-left:0;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-1vtpbs6{margin-left:0;}}@media(min-width:990px){.css-1vtpbs6{margin-left:50px;}}.css-spwcx4{width:auto;height:40px;}@-webkit-keyframes animation-7wivn5{from{right:-600px;}to{right:0;}}@keyframes animation-7wivn5{from{right:-600px;}to{right:0;}}@-webkit-keyframes animation-1bnren8{from{right:0;visibility:visible;}to{right:-600px;visibility:hidden;}}@keyframes animation-1bnren8{from{right:0;visibility:visible;}to{right:-600px;visibility:hidden;}}@-webkit-keyframes animation-1ujqk39{from{right:-600px;display:none;}to{right:0;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}@keyframes animation-1ujqk39{from{right:-600px;display:none;}to{right:0;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}@-webkit-keyframes animation-1v78rwm{from{right:0;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}to{right:-600px;display:none;}}@keyframes animation-1v78rwm{from{right:0;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}to{right:-600px;display:none;}}.css-9zytxy{color:#231f20;font-size:22px;font-size:33px;line-height:32px;line-height:40px;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:15px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:baseline;-webkit-box-align:baseline;-ms-flex-align:baseline;align-items:baseline;}.css-9zytxy::before{font-size:16px;font-size:25px;margin-right:10px;margin-right:15px;width:20px;width:25px;}.css-9zytxy.icon-hl-close-thin::before,.css-9zytxy.icon-hl-close::before{font-size:20px;font-size:25px;margin-right:16px;}.css-9zytxy.icon-hl-check-thin::before,.css-9zytxy.icon-hl-check::before{font-size:20px;font-size:25px;margin-right:16px;}.css-150s69f{cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;border-color:currentColor;color:#3D5A99;}.css-150s69f:hover{color:#203769;}.css-150s69f:hover img,.css-150s69f:hover .image{opacity:0.8;}.css-150s69f:hover svg{fill:currentColor;}.css-150s69f:active{color:#3D5A99;}.css-d2znx6{margin-bottom:25px;}.css-1oanbjp{margin:0 0 0 25px;padding:0;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;list-style:none;}.css-touwnm{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin-bottom:0;}.css-touwnm svg{fill:#231f20;}.css-touwnm:last-child{margin-right:0;}.css-touwnm:hover{color:#3D5A99;}.css-touwnm:hover svg{fill:#3D5A99;}.css-touwnm:hover button{color:#3D5A99;}.css-6ry8z3{font-family:"Tiempos Headline SemiBold",Tiempos Headline SemiBold Fallback,serif;background-color:transparent;border:none;display:block;padding:20px 25px;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;font-size:18px;line-height:24px;color:#231f20;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:color 0.2s;transition:color 0.2s;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-6ry8z3{font-size:18px;line-height:24px;}}@media(min-width:990px){.css-6ry8z3{font-size:20px;line-height:28px;}}.css-6ry8z3 svg{width:10px;height:10px;margin-left:6px;-webkit-transition:fill 0.2s;transition:fill 0.2s;fill:#231f20;}.css-6ry8z3:hover{color:#3D5A99;}.css-6ry8z3:hover svg{fill:#3D5A99;}.css-h9jo37{height:1px;overflow:visible;}.css-h0zs0i{margin-top:-5px;}.css-1ub4i5m{margin-top:-15px;}.css-1l48sh1{selector:css-1vailzi;border:0;background:none;}.css-1l48sh1[aria-expanded="false"] .icon-hlvideo-minus{display:none;}.css-1l48sh1[aria-expanded="false"] .icon-hlvideo-plus{display:inline;}.css-1l48sh1[aria-expanded="true"] .icon-hlvideo-minus{display:inline;}.css-1l48sh1[aria-expanded="true"] .icon-hlvideo-plus{display:none;}@-webkit-keyframes animation-1acbpvw{0%{opacity:0;}100%{opacity:1;}}@keyframes animation-1acbpvw{0%{opacity:0;}100%{opacity:1;}}.css-12wdr8u{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:0;z-index:500;display:block;}.css-16wahxh{top:50px;z-index:401;pointer-events:none;position:-webkit-sticky;position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;}@media all and (-ms-high-contrast: none),(-ms-high-contrast: active){.css-16wahxh{padding-top:70px;}}.css-12qvns3{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;-webkit-order:4;-ms-flex-order:4;order:4;-webkit-flex:0 0 56px;-ms-flex:0 0 56px;flex:0 0 56px;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;cursor:pointer;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-12qvns3{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;-webkit-order:4;-ms-flex-order:4;order:4;-webkit-flex:0 0 120px;-ms-flex:0 0 120px;flex:0 0 120px;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;}}@media(min-width:990px){.css-12qvns3{margin-left:auto;margin-right:25px;-webkit-order:3;-ms-flex-order:3;order:3;-webkit-flex:0 1 auto;-ms-flex:0 1 auto;flex:0 1 auto;-webkit-box-pack:normal;-ms-flex-pack:normal;-webkit-justify-content:normal;justify-content:normal;}}.css-4rlg7s{cursor:pointer;color:#231f20;font-weight:500;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.21px;-webkit-transition:color 0.2s;transition:color 0.2s;text-transform:uppercase;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-4rlg7s{font-size:15px;}}@media(min-width:990px){.css-4rlg7s{font-size:18px;}}.css-4rlg7s:hover{color:#3D5A99;}.css-4rlg7s fontFamily{font-family:"Proxima Nova","Proxima Nova Fallback",sans-serif;font-weight:bold;}.css-130mbve{color:#3D5A99;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-12va8w7 p:first-of-type{margin-top:0px;padding-top:0px;}.css-12va8w7 p.disclaimer:first-of-type{padding-top:15px;}.css-12va8w7 .non-cost-jump-link{margin-bottom:30px;}.css-14hk5xp{padding:20px;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-14hk5xp{padding:30px;}}.css-xqvouu{margin-bottom:0;}.css-slwzda >*:first-child{margin-top:0;}.css-slwzda >*:last-child{margin-bottom:0;}.css-slwzda cite{display:block;margin-top:25px;margin-bottom:25px;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-slwzda cite{margin-top:35px;margin-bottom:35px;}}.css-slwzda cite::before{content:"―";margin-right:5px;}.css-slwzda>ol{padding-left:20px;}.css-slwzda>ol>li{padding-left:8px;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-slwzda>ol>li{padding-left:15px;}}.css-slwzda>ul{padding-left:20px;}.css-slwzda>ul>li{font-size:18px;line-height:26px;margin-bottom:8px;}.css-slwzda li{padding-left:8px;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-slwzda li{padding-left:15px;}}.css-slwzda li:last-child{margin-bottom:0;}.css-slwzda>small{font-size:14px;line-height:20px;}.css-1uwjw6e{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:right;-ms-flex-pack:right;-webkit-justify-content:right;justify-content:right;}.css-1dxissy{color:inherit;margin:0;font-size:17px;line-height:26px;}@media(min-width:768px){.css-1dxissy{font-size:18px;}}.css-1dxissy:hover{color:#3D5A99;}.css-1ugaz02{height:0;overflow:hidden;}.css-138ocmy{selector:css-1vailzi;overflow-wrap:break-word;word-break:break-word;word-wrap:break-word;}.css-f6pdvi{margin-bottom:25px;font-size:14px;line-height:20px;}.css-f6pdvi:last-child{margin-bottom:0;}.css-dorrmn{margin-top:25px;margin-bottom:50px;}.css-7vynax{display:block;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;height:100%;overflow:hidden;pointer-events:none;z-index:-1;}.css-10ib5jr{margin-bottom:40px;}.css-1culwpr{font-size:16px;font-weight:600;text-align:center;margin:0 auto 20px;}.css-1culwpr:active,.css-1culwpr:hover:not(:focus){outline:none;}@media max-mobile{.css-1culwpr{display:block;font-size:14px;padding:9px 18px 10px 16px;width:210px;color:white;background:theme.colors.magenta;font-family:inherit;font-size:16px;line-height:16px;border-radius:25px;background:#FFC50D;border:1px solid #FFC50D-dark;color:#231f20;padding:15px 18px 15px 16px;}.css-1culwpr:hover{color:#231f20;background:#0F1B40;}.css-1culwpr:hover{background:#FF8B00;border:1px solid #FF8B00-dark;}.css-1culwpr:active{background:#FF8B00;border:1px solid #FF8B00-dark;}}.css-2kgwd5{margin-left:7px;position:relative;top:1px;}@media max-mobile{.css-2kgwd5{display:none;}}@-webkit-keyframes animation-t143ak{from{rotate:none;}to{rotate:45deg;}}@keyframes animation-t143ak{from{rotate:none;}to{rotate:45deg;}}@-webkit-keyframes animation-1p4nzih{from{rotate:45deg;}to{rotate:0;}}@keyframes animation-1p4nzih{from{rotate:45deg;}to{rotate:0;}}</style><script src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/gpp.stub.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" type="text/javascript" data-domain-script="be537d4d-ffa7-47aa-8f8e-87af2bb53532"></script><script> let newDate = new Date(); newDate.setTime(newDate.getTime() + 1 * 3600 * 1000 * 24 * 365); function delete_cookie() { if (!getOTCookie('cleared-onetrust-cookies')) { console.log("Deleting Cookies: OptanonAlertBoxClosed, OTGPPConsent, OptanonConsent"); document.cookie = "OptanonAlertBoxClosed=;path=/;domain=.www.healthline.com;expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:01 GMT'"; document.cookie = "OTGPPConsent=;path=/;domain=.www.healthline.com;expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:01 GMT"; document.cookie = "OptanonConsent=;path=/;domain=.www.healthline.com;expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:01 GMT"; } const hostname = window.location.hostname .split('.') .slice(-2) .join('.'); document.cookie = "cleared-onetrust-cookies=;path=/;domain=" + hostname + ";expires=" + newDate; } function getOTCookie(cookieName) { var value = '; ' + document.cookie; var parts = value.split('; ' + cookieName + '='); if (parts.length == 2) { return true; } } delete_cookie(); </script><script> (function (){window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];})() </script><script> (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({ "gtm.start": new Date().getTime(), event: "gtm.js" }); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != "dataLayer" ? "&l=" + l : ""; j.async = true; j.src = "https://gtm-server.healthline.com/gtm.js?id=" + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, "script", "dataLayer", "GTM-MB6365D"); </script><script> (function () {window.dataLayer.push({event: "ABConfig received", "ABConfig": {"experimentalRPM":"control","adBlockerDetection":true,"adbridgFlag":false,"jwPlayerFix":true,"oneTrustCPRA":true}})})() </script><script> (function () {window.dataLayer.push({event: "Tenant Received", "Tenant": "psy"})})() </script><script> (function () {window.dataLayer.push({event: "TLDDomain Received", "TLDDomain": "psychcentral.com"})})() </script><script> (function () {window.dataLayer.push({event: "appState Received", "appState": {"title":"What Is Trauma? Effects, Causes, Types, and How to Heal","canonical":"https://psychcentral.com/health/what-is-trauma","hrlContentId":"psy-211569","isArticle":true,"isContentSeries":false,"canonicalPath":"/health/what-is-trauma","pageTemplate":"Tabbed Article","logMoreMetrics":true,"adsSponsored":false,"isCPUV":false,"newsletter":{"tags":"","categories":"uncategorized"},"isSponsoredArticle":false,"targeting":{"k1":"othermentalhealth","k2":"mentalhealth","k3":"health","kmeta":"","msiteactive":"false","url":"/health/what-is-trauma","articleId":"psy-211569"},"categories":[{"name":"Uncategorized","slug":"uncategorized","link":"/uncategorized","children":[]}],"subcategories":[],"sponsoredNavMenu":false,"author":"Gina Ryder","editor":"Jamie Smith","contentForm":"Head Term","type":"healthfeature","vertical":"Mental Health","trackingTerms":[],"isPremiumVideo":false,"isStandaloneVideo":false,"isStandaloneRecipe":false,"isNewsArticle":false,"hasEmbeddedJWPlayer":false,"pageHasDasPreroll":false,"byline":{"authors":[{"id":5665,"name":{"display":"Gina Ryder","first":"Gina","last":"Ryder"},"link":"/authors/gina-ryder","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gina Ryder is a journalist and educator based in New York City. Some of the topics she covers include trauma, substance use, mental health, and what it means to heal. Her writing has appeared in The Guardian, Reader’s Digest, Glamour, and many other outlets. Gina has facilitated storytelling programs in healthcare settings, centers for recovery, and homeless shelters. She’s taught several university writing courses including medical humanities through CUNY. She’s a former editor with HuffPost where she worked with hundreds of contributors to tell personal stories that connected with thousands of readers. Read more at her </span><a href=\"http://www.reginaryder.com/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">website </span></a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">or connect with Gina on </span><a href=\"https://twitter.com/iamginaryder\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Twitter</span></a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.</span></p>\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":200,"height":200,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/11/Gina-Ryder-500x500-Bio-e1644350697661.png"}}],"medicalReviewers":[{"id":128,"name":{"display":"Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT","first":"Debra Rose","last":"Wilson, PhD, MSN, RN, IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT"},"userLogin":"debrarosewilson","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/dr-debra-rose-wilson-599a7a26/","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/reviewers/debra-rose-wilson-phd-msn-rn-ibclc-ahn-bc-cht","type":{"value":"medical_reviewer","label":"Medical Advisor"},"nid":"122515","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"<p><em>This individual is no longer a medical reviewer in our network. The credentials and contact information reflected here may not be current.</em></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dr. Debra Rose Wilson is a professor, researcher, and holistic healthcare practitioner. She teaches graduate-level psychology and nursing courses. Dr. Wilson has over 200 publications in her areas of expertise, which include complementary and alternative therapies, autoimmune disease, stress and coping, and obstetrics and breastfeeding.</span></p>\n<p><strong>Education</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lakehead University, Hon BSN, BA</span></li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tennessee State University School of Nursing, MSN</span></li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Walden University, PhD</span></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Certifications</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Registered Nurse</span></li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Advanced Holistic Nurse Board Certified</span></li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">International Board Certified Lactation Consultant</span></li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clinical Hypnotherapist</span></li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reiki Master</span></li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Therapeutic Touch Therapist</span></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Professional Accomplishments</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2017-2018 American Holistic Nurse of the Year</span></li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Editor of a peer-reviewed journal for 9 years</span></li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2015 March of Dimes Nurse of the Year</span></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Affiliations</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https://www.waldenu.edu/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Walden University</span></a></li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https://www.apsu.edu/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Austin Peay State University</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Debra-Rose-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"id":"psy-211569","updateReason":[],"editor":"Jamie Smith","factCheckedBy":"","factCheckers":[],"articleHistory":{"2022-01-04":{"updateReason":[],"authors":"Gina Ryder","editor":"Jamie Smith","copyEditor":"Douglas Backstrom","medicallyReviewedBy":"Debra Rose Wilson, PhD, MSN, RN, IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT"}},"articleDates":{"factChecked":{"date":null,"display":""},"medicallyReviewed":{"date":1641338280,"display":"January 4, 2022"},"published":{"date":1641338280,"display":"January 4, 2022"},"lastUpdates":{"date":1641338280,"display":"January 4, 2022"},"modified":{"date":1656367245,"display":"June 27, 2022"}},"type":"healthfeature","language":"en"},"cesData":{"metaDescription":"Trauma is a response to an intensely stressful event(s). While the after-effects can be difficult to manage, healing is possible.","title":"What Is Trauma? Effects, Causes, Types, and How to Heal","iab_tag_tier_1":[],"iab_tag_tier_2":[],"mpdTags":[{"confidence":0.9639653833027798,"type":"topic_level_1","value":"health"},{"confidence":0.9090788199438189,"type":"topic_level_2","value":"neurology"},{"confidence":0.47139008246890785,"type":"topic_level_3","value":"neurological_disorders"},{"confidence":0.5943435810714954,"type":"topic_level_4","value":"ptsd"},{"confidence":0.42999530540067876,"type":"entity","value":"trauma"}]},"relatedStories":false,"wellness":false,"infiniteScroll":true,"infScrollArticles":[{"title":["Can You Recover from Trauma? 5 Therapy Options"],"text":["Trauma-informed therapy can help you reduce the emotional and mental effects of trauma. Here are the best options for trauma-focused treatments."],"link":"/health/trauma-therapy","imageAlt":"Can You Recover from Trauma? 5 Therapy Options","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/05/young-man-talking-to-therapist-in-orange-sweater-732x549-thumbnail.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":373,"name":{"display":"Hilary I. Lebow","first":"Hilary","last":"Lebow"},"userLogin":"hlebow","links":{"website":"https://www.hilarylebow.com/","facebook":"","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/hilary-lebow","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/hilary-lebow","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"<p>Hilary I. Lebow is a journalist from California who covers health and wellness content. To support her work, she has fitness and nutrition certifications through the Yoga Alliance and the National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM). Read more of her work <a href=\"https://www.hilarylebow.com/\">here</a>.</p>\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/Hilary-Lebow-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["The Science Behind PTSD Symptoms: How Trauma Changes the Brain"],"text":["Trauma (PTSD) can have a deep effect on the body, rewiring the nervous system — but the brain remains flexible, and healing is possible."],"link":"/ptsd/the-science-behind-ptsd-symptoms-how-trauma-changes-the-brain","imageAlt":"The Science Behind PTSD Symptoms: How Trauma Changes the Brain","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/brain-science-ptsd-collage-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg","medicallyReviewedBy":{"reviewerName":"Kendra Kubala, PsyD","reviewerImage":{"path":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Kendra-Kubala-500x500-Bio.png","width":200,"height":200,"altText":""}},"isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":373,"name":{"display":"Hilary I. Lebow","first":"Hilary","last":"Lebow"},"userLogin":"hlebow","links":{"website":"https://www.hilarylebow.com/","facebook":"","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/hilary-lebow","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/hilary-lebow","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"<p>Hilary I. Lebow is a journalist from California who covers health and wellness content. To support her work, she has fitness and nutrition certifications through the Yoga Alliance and the National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM). Read more of her work <a href=\"https://www.hilarylebow.com/\">here</a>.</p>\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/Hilary-Lebow-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["What Are the Best Types of Therapy for Trauma?"],"text":["Many types of therapy can support mind and body healing after trauma. We look at some of the most effective techniques."],"link":"/health/best-types-of-therapy-for-trauma","imageAlt":"What Are the Best Types of Therapy for Trauma?","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/man-wearing-glasses-sitting-notebook-cafe-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg","medicallyReviewedBy":{"reviewerName":"Kendra Kubala, PsyD","reviewerImage":{"path":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Kendra-Kubala-500x500-Bio.png","width":200,"height":200,"altText":""}},"isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":371,"name":{"display":"Simone Marie","first":"Simone","last":"Marie"},"userLogin":"simonemscully","links":{"website":"http://simonescully.com","facebook":"https://www.facebook.com/simonemscully/","linkedin":"","twitter":"ScullySimone","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/simone-scully","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"<p>Simone Marie is a journalist who writes about health, science, and parenting. Outside of work, she’s usually camping or hiking in a national park with her husband, toddler, and rescue beagle. Check out her <a href=\"http://www.simonescully.com/\">website</a> for more.</p>\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":498,"height":498,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/09/Simone-Scully-500x500-circle.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["How to Identify and Overcome Trauma Triggers"],"text":["Triggers can transport you back in time to a traumatic event — but there are ways to manage them. "],"link":"/health/trauma-triggers","imageAlt":"How to Identify and Overcome Trauma Triggers","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/11/211568-How-to-Identify-and-Overcome-Trauma-Triggers-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg","medicallyReviewedBy":{"reviewerName":"Matthew Boland, PhD","reviewerImage":{"path":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/New-Matthew-Boland-500x500-Bio.png","width":200,"height":200,"altText":""}},"isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":5625,"name":{"display":"Stephanie A. Wright, RN, BSN","first":"Stephanie A.","last":"Wright, RN, BSN"},"userLogin":"sawright","links":{"website":"https://bluegrassnurse.wordpress.com","facebook":"","linkedin":"linkedin.com/in/stephanieawrightrn","twitter":"","instagram":"bluegrassnurse","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/stephanie-a-wright","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"<p><span data-sheets-value=\"{"1":2,"2":"Stephanie Wright is a registered nurse and freelance medical writer. She writes articles about mental health, women’s health, and psychology. As a nurse, she has seen firsthand the effect mental illness can have on a person’s health and well-being and is passionate about educating others. She has a Bachelor of Science Degree in Nursing and Communication Studies from the University of Louisville. In Kentucky, she keeps a health and wellness blog and is active on social media. "}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{"2":769,"3":{"1":0},"11":4,"12":0}\">Stephanie Wright is a registered nurse and freelance medical writer. She writes articles about mental health, women’s health, and psychology. As a nurse, she has seen firsthand the effect mental illness can have on a person’s health and well-being and is passionate about educating others. She has a Bachelor of Science Degree in Nursing and Communication Studies from the University of Louisville. In Kentucky, she keeps a health and wellness blog and is active on social media. </span></p>\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/10/Stephanie-Wight-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["Trauma-Informed Mindfulness: A Guide"],"text":["Mindfulness can be difficult — or even harmful — for people with a history of trauma. That's where trauma-focused mindfulness comes in."],"link":"/health/trauma-informed-mindfulness","imageAlt":"Trauma-Informed Mindfulness: A Guide","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/11/213473-Trauma-Informed-Mindfulness-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":5480,"name":{"display":"Andrea Rice","first":"Andrea","last":"Rice"},"userLogin":"arice","links":{"website":"https://drea.blog/","facebook":"","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/andrea-rice-writes/","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/andrea-rice","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"<p data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\">Andrea Rice is a health and wellness journalist and an editor on Healthline Media’s Global News team. She previously worked at Psych Central, Verywell, Yoga Journal, mindbodygreen, and The New York Times. She is also a yoga and mindfulness teacher and the co-author of “<a class=\"PrimaryLink BaseLink\" href=\"https://www.newharbinger.com/9781684034376/the-yoga-almanac/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Yoga Almanac</a>.” Connect with her on <a class=\"PrimaryLink BaseLink\" href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/andrea-rice-writes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">LinkedIn</a>, <a class=\"PrimaryLink BaseLink\" href=\"mailto:arice@healthline.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">email</a> her with story tips and pitches, and find her at her <a class=\"PrimaryLink BaseLink\" href=\"https://drea.blog/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">website</a>.</p>\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/11/Andrea-Rice-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["What Is Post-Traumatic Growth?"],"text":["Though it might not feel like it at the time, trauma may lead to new growth in your relationships, beliefs, or worldviews."],"link":"/health/post-traumatic-growth","imageAlt":"What Is Post-Traumatic Growth?","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/11/smiling-mature-man-looking-up-sky-outdoors-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg","medicallyReviewedBy":{"reviewerName":"N. Simay Gökbayrak, PhD","reviewerImage":{"path":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Simay-Gökbayrak-500x500-Bio.png","width":200,"height":200,"altText":""}},"isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":373,"name":{"display":"Hilary I. Lebow","first":"Hilary","last":"Lebow"},"userLogin":"hlebow","links":{"website":"https://www.hilarylebow.com/","facebook":"","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/hilary-lebow","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/hilary-lebow","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"<p>Hilary I. Lebow is a journalist from California who covers health and wellness content. To support her work, she has fitness and nutrition certifications through the Yoga Alliance and the National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM). Read more of her work <a href=\"https://www.hilarylebow.com/\">here</a>.</p>\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/Hilary-Lebow-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["What Is Relational Trauma? An Overview"],"text":["Relational trauma happens in the context of a relationship, such as abuse or neglect, usually in childhood. It can be a difficult path, but healing is…"],"link":"/ptsd/what-is-relational-trauma","imageAlt":"What Is Relational Trauma? An Overview","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/11/mother-hugging-son-family-outdoors-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":212,"name":{"display":"Sian Ferguson","first":"Sian","last":"Ferguson"},"userLogin":"sianfergs","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/sian-ferguson","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"156019","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"<p>Sian Ferguson is a freelance health and cannabis writer based in Cape Town, South Africa. She’s passionate about empowering readers to take care of their mental and physical health through science-based, empathetically delivered information.</p>\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/07/500x500_Sian_Ferguson_Mug.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["How Childhood Trauma May Affect Adult Relationships"],"text":["Childhood experiences may lay the groundwork for how we experience adult relationships and how we bond with people. Here's how trauma may impact you…"],"link":"/blog/how-childhood-trauma-affects-adult-relationships","imageAlt":"How Childhood Trauma May Affect Adult Relationships","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/04/mother-working-laptop-daughter-father-kitchen-sink-732x549-thumbnail.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":373,"name":{"display":"Hilary I. Lebow","first":"Hilary","last":"Lebow"},"userLogin":"hlebow","links":{"website":"https://www.hilarylebow.com/","facebook":"","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/hilary-lebow","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/hilary-lebow","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"<p>Hilary I. Lebow is a journalist from California who covers health and wellness content. To support her work, she has fitness and nutrition certifications through the Yoga Alliance and the National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM). Read more of her work <a href=\"https://www.hilarylebow.com/\">here</a>.</p>\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/Hilary-Lebow-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["How Do You Know If a Child Is Traumatized?"],"text":["Noticing the signs of trauma in children can help therapists work out the best ways to help."],"link":"/ptsd/signs-of-trauma-in-children","imageAlt":"How Do You Know If a Child Is Traumatized?","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/11/mother-hugging-son-at-home-indoors-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":5709,"name":{"display":"Mellisa Gooden, LMFT, LMHC, CCTP, CCATP for DRK Beauty Healing","first":"Mellisa","last":"Gooden, LMFT, LMHC, CCTP, CCATP for DRK Beauty Healing"},"userLogin":"mgooden","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":""},"avatar":{"title":"","src":""}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["4 Somatic Therapy Exercises for Healing from Trauma"],"text":["Somatic experiencing may help you treat trauma-related symptoms. Although working with a therapist is recommended, you could also practice these 4…"],"link":"/lib/somatic-therapy-exercises-for-trauma","imageAlt":"4 Somatic Therapy Exercises for Healing from Trauma","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/woman-hugging-herself-outdoors-park-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg","medicallyReviewedBy":{"reviewerName":"N. Simay Gökbayrak, PhD","reviewerImage":{"path":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Simay-Gökbayrak-500x500-Bio.png","width":200,"height":200,"altText":""}},"isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":5407,"name":{"display":"Susan Aybar","first":"Susie","last":"Aybar"},"userLogin":"saybar","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/susan-aybar","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"<p>Susie Aybar is a New York-based writer. Her background includes a BA in psychology, a BS in nursing, and an MFA in creative writing. In addition to writing freelance health articles, she’s a published poet and has been a facilitator of writing groups for people living with cancer and their family members. She’s passionate about expressive writing and its power to help people with mental or physical health challenges.</p>\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/08/500x500_Susan_Aybar_Mug.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"}],"hidePlacements":[],"userPreloadDrivers":{"headerNewsletter":{"_driverPath":"/health/what-is-trauma","_contentIndex":"page","driverId":"063e7843-a84d-45c1-b6c1-4fa93ce800d2","siteId":"cd8947b1-cecc-4ef9-8192-9c49190be1fd","site":"psy","status":"on","deleted":false,"overridePredictiveRPM":false,"created":"2022-12-19T15:56:21.000Z","updated":"2024-11-11T21:40:36.000Z","createdBy":"liallison@redventures.com","updatedBy":"mrobinson@rvohealth.com","isTest":false,"overridePredictiveRPMType":"none","rewardType":"","modelType":"","customModel":false,"holdout":"","sdapiTestName":"","imageMobile":"https://images-prod.healthline.com/hlcmsresource/images/newsletter/Psych_Central-Newsletter-800x400-Mobile.jpg","color":"#FFC50D","driverTypeId":"1ed6a315-4241-4254-92ae-17d0570ee038","sailthruAccount":"psy","source":"header_overlay","titleOverride":"Get our weekly newsletter","id":"57c2781b-fa20-43ee-99ca-99ecf09cb04e","trackingNumber":39689,"adTagIds":["5bfa54a0-cb61-11ea-841d-230b5918b98d"],"articlePlacement":"headerNewsletter","image":"https://images-prod.healthline.com/hlcmsresource/images/newsletter/Psych_Central-Newsletter-700x1076-Desktop.jpg","secondarySubscriptionSubhead":"Other newsletters you won’t want to miss:","secondaryNewsletters":[],"descriptionModal":"Evidence-based guidance, up-to-date resources, and first-hand accounts to help you in your mental health journey.","driverType":"headerNewsletter","verticalId":"9a936b90-9c88-11eb-b675-07de6d70d3cf","verticalName":"Newsletter","lists":["PC Weekly"],"newsletterMeta":true,"name":"lifecycle_header_psy_newsletter","imageDesktop":"https://images-prod.healthline.com/hlcmsresource/images/newsletter/Psych_Central-Newsletter-700x1076-Desktop.jpg","driverPlacementId":"d5b8e667-55c1-4a6d-b05d-728a1733109b","campaignName":"lifecycle_header_psy_newsletter_39689","productId":"lifecycle_header_psy_newsletter_39689","_uuid":"mc7b4f14c-68f6-4763-9e87-2b3882b19dabmpd_headerNewsletter_063e7843-a84d-45c1-b6c1-4fa93ce800d2","cpm":1.0314186581512332e+308}},"travelerDisabledReasons":["Ineligible site (psy)","User is located outside the US (SG)","Traveler A/B test is disabled for the user (value=\"undefined\")"]}})})() </script><script> (function () {window.dataLayer.push({event: "GDPR Consent Status Received", "isGdprFullConsentGranted": true})})() </script><script> (function () {window.dataLayer.push({event: "USP Consent Status Received", "hasBlockedTargetingCookies": false})})() </script><meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1" name="viewport"/><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"/><link rel="preload" href="https://assets.psychcentral.com/fonts/proxima/v1/32A982_7_0.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preload" href="https://assets.psychcentral.com/fonts/proxima/v1/32A982_9_0.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preload" href="https://assets.psychcentral.com/fonts/proxima/v1/38C507_0_0.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preload" href="https://assets.psychcentral.com/fonts/tiempos/v1/TiemposHeadline-Regular.otf" as="font" type="font/opentype" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preload" href="https://assets.psychcentral.com/fonts/tiempos/v1/TiemposHeadline-Semibold.otf" as="font" type="font/opentype" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link href="https://images-prod.healthline.com/hlcmsresource/images/frontend-static/favicon/v1/psy-apple-touch-icon.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180"/><link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://images-prod.healthline.com/hlcmsresource/images/frontend-static/favicon/psy-favicon.ico"/><link href="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net" rel="preconnect" crossorigin="true"/><link href="https://ib.adnxs.com" rel="preconnect" crossorigin="true"/><link href="https://prebid.media.net" rel="preconnect" crossorigin="true"/><link href="https://tlx.3lift.com" rel="preconnect" crossorigin="true"/><link href="https://static.chartbeat.com" rel="preconnect" crossorigin="true"/><link href="https://adserver-us.adtech.advertising.com" rel="preconnect" crossorigin="true"/><style>@keyframes animation-b7n1on{0%{transform:rotate(0deg)}100%{transform:rotate(360deg)}}hr{box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible}pre{font-family:monospace,monospace;font-size:1em}a{background-color:transparent;-webkit-text-decoration-skip:objects}a:active,a:hover{outline-width:0}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline dotted}b,strong{font-weight:inherit}b,strong{font-weight:bolder}code,kbd,samp{font-family:monospace,monospace;font-size:1em}dfn{font-style:italic}small{font-size:80%}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline}sub{bottom:-0.25em}sup{top:-0.5em}audio:not([controls]){display:none;height:0}svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0}button,input{overflow:visible}button,select{text-transform:none}button,html [type="button"],[type="reset"],[type="submit"]{-webkit-appearance:button}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0}button:-moz-focusring,[type="button"]:-moz-focusring,[type="reset"]:-moz-focusring,[type="submit"]:-moz-focusring{outline:1px dotted ButtonText}fieldset{border:1px solid #c0c0c0;margin:0 2px;padding:0.35em 0.625em 0.75em}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal}progress{display:inline-block;vertical-align:baseline}textarea{overflow:auto}[type=checkbox],[type=radio]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{height:auto}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-cancel-button,[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit}details,menu{display:block}summary{display:list-item}@font-face{font-family:'Proxima Nova';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:local('☺︎'),url('https://assets.psychcentral.com/fonts/proxima/v1/32A982_7_0.woff2') format('woff2'),url('https://assets.psychcentral.com/fonts/proxima/v1/32A982_7_0.woff') format('woff')}@font-face{font-family:'Proxima Nova';font-style:normal;font-weight:600;font-display:swap;src:local('☺︎'),url('https://assets.psychcentral.com/fonts/proxima/v1/32A982_9_0.woff2') format('woff2'),url('https://assets.psychcentral.com/fonts/proxima/v1/32A982_9_0.woff') format('woff')}@font-face{font-family:'Proxima Nova';font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:swap;src:local('☺︎'),url('https://assets.psychcentral.com/fonts/proxima/v1/32A982_1_0.woff2') format('woff2'),url('https://assets.psychcentral.com/fonts/proxima/v1/32A982_1_0.woff') format('woff')}@font-face{font-family:'Proxima Nova Fallback';src:local('Arial');size-adjust:99%;ascent-override:80%}@font-face{font-family:'Proxima Nova Condensed';font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:swap;src:local('☺︎'),url('https://assets.psychcentral.com/fonts/proxima/v1/38C507_0_0.woff2') format('woff2'),url('https://assets.psychcentral.com/fonts/proxima/v1/38C507_0_0.woff') format('woff')}@font-face{font-family:'Proxima Nova Condensed Fallback';src:local('Arial Narrow');size-adjust:109%;ascent-override:80%}@font-face{font-family:'Tiempos Headline';font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:local('☺︎'),url('https://assets.psychcentral.com/fonts/tiempos/v1/TiemposHeadline-Regular.otf') format('opentype')}@font-face{font-family:'Tiempos Headline Fallback';src:local('Times New Roman');size-adjust:109%;ascent-override:70%}@font-face{font-family:'Tiempos Headline SemiBold';font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;font-display:swap;src:local('☺︎'),url('https://assets.psychcentral.com/fonts/tiempos/v1/TiemposHeadline-Semibold.otf') format('opentype')}@font-face{font-family:'Tiempos Headline SemiBold Fallback';src:local('Times New Roman');size-adjust:116%;ascent-override:70%}*{-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}*,*:before,*:after{box-sizing:inherit}:-moz-ui-invalid{box-shadow:none}html{box-sizing:border-box;text-size-adjust:100%;cursor:default;font-size:17px;line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:"Proxima Nova","Proxima Nova Fallback",sans-serif;color:#231f20}html,body{height:100%;width:100%;margin:0;overflow-anchor:auto}.sro{position:absolute;left:-10000px;top:auto;width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden}button{font-family:inherit;font-size:16px;line-height:16px;border-radius:25px}cite{font-style:inherit}figure{margin:0}form{margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0}h1,.h1{font-family:"Tiempos Headline SemiBold",Tiempos Headline SemiBold Fallback,serif;font-weight:700;font-size:28px;line-height:36px;margin-bottom:15px;margin-top:25px}h2,.h2{font-weight:bold;position:relative;clear:both;font-family:"Tiempos Headline SemiBold",Tiempos Headline SemiBold Fallback,serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:24px;line-height:32px;margin-bottom:15px;margin-top:30px}h3,.h3{font-weight:bold;clear:both;font-family:"Tiempos Headline SemiBold",Tiempos Headline SemiBold Fallback,serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:20px;line-height:26px;margin-bottom:15px;margin-top:30px}h4{font-weight:bold;font-size:17px;line-height:26px;margin-bottom:15px;margin-top:20px;font-family:"Tiempos Headline SemiBold",Tiempos Headline SemiBold Fallback,serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:18px;line-height:26px;margin-bottom:15px;margin-top:20px}hr{border:none;border-top:1px solid #dcdbdb;line-height:0;margin-bottom:20px;margin-top:30px}img{-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;user-select:none;max-width:100%}iframe{max-width:100%}li{font-size:17px;line-height:26px;margin-bottom:8px}ol.hl-long-line > li,ul.hl-long-line > li{margin-bottom:15px}p,.p{margin-bottom:20px;margin-top:20px;font-size:17px;line-height:26px;color:#231f20}p a.content-link,.p a.content-link{text-decoration:underline}p a.content-link span.icon-hl-trusted-source-after,.p a.content-link span.icon-hl-trusted-source-after{display:inline-block;text-decoration:none}ul{list-style-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width='10' height='10' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Ccircle cx='5' cy='5' r='2.5' fill='%23231f20'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}ul li > ul{list-style-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width='10' height='10' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Ccircle cx='5' cy='5' r='2.5' fill='%23FFF' stroke='%23231f20'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}small{font-size:14px;line-height:20px}table{border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16px;line-height:24px}.__chrome{display:flex;flex-direction:column;min-height:100%}#__next{flex-grow:1}body:not(.user-is-tabbing) :focus{outline:none}body .aa-Panel{z-index:500}@font-face{font-family:'healthline';font-display:swap;src:local('☺︎'),url('https://assets.psychcentral.com/_next/_static/nku3xo2nmvjomg==.woff') format('woff')}@font-face{font-family:'healthline-video';font-display:swap;src:local('☺︎'),url('https://assets.psychcentral.com/_next/_static/mhze5frbrsgdxw==.woff') format('woff')}@font-face{font-family:'healthline-video-mobile';font-display:swap;src:local('☺︎'),url('https://assets.psychcentral.com/_next/_static/bwpcf/z3fqxyxg==.woff') format('woff')}[class*="icon-hl"]::before,[class*="icon-hl"]::after{font-family:"healthline";font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;font-variant:normal;text-transform:none;speak:none;line-height:1}[class*="icon-hlvideo-"]::before{font-family:"healthline-video"}[class*="icon-hlvideo-mobile-"]::before{font-family:"healthline-video-mobile"}.icon-hl-arrow-right::before{content:''}.icon-hl-circle-arrow::before{content:''}.icon-hl-circle-arrow-bold::before{content:''}.icon-hl-arrow-right-bold::before{content:''}.icon-hl-check::before{content:'u'}.icon-hl-check-thin::before{content:'p'}.icon-hl-chevron-left::before{content:''}.icon-hl-chevron-right::before{content:''}.icon-hl-circle-alert::before{content:'b'}.icon-hl-circle-heart::before{content:'t'}.icon-hl-circle-question::before{content:'q'}.icon-hl-circle-thumb-down::before{content:'r'}.icon-hl-circle-thumb-up::before{content:'s'}.icon-hl-close::before{content:'h'}.icon-hl-close-thick::before{content:''}.icon-hl-close-thin::before{content:'x'}.icon-hl-email::before{content:''}.icon-hl-facebook::before{content:'v'}.icon-hl-frown::before{content:''}.icon-hl-gallery::before{content:'y'}.icon-hl-logo-icon::before{content:'m'}.icon-hl-more::before{content:''}.icon-hl-instagram::before{content:''}.icon-hl-pinterest::before{content:'z'}.icon-hl-print::before{content:''}.icon-hl-reddit::before{content:''}.icon-hl-smile::before{content:''}.icon-hl-twitter::before{content:''}.icon-hl-flipboard::before{content:''}.icon-hl-sms::before{content:'{'}.icon-hl-trusted-source::before{content:''}.icon-hl-new-logo-icon::before{content:''}.icon-hl-ribbon::before{content:''}.icon-hl-star::before{content:''}.icon-hl-outbound-link::before{content:''}.icon-hl-linkedin::before{content:''}.icon-hl-youtube-new::before{content:''}.icon-hl-trusted-source-after::after{content:''}.icon-hl-ribbon-after::after{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-play-circle-after::after{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-back-10::before{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-minus::before{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-pause::before{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-play-circle::before{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-play-square::before{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-play::before{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-plus::before{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-replay::before{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-mobile-close::before{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-mobile-expand::before{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-mobile-loading::before{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-mobile-mute::before{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-mobile-pause::before{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-mobile-play::before{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-mobile-replay::before{content:''}.icon-hlvideo-mobile-unmute::before{content:''}@keyframes animation-hh42uh{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateY(-15%)}100%{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0)}}.QSIEmbeddedTarget div:first-child{border:0 !important}.QSIEmbeddedTarget img[alt="Close"]{top:0 !important;right:0 !important;padding:12px}.css-w2pt6r{font-size:22px;line-height:30px;margin:20px 0}.css-150s69f{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:underline;border-color:currentColor;color:#3D5A99}.css-150s69f:hover{color:#203769}.css-150s69f:hover img,.css-150s69f:hover .image{opacity:0.8}.css-150s69f:hover svg{fill:currentColor}.css-150s69f:active{color:#3D5A99}.css-1uhtj6l{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:underline;border-color:currentColor;color:#3D5A99;color:inherit}.css-1uhtj6l:hover{color:#203769}.css-1uhtj6l:hover img,.css-1uhtj6l:hover .image{opacity:0.8}.css-1uhtj6l:hover svg{fill:currentColor}.css-1uhtj6l:active{color:#3D5A99}.css-a10gts{display:flex;flex-direction:row;align-items:center;position:absolute;bottom:0;right:0}.css-17ztj4b{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;margin-left:-12px;padding:0}.css-t753mo{white-space:nowrap;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;color:#3D5A99}.css-t753mo:after{content:"";background:#bcbfc5;position:absolute;top:2px;right:-1px;bottom:0;height:16px;width:1px;margin:auto}.css-t753mo:last-child:after{content:none}.css-yn6ido{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:underline;border-color:currentColor;color:#3D5A99;font-size:16px;line-height:28px;padding:0 12px;text-decoration:none}.css-yn6ido:hover{color:#203769}.css-yn6ido:hover img,.css-yn6ido:hover .image{opacity:0.8}.css-yn6ido:hover svg{fill:currentColor}.css-yn6ido:active{color:#3D5A99}.css-d2znx6{margin-bottom:25px}.css-12weawj{display:flex;list-style:none;margin-bottom:40px}.css-12weawj:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.css-12weawj:last-child .css-vr2som::after{display:none}.css-f0t0lw{flex:none;margin:0 0 20px}.css-1l95nvm{margin:0;padding:0}.css-zya54r{display:block;min-height:0px}.css-19nuao0{position:relative;z-index:500;background-color:white;color:#231f20;border-bottom:1px solid #767474}.css-m260rd{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:550px;width:calc(100vw - 40px)}.css-tqpz90{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;height:50px}.css-tqpz90 .logo{fill:white}.css-1w3ble7{display:flex;flex:0 0 75px}.css-cs3emt{display:flex;margin-right:14px}.css-x4xfyn{width:22px;height:14px;position:relative;background-color:transparent;border:none;height:14px;width:25px}.css-18a1afd{display:block;position:absolute;height:3px;width:100%;background:white;border-radius:3px;opacity:1;left:0;background-color:#231f20;height:3px;top:0;width:100%}.css-eafq96{display:block;position:absolute;height:3px;width:100%;background:white;border-radius:3px;opacity:1;left:0;background-color:#231f20;height:3px;top:50%}.css-14x00sv{display:block;position:absolute;height:3px;width:100%;background:white;border-radius:3px;opacity:1;left:0;background-color:#231f20;height:3px;top:100%;width:100%}.css-10aca47{display:flex}.css-gv8cz7{margin-top:1px;height:16px;fill:#231f20;z-index:10;transition:fill 0.2s}.css-1g6cesj{display:flex}.css-1ggbbxe{width:143px;height:20px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center}.css-17orj9b{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;width:143px;height:20px;display:flex;width:100%;align-items:center}.css-yc5e1l{min-height:22px}.css-1wyiq3l{display:none;flex:1 0 auto}.css-yer60s{font-family:"Proxima Nova","Proxima Nova Fallback",sans-serif;font-weight:bold;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:0;transition:color 0.2s;color:#231f20;line-height:1}.css-ajcamw{font-size:20px;height:20px;margin-left:8px;margin-top:0;color:#231f20}.css-pfbi5{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:underline;border-color:currentColor;color:#3D5A99;text-decoration:none;display:flex;align-items:center;margin-left:8px}.css-pfbi5:hover{color:#203769}.css-pfbi5:hover img,.css-pfbi5:hover .image{opacity:0.8}.css-pfbi5:hover svg{fill:currentColor}.css-pfbi5:active{color:#3D5A99}.css-1dhgcr8{font-family:"Proxima Nova","Proxima Nova Fallback",sans-serif;font-weight:bold;padding:0;cursor:pointer;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;background:none;border:none;color:#231f20;font-size:12px;text-transform:uppercase}.css-1dhgcr8:hover{color:#3D5A99}.css-2dofw9{position:relative;display:none;align-items:center;min-width:40px;order:4}.css-2dofw9 svg{height:16px}.css-ifmqwy{position:relative;left:0;width:100%}.css-1wm8u43{position:fixed;z-index:1;top:0;left:0;right:0;opacity:1;transition:none;position:static;display:none;align-items:center;justify-content:center;height:130px;z-index:300;margin:0;padding-top:0;background:#f7f7f7;border-bottom:none;pointer-events:all}.css-1hjaa0k{position:fixed}.css-1jpwf16{display:block;justify-content:center}.css-1j2d96m{z-index:0;clear:both;position:relative;text-align:center}.css-1j2d96m::before{content:'ADVERTISEMENT';display:block;position:absolute;top:-20px;left:0;right:0;height:20px;font-size:9px;line-height:20px;-webkit-letter-spacing:1px;-moz-letter-spacing:1px;letter-spacing:1px;color:#bcbfc5}.css-1j2d96m:empty::before{display:none}.css-1j2d96m::before{text-align:center}.css-1j2d96m.css-1j2d96m{width:unset}.css-11egx89{align-items:flex-end;background:white;display:flex;justify-content:center;height:auto;padding-top:14px}.css-pdceuf{position:fixed;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;z-index:300}.css-1ik4tkj{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:underline;border-color:currentColor;color:#3D5A99;color:inherit;font-size:14px;line-height:16px;background:transparent;border-radius:1px;border-width:0;color:#231f20;padding:0;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;user-select:none;position:absolute;right:0;top:-15px;width:30px;height:30px;border-radius:100%;color:#767474;background:white;z-index:1;font-size:13px}.css-1ik4tkj:hover{color:#203769}.css-1ik4tkj:hover img,.css-1ik4tkj:hover .image{opacity:0.8}.css-1ik4tkj:hover svg{fill:currentColor}.css-1ik4tkj:active{color:#3D5A99}.css-1ik4tkj:active,.css-1ik4tkj:hover:not(:focus){outline:none}.css-1ik4tkj:active{color:#ec1d8f}.css-1ik4tkj::before{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;line-height:30px;text-align:center}.css-bcus5s{display:block;justify-content:center;min-height:50px;width:320px}.css-1fteite{z-index:0;clear:both;position:relative;text-align:center;display:block;min-height:50px;width:320px;padding-bottom:6px;z-index:1;height:auto}.css-1fteite::before{content:'ADVERTISEMENT';display:block;position:absolute;top:-20px;left:0;right:0;height:20px;font-size:9px;line-height:20px;-webkit-letter-spacing:1px;-moz-letter-spacing:1px;letter-spacing:1px;color:#bcbfc5}.css-1fteite:empty::before{display:none}.css-1fteite::before{pointer-events:none;line-height:9px;text-align:left;height:auto;max-width:330px;padding:0 5px;top:-10px;right:0;left:0;margin:auto}.css-1h1rean{display:block;justify-content:space-between;width:100%}.css-blwnmv{display:block;justify-content:space-between;width:100%;margin-bottom:40px}.css-blwnmv article > h2:first-child{margin-top:30px}.css-z468a2{width:100%;max-width:550px;position:relative;margin:0 auto}.css-eoj89x{display:flex;line-height:20px;align-items:center;flex-direction:row;font-weight:400;margin-bottom:20px;font-size:14px}.css-20w1gi{clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;margin-top:30px;margin-bottom:30px;min-height:250px;width:300px;display:block}.css-1t05dkn{display:block;justify-content:center;min-height:250px;width:300px}.css-1sq15os{z-index:0;clear:both;position:relative;text-align:center;display:block;margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;min-height:250px;width:300px}.css-1sq15os::before{content:'ADVERTISEMENT';display:block;position:absolute;top:-20px;left:0;right:0;height:20px;font-size:9px;line-height:20px;-webkit-letter-spacing:1px;-moz-letter-spacing:1px;letter-spacing:1px;color:#bcbfc5}.css-1sq15os:empty::before{display:none}.css-1ytasfq{height:25px;align-items:center;display:flex;margin-right:-20px}.css-1ytasfq > .button-wrapper{margin-right:20px;color:#767474}.css-1ytasfq > .button-wrapper > .button{font-size:20px;display:flex;text-decoration:none}.css-1ytasfq > .button-wrapper > .button:hover{color:#3D5A99}.css-1ytasfq > .button-wrapper.print{display:none}.css-1ytasfq > .button-wrapper.pinterest,.css-1ytasfq > .button-wrapper.reddit{display:none}.css-1ytasfq > .button-wrapper.more{display:block}.css-w9ag5x{clear:both;position:relative;border-bottom:solid 1px #dcdbdb;margin-bottom:40px;border-bottom:solid 1px #dcdbdb;margin-bottom:0}.css-16qwkyr{color:#767474;height:25px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;order:1;line-height:25px;font-size:12px}.css-16qwkyr .icon{position:relative;top:-1px;margin-left:8px;display:block;height:20px;text-decoration:none}.css-16qwkyr .icon::before{font-size:20px;line-height:20px}.css-16qwkyr .icon:hover{color:#3D5A99}.css-f2a5qb{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;user-select:none}.css-82r5pg{display:none;flex:none;margin-left:50px;width:300px}.css-nsibzi{border-bottom:8px solid #231f20;border-bottom:2px solid #FFC50D}.css-1bvbwhk{display:flex;line-height:20px;align-items:center;flex-direction:row;font-weight:400;margin-bottom:20px;font-size:14px;padding-top:13px;margin-top:25px}.css-488q2e{display:block;justify-content:center;height:600px;display:flex}.css-1d8h8gm{z-index:0;clear:both;position:relative;text-align:center;display:none;margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;margin-bottom:200px}.css-1d8h8gm::before{content:'ADVERTISEMENT';display:block;top:-20px;left:0;right:0;height:20px;font-size:9px;line-height:20px;-webkit-letter-spacing:1px;-moz-letter-spacing:1px;letter-spacing:1px;color:#bcbfc5}.css-1d8h8gm:empty::before{display:none}.css-sw6lgt{font-size:15px;line-height:18px;-webkit-letter-spacing:1px;-moz-letter-spacing:1px;letter-spacing:1px;font-family:"Proxima Nova Condensed","Proxima Nova Condensed Fallback",sans-serif;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:24px;font-family:"Tiempos Headline",Tiempos Headline Fallback,serif;font-size:20px;line-height:26px}.css-1r7frvz{width:100%;max-width:550px;position:relative;margin:0 auto;flex:1;max-width:100%}.css-1r7frvz::after{content:"";clear:both;display:block;height:8px;margin-top:40px;margin-left:-20px;margin-right:-20px;background:#f7f7f7}.css-rwmw5v{display:block;text-align:center;font-size:0;line-height:0;outline:none;position:relative;-webkit-touch-callout:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;user-select:none;z-index:0}.css-1lyqwde{left:0;bottom:0;top:0}.css-1767n2d{display:block}.css-1fb1nmp{width:100%;height:100%;position:absolute;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;top:0;left:0;z-index:0}.css-11ivwxm{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:underline;border-color:currentColor;color:#3D5A99;color:inherit;font-family:"Tiempos Headline SemiBold",Tiempos Headline SemiBold Fallback,serif;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none;display:block;color:#231f20;margin:0;font-size:23px;line-height:31px}.css-11ivwxm:hover{color:#203769}.css-11ivwxm:hover img,.css-11ivwxm:hover .image{opacity:0.8}.css-11ivwxm:hover svg{fill:currentColor}.css-11ivwxm:active{color:#3D5A99}.css-11ivwxm:hover{color:#3D5A99}.css-ymf4ha{display:flex;line-height:20px;align-items:center;flex-direction:row;font-weight:400;margin-bottom:15px;font-size:14px;margin-top:15px;color:#767474}.css-1pz7193{flex:none;height:35px;width:35px;line-height:0;margin-right:20px;position:relative}.css-xc63cd{border-radius:100%;overflow:hidden;background-color:#FFEBAD}.css-onvglr{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;margin:10px 0 20px 0;overflow:hidden;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-line-clamp:calc(2);display:-webkit-box}.css-2dy712{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:underline;border-color:currentColor;color:#3D5A99;margin-top:30px;margin-bottom:0;font-weight:bold;line-height:20px;text-decoration:none;color:#231f20;line-height:20px;text-decoration:none;color:#231f20}.css-2dy712:hover{color:#203769}.css-2dy712:hover img,.css-2dy712:hover .image{opacity:0.8}.css-2dy712:hover svg{fill:currentColor}.css-2dy712:active{color:#3D5A99}.css-2dy712:hover,.css-2dy712:active{color:#3D5A99}.css-2dy712 arrow{color:#FF8B00}.css-2dy712 arrow:hover,.css-2dy712 arrow:active{color:#3D5A99}.css-2dy712:hover,.css-2dy712:active{color:#3D5A99}.css-2dy712 arrow{color:#FF8B00}.css-2dy712 arrow:hover,.css-2dy712 arrow:active{color:#3D5A99}.css-prb4v6{display:block;justify-content:center}.css-vhteyv{z-index:0;clear:both;position:relative;text-align:center;display:none;margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;margin-bottom:0}.css-vhteyv::before{content:'ADVERTISEMENT';display:block;position:absolute;top:-20px;left:0;right:0;height:20px;font-size:9px;line-height:20px;-webkit-letter-spacing:1px;-moz-letter-spacing:1px;letter-spacing:1px;color:#bcbfc5}.css-vhteyv:empty::before{display:none}.css-1q67gt9{flex:none;height:50px;width:50px;line-height:0;margin-right:20px;position:relative}.css-7u7i0a{margin-bottom:20px;margin-top:20px;font-weight:600}.css-1wkzy2{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px}.css-1xn3edc{margin-bottom:30px}.css-1p6d3md{margin-right:5px;font-size:12px}.css-1vedeqe{margin-bottom:0;margin-top:20px;position:relative;opacity:0;top:-10px;transition:all 500ms cubic-bezier(0.165,0.84,0.44,1)}.css-1vedeqe cite{font-style:normal}.css-1vedeqe cite a{text-decoration:underline}.css-ubcbi5{background-color:#FFF9EE;clear:both;margin-bottom:25px;margin-top:25px;border-radius:20px}.css-14sy2z4{box-shadow:inset 0 -8px #FFC50D}.css-79elbk{position:relative}.css-i9gxme{flex-grow:1}.css-irobah{font-size:14px;background-color:#FFFBF0}.css-1dppxl0{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;max-width:none;width:100%;padding:40px 0}.css-1b2ri56{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center}.css-uktbta{width:100%;max-width:550px}.css-1xceiwh{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between}.css-10ohy14{display:flex;flex-direction:row;justify-content:space-around;flex-wrap:wrap;max-width:max-content}.css-lb03wr{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0;font-family:inherit;color:inherit}.css-3gcukm{display:list-item;margin:0 0 20px;font-size:14px;line-height:20px;font-weight:bold}.css-3ivp9j{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:underline;border-color:currentColor;color:#3D5A99;color:#231f20;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;padding:4px 0;text-decoration:none}.css-3ivp9j:hover{color:#203769}.css-3ivp9j:hover img,.css-3ivp9j:hover .image{opacity:0.8}.css-3ivp9j:hover svg{fill:currentColor}.css-3ivp9j:active{color:#3D5A99}.css-3ivp9j:hover{color:#3D5A99}.css-e8ew9s{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;background:none;border:none;padding:4px 0;border-radius:0;color:#231f20;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;text-decoration:none}.css-e8ew9s:hover{color:#3D5A99}.css-16bllps{font-weight:normal;font-size:14px;width:100%;padding:0 20px;color:#231f20}.css-1xx5q6{color:#231f20}.css-1us2gxx{background-color:#000000;width:100%;color:#dcdbdb;font-family:"Proxima Nova","Proxima Nova Fallback",sans-serif}.css-11upubx{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;max-width:none;width:100%;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:flex-end;align-items:center;padding:40px 0 50px}.css-jaxuik{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:underline;border-color:currentColor;color:#3D5A99;display:inline-block;margin-right:0}.css-jaxuik:hover{color:#203769}.css-jaxuik:hover img,.css-jaxuik:hover .image{opacity:0.8}.css-jaxuik:hover svg{fill:currentColor}.css-jaxuik:active{color:#3D5A99}.css-d2oo9m{display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:flex-end}.css-s2uf1z{text-align:right}.css-nuhk0d{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:underline;border-color:currentColor;color:#3D5A99;text-decoration:underline;color:#dcdbdb;display:inline-block}.css-nuhk0d:hover{color:#203769}.css-nuhk0d:hover img,.css-nuhk0d:hover .image{opacity:0.8}.css-nuhk0d:hover svg{fill:currentColor}.css-nuhk0d:active{color:#3D5A99}.css-nuhk0d:after{display:inline-block;content:'|';margin:0 1rem;cursor:default}.css-nuhk0d:last-of-type:{margin-right:0}.css-nuhk0d:last-of-type::after{display:none;margin-left:0}.css-nuhk0d:hover{color:#FFC50D}.css-nuhk0d:hover:after{color:#dcdbdb}.css-huujs8{display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:center;margin-top:30px;margin-bottom:40px;line-height:20px}.css-1vtxghn{display:inline-block;font-size:14px;margin:0;padding:0;font-weight:bold;color:#dcdbdb;font-family:"Proxima Nova","Proxima Nova Fallback",sans-serif}.css-re8ewz{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:underline;border-color:currentColor;color:#3D5A99;text-decoration:underline;color:#dcdbdb;margin-right:0}.css-re8ewz:hover{color:#203769}.css-re8ewz:hover img,.css-re8ewz:hover .image{opacity:0.8}.css-re8ewz:hover svg{fill:currentColor}.css-re8ewz:active{color:#3D5A99}.css-re8ewz:last-of-type{margin-right:0}.css-re8ewz:hover{color:#FFC50D} @media(min-width:768px){h2.with-image-at-left{float:right}h2.with-image-at-right{float:left}h2.with-image-at-left,h2.with-image-at-right{width:calc(100% - 280px)}html{font-size:18px;line-height:1.44;}html,body{overflow-anchor:none;}h1,.h1{font-size:42px;line-height:50px;margin-bottom:30px;margin-top:30px;}h2,.h2{font-size:33px;line-height:40px;margin-top:45px;}h3,.h3{font-size:26px;line-height:30px;margin-bottom:20px;margin-top:35px;}h4{font-size:22px;margin-bottom:20px;margin-top:25px;}li{font-size:18px;}p,.p{margin-bottom:25px;margin-top:25px;font-size:18px;}.css-w2pt6r{font-size:28px;line-height:36px;margin:30px 0;}.css-17ztj4b{margin-left:-15px;}.css-t753mo:after{top:4px;height:22px;width:2px;}.css-t753mo{font-size:28px;line-height:40px;}.css-yn6ido{font-size:20px;line-height:40px;padding:0 15px;}.css-f0t0lw{margin-right:30px;width:200px}.css-m260rd{max-width:989px;width:calc(100vw - 110px);}.css-tqpz90{height:70px;}.css-1w3ble7{flex:0 0 120px;}.css-cs3emt{margin-right:20px;}.css-x4xfyn{height:18px;width:34px;}.css-gv8cz7{height:20px;}.css-1g6cesj{align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex:1 0 auto;}.css-1ggbbxe{width:193px;height:27px;}.css-17orj9b{width:193px;height:27px;}.css-1dhgcr8{font-size:15px;}.css-1wm8u43{display:flex;}.css-1jpwf16{min-height:90px;width:728px;}.css-1j2d96m{display:block;min-height:90px;width:728px;}.css-pdceuf{display:none;}.css-1fteite{display:none;}.css-z468a2{max-width:879px;}.css-eoj89x{font-weight:900;margin-bottom:25px;font-size:15px;}.css-20w1gi{margin-top:40px;}.css-1sq15os{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.css-1ytasfq > .button-wrapper.print{display:block;}.css-1ytasfq > .button-wrapper.pinterest,.css-1ytasfq > .button-wrapper.reddit{display:block;}.css-1ytasfq > .button-wrapper{margin-right:22px;}.css-1ytasfq > .button-wrapper.more{display:none;}.css-1ytasfq{margin-right:-22px;}.css-w9ag5x{border-bottom:none;}.css-16qwkyr .icon{margin-left:10px;}.css-16qwkyr{margin-left:50px;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;}.css-1bvbwhk{font-weight:900;margin-bottom:25px;font-size:15px;}.css-1d8h8gm{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.css-sw6lgt{font-size:24px;line-height:30px;}.css-1r7frvz::after{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;}.css-1r7frvz{max-width:879px;}.css-lm0pdr{display:flex}.css-11ivwxm{font-size:28px;line-height:35px;}.css-ymf4ha{font-weight:900;}.css-2dy712{margin-top:20px;}.css-vhteyv{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.css-7u7i0a{margin-bottom:30px;margin-top:30px;}.css-1wkzy2{margin-bottom:30px;margin-top:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0}.css-ubcbi5{margin-bottom:30px;margin-top:30px;}.css-14sy2z4{box-shadow:inset 0 -11px #FFC50D;}.css-10ohy14{max-width:375px;}.css-16bllps{padding:0;}} @media(min-width:990px){.css-m260rd{max-width:1100px;width:calc(100vw - 90px);}.css-1w3ble7{display:none;}.css-cs3emt{display:none;}.css-10aca47{display:none;}.css-1g6cesj{justify-content:normal;flex:0 1 auto;}.css-1wyiq3l{display:block;}.css-pfbi5{padding-bottom:5px;margin-bottom:10px;}.css-2dofw9{display:inline;align-items:normal;}.css-1h1rean{display:flex;}.css-blwnmv{display:flex;}.css-z468a2{width:calc(100% - 350px);max-width:750px;}.css-eoj89x{display:none}.css-20w1gi{display:none;}.css-1sq15os{display:none;}.css-82r5pg{display:block;}.css-488q2e{min-height:250px;width:300px;}.css-1d8h8gm{display:block;min-height:250px;width:300px;}.css-1r7frvz{width:calc(100% - 350px);max-width:750px;}.css-prb4v6{min-height:250px;width:300px;}.css-vhteyv{display:block;min-height:250px;width:300px;}.css-1q67gt9{height:75px;width:75px;}.css-1dppxl0{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:1100px;width:calc(100vw - 90px);padding:60px 0;}.css-1b2ri56{flex-direction:row;align-items:flex-start;}.css-uktbta{width:50%;}.css-1xceiwh{align-items:flex-start;}.css-10ohy14{max-width:max-content;}.css-11upubx{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:1100px;width:calc(100vw - 90px);flex-direction:row;padding:35px 0;}.css-jaxuik{margin-right:auto;}.css-huujs8{flex-direction:row;margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:0;}.css-1vtxghn{margin:0 20px 0 0;}.css-re8ewz{margin-right:20px;}} @media(min-width:1190px){.css-20w1gi{min-height:90px;width:728px;display:block;}.css-1t05dkn{min-height:90px;width:728px;}.css-1sq15os{display:block;min-height:90px;width:728px;}} @media (max-width:320px){.css-1g6cesj{margin-right:5px}}</style> </head><body><noscript><iframe title="GTM-noscript" src="https://gtm-server.healthline.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MB6365D" style="display:none;visibility:hidden;width:0;height:0"></iframe></noscript><svg style="display:none"><defs><svg id="logo-psy" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 143 20"><path fill="#000" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M64.607 15.143c.92 0 1.429-.12 1.722-.28v-6.15c.313-.56.841-1.041 1.683-1.041.9 0 1.193.52 1.193 1.382v5.809c.294.16.802.28 1.722.28.92 0 1.428-.12 1.722-.28v-6.47c0-3.345-1.78-3.866-3.268-3.866-1.702 0-2.7.701-3.189 1.783h-.176c.196-.882.313-1.983.313-3.165V0c-1.604 0-2.68.24-3.443.701v14.162c.293.16.802.28 1.721.28Zm75.807.571c.806 0 1.416-.163 1.888-.468.511-.591.825-2.018.648-2.956a1.93 1.93 0 0 1-1.12.326c-.57 0-.826-.203-.826-.937V0c-1.612 0-2.693.245-3.46.713v11.475c0 1.977.57 3.526 2.87 3.526Zm-9.912-4.955c.391 0 .724.059 1.056.194v1.048c-.332.407-.821.543-1.329.543-.665 0-1.095-.214-1.095-.834 0-.621.449-.95 1.368-.95Zm-1.564 4.384c1.486 0 2.307-.582 2.718-1.416h.176c.234.931.821 1.416 2.072 1.416.782 0 1.388-.175 1.838-.485.449-.524.782-1.746.606-2.638a1.435 1.435 0 0 1-.743.213c-.43 0-.704-.155-.704-.717V8.49c0-2.949-1.466-3.919-4.496-3.919-1.506 0-2.737.253-3.461.582-.528.718-.684 2.134-.371 2.968.86-.485 2.053-.795 3.147-.795 1.173 0 1.779.33 1.779 1.319v.213c-.488-.174-1.075-.232-1.739-.232-2.308 0-3.989.95-3.989 3.394 0 2.27 1.466 3.123 3.167 3.123ZM123.784 4.57c.387 0 .716.06.929.18.329.519.484 1.237.484 2.174 0 .678-.097 1.077-.213 1.376-.31-.18-.639-.339-1.239-.339-1.026 0-1.723.619-2.033 1.536v5.366c-.29.16-.793.279-1.703.279s-1.413-.12-1.704-.28V5.31c.639-.359 1.51-.558 2.73-.558l.232 1.895h.174c.194-1.037.774-2.075 2.343-2.075Zm-7.797.46h-2.55V2c-1.408.02-2.693.317-3.591.911v2.12h-1.101c-.327.732-.49 1.861-.49 2.851h1.591v3.684c0 2.219.673 3.863 3.509 3.863 1.061 0 1.836-.238 2.448-.654.531-.634.877-1.941.755-2.892-.592.357-1.265.476-1.775.476-1.04 0-1.346-.377-1.346-1.288V7.882h2.55c.122-.217.224-.633.224-1.426 0-.792-.102-1.208-.224-1.426Zm-14.591 9.833c-.296.16-.81.279-1.74.279-.928 0-1.442-.12-1.738-.28V5.31c.652-.359 1.58-.558 2.826-.558l.178 1.715h.178c.533-1.157 1.521-1.895 3.3-1.895 1.482 0 3.281.5 3.281 3.85v6.443c-.297.16-.811.279-1.74.279-.928 0-1.442-.12-1.739-.28V9.04c0-.838-.336-1.337-1.185-1.337-.811 0-1.325.439-1.621.977v6.184Zm-9.783-7.887c1.16 0 1.52.776 1.36 1.668h-3.04c.06-1.067.68-1.668 1.68-1.668Zm1.26 5.528c-1.84 0-2.68-.466-2.82-1.59h5.802c.2-.447.34-1.145.34-1.96 0-2.599-1.42-4.384-4.422-4.384-3.24 0-5.341 2.095-5.341 5.412 0 3.22 1.92 5.16 5.561 5.16 1.461 0 2.521-.31 3.181-.62.56-.563.94-1.688.86-2.522-.66.252-1.84.504-3.16.504Zm-10.25-9.147c-2.683 0-4.466 1.308-4.466 4.5 0 3.23 1.823 4.439 4.366 4.439a9.729 9.729 0 0 0 3.325-.615c.08.833-.36 2.379-.981 3.073-.882.416-2.164.674-3.486.674-4.386 0-7.01-2.755-7.01-7.374 0-4.895 3.025-7.77 7.571-7.77 1.162 0 2.204.199 2.985.615.52.714.82 2.121.64 3.132-.92-.436-1.802-.674-2.944-.674ZM58.73 12.214c.822 0 1.76-.194 2.406-.504.137.911-.274 2.308-.92 2.928-.684.292-1.545.505-2.62.505-3.268 0-5.048-1.92-5.048-5.12 0-3.628 2.27-5.452 5.34-5.452.96 0 1.86.175 2.427.505.528.64.763 1.998.606 2.89-.645-.369-1.33-.563-2.191-.563-1.604 0-2.641.66-2.641 2.386 0 1.727 1.056 2.425 2.641 2.425ZM47.735 9.72c-.175.734-.33 1.984-.407 2.937h-.175c-.078-.973-.33-2.303-.525-2.898l-1.534-4.664c-.214-.099-.641-.238-1.438-.238-.932 0-1.631.199-2.02.476l3.458 9.805c-.758.912-1.826 1.647-3.224 2.024.116 1.21.68 2.262 1.515 2.838 2.33-.734 3.943-2.024 5.05-3.79 1.087-1.747 1.786-3.91 2.486-6.272l1.34-4.605c-.389-.277-1.049-.476-1.981-.476-.797 0-1.204.14-1.418.238L47.735 9.72ZM36.886 12.62c.87 0 1.152-.232 1.152-.678 0-.452-.605-.636-1.37-.868-1.307-.397-3.076-.935-3.076-3.187 0-2.094 1.374-3.317 4.002-3.317 1.051 0 2.183.195 2.991.64.465.602.748 1.882.566 2.736-.91-.505-2.142-.873-3.092-.873-.748 0-.91.213-.91.543 0 .418.6.598 1.36.826 1.32.397 3.127.94 3.127 3.13 0 2.658-1.819 3.57-4.588 3.57-1.071 0-2.203-.136-3.133-.524-.546-.718-.728-2.153-.526-2.87.87.484 2.345.872 3.497.872ZM25.15 7.738v-4.05c.34-.099.739-.139 1.198-.139 1.757 0 2.695.655 2.695 2.184 0 1.509-.898 2.144-2.376 2.144-.499 0-1.177-.06-1.517-.139Zm.879-7.167c-1.777 0-3.454.16-4.492.417v13.857c.3.159.839.298 1.817.298.998 0 1.537-.139 1.836-.298v-4.149c.4.08 1.318.14 1.937.14 3.074 0 5.609-1.629 5.609-5.301 0-3.633-2.495-4.964-6.707-4.964Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path><path fill="#FFC50D" d="m10.13 0-.08.002V16.57l.08.002c4.555 0 8.247-3.71 8.247-8.285C18.377 3.71 14.685 0 10.13 0Z"></path><path fill="#FF8B00" d="m9.954 20 .096-.003V.002L9.954 0C4.456 0 0 4.477 0 10s4.456 10 9.954 10Z"></path></svg><svg id="icon-hamburger" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="25" viewBox="0 0 40 25"><path d="M38 3H2L0 2V1l2-1h36l1 1v1l-1 1zm0 11H2l-2-1v-1l2-1h36l1 1v1l-1 1zm0 11H2l-2-1v-1l2-1h36l1 1v1l-1 1z"></path></svg><svg id="icon-hamburger-menu" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="30" height="19" viewBox="0 0 30 19"><path d="M29.823 17.211c.236.38.236.864 0 1.244-.233.38-.663.589-1.1.537H1.276a1.136 1.136 0 0 1-1.1-.537 1.186 1.186 0 0 1 0-1.244 1.14 1.14 0 0 1 1.1-.537h27.447c.437-.051.867.158 1.1.537zm0-8.333c.236.38.236.864 0 1.244-.233.38-.663.589-1.1.537H1.276a1.138 1.138 0 0 1-1.1-.537 1.186 1.186 0 0 1 0-1.244c.234-.38.663-.589 1.1-.537h27.447c.437-.052.867.158 1.1.537zm0-8.333c.236.38.236.863 0 1.244a1.139 1.139 0 0 1-1.1.537H1.276a1.14 1.14 0 0 1-1.1-.537 1.186 1.186 0 0 1 0-1.244c.234-.38.663-.589 1.1-.537h27.447c.437-.052.867.157 1.1.537z"></path></svg><svg id="icon-search" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 41 41"><defs><path id="a" d="M16.4 28a11.7 11.7 0 1 1 0-23.4 11.7 11.7 0 0 1 0 23.5zm22.9 8-9.8-10a16 16 0 0 0 3.2-9.6A16.3 16.3 0 0 0 1.7 9C-1.7 15.8.1 24 6 29a16.4 16.4 0 0 0 20.4.4l9.7 10a2.3 2.3 0 0 0 4-1 2.3 2.3 0 0 0-.8-2.2z"></path></defs><use xlink:href="#a" fill-rule="evenodd"></use></svg><svg id="icon-close" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path d="M23.65 20 39 4.66A2.587 2.587 0 1 0 35.34 1L20 16.35 4.66 1A2.587 2.587 0 1 0 1 4.66L16.35 20 1 35.34A2.587 2.587 0 1 0 4.66 39L20 23.65 35.34 39A2.587 2.587 0 1 0 39 35.34z"></path></svg></defs></svg><div id="top-of-page"></div><div id="modal-host"></div><div class="__chrome"><div id="__next"><span class="css-zya54r"></span><div id="ZN_1Yw2WxQAHRd8VUi" data-testid="qualtrics-container"></div><div class="css-fdjy12"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div class="css-12wdr8u"><div id="site-header" data-testid="header-ux3" class="css-19nuao0"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-tqpz90"><div class="css-1w3ble7"><div class="css-cs3emt"><button type="button" class="css-x4xfyn" aria-pressed="false" aria-label="Main Menu" tabindex="0" data-testid="hamburger"><span style="transform:scale(1) translateY(0px)" class="css-18a1afd"></span><span style="transform:rotate(0deg)" class="css-eafq96"></span><span style="transform:rotate(0deg)" class="css-eafq96"></span><span style="transform:scale(1) translateY(0px)" class="css-14x00sv"></span></button></div><div class="css-10aca47"><svg viewBox="0 0 41 41" width="40" height="40" class="css-gv8cz7"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-search"></use></svg></div></div><div class="css-1g6cesj logo-wrapper"><div class="css-1ggbbxe"><a class="css-17orj9b" data-event="|Global Header|Logo Click" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|HEADER|Any Page|GLOBAL HEADER|LOGO|false|" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/" data-testid="site-logo"><svg class="css-yc5e1l logo" viewBox="0 0 193 27"><title>Psych Central</title><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#logo-psy"></use></svg></a></div></div><div style="opacity:1" class="css-1wyiq3l"><ul role="menubar" class="css-1oanbjp" data-testid="desktop-nav-bar"><li class="css-touwnm" role="none"><button class="css-6ry8z3" role="menuitem" tabindex="0" aria-haspopup="true" aria-label="Expand Conditions options" aria-controls="nav-panel-flyout" type="button" aria-expanded="false"><span>Conditions</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="30" height="30" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M27.963 6.75 30 8.787l-1.018 1.018-12.964 12.963L15 23.787 1.018 9.805 0 8.787 2.037 6.75l1.018 1.018L15 19.713 26.945 7.768l1.018-1.018z"></path></svg></button><div style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"><div><h3>Featured</h3><a class="css-pfbi5" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/conditions"><span class="css-yer60s">All</span><span class="css-ajcamw icon-hl-circle-arrow"></span></a><ul><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/addictions">Addictions</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety">Anxiety Disorder</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/adhd">ADHD</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/bipolar">Bipolar Disorder</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/depression">Depression</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/ptsd">PTSD</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a></li></ul></div><div><h3>Articles</h3><a class="css-pfbi5" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/disorders/disorders"><span class="css-yer60s">All</span><span class="css-ajcamw icon-hl-circle-arrow"></span></a><ul><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/disorders/adjustment-disorder-symptoms">Adjustment Disorder</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety/agoraphobia-symptoms">Agoraphobia</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/disorders/antisocial-personality-disorder">Antisocial Personality Disorder</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/disorders/borderline-personality-disorder">Borderline Personality Disorder</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/childhood-adhd/childhood-adhd">Childhood ADHD</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/disorders/dissociative-identity-disorder">Dissociative Identity Disorder</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/disorders/narcissistic-personality-disorder">Narcissistic Personality Disorder</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/disorders/narcolepsy-symptoms">Narcolepsy</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/disorders/oppositional-defiant-disorder-symptoms">Oppositional Defiant Disorder</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety/panic-attack-symptoms">Panic Attack</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/depression/postpartum-depression">Postpartum Depression</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/disorders/schizoaffective-disorder-symptoms">Schizoaffective Disorder</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/depression/seasonal-affective-disorder">Seasonal Affective Disorder</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/lib/what-is-sexual-addiction">Sex Addiction</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety/social-anxiety-disorder-symptoms">Social Anxiety</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety/specific-phobia-symptoms">Specific Phobias</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/lib/teenage-depression">Teenage Depression</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/health/what-is-trauma">Trauma</a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="css-touwnm" role="none"><button class="css-6ry8z3" role="menuitem" tabindex="0" aria-haspopup="true" aria-label="Expand Discover options" aria-controls="nav-panel-flyout" type="button" aria-expanded="false"><span>Discover</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="30" height="30" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M27.963 6.75 30 8.787l-1.018 1.018-12.964 12.963L15 23.787 1.018 9.805 0 8.787 2.037 6.75l1.018 1.018L15 19.713 26.945 7.768l1.018-1.018z"></path></svg></button><div style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"><div><h3>Wellness Topics</h3><ul><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/program/black-mental-health">Black Mental Health</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/health/refuge-in-grief">Grief</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/program/emotional-health">Emotional Health</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/relationships">Sex & Relationships</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/program/trauma">Trauma</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/program/understanding-therapy">Understanding Therapy</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/program/mental-health-at-work">Workplace Mental Health</a></li></ul></div><div><h3>Original Series</h3><ul><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/content-series/my-life-with-ocd">My Life with OCD</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/content-series/caregivers-chronicles">Caregivers Chronicles</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/content-series/empathy-at-work">Empathy at Work</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/content-series/sex-love-and-all-of-the-above">Sex, Love & All of the Above</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/content-series/parent-central">Parent Central</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/health/mindful-moment-awakening-power-of-hope">Mindful Moment</a></li></ul></div><div><h3>News & Events</h3><ul><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/news">Mental Health News</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/coronavirus/coronavirus-overview">COVID-19</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/healthline-live-town-hall-mental-health-in-focus">Live Town Hall: Mental Health in Focus</a></li></ul></div><div><h3>Podcasts</h3><ul><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/blog/show">Inside Mental Health</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/blog/is">Inside Schizophrenia</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/blog/ibp">Inside Bipolar</a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="css-touwnm" role="none"><button class="css-6ry8z3" role="menuitem" tabindex="0" aria-haspopup="true" aria-label="Expand Quizzes options" aria-controls="nav-panel-flyout" type="button" aria-expanded="false"><span>Quizzes</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="30" height="30" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M27.963 6.75 30 8.787l-1.018 1.018-12.964 12.963L15 23.787 1.018 9.805 0 8.787 2.037 6.75l1.018 1.018L15 19.713 26.945 7.768l1.018-1.018z"></path></svg></button><div style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"><div><h3>Conditions</h3><ul><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/quizzes/adhd-quiz">ADHD Symptoms Quiz</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/quizzes/anxiety-quiz">Anxiety Symptoms Quiz</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/quizzes/autism-quiz">Autism Quiz: Family & Friends</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/quizzes/autism-test">Autism Symptoms Quiz</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/quizzes/bipolar-quiz">Bipolar Disorder Quiz</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/quizzes/borderline-test">Borderline Personality Test</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/quizzes/child-adhd-quiz">Childhood ADHD Quiz</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/quizzes/depression-quiz">Depression Symptoms Quiz</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/quizzes/eating-disorders-quiz">Eating Disorder Quiz</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/quizzes/narcissistic-personality-quiz">Narcissim Symptoms Test</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/quizzes/ocd-quiz">OCD Symptoms Quiz</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/quizzes/psychopathy-quiz">Psychopathy Test</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/quizzes/ptsd-quiz">PTSD Symptoms Quiz</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/quizzes/schizophrenia-test">Schizophrenia Quiz</a></li></ul></div><div><h3>Lifestyle</h3><a class="css-pfbi5" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/program/quizzes"><span class="css-yer60s">All</span><span class="css-ajcamw icon-hl-circle-arrow"></span></a><ul><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/quizzes/attachment-style-quiz">Attachment Style Quiz</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/quizzes/career-test">Career Test</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/quizzes/therapy-quiz">Do I Need Therapy Quiz?</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/quizzes/domestic-violence-quiz">Domestic Violence Screening Quiz</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/quizzes/emotional-type-quiz">Emotional Type Quiz</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/quizzes/loneliness-quiz">Loneliness Quiz</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/quizzes/parenting-style-quiz">Parenting Style Quiz</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/quizzes/personality-quiz">Personality Test</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/quizzes/love-quiz">Relationship Quiz</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/quizzes/stress-test">Stress Test</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/quizzes/sleep-quiz">What's Your Sleep Like?</a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="css-touwnm" role="none"><button class="css-6ry8z3" role="menuitem" tabindex="0" aria-haspopup="true" aria-label="Expand Resources options" aria-controls="nav-panel-flyout" type="button" aria-expanded="false"><span>Resources</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="30" height="30" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M27.963 6.75 30 8.787l-1.018 1.018-12.964 12.963L15 23.787 1.018 9.805 0 8.787 2.037 6.75l1.018 1.018L15 19.713 26.945 7.768l1.018-1.018z"></path></svg></button><div style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"><div><h3>Treatment & Support</h3><ul><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/program/how-to-find-mental-health-support">Find Support</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/lib/suicide-prevention-hotline-number">Suicide Prevention</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/drugs/drugs">Drugs & Medications</a></li><li><a class="css-150s69f" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://care.healthline.com/find-care/specialty/mental-health-professional?&utm_source=pc&utm_medium=editorial&utm_campaign=mentalwellbeing&utm_content=textwidget&utm_term=homepage-resources&redirected=true">Find a Therapist</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="css-12qvns3"><button aria-label="Click to Subscribe to our Newsletter" id="newsletter-subscription-button" data-test-id="newsletter-subscribe-button" aria-haspopup="dialog" class="css-1dhgcr8"><span class="css-4rlg7s">Subscribe</span></button></div><div class="css-2dofw9"></div></div></div></div><div class="css-ifmqwy"></div></div><div class="css-16wahxh"><aside class="css-1wm8u43" data-testid="header-leaderboard" data-sticky="true"><div data-empty="true" class="css-1j2d96m"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="dlb1__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="dlb1" data-ad="true" class="css-1jpwf16"></div></div></aside></div><aside data-testid="mobile-leaderboard" class="css-pdceuf"><div class="css-11egx89"><button class="icon-hl-close-thick css-1ik4tkj"></button><div data-empty="true" class="css-1fteite"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="mlb1__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="mlb1" data-ad="true" class="css-bcus5s"></div></div></div></aside><div data-placement="subheader"></div><div><div class="css-m260rd"><div data-article-body="0" class="css-blwnmv"><div class="css-z468a2"><h1>What Is Trauma?</h1><div data-preamp="social-proof-lessons"></div><div data-testid="byline"><section data-testid="byline" class="css-eoj89x"><div class="css-1q67gt9"><div class="css-xc63cd"><img src="//i0.wp.com/post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Debra-Rose-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105" alt=""/></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-150s69f css-130mbve" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/reviewers/debra-rose-wilson-phd-msn-rn-ibclc-ahn-bc-cht">Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT</a></span></span> — <span><span><span><span>Written by <a class="css-150s69f css-130mbve" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/authors/gina-ryder">Gina Ryder</a></span></span></span></span> <span> on January 4, 2022</span></div></section></div><div><nav id="tab-bar-0" data-testid="tab-bar" class="css-7u7i0a"><ul class="css-17ztj4b"><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#definition" class="css-yn6ido">Definition</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#symptoms" class="css-yn6ido">Symptoms</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#causes-and-types" class="css-yn6ido">Causes and types</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#related-conditions" class="css-yn6ido">Related conditions</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#how-to-heal" class="css-yn6ido">How to heal</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#looking-ahead" class="css-yn6ido">Looking ahead</a></li></ul></nav><article class="article-body css-d2znx6 undefined"><div class="css-12va8w7"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><div><p class="css-w2pt6r">Trauma is a response to an intensely stressful event(s) or situations. The effects can be long-lasting, but healing is possible.</p></div></div><div><p>Traumatic events can happen at any age and have lasting effects on your physical and mental well-being. Each person’s experience is unique, but there are common causes, and many people share some symptoms of post-traumatic stress, like anxiety, flashbacks, and sleep disruption.</p></div><div><div data-preamp="serena-chatbot"></div></div><div><p>Some in the medical community dispute what constitutes trauma. As researchers and therapists learn more, conversations about trauma’s definition are ever-evolving based on new evidence.</p></div><div><p>With proper treatment and social support — especially through <a href="https://psychcentral.com/health/trauma-therapy" class="content-link css-150s69f">trauma therapy</a> — many people can overcome these negative effects, experience an improved quality of life, and move toward healing.</p></div><div class="css-20w1gi"><aside class="css-0 css-0" data-testid="sticky-inline-ad" data-sticky="false"><div><div data-empty="true" class="css-1sq15os"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="inline2__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="inline2__slot" data-ad="true" class="css-1t05dkn"></div></div></div></aside></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="definition">What is trauma? </a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Trauma refers to your response following an event that psychologically overwhelms you, often resulting in shock, denial, and changes in the body, mind, and behavior.</p></div><div><p class="standout--body">According to the <a href="https://ncsacw.samhsa.gov/userfiles/files/SAMHSA_Trauma.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-150s69f">Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)</a>, trauma is an event you experience as harmful or life threatening. It has lasting adverse effects on your mental, physical, emotional, social, or spiritual well-being.</p></div><div><p>Trauma is typically associated with significant events such as physical or sexual assault, violence, or accidents. But it can also involve responses to repeated events, like ongoing emotional abuse or childhood neglect. </p></div><div><p>Not everyone who has experienced a traumatic event will have long lasting effects. Around <a href="https://www.sidran.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Post-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder-Fact-Sheet-.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-150s69f">20%</a> of people who experience a traumatic event will develop <a href="https://psychcentral.com/ptsd/ptsd-overview" class="content-link css-150s69f">post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)</a>, and many others might still have subthreshold symptoms of post-traumatic stress.</p></div><div><h3>Complex trauma</h3></div><div><p>Trauma that repeatedly occurs over time can have a cumulative impact. This is known as <a href="https://psychcentral.com/ptsd/complex-trauma-a-step-by-step-description-of-how-it-develops" class="content-link css-150s69f">complex trauma</a>. </p></div><div><p>Complex trauma is often associated with <a href="https://psychcentral.com/ptsd/effects-and-signs-of-childhood-trauma" class="content-link css-150s69f">childhood trauma</a>. Early experiences of trauma can leave a deep imprint on your worldview, sense of self, and relationships later in life.</p></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="symptoms">What are the mental and physical effects of trauma? </a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Trauma can affect many areas of your life, including your emotional, social, and physical well-being. </p></div><div><p>During extreme stress, the body and mind become overwhelmed, engaging the nervous system’s <a href="https://psychcentral.com/blog/fight-flight-freeze-stress-response" class="content-link css-150s69f">fight, flight, or freeze response</a>. </p></div><div><p>Symptoms of post-traumatic stress are aftereffects of your overwhelmed nervous system — your body and mind can’t fully process the traumatic events as they are happening.</p></div><div><p>Common symptoms after trauma include:</p></div><div><ul><li><span style="">intrusive thoughts, including </span><a style="" href="https://psychcentral.com/lib/coping-with-flashbacks" class="content-link css-150s69f">flashbacks</a><span style=""> or </span><a style="" href="https://psychcentral.com/ptsd/ptsd-nightmares" class="content-link css-150s69f">nightmares</a></li><li>avoiding things that remind you of the trauma, including people, places, or objects</li><li><a href="https://psychcentral.com/health/hypervigilance" class="content-link css-150s69f">hypervigilance</a>, or being very aware of danger</li><li>being easily startled or “jumpy”</li><li>being activated by <a href="https://psychcentral.com/health/trauma-triggers" class="content-link css-150s69f">triggers</a> that remind you of the trauma, whether consciously or subconsciously</li><li>changes in how you see yourself, such as believing you are “bad,” or feeling excess guilt or shame</li><li>a small <a href="https://psychcentral.com/health/window-of-tolerance" class="content-link css-150s69f">window of tolerance</a>, meaning you feel overwhelmed easily or have difficulty controlling your emotions</li></ul></div><div><p>Traumatic stress can show up in your physical health, too. Body-based effects are known as somatic symptoms and can include:</p></div><div><ul><li>chronic pain</li><li><a href="https://psychcentral.com/disorders/sleep" class="content-link css-150s69f">sleep problems</a></li><li>chest pain </li><li>headaches</li><li>chronic pain</li></ul></div><div><div id="widget_call_out_42e5b267-ccb8-4960-b7c3-21acbc7de124" class="css-ubcbi5"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div class="css-14hk5xp"><div class="css-xqvouu"><h3 class="css-9zytxy"><div><span class="css-14sy2z4">How common is trauma?</span></div></h3><div class="css-slwzda"><p>According to the <a href="https://www.sidran.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Post-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder-Fact-Sheet-.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-150s69f">Sidran Institute</a>, trauma is pervasive in the United States:</p><ul><li>About 70% of U.S. adults have experienced a traumatic event at least once. Not everyone who experiences trauma will develop PTSD.</li><li>Up to 20% of these people meet the criteria for PTSD.</li><li><a href="https://www.psychcentral.com/ptsd/signs-and-symptoms-of-ptsd-in-women" class="content-link css-150s69f">Women</a> are twice as likely to develop PTSD than men.</li><li>The risk of developing PTSD varies based on the trauma. The risk is especially high after rape (49%), physical assault (around 32%), and other sexual assault (around 24%).</li></ul><p>According to the <hl-trusted-source source="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)" rationale="Governmental authority"><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/fastfact.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-150s69f">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</a></hl-trusted-source>, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) — potentially traumatic events that occur in childhood — are common:</p><ul><li>About 61% of adults surveyed across 25 states reported experiencing at least one ACE, such as violence, abuse, neglect, or substance use issues in the home.</li><li>Nearly 1 in 6 reported experiencing 4 or more ACEs.</li><li>Women and some ethnic minority groups had a greater risk of experiencing four or more ACEs.</li></ul></div></div></div><div class="css-1uwjw6e"><div></div><div></div></div></div></div><div class="css-20w1gi"><aside class="css-0 css-0" data-testid="sticky-inline-ad" data-sticky="false"><div><div data-empty="true" class="css-1sq15os"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="inline7__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="inline7__slot" data-ad="true" class="css-1t05dkn"></div></div></div></aside></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="causes-and-types">Causes and types of trauma</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Trauma is less about the event and more about how you responded. But some events are more likely to lead to trauma than others.</p></div><div><p><a href="https://www.nctsn.org/what-is-child-trauma/trauma-types" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-150s69f">The National Child Traumatic Stress Network</a> reports that the following events can lead to trauma: </p></div><div><ul><li><a href="https://psychcentral.com/ptsd/medical-trauma" class="content-link css-150s69f">medical trauma</a></li><li>sexual trauma </li><li>family trauma </li><li>refugee trauma </li><li>traumatic grief </li><li>terrorism and violence </li><li><a href="https://psychcentral.com/lib/what-causes-domestic-violence" class="content-link css-150s69f">intimate partner violence</a></li><li>disaster trauma </li><li><a href="https://psychcentral.com/blog/childhood-neglect/2019/04/20-things-people-with-childhood-emotional-neglect-often-say#7" class="content-link css-150s69f">childhood neglect</a></li></ul></div><div><p><a href="https://jedfoundation.org/resource/understanding-emotional-trauma/?gclid=Cj0KCQiA15yNBhDTARIsAGnwe0Uf3RPJPNe2NN8MSsVZNWJlfKMIiHjUl_WY6o8rxeZASzvUK16JVOIaAgsxEALw_wcB" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-150s69f">The Jed Foundation</a>, a nonprofit that protects emotional health and prevents suicide for teens and young adults, breaks trauma into three types:</p></div><div><ul><li><strong>Emotional trauma</strong>: The feelings traumatic events leave us with. Characterized by feeling unsafe in one’s body, emotional trauma can <a href="https://psychcentral.com/ptsd/the-science-behind-ptsd-symptoms-how-trauma-changes-the-brain" class="content-link css-150s69f">alter our brain function</a> and lead to an overarching sense of hopelessness. </li><li><strong>Complex trauma: </strong>A series of traumatic events that can have a lasting impact. </li><li><strong>Secondary trauma. </strong>Also known as vicarious trauma, secondary trauma refers to being a witness to trauma. Witnessing a traumatic event can impact your emotional health and is deserving of support, empathy, and compassion. </li></ul></div><div><h3>‘Big T’ and ‘little t’ trauma</h3></div><div><p>Some clinicians break down traumas into “big T” and “little t” events. “Big T” traumas are usually associated with PTSD, including combat and sexual assault. “Little t” traumas may involve big life changes, emotional abuse, or bullying.</p></div><div><p>But breaking down traumatic experiences into these categories is controversial. Over time, repeated exposure to “little t” traumas may cause as much emotional harm as exposure to “big T” traumas, especially when experienced during childhood and in the case of complex trauma.</p></div><div><p>All emotional wounds deserve empathy and support, and all events that result in harm warrant the need for validation and support. </p></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="related-conditions">What mental health conditions are associated with trauma? </a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Trauma is associated with various health conditions, including: </p></div><div><h3>PTSD</h3></div><div><p>Not everyone who experiences trauma will develop PTSD, but <a href="https://www.sidran.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Post-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder-Fact-Sheet-.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-150s69f">around 20%</a> will meet the diagnostic criteria.</p></div><div><h3>Dissociative disorders</h3></div><div><p>Dissociation is a common <a href="https://www.psychcentral.com/disorders/dissociative-identity-disorder/dissociative-identity-disorder-causes" class="content-link css-150s69f">response to trauma</a>. According to the American Psychiatric Association, <a href="https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/dissociative-disorders/what-are-dissociative-disorders" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-150s69f">90%</a> of dissociative disorders may be linked to trauma. Dissociative disorders include:</p></div><div><ul><li><a href="https://psychcentral.com/disorders/dissociative-identity-disorder" class="content-link css-150s69f">dissociative identity disorder</a></li><li>dissociative amnesia or <a href="https://psychcentral.com/disorders/dissociative-fugue-symptoms" class="content-link css-150s69f">dissociative fugue</a></li><li><a href="https://psychcentral.com/disorders/depersonalization-derealization-disorder" class="content-link css-150s69f">depersonalization/derealization disorder</a></li></ul></div><div><h3>Borderline personality disorder</h3></div><div><p>According to a <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.721361/full" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-150s69f">2021 study</a>, in 30% to 90% of cases, <a href="https://psychcentral.com/disorders/borderline-personality-disorder/symptoms" class="content-link css-150s69f">borderline personality disorder (BPD)</a> is associated with abuse and neglect in childhood. </p></div><div><h3>Depression</h3></div><div><p>Characterized by a lack of energy and feelings of worthlessness, among other symptoms, <a href="https://psychcentral.com/depression/trauma-and-depression" class="content-link css-150s69f">depression</a> is a common response to trauma.</p></div><div><h3>Anxiety disorders</h3></div><div><p>Symptoms of anxiety, such as feelings of dread and panic, often overlap with PTSD symptoms. Anxiety might arise when you’re faced with something that reminds you of a trauma. Some people may develop <a href="https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/anxiety-disorders" class="content-link css-150s69f">anxiety disorders</a> related to trauma.</p></div><div class="css-20w1gi"><aside class="css-0 css-0" data-testid="sticky-inline-ad" data-sticky="false"><div><div data-empty="true" class="css-1sq15os"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="inline12__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="inline12__slot" data-ad="true" class="css-1t05dkn"></div></div></div></aside></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="how-to-heal">How to heal from trauma </a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Though recovery from trauma isn’t easy, it’s possible. Trauma-focused psychotherapy is one of the most effective things you can do for recovery. </p></div><div><p>The <a href="https://www.apa.org/ptsd-guideline/treatments" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-150s69f">American Psychological Association</a> strongly recommends the following therapies for trauma:</p></div><div><ul><li><a href="https://psychcentral.com/lib/in-depth-cognitive-behavioral-therapy" class="content-link css-150s69f">cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)</a></li><li>cognitive processing therapy (CPT)</li><li>prolonged exposure (PE) therapy</li></ul></div><div><p>They also conditionally recommend <a href="https://psychcentral.com/health/emdr-therapy" class="content-link css-150s69f">Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy (EMDR)</a> and narrative exposure therapy (NET). </p></div><div><p>If you’re looking for mental health support, Psych Central’s <a href="https://psychcentral.com/program/how-to-find-mental-health-support" class="content-link css-150s69f">How to Find Mental Health Support</a> resource may help.</p></div><div><p>In addition to traditional psychotherapy, expressive arts, such as creative writing or theater, can help heal trauma. According to a <a href="https://cssh.northeastern.edu/pandemic-teaching-initiative/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2020/10/GlassetalTraumaResilience.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-150s69f">2019 study</a>, expressive writing can improve resilience to trauma. </p></div><div><p>Many people who have experienced trauma find it difficult to practice <a href="https://psychcentral.com/blog/what-self-care-is-and-what-it-isnt" class="content-link css-150s69f">self-care</a> and self-compassion. Trauma therapists can work with you to boost your skills in these areas, which can have lasting effects on many areas of life.</p></div><div><p>Psychoeducation can also help you understand your symptoms, which can be a major step toward healing. Reading healing stories about trauma from leading experts can be empowering and inspiring.</p></div><div><div id="widget_call_out_cab3dfb8-bab0-4a2b-b116-b0eed3a6d896" class="css-ubcbi5"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div class="css-14hk5xp"><div class="css-xqvouu"><h3 class="css-9zytxy"><div><span class="css-14sy2z4">Books about trauma</span></div></h3><div class="css-slwzda"><p>Some book recommendations for understanding and healing trauma include: </p><ul><li>“<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/18693771-the-body-keeps-the-score?ac=1&from_search=true&qid=3L64uWhfiZ&rank=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-150s69f">The Body Keeps the Score</a>” by Bessel van der Kolk, MD</li><li>“<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/26026054-it-didn-t-start-with-you" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-150s69f">It Didn’t Start With You</a>” by Mark Wolynn </li><li>“<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/22760492-healing-the-fragmented-selves-of-trauma-survivors?from_search=true&from_srp=true&qid=Hc0X2P4ORL&rank=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-150s69f">Healing the Fragmented Selves of Trauma Survivors: Overcoming Internal Self-Alienation</a>” by Janina Fisher, PhD</li><li>“<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/542700.Trauma_and_Recovery?from_search=true&from_srp=true&qid=AkD23fyQiA&rank=2" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-150s69f">Trauma and Recovery</a>” by Judith Lewis Herman, MD</li><li>“<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/33827765-the-complex-ptsd-workbook?from_search=true&from_srp=true&qid=dCee876LSs&rank=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-150s69f">The Complex PTSD Workbook</a>” by Arielle Schwartz, PhD</li><li>“<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/244432.Trauma_and_the_Body?from_search=true&from_srp=true&qid=kdITzaTtx4&rank=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-150s69f">Trauma and the Body</a>” by Pat Ogden, PhD</li><li>“<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/53238858-what-happened-to-you" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-150s69f">What Happened to You? Conversations on Trauma, Resilience, and Healing</a>” by Bruce D. Perry, MD, PhD, and Oprah Winfrey</li></ul></div></div></div><div class="css-1uwjw6e"><div></div><div></div></div></div></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="looking-ahead">Looking ahead </a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>As you seek to identify, define, and explore what trauma means, remember to have self-compassion because learning about trauma can be a challenging process. </p></div><div><p>Through learning about trauma, you raise awareness about a widespread issue and empower yourself with tools to help heal yourself and others. </p></div><div><p>People recover from trauma every day and lead happy, productive lives.</p></div></div></article><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div><div class="css-w9ag5x"><div class="css-1xn3edc"><div aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="article-resources" class="css-1l48sh1" role="button"><p class="css-1dxissy"><span class="css-1p6d3md icon-hlvideo-minus"></span><span class="css-1p6d3md icon-hlvideo-plus"></span> <span class="css-1xdhyk6">11 sources</span><span class="sro">collapsed</span></p></div><div id="article-resources" role="region" class="css-1ugaz02"><ul class="css-1vedeqe"><li class="css-f6pdvi"><cite><span>American Psychological Association. (2018). What are dissociative disorders? [Fact sheet].</span><br/><a class="css-150s69f css-138ocmy" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/dissociative-disorders/what-are-dissociative-disorders">https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/dissociative-disorders/what-are-dissociative-disorders</a></cite></li><li class="css-f6pdvi"><cite><span>Bozzatello P, et al. (2021). The role of trauma in early onset borderline personality disorder: A biopsychosocial perspective.</span><br/><a class="css-150s69f css-138ocmy" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.721361/full">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.721361/full</a></cite></li><li class="css-f6pdvi"><cite><span>Glass O, et al. (2019). Expressive writing to improve resilience to trauma: A clinical feasibility trial.</span><br/><a class="css-150s69f css-138ocmy" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://cssh.northeastern.edu/pandemic-teaching-initiative/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2020/10/GlassetalTraumaResilience.pdf">https://cssh.northeastern.edu/pandemic-teaching-initiative/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2020/10/GlassetalTraumaResilience.pdf</a></cite></li><li class="css-f6pdvi"><cite><span>How common is PTSD in adults? [Fact sheet]. (n.d.).</span><br/><a class="css-150s69f css-138ocmy" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.ptsd.va.gov/understand/common/common_adults.asp">https://www.ptsd.va.gov/understand/common/common_adults.asp</a></cite></li><li class="css-f6pdvi"><cite><span>Kessler R, et al. (2017). Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys.</span><br/><a class="css-150s69f css-138ocmy" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5632781/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5632781/</a></cite></li><li class="css-f6pdvi"><cite><span>Preventing adverse childhood experiences [Fact sheet]. (2021).</span><br/><a class="css-150s69f css-138ocmy" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/fastfact.html">https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/fastfact.html</a></cite></li><li class="css-f6pdvi"><cite><span>PTSD treatments. (2020).</span><br/><a class="css-150s69f css-138ocmy" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.apa.org/ptsd-guideline/treatments">https://www.apa.org/ptsd-guideline/treatments</a></cite></li><li class="css-f6pdvi"><cite><span>The National Child Stress Network. (n.d.). Trauma types [Fact sheet].</span><br/><a class="css-150s69f css-138ocmy" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.nctsn.org/what-is-child-trauma/trauma-types">https://www.nctsn.org/what-is-child-trauma/trauma-types</a></cite></li><li class="css-f6pdvi"><cite><span>Traumatic stress disorder fact sheet. (2018).</span><br/><a class="css-150s69f css-138ocmy" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sidran.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Post-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder-Fact-Sheet-.pdf">https://www.sidran.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Post-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder-Fact-Sheet-.pdf</a></cite></li><li class="css-f6pdvi"><cite><span>Understanding emotional trauma [Fact sheet]. (n.d.).</span><br/><a class="css-150s69f css-138ocmy" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://jedfoundation.org/resource/understanding-emotional-trauma/">https://jedfoundation.org/resource/understanding-emotional-trauma/</a></cite></li><li class="css-f6pdvi"><cite><span>What is posttraumatic stress disorder? (2020).</span><br/><a class="css-150s69f css-138ocmy" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/ptsd/what-is-ptsd">https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/ptsd/what-is-ptsd</a></cite></li></ul></div></div><div class="css-1wkzy2"><div class="css-1ytasfq"><div class="button-wrapper print"><a class="css-1uhtj6l print button icon icon-hl-print" target="_blank" title="Print this page"></a></div><div class="button-wrapper facebook"><a class="css-1uhtj6l facebook button icon icon-hl-facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fpsychcentral.com%2Fhealth%2Fwhat-is-trauma%3Futm_medium%3Dsocial%26utm_source%3Dfacebook%26utm_campaign%3Dsocial-sharebar-referred-desktop" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook"></a></div><div class="button-wrapper twitter"><a class="css-1uhtj6l twitter button icon icon-hl-twitter" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?via=PsychCentral&text=What%20Is%20Trauma%3F%20Effects%2C%20Causes%2C%20Types%2C%20and%20How%20to%20Heal&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpsychcentral.com%2Fhealth%2Fwhat-is-trauma%3Futm_medium%3Dsocial%26utm_source%3Dtwitter%26utm_campaign%3Dsocial-sharebar-referred-desktop" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter"></a></div><div class="button-wrapper pinterest"><a class="css-1uhtj6l pinterest button icon icon-hl-pinterest" href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?media=[object Object]&description=What%20Is%20Trauma%3F%20Effects%2C%20Causes%2C%20Types%2C%20and%20How%20to%20Heal&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpsychcentral.com%2Fhealth%2Fwhat-is-trauma%3Futm_medium%3Dsocial%26utm_source%3Dpinterest%26utm_campaign%3Dsocial-sharebar-referred-desktop" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank" title="Share on Pinterest" data-pin-custom="true" data-pin-do="buttonPin" data-pin-href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?media=[object Object]&description=What%20Is%20Trauma%3F%20Effects%2C%20Causes%2C%20Types%2C%20and%20How%20to%20Heal&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpsychcentral.com%2Fhealth%2Fwhat-is-trauma%3Futm_medium%3Dsocial%26utm_source%3Dpinterest%26utm_campaign%3Dsocial-sharebar-referred-desktop" media="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/what-is-trauma-blue-sky-thoughtful-alone-clouds-732x549-thumbnail.jpg"></a></div></div><div class="css-16qwkyr"><a class="css-f2a5qb">FEEDBACK:</a><a class="css-1uhtj6l icon icon-hl-frown"></a><a class="css-1uhtj6l icon icon-hl-smile"></a></div></div></div></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><section style="position:relative;margin-top:0" class="css-82r5pg"><div class="css-dorrmn"><div class="css-nsibzi"><div data-testid="byline"><section data-testid="byline" class="css-1bvbwhk"><div class="css-1q67gt9"><div class="css-xc63cd"><img src="//i0.wp.com/post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Debra-Rose-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105" alt=""/></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-150s69f css-130mbve" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/reviewers/debra-rose-wilson-phd-msn-rn-ibclc-ahn-bc-cht">Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT</a></span></span> — <span><span><span><span>Written by <a class="css-150s69f css-130mbve" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/authors/gina-ryder">Gina Ryder</a></span></span></span></span> <span> on January 4, 2022</span></div></section></div></div></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span><div data-empty="true" class="css-1d8h8gm"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="DMR1__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="DMR1" data-ad="true" class="css-488q2e"></div></div><div class="css-h9jo37" data-dynamic-ads="true"><object type="text/html" data="about:blank" aria-label="advertisement" class="css-7vynax"></object></div></section></div></div></div><aside></aside><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><div id="read-next" class=" css-10ib5jr"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-z468a2"><h3 class="css-sw6lgt">Read this next</h3></div><section class="css-82r5pg"></section></div></div><ul class="css-1l95nvm"><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-1uhtj6l" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/trauma-therapy;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|1" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Can You Recover from Trauma? 5 Therapy Options|rn0" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/health/trauma-therapy?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="Can You Recover from Trauma? 5 Therapy Options" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/05/young-man-talking-to-therapist-in-orange-sweater-732x549-thumbnail.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/05/young-man-talking-to-therapist-in-orange-sweater-732x549-thumbnail.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-h0zs0i"><a class="css-11ivwxm" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/trauma-therapy;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|1" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Can You Recover from Trauma? 5 Therapy Options|rn0" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/health/trauma-therapy?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">Can You Recover from Trauma? 5 Therapy Options</a><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/trauma-therapy;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|1" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Can You Recover from Trauma? 5 Therapy Options|rn0" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/health/trauma-therapy?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Trauma-informed therapy can help you reduce the emotional and mental effects of trauma. Here are the best options for trauma-focused treatments.</a></p><a class="css-1culwpr css-2dy712" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/trauma-therapy;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|1" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Can You Recover from Trauma? 5 Therapy Options|rn0" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/health/trauma-therapy?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right-bold selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"><div data-empty="true" class="css-vhteyv"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="DCMR1__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="DCMR1" data-ad="true" class="css-prb4v6"></div></div></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"><div data-empty="true" class="css-vhteyv"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="DCMR1__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="DCMR1" data-ad="true" class="css-prb4v6"></div></div></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-1uhtj6l" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/ptsd/the-science-behind-ptsd-symptoms-how-trauma-changes-the-brain;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|2" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|The Science Behind PTSD Symptoms: How Trauma Changes the Brain|rn1" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/ptsd/the-science-behind-ptsd-symptoms-how-trauma-changes-the-brain?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="The Science Behind PTSD Symptoms: How Trauma Changes the Brain" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/brain-science-ptsd-collage-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/brain-science-ptsd-collage-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-h0zs0i"><a class="css-11ivwxm" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/ptsd/the-science-behind-ptsd-symptoms-how-trauma-changes-the-brain;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|2" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|The Science Behind PTSD Symptoms: How Trauma Changes the Brain|rn1" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/ptsd/the-science-behind-ptsd-symptoms-how-trauma-changes-the-brain?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">The Science Behind PTSD Symptoms: How Trauma Changes the Brain</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-ymf4ha"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-xc63cd"><lazy-image alt="" src="//i0.wp.com/post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Kendra-Kubala-500x500-Bio.png?w=73&h=73"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-150s69f css-130mbve" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/medical-team">Kendra Kubala, PsyD</a></span></span></div></section><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/ptsd/the-science-behind-ptsd-symptoms-how-trauma-changes-the-brain;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|2" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|The Science Behind PTSD Symptoms: How Trauma Changes the Brain|rn1" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/ptsd/the-science-behind-ptsd-symptoms-how-trauma-changes-the-brain?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Trauma (PTSD) can have a deep effect on the body, rewiring the nervous system — but the brain remains flexible, and healing is possible.</a></p><a class="css-1culwpr css-2dy712" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/ptsd/the-science-behind-ptsd-symptoms-how-trauma-changes-the-brain;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|2" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|The Science Behind PTSD Symptoms: How Trauma Changes the Brain|rn1" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/ptsd/the-science-behind-ptsd-symptoms-how-trauma-changes-the-brain?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right-bold selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-1uhtj6l" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/best-types-of-therapy-for-trauma;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|3" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Are the Best Types of Therapy for Trauma?|rn2" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/health/best-types-of-therapy-for-trauma?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="What Are the Best Types of Therapy for Trauma?" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/man-wearing-glasses-sitting-notebook-cafe-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/man-wearing-glasses-sitting-notebook-cafe-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-h0zs0i"><a class="css-11ivwxm" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/best-types-of-therapy-for-trauma;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|3" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Are the Best Types of Therapy for Trauma?|rn2" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/health/best-types-of-therapy-for-trauma?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">What Are the Best Types of Therapy for Trauma?</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-ymf4ha"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-xc63cd"><lazy-image alt="" src="//i0.wp.com/post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Kendra-Kubala-500x500-Bio.png?w=73&h=73"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-150s69f css-130mbve" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/medical-team">Kendra Kubala, PsyD</a></span></span></div></section><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/best-types-of-therapy-for-trauma;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|3" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Are the Best Types of Therapy for Trauma?|rn2" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/health/best-types-of-therapy-for-trauma?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Many types of therapy can support mind and body healing after trauma. We look at some of the most effective techniques.</a></p><a class="css-1culwpr css-2dy712" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/best-types-of-therapy-for-trauma;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|3" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Are the Best Types of Therapy for Trauma?|rn2" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/health/best-types-of-therapy-for-trauma?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right-bold selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"><div data-empty="true" class="css-vhteyv"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="DCMR2__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="DCMR2" data-ad="true" class="css-prb4v6"></div></div></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-1uhtj6l" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/trauma-triggers;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|4" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|How to Identify and Overcome Trauma Triggers|rn3" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/health/trauma-triggers?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="How to Identify and Overcome Trauma Triggers" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/11/211568-How-to-Identify-and-Overcome-Trauma-Triggers-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/11/211568-How-to-Identify-and-Overcome-Trauma-Triggers-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-h0zs0i"><a class="css-11ivwxm" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/trauma-triggers;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|4" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|How to Identify and Overcome Trauma Triggers|rn3" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/health/trauma-triggers?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">How to Identify and Overcome Trauma Triggers</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-ymf4ha"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-xc63cd"><lazy-image alt="" src="//i0.wp.com/post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/New-Matthew-Boland-500x500-Bio.png?w=73&h=73"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-150s69f css-130mbve" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/medical-team">Matthew Boland, PhD</a></span></span></div></section><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/trauma-triggers;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|4" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|How to Identify and Overcome Trauma Triggers|rn3" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/health/trauma-triggers?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Triggers can transport you back in time to a traumatic event — but there are ways to manage them. </a></p><a class="css-1culwpr css-2dy712" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/trauma-triggers;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|4" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|How to Identify and Overcome Trauma Triggers|rn3" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/health/trauma-triggers?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right-bold selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-1uhtj6l" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/trauma-informed-mindfulness;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|5" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Trauma-Informed Mindfulness: A Guide|rn4" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/health/trauma-informed-mindfulness?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="Trauma-Informed Mindfulness: A Guide" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/11/213473-Trauma-Informed-Mindfulness-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/11/213473-Trauma-Informed-Mindfulness-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-h0zs0i"><a class="css-11ivwxm" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/trauma-informed-mindfulness;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|5" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Trauma-Informed Mindfulness: A Guide|rn4" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/health/trauma-informed-mindfulness?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">Trauma-Informed Mindfulness: A Guide</a><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/trauma-informed-mindfulness;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|5" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Trauma-Informed Mindfulness: A Guide|rn4" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/health/trauma-informed-mindfulness?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Mindfulness can be difficult — or even harmful — for people with a history of trauma. That's where trauma-focused mindfulness comes in.</a></p><a class="css-1culwpr css-2dy712" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/trauma-informed-mindfulness;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|5" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Trauma-Informed Mindfulness: A Guide|rn4" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/health/trauma-informed-mindfulness?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right-bold selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-1uhtj6l" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/post-traumatic-growth;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|6" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Is Post-Traumatic Growth?|rn5" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/health/post-traumatic-growth?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="What Is Post-Traumatic Growth?" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/11/smiling-mature-man-looking-up-sky-outdoors-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/11/smiling-mature-man-looking-up-sky-outdoors-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-h0zs0i"><a class="css-11ivwxm" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/post-traumatic-growth;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|6" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Is Post-Traumatic Growth?|rn5" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/health/post-traumatic-growth?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">What Is Post-Traumatic Growth?</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-ymf4ha"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-xc63cd"><lazy-image alt="" src="//i0.wp.com/post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Simay-Gökbayrak-500x500-Bio.png?w=73&h=73"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-150s69f css-130mbve" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/medical-team">N. Simay Gökbayrak, PhD</a></span></span></div></section><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/post-traumatic-growth;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|6" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Is Post-Traumatic Growth?|rn5" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/health/post-traumatic-growth?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Though it might not feel like it at the time, trauma may lead to new growth in your relationships, beliefs, or worldviews.</a></p><a class="css-1culwpr css-2dy712" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/post-traumatic-growth;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|6" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Is Post-Traumatic Growth?|rn5" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/health/post-traumatic-growth?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right-bold selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-1uhtj6l" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/ptsd/what-is-relational-trauma;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|7" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Is Relational Trauma? An Overview|rn6" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/ptsd/what-is-relational-trauma?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="What Is Relational Trauma? An Overview" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/11/mother-hugging-son-family-outdoors-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/11/mother-hugging-son-family-outdoors-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-h0zs0i"><a class="css-11ivwxm" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/ptsd/what-is-relational-trauma;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|7" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Is Relational Trauma? An Overview|rn6" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/ptsd/what-is-relational-trauma?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">What Is Relational Trauma? An Overview</a><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/ptsd/what-is-relational-trauma;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|7" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Is Relational Trauma? An Overview|rn6" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/ptsd/what-is-relational-trauma?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Relational trauma happens in the context of a relationship, such as abuse or neglect, usually in childhood. It can be a difficult path, but healing is…</a></p><a class="css-1culwpr css-2dy712" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/ptsd/what-is-relational-trauma;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|7" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Is Relational Trauma? An Overview|rn6" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/ptsd/what-is-relational-trauma?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right-bold selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-1uhtj6l" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/blog/how-childhood-trauma-affects-adult-relationships;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|8" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|How Childhood Trauma May Affect Adult Relationships|rn7" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/blog/how-childhood-trauma-affects-adult-relationships?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="How Childhood Trauma May Affect Adult Relationships" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/04/mother-working-laptop-daughter-father-kitchen-sink-732x549-thumbnail.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/04/mother-working-laptop-daughter-father-kitchen-sink-732x549-thumbnail.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-h0zs0i"><a class="css-11ivwxm" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/blog/how-childhood-trauma-affects-adult-relationships;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|8" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|How Childhood Trauma May Affect Adult Relationships|rn7" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/blog/how-childhood-trauma-affects-adult-relationships?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">How Childhood Trauma May Affect Adult Relationships</a><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/blog/how-childhood-trauma-affects-adult-relationships;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|8" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|How Childhood Trauma May Affect Adult Relationships|rn7" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/blog/how-childhood-trauma-affects-adult-relationships?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Childhood experiences may lay the groundwork for how we experience adult relationships and how we bond with people. Here's how trauma may impact you…</a></p><a class="css-1culwpr css-2dy712" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/blog/how-childhood-trauma-affects-adult-relationships;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|8" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|How Childhood Trauma May Affect Adult Relationships|rn7" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/blog/how-childhood-trauma-affects-adult-relationships?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right-bold selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-1uhtj6l" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/ptsd/signs-of-trauma-in-children;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|9" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|How Do You Know If a Child Is Traumatized?|rn8" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/ptsd/signs-of-trauma-in-children?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="How Do You Know If a Child Is Traumatized?" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/11/mother-hugging-son-at-home-indoors-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/11/mother-hugging-son-at-home-indoors-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-h0zs0i"><a class="css-11ivwxm" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/ptsd/signs-of-trauma-in-children;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|9" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|How Do You Know If a Child Is Traumatized?|rn8" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/ptsd/signs-of-trauma-in-children?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">How Do You Know If a Child Is Traumatized?</a><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/ptsd/signs-of-trauma-in-children;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|9" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|How Do You Know If a Child Is Traumatized?|rn8" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/ptsd/signs-of-trauma-in-children?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Noticing the signs of trauma in children can help therapists work out the best ways to help.</a></p><a class="css-1culwpr css-2dy712" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/ptsd/signs-of-trauma-in-children;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|9" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|How Do You Know If a Child Is Traumatized?|rn8" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/ptsd/signs-of-trauma-in-children?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right-bold selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-1uhtj6l" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/lib/somatic-therapy-exercises-for-trauma;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|10" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|4 Somatic Therapy Exercises for Healing from Trauma|rn9" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/lib/somatic-therapy-exercises-for-trauma?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="4 Somatic Therapy Exercises for Healing from Trauma" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/woman-hugging-herself-outdoors-park-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/woman-hugging-herself-outdoors-park-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-h0zs0i"><a class="css-11ivwxm" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/lib/somatic-therapy-exercises-for-trauma;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|10" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|4 Somatic Therapy Exercises for Healing from Trauma|rn9" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/lib/somatic-therapy-exercises-for-trauma?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">4 Somatic Therapy Exercises for Healing from Trauma</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-ymf4ha"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-xc63cd"><lazy-image alt="" src="//i0.wp.com/post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Simay-Gökbayrak-500x500-Bio.png?w=73&h=73"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-150s69f css-130mbve" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/medical-team">N. Simay Gökbayrak, PhD</a></span></span></div></section><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/lib/somatic-therapy-exercises-for-trauma;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|10" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|4 Somatic Therapy Exercises for Healing from Trauma|rn9" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/lib/somatic-therapy-exercises-for-trauma?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Somatic experiencing may help you treat trauma-related symptoms. Although working with a therapist is recommended, you could also practice these 4…</a></p><a class="css-1culwpr css-2dy712" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/lib/somatic-therapy-exercises-for-trauma;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|10" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|4 Somatic Therapy Exercises for Healing from Trauma|rn9" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/lib/somatic-therapy-exercises-for-trauma?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right-bold selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div class="css-i9gxme"></div><footer class="css-irobah"><div class="css-1dppxl0"><hl-social-nav></hl-social-nav><div class="css-1b2ri56"><div class="css-uktbta css-ck5ydc"><hl-newsletter-cta buttonText="SIGN UP" source="footer_widget" subscribeEventTracking="Newsletter Acquisition|footer_widget|submit" className="css-13njx2h" category="Newsletter Acquisition" formatType="footer" name="footer_widget" productId="footer_widget" variant="footer_widget"></hl-newsletter-cta></div><div class="css-uktbta"><div class="css-1xceiwh"><div class="css-10ohy14"><ul class="css-lb03wr css-3o9pqj"><li class="css-3gcukm"><a class="css-3ivp9j" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/about">About Us</a></li><li class="css-3gcukm"><a class="css-3ivp9j" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/about/contact-us">Contact Us</a></li><li class="css-3gcukm"><a class="css-3ivp9j" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/about/terms">Terms of Use</a></li><li class="css-3gcukm"><a class="css-3ivp9j" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/about/privacy">Privacy policy</a></li><li class="css-3gcukm"><button id="privacy-settings-one-trust" title="Privacy Settings" class="css-e8ew9s">Privacy Settings</button></li><li class="css-3gcukm"><a class="css-3ivp9j" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/about/advertising-policy">Advertising Policy</a></li></ul><ul class="css-lb03wr css-upe1zs"><li class="css-3gcukm"><a class="css-3ivp9j" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/about/medical-team">Medical Affairs</a></li><li class="css-3gcukm"><a class="css-3ivp9j" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/about/content-integrity">Content Integrity</a></li><li class="css-3gcukm"><a class="css-3ivp9j" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/newsletter">Newsletter</a></li><li class="css-3gcukm"><a class="css-3ivp9j" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/find-help">Find a Therapist</a></li><li class="css-3gcukm css-jwb353"><div class="css-16bllps css-1xdhyk6">© 2024 Psych Central, a Healthline Media Company. All rights reserved. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Psych Central does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. <a class="css-1xx5q6 css-1081t4c" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/about/additional-information">See additional information</a>.</div></li></ul><div class="css-16bllps css-eqytyw">© 2024 Psych Central, a Healthline Media Company. All rights reserved. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Psych Central does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. <a class="css-1xx5q6 css-1081t4c" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/about/additional-information">See additional information</a>.</div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="css-1us2gxx"><div class="css-11upubx"><a class="css-jaxuik" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.healthlinemedia.com/?utm_source=psychcentral.com&utm_medium=site&utm_campaign=footer&utm_content=logo" aria-label="Healthline Media Logo"><svg alt="Healthline Media" width="132" height="50" class="css-v23quv" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 132 50"><path fill="#FFF" d="M30.477 38.313v9.62h3.98V50h-6.36V38.313h2.38zm11.137 0v2.068h-2.548V50h-2.308v-9.62h-2.565v-2.067h7.421zm3.645 0v4.643h3.826v-4.643h2.337V50h-2.337v-4.976h-3.826V50h-2.32V38.313h2.32zm10.4 0v9.62h3.98V50h-6.362V38.313h2.381zm7.69 0V50h-2.12V38.313h2.12zm4.48 0 3.798 7.149v-7.149h2.325V50h-2.22l-3.955-7.447V50H65.47V38.313h2.359zm14.605 0v2.05h-4.13v2.681h4.013v2.032h-4.013v2.874h4.13V50h-6.362V38.313h6.362zm8.654 0 2.213 7.009 2.23-7.009h3.071V50h-2.264v-8.025L93.764 50h-.943l-2.54-8.025V50H88V38.313h3.088zm15.996 0v2.05h-4.13v2.681h4.014v2.032h-4.014v2.874h4.13V50h-6.361V38.313h6.361zm-104.764 0v4.643h3.825v-4.643h2.337V50H6.145v-4.976H2.32V50H0V38.313h2.32zm14.644 0v2.05h-4.13v2.681h4.013v2.032h-4.013v2.874h4.13V50h-6.362V38.313h6.362zm104.434 0V50h-2.12V38.313h2.12zm7.216-.065L132 49.935h-2.377l-.53-2.085h-3.728l-.53 2.085h-2.377l3.386-11.687h2.77zm-16.063 0c1.008 0 1.878.246 2.612.736.733.49 1.293 1.18 1.68 2.068.386.888.579 1.904.579 3.049 0 1.144-.19 2.158-.571 3.04-.381.882-.938 1.568-1.671 2.058-.734.49-1.61.736-2.629.736h-3.611V38.248h3.611zm-88.636 0 3.386 11.687h-2.377l-.53-2.085h-3.728l-.53 2.085h-2.377l3.386-11.687h2.77zm88.787 2.125h-1.377v7.437h1.377c.826 0 1.466-.339 1.92-1.018.452-.678.68-1.576.68-2.692 0-1.161-.224-2.073-.672-2.735-.448-.661-1.09-.992-1.928-.992zm14.394 0-1.457 5.578h2.915l-1.458-5.578zm-104.698 0-1.458 5.578h2.915l-1.457-5.578zM64.41.044c2.696-.128 2.3.047 3.785.227 3.92.477 7.448 3 9.744 6.016 1.679 2.204 1.893 4.935 1.835 7.58-.09 4.159-1.486 7.861-4.778 10.56-1.194.98-2.662 1.623-3.389 2.054-4.773 1.914-9.086 1.207-12.91-.525-2.566-1.16-4.286-3.257-5.25-5.988-.533-1.511-.81-3.018-1.112-4.588-.201-1.048-.1-2.166-.043-3.248.029-.556.254-1.101.393-1.65C54.11 4.863 58.62.32 64.411.043zm1.307 5.003-.046.01-6.204 2.374a.147.147 0 0 0-.067.222l.919 1.272v11.912c0 .081.065.146.146.146h5.259c.08 0 .146-.065.146-.146v-9.013a.395.395 0 0 1 .792 0v9.013c0 .081.065.146.146.146h5.936a.146.146 0 0 0 .131-.211l-.634-1.262v-5.668c0-3.283-2.62-3.74-4.185-3.74-1.043 0-1.859.366-2.186.61v-5.52a.146.146 0 0 0-.199-.136z"></path></svg></a><div class="css-d2oo9m"><div class="css-s2uf1z"><a class="css-nuhk0d" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.healthlinemedia.com/?utm_source=psychcentral.com&utm_medium=site&utm_campaign=footer&utm_content=about">About</a><a class="css-nuhk0d" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://rvohealth.com/careers">Careers</a><a class="css-nuhk0d" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.healthlinemedia.com/advertise?utm_source=psychcentral.com&utm_medium=site&utm_campaign=footer&utm_content=advertise">Advertise with us</a></div><div class="css-huujs8"><p class="css-1vtxghn">OUR BRANDS</p><a class="css-re8ewz" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.healthline.com/">Healthline</a><a class="css-re8ewz" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/">Medical News Today</a><a class="css-re8ewz" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://greatist.com/">Greatist</a><a class="css-re8ewz" rel="nofollow" href="https://psychcentral.com/">Psych Central</a><a class="css-re8ewz" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://bezzy.com/">Bezzy</a></div></div><a aria-label="@TRUST, AACI Certified logo" class="css-150s69f css-1qsp2zb" href="https://aacihealthcare.com/certificates/c143-3-2021-trust-usa/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><div class="css-1vtpbs6"><lazy-image alt="This website is certified by AACI. Click to verify." src="//i0.wp.com/post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/TRUST-Mark-1.png?" className="css-spwcx4"></lazy-image></div></a></div></div></footer><div id="foot-pad"></div><div id="consent-modal"></div></div><script> HL={"c":{"countryCode":"SG","countryNumber":702,"continentCode":"AS","dmaCode":"","hideConsumerHealthInformation":false,"consent":{"vendorListTcfVersion":5,"hasGlobalScope":false,"hasFullConsent":false,"gdprApplies":false,"tcString":false,"pingReturn":{},"tcData":{"gdprApplies":false,"cmpLoaded":true,"addtlConsent":"","eventStatus":"cmpuishown"}},"usPrivacyData":{"usprivacy":"1YNY","ccpaApplies":true},"isControl":false,"abSegment":"experimentalRPM=control;adBlockerDetection=true;adbridgFlag=false;jwPlayerFix=true;oneTrustCPRA=true;","abId":"9008ec60-a905-4a2b-b5f0-0ed3a05d9cc4","isNewId":true,"abTestUrls":{},"skipGDPR":true},"ab":{"experimentalRPM":"control","adBlockerDetection":true,"adbridgFlag":false,"jwPlayerFix":true,"oneTrustCPRA":true},"abTestUrls":{},"ga":{"k1":"othermentalhealth","k2":"mentalhealth","kmeta":"","contentType":"Tabbed Article","author":"Gina Ryder","articleType":"regular","sponsoredProgramId":"","articleId":"psy-211569","mainContentCategoryTags":"","publishedDate":"2022-01-04","updatedDate":"2022-06-27","medReviewer":"Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT","category":"Uncategorized","subcategory":"","trackingTerms":"","ek1":"2644ced06fc4f793a4826a7663ca51e356","contentForm":"Head Term","type":"healthfeature"},"adb":false,"d":[],"i":{"enabled":true},"cIds":["8e170293-482a-4fc8-b45a-df2e37a997f4"],"mpd":{"loaded":[{"_driverPath":"/health/what-is-trauma","_contentIndex":"page","driverId":"063e7843-a84d-45c1-b6c1-4fa93ce800d2","siteId":"cd8947b1-cecc-4ef9-8192-9c49190be1fd","site":"psy","status":"on","deleted":false,"overridePredictiveRPM":false,"created":"2022-12-19T15:56:21.000Z","updated":"2024-11-11T21:40:36.000Z","createdBy":"liallison@redventures.com","updatedBy":"mrobinson@rvohealth.com","isTest":false,"overridePredictiveRPMType":"none","rewardType":"","modelType":"","customModel":false,"holdout":"","sdapiTestName":"","imageMobile":"https://images-prod.healthline.com/hlcmsresource/images/newsletter/Psych_Central-Newsletter-800x400-Mobile.jpg","color":"#FFC50D","driverTypeId":"1ed6a315-4241-4254-92ae-17d0570ee038","sailthruAccount":"psy","source":"header_overlay","titleOverride":"Get our weekly newsletter","id":"57c2781b-fa20-43ee-99ca-99ecf09cb04e","trackingNumber":39689,"adTagIds":["5bfa54a0-cb61-11ea-841d-230b5918b98d"],"articlePlacement":"headerNewsletter","image":"https://images-prod.healthline.com/hlcmsresource/images/newsletter/Psych_Central-Newsletter-700x1076-Desktop.jpg","secondarySubscriptionSubhead":"Other newsletters you won’t want to miss:","secondaryNewsletters":[],"descriptionModal":"Evidence-based guidance, up-to-date resources, and first-hand accounts to help you in your mental health journey.","driverType":"headerNewsletter","verticalId":"9a936b90-9c88-11eb-b675-07de6d70d3cf","verticalName":"Newsletter","lists":["PC Weekly"],"newsletterMeta":true,"name":"lifecycle_header_psy_newsletter","imageDesktop":"https://images-prod.healthline.com/hlcmsresource/images/newsletter/Psych_Central-Newsletter-700x1076-Desktop.jpg","driverPlacementId":"d5b8e667-55c1-4a6d-b05d-728a1733109b","campaignName":"lifecycle_header_psy_newsletter_39689","productId":"lifecycle_header_psy_newsletter_39689","_uuid":"mc7b4f14c-68f6-4763-9e87-2b3882b19dabmpd_headerNewsletter_063e7843-a84d-45c1-b6c1-4fa93ce800d2","cpm":1.0314186581512332e+308}],"placed":{},"placements":{},"state":{}},"e":[],"st":{"ddQ":[]},"jwp":{},"m":{"build":"12053616045","version":"4b599b9cb30d305f809336cbf1dc03e949abe979","environment":"prod"}}; hlIs=!1; var googletag=googletag||{cmd:[]}; __hlConfig={"travelerScript":"https://traveler.content.now.optum.com/traveler.umd.js","urlPrefix":"www.","absUrl":true,"tagular":{"apiVersion":"v2/t","writeKey":"wk_1hYmqsRCbwXB0ndTQdgXxNR6252","sourceKey":"src_1hYmqunTHJvIJ8xGurFf1jMyi5f","domainWhitelist":["www.psychcentral.com","act.psychcentral.com","frontend-stage.psychcentral.com","act-stage.psychcentral.com","activation.psychcentral.com","activation-stage.psychcentral.com"],"cookieDomain":"psychcentral.com","multiparty":true,"reinforce":"https://psychcentral.com/navi","experimentalFeatures":{"flocEnabled":true}},"preamp":{"siteId":"2u5JyWysh6JYz1Ov7qLSfe"},"metricServer":"https://pavlov-prod.healthline.com/","googleRecaptchaSiteKey":"6LdXRN0ZAAAAALyWYjtGj2Jw42s-CbejSUCm3AlY","marketplaceAPI":"https://prepop.healthline.com/export/form-data/","activationHost":"https://activation.psychcentral.com","datadogRUM":{"applicationId":"512348e0-2b09-41ef-ba89-972c7e598ad8","clientToken":"pub4a8701b4f057fee58e8d2a3dd85184f1"},"gtmServer":"https://gtm-server.healthline.com","gtmConfigValue":"GTM-MB6365D","aimDmdApiKey":"14-51-A5D1AD73","assetsServer":"https://assets.psychcentral.com","algoliaAppId":"7835BOM3SG","algoliaSearchApiKey":"e34a454de65f33ce5820690f9032bcaf","algoliaSearchIndex":"crawler_Prod Healthline","algoliaQuerySuggestionIndex":"crawler_Prod Healthline_query_suggestions","oneTrustOrgId":"4f546f22-b4c6-4415-a248-262d16266ff1"}; _comscore=[]; __comscoreParams=[{"c1":"2","c2":"38584006","cs_ucfr":"","cs_fpit":"c","cs_fpdm":"*null","cs_fpdt":"*null","options":{"enableFirstPartyCookie":true,"bypassUserConsentRequirementFor1PCookie":true,"url_append":"comscorekw=main"}}]; function __uspapi(cmd, apiVer, callback) { if (cmd === 'getUSPData') { callback({ version: '1', uspString: __uspapi.d.usprivacy || '1YNY', }, true); } } __uspapi.d = {"usprivacy":"1YNY","ccpaApplies":true}; !function(){if('PerformanceLongTaskTiming' in window){var g=window.__tti={e:[]};g.o=new PerformanceObserver(function(l){g.e=g.e.concat(l.getEntries())});g.o.observe({entryTypes:['longtask']})}}(); function EventListener(eventName, listenerId, data, pingData) { this.eventName = eventName; this.listenerId = listenerId; this.data = data; this.pingData = pingData; } /** * Custom gpc handler for ?isGpc */ const params = new URLSearchParams(document.location.search); if (params.get('isGpc') !== null) { navigator.globalPrivacyControl = true; } /* Cohesion Configs */ function tagular(...args) { tagular.q.push(args); } tagular.q = []; function preamp(...args) { preamp.q.push(args); } preamp.q = []; function cohesion(...args) { cohesion.q.push(args); } cohesion.q = []; const tagularConfigs = {"apiVersion":"v2/t","writeKey":"wk_1hYmqsRCbwXB0ndTQdgXxNR6252","sourceKey":"src_1hYmqunTHJvIJ8xGurFf1jMyi5f","domainWhitelist":["www.psychcentral.com","act.psychcentral.com","frontend-stage.psychcentral.com","act-stage.psychcentral.com","activation.psychcentral.com","activation-stage.psychcentral.com"],"cookieDomain":"psychcentral.com","multiparty":true,"reinforce":"https://psychcentral.com/navi","experimentalFeatures":{"flocEnabled":true}}; if (HL.i.enabled) { /* Only suppress some tagular events for infinite scroll */ Object.assign(tagularConfigs, { beamHook(event) { /* Executed every time beam is called and passed the event */ /* eslint-disable-next-line no-underscore-dangle */ window._Tagular.config.suppressBeam = event['@type'] === 'redventures.usertracking.v3.PageScrolled'; } }) } const preampConfigs = HL.ga.contentType === 'brand-page' ? false : { ...{"siteId":"2u5JyWysh6JYz1Ov7qLSfe"}, hooks: { /* Runs before Preamp requests a new decision */ beforeRun(cohesionConfig, done) { /* Adds k1 to custom Preamp values */ /* Allows Preamp experiences to be created based on the current K1 */ cohesionConfig.custom = { ...cohesionConfig.custom, k1: HL.ga.k1, }; done(); }, beforePlacement(placement, done) { const interval = setInterval(() => { if (window.afterMPD) { /* Defer preamp rendering until we have injected all MPDs as those */ /* need to be in the DOM for Preamp to inject into. */ afterMPD(done); clearInterval(interval); } },500) }, } }; /* eslint-disable-next-line no-underscore-dangle */ window._Cohesion = { k: 'cohesion', tagular: tagularConfigs, preamp: preampConfigs }; window._Tagular = { k: 'tagular' }; window._Preamp = { k: 'preamp', start: new Date(), docReady: true }; window._Fuse = { k: 'fuse', docReady: false }; window.tagular = tagular; window.preamp = preamp; window.fuse = () => {}; window.cohesion = cohesion; </script><script> var AdBridg = AdBridg || {cmd: []}; </script><script src="//prod.adspsp.com/adb.2418030p.min.js" async=""></script><script src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js" async=""></script><script src="https://pub.doubleverify.com/dvtag/20447058/DV1208979/pub.js" async=""></script><script> var skimlinks_settings = { skimlinks_exclude: ['www.amazon.com', 'amazon.com', 'amzn.to'] }; </script><script src="https://rvo-cohesion.psychcentral.com/cohesion/cohesion-tpo.min.js?cDomain=psychcentral.com" async=""></script><link href="https://c.aps.amazon-adsystem.com" rel="preconnect" crossorigin="true"/><script src="https://c.aps.amazon-adsystem.com/apstag.js" async=""></script><script>module={};__NEXT_DATA__={"buildId":"b53c0674-add8-4b34-b87e-4ab4c5c6478c","props":{"ga":{"k1":"othermentalhealth","k2":"mentalhealth","kmeta":"","contentType":"Tabbed Article","author":"Gina Ryder","articleType":"regular","sponsoredProgramId":"","articleId":"psy-211569","mainContentCategoryTags":"","publishedDate":"2022-01-04","updatedDate":"2022-06-27","medReviewer":"Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT","category":"Uncategorized","subcategory":"","trackingTerms":"","ek1":"2644ced06fc4f793a4826a7663ca51e356","contentForm":"Head Term","type":"healthfeature"},"lang":"en","data":{"k1":"othermentalhealth","sideEffectsWidget":{},"livedExperience":{},"shareYourExperience":{},"drugSavingsData":null,"comments":[],"topComments":[],"id":"psy-211569","title":["What Is Trauma?"],"articleHistory":{"2022-01-04":{"updateReason":[],"authors":"Gina Ryder","editor":"Jamie Smith","copyEditor":"Douglas Backstrom","medicallyReviewedBy":"Debra Rose Wilson, PhD, MSN, RN, IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT"}},"updateReason":[],"isFeature":false,"isPaidMedia":false,"isEditorialPaidMedia":false,"isTransactionalPaidMedia":false,"authors":[{"id":5665,"name":{"display":"Gina Ryder","first":"Gina","last":"Ryder"},"link":"/authors/gina-ryder","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eGina Ryder is a journalist and educator based in New York City. Some of the topics she covers include trauma, substance use, mental health, and what it means to heal. Her writing has appeared in The Guardian, Reader’s Digest, Glamour, and many other outlets. Gina has facilitated storytelling programs in healthcare settings, centers for recovery, and homeless shelters. She’s taught several university writing courses including medical humanities through CUNY. She’s a former editor with HuffPost where she worked with hundreds of contributors to tell personal stories that connected with thousands of readers. Read more at her \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://www.reginaryder.com/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ewebsite \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eor connect with Gina on \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/iamginaryder\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eTwitter\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":200,"height":200,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/11/Gina-Ryder-500x500-Bio-e1644350697661.png"},"bioBlurb":{"nodes":["Gina Ryder is a journalist and educator based in New York City. Some of the topics she covers include trauma, substance use, mental health, and what it means to…"]}}],"medicalReviewers":[{"id":128,"name":{"display":"Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT","first":"Debra Rose","last":"Wilson, PhD, MSN, RN, IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT"},"userLogin":"debrarosewilson","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/dr-debra-rose-wilson-599a7a26/","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/reviewers/debra-rose-wilson-phd-msn-rn-ibclc-ahn-bc-cht","type":{"value":"medical_reviewer","label":"Medical Advisor"},"nid":"122515","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThis individual is no longer a medical reviewer in our network. The credentials and contact information reflected here may not be current.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eDr. Debra Rose Wilson is a professor, researcher, and holistic healthcare practitioner. She teaches graduate-level psychology and nursing courses. Dr. Wilson has over 200 publications in her areas of expertise, which include complementary and alternative therapies, autoimmune disease, stress and coping, and obstetrics and breastfeeding.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eLakehead University, Hon BSN, BA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eTennessee State University School of Nursing, MSN\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eWalden University, PhD\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCertifications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eRegistered Nurse\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAdvanced Holistic Nurse Board Certified\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eInternational Board Certified Lactation Consultant\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eClinical Hypnotherapist\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eReiki Master\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eTherapeutic Touch Therapist\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProfessional Accomplishments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e2017-2018 American Holistic Nurse of the Year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEditor of a peer-reviewed journal for 9 years\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e2015 March of Dimes Nurse of the Year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAffiliations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.waldenu.edu/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eWalden University\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.apsu.edu/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAustin Peay State University\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Debra-Rose-500x500-Bio.png"},"bioBlurb":{"nodes":["This individual is no longer a medical reviewer in our network. The credentials and contact information reflected here may not be current. Dr. Debra Rose Wilson…"]}}],"editors":[{"role":"Editor","name":{"display":"Jamie Smith"}}],"pinterestImage":{"path":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/what-is-trauma-blue-sky-thoughtful-alone-clouds-732x549-thumbnail.jpg"},"hideFeedback":false,"isMedicare":false,"isBlog":false,"publishSource":"wordpress","isAmpSupported":false,"categories":[{"name":"Uncategorized","slug":"uncategorized","link":"/uncategorized","children":[]}],"language":{"en":"https://psychcentral.com/health/what-is-trauma/","x-default":"https://psychcentral.com/health/what-is-trauma/","current":"en"},"lang":"en","links":[],"colorScheme":"default","isContentSeries":false,"brandCTAs":[],"clusterNavLinks":[],"clusterUrls":[],"clusterLinks":{},"pathingTilesData":{},"pathingCardsData":{},"inArticlePathingCardsData":[],"quantitativeTrustData":{},"isPrependRecipeH2":false,"recipes":[],"hideTabs":false,"tabs":[{"id":"_noHeaderPrefixedContent","title":null,"header":null,"body":[{"tagName":"div","source":"\u003cp class=\"css-w2pt6r\"\u003eTrauma is a response to an intensely stressful event(s) or situations. The effects can be long-lasting, but healing is possible.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Traumatic events can happen at any age and have lasting effects on your physical and mental well-being. Each person’s experience is unique, but there are common causes, and many people share some symptoms of post-traumatic stress, like anxiety, flashbacks, and sleep disruption."},{"tagName":"div","attributes":{"data-preamp":"serena-chatbot"},"source":""},{"tagName":"p","source":"Some in the medical community dispute what constitutes trauma. As researchers and therapists learn more, conversations about trauma’s definition are ever-evolving based on new evidence."},{"tagName":"p","source":"With proper treatment and social support — especially through \u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/health/trauma-therapy\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003etrauma therapy\u003c/a\u003e — many people can overcome these negative effects, experience an improved quality of life, and move toward healing."}]},{"id":"definition","title":"Definition","isCollapsable":false,"header":["What is trauma? "],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Trauma refers to your response following an event that psychologically overwhelms you, often resulting in shock, denial, and changes in the body, mind, and behavior."},{"tagName":"p","attributes":{"className":"standout--body"},"source":"According to the \u003ca href=\"https://ncsacw.samhsa.gov/userfiles/files/SAMHSA_Trauma.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)\u003c/a\u003e, trauma is an event you experience as harmful or life threatening. It has lasting adverse effects on your mental, physical, emotional, social, or spiritual well-being."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Trauma is typically associated with significant events such as physical or sexual assault, violence, or accidents. But it can also involve responses to repeated events, like ongoing emotional abuse or childhood neglect. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"Not everyone who has experienced a traumatic event will have long lasting effects. Around \u003ca href=\"https://www.sidran.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Post-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder-Fact-Sheet-.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003e20%\u003c/a\u003e of people who experience a traumatic event will develop \u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/ptsd/ptsd-overview\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003epost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)\u003c/a\u003e, and many others might still have subthreshold symptoms of post-traumatic stress."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Complex trauma"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Trauma that repeatedly occurs over time can have a cumulative impact. This is known as \u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/ptsd/complex-trauma-a-step-by-step-description-of-how-it-develops\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003ecomplex trauma\u003c/a\u003e. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"Complex trauma is often associated with \u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/ptsd/effects-and-signs-of-childhood-trauma\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003echildhood trauma\u003c/a\u003e. Early experiences of trauma can leave a deep imprint on your worldview, sense of self, and relationships later in life."}]},{"id":"symptoms","title":"Symptoms","isCollapsable":false,"header":["What are the mental and physical effects of trauma? "],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Trauma can affect many areas of your life, including your emotional, social, and physical well-being. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"During extreme stress, the body and mind become overwhelmed, engaging the nervous system’s \u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/blog/fight-flight-freeze-stress-response\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003efight, flight, or freeze response\u003c/a\u003e. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"Symptoms of post-traumatic stress are aftereffects of your overwhelmed nervous system — your body and mind can’t fully process the traumatic events as they are happening."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Common symptoms after trauma include:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eintrusive thoughts, including \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca style=\"\" href=\"https://psychcentral.com/lib/coping-with-flashbacks\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eflashbacks\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e or \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca style=\"\" href=\"https://psychcentral.com/ptsd/ptsd-nightmares\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003enightmares\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eavoiding things that remind you of the trauma, including people, places, or objects\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/health/hypervigilance\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003ehypervigilance\u003c/a\u003e, or being very aware of danger\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ebeing easily startled or “jumpy”\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ebeing activated by \u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/health/trauma-triggers\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003etriggers\u003c/a\u003e that remind you of the trauma, whether consciously or subconsciously\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003echanges in how you see yourself, such as believing you are “bad,” or feeling excess guilt or shame\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ea small \u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/health/window-of-tolerance\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003ewindow of tolerance\u003c/a\u003e, meaning you feel overwhelmed easily or have difficulty controlling your emotions\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Traumatic stress can show up in your physical health, too. Body-based effects are known as somatic symptoms and can include:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003echronic pain\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/disorders/sleep\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003esleep problems\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003echest pain \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eheadaches\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003echronic pain\u003c/li\u003e"},{"widget":{"widgetFormat":"widget-call-out","items":[{"isBullets":true,"list":true,"headerTitle":["How common is trauma?"],"content":[{"tagName":"p","source":"According to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sidran.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Post-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder-Fact-Sheet-.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eSidran Institute\u003c/a\u003e, trauma is pervasive in the United States:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003eAbout 70% of U.S. adults have experienced a traumatic event at least once. Not everyone who experiences trauma will develop PTSD.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eUp to 20% of these people meet the criteria for PTSD.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.psychcentral.com/ptsd/signs-and-symptoms-of-ptsd-in-women\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eWomen\u003c/a\u003e are twice as likely to develop PTSD than men.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eThe risk of developing PTSD varies based on the trauma. The risk is especially high after rape (49%), physical assault (around 32%), and other sexual assault (around 24%).\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"According to the \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)\" rationale=\"Governmental authority\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/fastfact.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) — potentially traumatic events that occur in childhood — are common:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003eAbout 61% of adults surveyed across 25 states reported experiencing at least one ACE, such as violence, abuse, neglect, or substance use issues in the home.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eNearly 1 in 6 reported experiencing 4 or more ACEs.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eWomen and some ethnic minority groups had a greater risk of experiencing four or more ACEs.\u003c/li\u003e"}]}]},"brandPage":{}}]},{"id":"causes-and-types","title":"Causes and types","isCollapsable":false,"header":["Causes and types of trauma"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Trauma is less about the event and more about how you responded. But some events are more likely to lead to trauma than others."},{"tagName":"p","source":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.nctsn.org/what-is-child-trauma/trauma-types\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eThe National Child Traumatic Stress Network\u003c/a\u003e reports that the following events can lead to trauma: "},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/ptsd/medical-trauma\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003emedical trauma\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003esexual trauma \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003efamily trauma \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003erefugee trauma \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003etraumatic grief \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eterrorism and violence \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/lib/what-causes-domestic-violence\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eintimate partner violence\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003edisaster trauma \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/blog/childhood-neglect/2019/04/20-things-people-with-childhood-emotional-neglect-often-say#7\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003echildhood neglect\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"\u003ca href=\"https://jedfoundation.org/resource/understanding-emotional-trauma/?gclid=Cj0KCQiA15yNBhDTARIsAGnwe0Uf3RPJPNe2NN8MSsVZNWJlfKMIiHjUl_WY6o8rxeZASzvUK16JVOIaAgsxEALw_wcB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eThe Jed Foundation\u003c/a\u003e, a nonprofit that protects emotional health and prevents suicide for teens and young adults, breaks trauma into three types:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmotional trauma\u003c/strong\u003e: The feelings traumatic events leave us with. Characterized by feeling unsafe in one’s body, emotional trauma can \u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/ptsd/the-science-behind-ptsd-symptoms-how-trauma-changes-the-brain\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003ealter our brain function\u003c/a\u003e and lead to an overarching sense of hopelessness. \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComplex trauma: \u003c/strong\u003eA series of traumatic events that can have a lasting impact. \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSecondary trauma. \u003c/strong\u003eAlso known as vicarious trauma, secondary trauma refers to being a witness to trauma. Witnessing a traumatic event can impact your emotional health and is deserving of support, empathy, and compassion. \u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"h3","source":"‘Big T’ and ‘little t’ trauma"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Some clinicians break down traumas into “big T” and “little t” events. “Big T” traumas are usually associated with PTSD, including combat and sexual assault. “Little t” traumas may involve big life changes, emotional abuse, or bullying."},{"tagName":"p","source":"But breaking down traumatic experiences into these categories is controversial. Over time, repeated exposure to “little t” traumas may cause as much emotional harm as exposure to “big T” traumas, especially when experienced during childhood and in the case of complex trauma."},{"tagName":"p","source":"All emotional wounds deserve empathy and support, and all events that result in harm warrant the need for validation and support. "}]},{"id":"related-conditions","title":"Related conditions","isCollapsable":false,"header":["What mental health conditions are associated with trauma? "],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Trauma is associated with various health conditions, including: "},{"tagName":"h3","source":"PTSD"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Not everyone who experiences trauma will develop PTSD, but \u003ca href=\"https://www.sidran.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Post-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder-Fact-Sheet-.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003earound 20%\u003c/a\u003e will meet the diagnostic criteria."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Dissociative disorders"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Dissociation is a common \u003ca href=\"https://www.psychcentral.com/disorders/dissociative-identity-disorder/dissociative-identity-disorder-causes\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eresponse to trauma\u003c/a\u003e. According to the American Psychiatric Association, \u003ca href=\"https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/dissociative-disorders/what-are-dissociative-disorders\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003e90%\u003c/a\u003e of dissociative disorders may be linked to trauma. Dissociative disorders include:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/disorders/dissociative-identity-disorder\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003edissociative identity disorder\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003edissociative amnesia or \u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/disorders/dissociative-fugue-symptoms\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003edissociative fugue\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/disorders/depersonalization-derealization-disorder\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003edepersonalization/derealization disorder\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Borderline personality disorder"},{"tagName":"p","source":"According to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.721361/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003e2021 study\u003c/a\u003e, in 30% to 90% of cases, \u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/disorders/borderline-personality-disorder/symptoms\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eborderline personality disorder (BPD)\u003c/a\u003e is associated with abuse and neglect in childhood. "},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Depression"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Characterized by a lack of energy and feelings of worthlessness, among other symptoms, \u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/depression/trauma-and-depression\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003edepression\u003c/a\u003e is a common response to trauma."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Anxiety disorders"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Symptoms of anxiety, such as feelings of dread and panic, often overlap with PTSD symptoms. Anxiety might arise when you’re faced with something that reminds you of a trauma. Some people may develop \u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/anxiety-disorders\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eanxiety disorders\u003c/a\u003e related to trauma."}]},{"id":"how-to-heal","title":"How to heal","isCollapsable":false,"header":["How to heal from trauma "],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Though recovery from trauma isn’t easy, it’s possible. Trauma-focused psychotherapy is one of the most effective things you can do for recovery. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"The \u003ca href=\"https://www.apa.org/ptsd-guideline/treatments\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eAmerican Psychological Association\u003c/a\u003e strongly recommends the following therapies for trauma:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/lib/in-depth-cognitive-behavioral-therapy\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003ecognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecognitive processing therapy (CPT)\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eprolonged exposure (PE) therapy\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"They also conditionally recommend \u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/health/emdr-therapy\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eEye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy (EMDR)\u003c/a\u003e and narrative exposure therapy (NET). "},{"tagName":"p","source":"If you’re looking for mental health support, Psych Central’s \u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/program/how-to-find-mental-health-support\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eHow to Find Mental Health Support\u003c/a\u003e resource may help."},{"tagName":"p","source":"In addition to traditional psychotherapy, expressive arts, such as creative writing or theater, can help heal trauma. According to a \u003ca href=\"https://cssh.northeastern.edu/pandemic-teaching-initiative/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2020/10/GlassetalTraumaResilience.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003e2019 study\u003c/a\u003e, expressive writing can improve resilience to trauma. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"Many people who have experienced trauma find it difficult to practice \u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/blog/what-self-care-is-and-what-it-isnt\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eself-care\u003c/a\u003e and self-compassion. Trauma therapists can work with you to boost your skills in these areas, which can have lasting effects on many areas of life."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Psychoeducation can also help you understand your symptoms, which can be a major step toward healing. Reading healing stories about trauma from leading experts can be empowering and inspiring."},{"widget":{"widgetFormat":"widget-call-out","items":[{"isBullets":true,"list":true,"headerTitle":["Books about trauma"],"content":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Some book recommendations for understanding and healing trauma include: "},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003e“\u003ca href=\"https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/18693771-the-body-keeps-the-score?ac=1\u0026from_search=true\u0026qid=3L64uWhfiZ\u0026rank=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eThe Body Keeps the Score\u003c/a\u003e” by Bessel van der Kolk, MD\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e“\u003ca href=\"https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/26026054-it-didn-t-start-with-you\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eIt Didn’t Start With You\u003c/a\u003e” by Mark Wolynn \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e“\u003ca href=\"https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/22760492-healing-the-fragmented-selves-of-trauma-survivors?from_search=true\u0026from_srp=true\u0026qid=Hc0X2P4ORL\u0026rank=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eHealing the Fragmented Selves of Trauma Survivors: Overcoming Internal Self-Alienation\u003c/a\u003e” by Janina Fisher, PhD\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e“\u003ca href=\"https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/542700.Trauma_and_Recovery?from_search=true\u0026from_srp=true\u0026qid=AkD23fyQiA\u0026rank=2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eTrauma and Recovery\u003c/a\u003e” by Judith Lewis Herman, MD\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e“\u003ca href=\"https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/33827765-the-complex-ptsd-workbook?from_search=true\u0026from_srp=true\u0026qid=dCee876LSs\u0026rank=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eThe Complex PTSD Workbook\u003c/a\u003e” by Arielle Schwartz, PhD\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e“\u003ca href=\"https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/244432.Trauma_and_the_Body?from_search=true\u0026from_srp=true\u0026qid=kdITzaTtx4\u0026rank=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eTrauma and the Body\u003c/a\u003e” by Pat Ogden, PhD\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e“\u003ca href=\"https://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/53238858-what-happened-to-you\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eWhat Happened to You? Conversations on Trauma, Resilience, and Healing\u003c/a\u003e” by Bruce D. Perry, MD, PhD, and Oprah Winfrey\u003c/li\u003e"}]}]},"brandPage":{}}]},{"id":"looking-ahead","title":"Looking ahead","isCollapsable":false,"header":["Looking ahead "],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"As you seek to identify, define, and explore what trauma means, remember to have self-compassion because learning about trauma can be a challenging process. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"Through learning about trauma, you raise awareness about a widespread issue and empower yourself with tools to help heal yourself and others. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"People recover from trauma every day and lead happy, productive lives."}]}],"hasAffiliateLinks":false,"affiliates":[],"propsFor":{"articleResources":[{"displayLink":"psychiatry.org/patients-families/dissociative-disorders/what-are-dissociative-disorders","link":"https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/dissociative-disorders/what-are-dissociative-disorders","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"American Psychological Association. (2018). What are dissociative disorders? [Fact sheet]."}},{"displayLink":"frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.721361/full","link":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.721361/full","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Bozzatello P, et al. (2021). The role of trauma in early onset borderline personality disorder: A biopsychosocial perspective."}},{"displayLink":"cssh.northeastern.edu/pandemic-teaching-initiative/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2020/10/GlassetalTraumaResilience.pdf","link":"https://cssh.northeastern.edu/pandemic-teaching-initiative/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2020/10/GlassetalTraumaResilience.pdf","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Glass O, et al. (2019). Expressive writing to improve resilience to trauma: A clinical feasibility trial."}},{"displayLink":"ptsd.va.gov/understand/common/common_adults.asp","link":"https://www.ptsd.va.gov/understand/common/common_adults.asp","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"How common is PTSD in adults? [Fact sheet]. (n.d.)."}},{"displayLink":"ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5632781/","link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5632781/","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Kessler R, et al.\u0026nbsp;(2017). Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys."}},{"displayLink":"cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/fastfact.html","link":"https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/fastfact.html","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Preventing adverse childhood experiences [Fact sheet]. (2021)."}},{"displayLink":"apa.org/ptsd-guideline/treatments","link":"https://www.apa.org/ptsd-guideline/treatments","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"PTSD treatments. (2020)."}},{"displayLink":"nctsn.org/what-is-child-trauma/trauma-types","link":"https://www.nctsn.org/what-is-child-trauma/trauma-types","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"The National Child Stress Network. (n.d.). Trauma types [Fact sheet]."}},{"displayLink":"sidran.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Post-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder-Fact-Sheet-.pdf","link":"https://www.sidran.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Post-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder-Fact-Sheet-.pdf","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Traumatic stress disorder fact sheet. (2018)."}},{"displayLink":"jedfoundation.org/resource/understanding-emotional-trauma/","link":"https://jedfoundation.org/resource/understanding-emotional-trauma/","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Understanding emotional trauma [Fact sheet]. (n.d.)."}},{"displayLink":"psychiatry.org/patients-families/ptsd/what-is-ptsd","link":"https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/ptsd/what-is-ptsd","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"What is posttraumatic stress disorder? (2020)."}}],"byline":{"authors":[{"id":5665,"name":{"display":"Gina Ryder","first":"Gina","last":"Ryder"},"link":"/authors/gina-ryder","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eGina Ryder is a journalist and educator based in New York City. Some of the topics she covers include trauma, substance use, mental health, and what it means to heal. Her writing has appeared in The Guardian, Reader’s Digest, Glamour, and many other outlets. Gina has facilitated storytelling programs in healthcare settings, centers for recovery, and homeless shelters. She’s taught several university writing courses including medical humanities through CUNY. She’s a former editor with HuffPost where she worked with hundreds of contributors to tell personal stories that connected with thousands of readers. Read more at her \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://www.reginaryder.com/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ewebsite \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eor connect with Gina on \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/iamginaryder\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eTwitter\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":200,"height":200,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/11/Gina-Ryder-500x500-Bio-e1644350697661.png"}}],"medicalReviewers":[{"id":128,"name":{"display":"Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT","first":"Debra Rose","last":"Wilson, PhD, MSN, RN, IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT"},"userLogin":"debrarosewilson","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/dr-debra-rose-wilson-599a7a26/","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/reviewers/debra-rose-wilson-phd-msn-rn-ibclc-ahn-bc-cht","type":{"value":"medical_reviewer","label":"Medical Advisor"},"nid":"122515","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThis individual is no longer a medical reviewer in our network. The credentials and contact information reflected here may not be current.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eDr. Debra Rose Wilson is a professor, researcher, and holistic healthcare practitioner. She teaches graduate-level psychology and nursing courses. Dr. Wilson has over 200 publications in her areas of expertise, which include complementary and alternative therapies, autoimmune disease, stress and coping, and obstetrics and breastfeeding.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eLakehead University, Hon BSN, BA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eTennessee State University School of Nursing, MSN\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eWalden University, PhD\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCertifications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eRegistered Nurse\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAdvanced Holistic Nurse Board Certified\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eInternational Board Certified Lactation Consultant\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eClinical Hypnotherapist\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eReiki Master\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eTherapeutic Touch Therapist\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProfessional Accomplishments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e2017-2018 American Holistic Nurse of the Year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEditor of a peer-reviewed journal for 9 years\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e2015 March of Dimes Nurse of the Year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAffiliations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.waldenu.edu/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eWalden University\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.apsu.edu/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAustin Peay State University\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Debra-Rose-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"id":"psy-211569","updateReason":[],"editor":"Jamie Smith","factCheckedBy":"","factCheckers":[],"articleHistory":{"2022-01-04":{"updateReason":[],"authors":"Gina Ryder","editor":"Jamie Smith","copyEditor":"Douglas Backstrom","medicallyReviewedBy":"Debra Rose Wilson, PhD, MSN, RN, IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT"}},"articleDates":{"factChecked":{"date":null,"display":""},"medicallyReviewed":{"date":1641338280,"display":"January 4, 2022"},"published":{"date":1641338280,"display":"January 4, 2022"},"lastUpdates":{"date":1641338280,"display":"January 4, 2022"},"modified":{"date":1656367245,"display":"June 27, 2022"}},"type":"healthfeature","language":"en"},"isCorp":false,"isReference":false,"isPremiumVideo":false,"isStandaloneVideo":false,"isStandaloneRecipe":false,"schemaObj":{"@context":"https://schema.org","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Psych Central","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://images-prod.healthline.com/hlcmsresource/images/frontend-static/psychcentral-logo@2x.png"}},"@type":"MedicalWebPage","headline":"What Is Trauma?","description":"Trauma is a response to an intensely stressful event(s). While the after-effects can be difficult to manage, healing is possible.","keywords":"what is trauma","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Gina Ryder"},"lastReviewed":"2022-01-04T23:18:00Z","url":"https://psychcentral.com/health/what-is-trauma","datePublished":"2022-01-04T23:18:00Z","dateModified":"2022-01-04T23:18:00Z","articleSection":"Uncategorized","correction":{"@type":"CorrectionComment","text":"","datePublished":"2022-01-04"},"reviewedBy":"Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT","thumbnail":["https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/what-is-trauma-blue-sky-thoughtful-alone-clouds-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg"]},"hero":{}}},"ampLibs":{},"scrollArticles":[{"title":["Can You Recover from Trauma? 5 Therapy Options"],"text":["Trauma-informed therapy can help you reduce the emotional and mental effects of trauma. Here are the best options for trauma-focused treatments."],"link":"/health/trauma-therapy","imageAlt":"Can You Recover from Trauma? 5 Therapy Options","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/05/young-man-talking-to-therapist-in-orange-sweater-732x549-thumbnail.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":373,"name":{"display":"Hilary I. Lebow","first":"Hilary","last":"Lebow"},"userLogin":"hlebow","links":{"website":"https://www.hilarylebow.com/","facebook":"","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/hilary-lebow","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/hilary-lebow","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003eHilary I. Lebow is a journalist from California who covers health and wellness content. To support her work, she has fitness and nutrition certifications through the Yoga Alliance and the National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM). Read more of her work \u003ca href=\"https://www.hilarylebow.com/\"\u003ehere\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/Hilary-Lebow-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["The Science Behind PTSD Symptoms: How Trauma Changes the Brain"],"text":["Trauma (PTSD) can have a deep effect on the body, rewiring the nervous system — but the brain remains flexible, and healing is possible."],"link":"/ptsd/the-science-behind-ptsd-symptoms-how-trauma-changes-the-brain","imageAlt":"The Science Behind PTSD Symptoms: How Trauma Changes the Brain","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/brain-science-ptsd-collage-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg","medicallyReviewedBy":{"reviewerName":"Kendra Kubala, PsyD","reviewerImage":{"path":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Kendra-Kubala-500x500-Bio.png","width":200,"height":200,"altText":""}},"isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":373,"name":{"display":"Hilary I. Lebow","first":"Hilary","last":"Lebow"},"userLogin":"hlebow","links":{"website":"https://www.hilarylebow.com/","facebook":"","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/hilary-lebow","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/hilary-lebow","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003eHilary I. Lebow is a journalist from California who covers health and wellness content. To support her work, she has fitness and nutrition certifications through the Yoga Alliance and the National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM). Read more of her work \u003ca href=\"https://www.hilarylebow.com/\"\u003ehere\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/Hilary-Lebow-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["What Are the Best Types of Therapy for Trauma?"],"text":["Many types of therapy can support mind and body healing after trauma. We look at some of the most effective techniques."],"link":"/health/best-types-of-therapy-for-trauma","imageAlt":"What Are the Best Types of Therapy for Trauma?","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/man-wearing-glasses-sitting-notebook-cafe-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg","medicallyReviewedBy":{"reviewerName":"Kendra Kubala, PsyD","reviewerImage":{"path":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Kendra-Kubala-500x500-Bio.png","width":200,"height":200,"altText":""}},"isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":371,"name":{"display":"Simone Marie","first":"Simone","last":"Marie"},"userLogin":"simonemscully","links":{"website":"http://simonescully.com","facebook":"https://www.facebook.com/simonemscully/","linkedin":"","twitter":"ScullySimone","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/simone-scully","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003eSimone Marie is a journalist who writes about health, science, and parenting. Outside of work, she\u0026#8217;s usually camping or hiking in a national park with her husband, toddler, and rescue beagle. Check out her \u003ca href=\"http://www.simonescully.com/\"\u003ewebsite\u003c/a\u003e for more.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":498,"height":498,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/09/Simone-Scully-500x500-circle.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["How to Identify and Overcome Trauma Triggers"],"text":["Triggers can transport you back in time to a traumatic event — but there are ways to manage them. "],"link":"/health/trauma-triggers","imageAlt":"How to Identify and Overcome Trauma Triggers","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/11/211568-How-to-Identify-and-Overcome-Trauma-Triggers-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg","medicallyReviewedBy":{"reviewerName":"Matthew Boland, PhD","reviewerImage":{"path":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/New-Matthew-Boland-500x500-Bio.png","width":200,"height":200,"altText":""}},"isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":5625,"name":{"display":"Stephanie A. Wright, RN, BSN","first":"Stephanie A.","last":"Wright, RN, BSN"},"userLogin":"sawright","links":{"website":"https://bluegrassnurse.wordpress.com","facebook":"","linkedin":"linkedin.com/in/stephanieawrightrn","twitter":"","instagram":"bluegrassnurse","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/stephanie-a-wright","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-sheets-value=\"{\u0026quot;1\u0026quot;:2,\u0026quot;2\u0026quot;:\u0026quot;Stephanie Wright is a registered nurse and freelance medical writer. She writes articles about mental health, women’s health, and psychology. As a nurse, she has seen firsthand the effect mental illness can have on a person’s health and well-being and is passionate about educating others. She has a Bachelor of Science Degree in Nursing and Communication Studies from the University of Louisville. In Kentucky, she keeps a health and wellness blog and is active on social media. \u0026quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{\u0026quot;2\u0026quot;:769,\u0026quot;3\u0026quot;:{\u0026quot;1\u0026quot;:0},\u0026quot;11\u0026quot;:4,\u0026quot;12\u0026quot;:0}\"\u003eStephanie Wright is a registered nurse and freelance medical writer. She writes articles about mental health, women’s health, and psychology. As a nurse, she has seen firsthand the effect mental illness can have on a person’s health and well-being and is passionate about educating others. She has a Bachelor of Science Degree in Nursing and Communication Studies from the University of Louisville. In Kentucky, she keeps a health and wellness blog and is active on social media. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/10/Stephanie-Wight-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["Trauma-Informed Mindfulness: A Guide"],"text":["Mindfulness can be difficult — or even harmful — for people with a history of trauma. That's where trauma-focused mindfulness comes in."],"link":"/health/trauma-informed-mindfulness","imageAlt":"Trauma-Informed Mindfulness: A Guide","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/11/213473-Trauma-Informed-Mindfulness-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":5480,"name":{"display":"Andrea Rice","first":"Andrea","last":"Rice"},"userLogin":"arice","links":{"website":"https://drea.blog/","facebook":"","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/andrea-rice-writes/","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/andrea-rice","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\"\u003eAndrea Rice is a health and wellness journalist and an editor on Healthline Media’s Global News team. She previously worked at Psych Central, Verywell, Yoga Journal, mindbodygreen, and The New York Times. She is also a yoga and mindfulness teacher and the co-author of “\u003ca class=\"PrimaryLink BaseLink\" href=\"https://www.newharbinger.com/9781684034376/the-yoga-almanac/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eThe Yoga Almanac\u003c/a\u003e.” Connect with her on \u003ca class=\"PrimaryLink BaseLink\" href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/andrea-rice-writes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eLinkedIn\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca class=\"PrimaryLink BaseLink\" href=\"mailto:arice@healthline.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eemail\u003c/a\u003e her with story tips and pitches, and find her at her \u003ca class=\"PrimaryLink BaseLink\" href=\"https://drea.blog/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003ewebsite\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/11/Andrea-Rice-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["What Is Post-Traumatic Growth?"],"text":["Though it might not feel like it at the time, trauma may lead to new growth in your relationships, beliefs, or worldviews."],"link":"/health/post-traumatic-growth","imageAlt":"What Is Post-Traumatic Growth?","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/11/smiling-mature-man-looking-up-sky-outdoors-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg","medicallyReviewedBy":{"reviewerName":"N. Simay Gökbayrak, PhD","reviewerImage":{"path":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Simay-Gökbayrak-500x500-Bio.png","width":200,"height":200,"altText":""}},"isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":373,"name":{"display":"Hilary I. Lebow","first":"Hilary","last":"Lebow"},"userLogin":"hlebow","links":{"website":"https://www.hilarylebow.com/","facebook":"","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/hilary-lebow","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/hilary-lebow","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003eHilary I. Lebow is a journalist from California who covers health and wellness content. To support her work, she has fitness and nutrition certifications through the Yoga Alliance and the National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM). Read more of her work \u003ca href=\"https://www.hilarylebow.com/\"\u003ehere\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/Hilary-Lebow-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["What Is Relational Trauma? An Overview"],"text":["Relational trauma happens in the context of a relationship, such as abuse or neglect, usually in childhood. It can be a difficult path, but healing is…"],"link":"/ptsd/what-is-relational-trauma","imageAlt":"What Is Relational Trauma? An Overview","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/11/mother-hugging-son-family-outdoors-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":212,"name":{"display":"Sian Ferguson","first":"Sian","last":"Ferguson"},"userLogin":"sianfergs","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/sian-ferguson","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"156019","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003eSian Ferguson is a freelance health and cannabis writer based in Cape Town, South Africa. She\u0026#8217;s passionate about empowering readers to take care of their mental and physical health through science-based, empathetically delivered information.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/07/500x500_Sian_Ferguson_Mug.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["How Childhood Trauma May Affect Adult Relationships"],"text":["Childhood experiences may lay the groundwork for how we experience adult relationships and how we bond with people. Here's how trauma may impact you…"],"link":"/blog/how-childhood-trauma-affects-adult-relationships","imageAlt":"How Childhood Trauma May Affect Adult Relationships","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/04/mother-working-laptop-daughter-father-kitchen-sink-732x549-thumbnail.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":373,"name":{"display":"Hilary I. Lebow","first":"Hilary","last":"Lebow"},"userLogin":"hlebow","links":{"website":"https://www.hilarylebow.com/","facebook":"","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/hilary-lebow","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/hilary-lebow","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003eHilary I. Lebow is a journalist from California who covers health and wellness content. To support her work, she has fitness and nutrition certifications through the Yoga Alliance and the National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM). Read more of her work \u003ca href=\"https://www.hilarylebow.com/\"\u003ehere\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/Hilary-Lebow-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["How Do You Know If a Child Is Traumatized?"],"text":["Noticing the signs of trauma in children can help therapists work out the best ways to help."],"link":"/ptsd/signs-of-trauma-in-children","imageAlt":"How Do You Know If a Child Is Traumatized?","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/11/mother-hugging-son-at-home-indoors-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":5709,"name":{"display":"Mellisa Gooden, LMFT, LMHC, CCTP, CCATP for DRK Beauty Healing","first":"Mellisa","last":"Gooden, LMFT, LMHC, CCTP, CCATP for DRK Beauty Healing"},"userLogin":"mgooden","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":""},"avatar":{"title":"","src":""}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["4 Somatic Therapy Exercises for Healing from Trauma"],"text":["Somatic experiencing may help you treat trauma-related symptoms. Although working with a therapist is recommended, you could also practice these 4…"],"link":"/lib/somatic-therapy-exercises-for-trauma","imageAlt":"4 Somatic Therapy Exercises for Healing from Trauma","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/woman-hugging-herself-outdoors-park-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg","medicallyReviewedBy":{"reviewerName":"N. Simay Gökbayrak, PhD","reviewerImage":{"path":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Simay-Gökbayrak-500x500-Bio.png","width":200,"height":200,"altText":""}},"isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":5407,"name":{"display":"Susan Aybar","first":"Susie","last":"Aybar"},"userLogin":"saybar","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/susan-aybar","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003eSusie Aybar is a New York-based writer. Her background includes a BA in psychology, a BS in nursing, and an MFA in creative writing. In addition to writing freelance health articles, she\u0026#8217;s a published poet and has been a facilitator of writing groups for people living with cancer and their family members. She\u0026#8217;s passionate about expressive writing and its power to help people with mental or physical health challenges.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/08/500x500_Susan_Aybar_Mug.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"}]},"pathname":"/infinite","query":{"isControl":false,"url":"/health/what-is-trauma","experimentalRPM":"control","adBlockerDetection":true,"adbridgFlag":false,"jwPlayerFix":true,"oneTrustCPRA":true},"publicPath":"https://assets.psychcentral.com/_next/","appState":{"title":"What Is Trauma? Effects, Causes, Types, and How to Heal","canonical":"https://psychcentral.com/health/what-is-trauma","hrlContentId":"psy-211569","isArticle":true,"isContentSeries":false,"canonicalPath":"/health/what-is-trauma","pageTemplate":"Tabbed Article","logMoreMetrics":true,"adsSponsored":false,"isCPUV":false,"newsletter":{"tags":"","categories":"uncategorized"},"isSponsoredArticle":false,"targeting":{"k1":"othermentalhealth","k2":"mentalhealth","k3":"health","kmeta":"","msiteactive":"false","url":"/health/what-is-trauma","articleId":"psy-211569"},"categories":[{"name":"Uncategorized","slug":"uncategorized","link":"/uncategorized","children":[]}],"subcategories":[],"sponsoredNavMenu":false,"author":"Gina Ryder","editor":"Jamie Smith","contentForm":"Head Term","type":"healthfeature","vertical":"Mental Health","trackingTerms":[],"isPremiumVideo":false,"isStandaloneVideo":false,"isStandaloneRecipe":false,"isNewsArticle":false,"hasEmbeddedJWPlayer":false,"pageHasDasPreroll":false,"byline":{"authors":[{"id":5665,"name":{"display":"Gina Ryder","first":"Gina","last":"Ryder"},"link":"/authors/gina-ryder","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eGina Ryder is a journalist and educator based in New York City. Some of the topics she covers include trauma, substance use, mental health, and what it means to heal. Her writing has appeared in The Guardian, Reader’s Digest, Glamour, and many other outlets. Gina has facilitated storytelling programs in healthcare settings, centers for recovery, and homeless shelters. She’s taught several university writing courses including medical humanities through CUNY. She’s a former editor with HuffPost where she worked with hundreds of contributors to tell personal stories that connected with thousands of readers. Read more at her \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://www.reginaryder.com/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ewebsite \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eor connect with Gina on \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/iamginaryder\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eTwitter\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":200,"height":200,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/11/Gina-Ryder-500x500-Bio-e1644350697661.png"}}],"medicalReviewers":[{"id":128,"name":{"display":"Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT","first":"Debra Rose","last":"Wilson, PhD, MSN, RN, IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT"},"userLogin":"debrarosewilson","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/dr-debra-rose-wilson-599a7a26/","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/reviewers/debra-rose-wilson-phd-msn-rn-ibclc-ahn-bc-cht","type":{"value":"medical_reviewer","label":"Medical Advisor"},"nid":"122515","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThis individual is no longer a medical reviewer in our network. The credentials and contact information reflected here may not be current.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eDr. Debra Rose Wilson is a professor, researcher, and holistic healthcare practitioner. She teaches graduate-level psychology and nursing courses. Dr. Wilson has over 200 publications in her areas of expertise, which include complementary and alternative therapies, autoimmune disease, stress and coping, and obstetrics and breastfeeding.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eLakehead University, Hon BSN, BA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eTennessee State University School of Nursing, MSN\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eWalden University, PhD\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCertifications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eRegistered Nurse\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAdvanced Holistic Nurse Board Certified\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eInternational Board Certified Lactation Consultant\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eClinical Hypnotherapist\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eReiki Master\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eTherapeutic Touch Therapist\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProfessional Accomplishments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e2017-2018 American Holistic Nurse of the Year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEditor of a peer-reviewed journal for 9 years\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e2015 March of Dimes Nurse of the Year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAffiliations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.waldenu.edu/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eWalden University\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.apsu.edu/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAustin Peay State University\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Debra-Rose-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"id":"psy-211569","updateReason":[],"editor":"Jamie Smith","factCheckedBy":"","factCheckers":[],"articleHistory":{"2022-01-04":{"updateReason":[],"authors":"Gina Ryder","editor":"Jamie Smith","copyEditor":"Douglas Backstrom","medicallyReviewedBy":"Debra Rose Wilson, PhD, MSN, RN, IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT"}},"articleDates":{"factChecked":{"date":null,"display":""},"medicallyReviewed":{"date":1641338280,"display":"January 4, 2022"},"published":{"date":1641338280,"display":"January 4, 2022"},"lastUpdates":{"date":1641338280,"display":"January 4, 2022"},"modified":{"date":1656367245,"display":"June 27, 2022"}},"type":"healthfeature","language":"en"},"cesData":{"metaDescription":"Trauma is a response to an intensely stressful event(s). While the after-effects can be difficult to manage, healing is possible.","title":"What Is Trauma? Effects, Causes, Types, and How to Heal","iab_tag_tier_1":[],"iab_tag_tier_2":[],"mpdTags":[{"confidence":0.9639653833027798,"type":"topic_level_1","value":"health"},{"confidence":0.9090788199438189,"type":"topic_level_2","value":"neurology"},{"confidence":0.47139008246890785,"type":"topic_level_3","value":"neurological_disorders"},{"confidence":0.5943435810714954,"type":"topic_level_4","value":"ptsd"},{"confidence":0.42999530540067876,"type":"entity","value":"trauma"}]},"relatedStories":false,"wellness":false,"infiniteScroll":true,"infScrollArticles":[{"title":["Can You Recover from Trauma? 5 Therapy Options"],"text":["Trauma-informed therapy can help you reduce the emotional and mental effects of trauma. Here are the best options for trauma-focused treatments."],"link":"/health/trauma-therapy","imageAlt":"Can You Recover from Trauma? 5 Therapy Options","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/05/young-man-talking-to-therapist-in-orange-sweater-732x549-thumbnail.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":373,"name":{"display":"Hilary I. Lebow","first":"Hilary","last":"Lebow"},"userLogin":"hlebow","links":{"website":"https://www.hilarylebow.com/","facebook":"","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/hilary-lebow","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/hilary-lebow","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003eHilary I. Lebow is a journalist from California who covers health and wellness content. To support her work, she has fitness and nutrition certifications through the Yoga Alliance and the National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM). Read more of her work \u003ca href=\"https://www.hilarylebow.com/\"\u003ehere\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/Hilary-Lebow-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["The Science Behind PTSD Symptoms: How Trauma Changes the Brain"],"text":["Trauma (PTSD) can have a deep effect on the body, rewiring the nervous system — but the brain remains flexible, and healing is possible."],"link":"/ptsd/the-science-behind-ptsd-symptoms-how-trauma-changes-the-brain","imageAlt":"The Science Behind PTSD Symptoms: How Trauma Changes the Brain","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/brain-science-ptsd-collage-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg","medicallyReviewedBy":{"reviewerName":"Kendra Kubala, PsyD","reviewerImage":{"path":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Kendra-Kubala-500x500-Bio.png","width":200,"height":200,"altText":""}},"isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":373,"name":{"display":"Hilary I. Lebow","first":"Hilary","last":"Lebow"},"userLogin":"hlebow","links":{"website":"https://www.hilarylebow.com/","facebook":"","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/hilary-lebow","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/hilary-lebow","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003eHilary I. Lebow is a journalist from California who covers health and wellness content. To support her work, she has fitness and nutrition certifications through the Yoga Alliance and the National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM). Read more of her work \u003ca href=\"https://www.hilarylebow.com/\"\u003ehere\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/Hilary-Lebow-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["What Are the Best Types of Therapy for Trauma?"],"text":["Many types of therapy can support mind and body healing after trauma. We look at some of the most effective techniques."],"link":"/health/best-types-of-therapy-for-trauma","imageAlt":"What Are the Best Types of Therapy for Trauma?","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/man-wearing-glasses-sitting-notebook-cafe-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg","medicallyReviewedBy":{"reviewerName":"Kendra Kubala, PsyD","reviewerImage":{"path":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Kendra-Kubala-500x500-Bio.png","width":200,"height":200,"altText":""}},"isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":371,"name":{"display":"Simone Marie","first":"Simone","last":"Marie"},"userLogin":"simonemscully","links":{"website":"http://simonescully.com","facebook":"https://www.facebook.com/simonemscully/","linkedin":"","twitter":"ScullySimone","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/simone-scully","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003eSimone Marie is a journalist who writes about health, science, and parenting. Outside of work, she\u0026#8217;s usually camping or hiking in a national park with her husband, toddler, and rescue beagle. Check out her \u003ca href=\"http://www.simonescully.com/\"\u003ewebsite\u003c/a\u003e for more.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":498,"height":498,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/09/Simone-Scully-500x500-circle.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["How to Identify and Overcome Trauma Triggers"],"text":["Triggers can transport you back in time to a traumatic event — but there are ways to manage them. "],"link":"/health/trauma-triggers","imageAlt":"How to Identify and Overcome Trauma Triggers","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/11/211568-How-to-Identify-and-Overcome-Trauma-Triggers-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg","medicallyReviewedBy":{"reviewerName":"Matthew Boland, PhD","reviewerImage":{"path":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/New-Matthew-Boland-500x500-Bio.png","width":200,"height":200,"altText":""}},"isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":5625,"name":{"display":"Stephanie A. Wright, RN, BSN","first":"Stephanie A.","last":"Wright, RN, BSN"},"userLogin":"sawright","links":{"website":"https://bluegrassnurse.wordpress.com","facebook":"","linkedin":"linkedin.com/in/stephanieawrightrn","twitter":"","instagram":"bluegrassnurse","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/stephanie-a-wright","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-sheets-value=\"{\u0026quot;1\u0026quot;:2,\u0026quot;2\u0026quot;:\u0026quot;Stephanie Wright is a registered nurse and freelance medical writer. She writes articles about mental health, women’s health, and psychology. As a nurse, she has seen firsthand the effect mental illness can have on a person’s health and well-being and is passionate about educating others. She has a Bachelor of Science Degree in Nursing and Communication Studies from the University of Louisville. In Kentucky, she keeps a health and wellness blog and is active on social media. \u0026quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{\u0026quot;2\u0026quot;:769,\u0026quot;3\u0026quot;:{\u0026quot;1\u0026quot;:0},\u0026quot;11\u0026quot;:4,\u0026quot;12\u0026quot;:0}\"\u003eStephanie Wright is a registered nurse and freelance medical writer. She writes articles about mental health, women’s health, and psychology. As a nurse, she has seen firsthand the effect mental illness can have on a person’s health and well-being and is passionate about educating others. She has a Bachelor of Science Degree in Nursing and Communication Studies from the University of Louisville. In Kentucky, she keeps a health and wellness blog and is active on social media. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/10/Stephanie-Wight-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["Trauma-Informed Mindfulness: A Guide"],"text":["Mindfulness can be difficult — or even harmful — for people with a history of trauma. That's where trauma-focused mindfulness comes in."],"link":"/health/trauma-informed-mindfulness","imageAlt":"Trauma-Informed Mindfulness: A Guide","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/11/213473-Trauma-Informed-Mindfulness-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":5480,"name":{"display":"Andrea Rice","first":"Andrea","last":"Rice"},"userLogin":"arice","links":{"website":"https://drea.blog/","facebook":"","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/andrea-rice-writes/","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/andrea-rice","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\"\u003eAndrea Rice is a health and wellness journalist and an editor on Healthline Media’s Global News team. She previously worked at Psych Central, Verywell, Yoga Journal, mindbodygreen, and The New York Times. She is also a yoga and mindfulness teacher and the co-author of “\u003ca class=\"PrimaryLink BaseLink\" href=\"https://www.newharbinger.com/9781684034376/the-yoga-almanac/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eThe Yoga Almanac\u003c/a\u003e.” Connect with her on \u003ca class=\"PrimaryLink BaseLink\" href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/andrea-rice-writes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eLinkedIn\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca class=\"PrimaryLink BaseLink\" href=\"mailto:arice@healthline.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eemail\u003c/a\u003e her with story tips and pitches, and find her at her \u003ca class=\"PrimaryLink BaseLink\" href=\"https://drea.blog/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003ewebsite\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/11/Andrea-Rice-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["What Is Post-Traumatic Growth?"],"text":["Though it might not feel like it at the time, trauma may lead to new growth in your relationships, beliefs, or worldviews."],"link":"/health/post-traumatic-growth","imageAlt":"What Is Post-Traumatic Growth?","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/11/smiling-mature-man-looking-up-sky-outdoors-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg","medicallyReviewedBy":{"reviewerName":"N. Simay Gökbayrak, PhD","reviewerImage":{"path":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Simay-Gökbayrak-500x500-Bio.png","width":200,"height":200,"altText":""}},"isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":373,"name":{"display":"Hilary I. Lebow","first":"Hilary","last":"Lebow"},"userLogin":"hlebow","links":{"website":"https://www.hilarylebow.com/","facebook":"","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/hilary-lebow","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/hilary-lebow","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003eHilary I. Lebow is a journalist from California who covers health and wellness content. To support her work, she has fitness and nutrition certifications through the Yoga Alliance and the National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM). Read more of her work \u003ca href=\"https://www.hilarylebow.com/\"\u003ehere\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/Hilary-Lebow-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["What Is Relational Trauma? An Overview"],"text":["Relational trauma happens in the context of a relationship, such as abuse or neglect, usually in childhood. It can be a difficult path, but healing is…"],"link":"/ptsd/what-is-relational-trauma","imageAlt":"What Is Relational Trauma? An Overview","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/11/mother-hugging-son-family-outdoors-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":212,"name":{"display":"Sian Ferguson","first":"Sian","last":"Ferguson"},"userLogin":"sianfergs","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/sian-ferguson","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"156019","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003eSian Ferguson is a freelance health and cannabis writer based in Cape Town, South Africa. She\u0026#8217;s passionate about empowering readers to take care of their mental and physical health through science-based, empathetically delivered information.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/07/500x500_Sian_Ferguson_Mug.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["How Childhood Trauma May Affect Adult Relationships"],"text":["Childhood experiences may lay the groundwork for how we experience adult relationships and how we bond with people. Here's how trauma may impact you…"],"link":"/blog/how-childhood-trauma-affects-adult-relationships","imageAlt":"How Childhood Trauma May Affect Adult Relationships","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/04/mother-working-laptop-daughter-father-kitchen-sink-732x549-thumbnail.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":373,"name":{"display":"Hilary I. Lebow","first":"Hilary","last":"Lebow"},"userLogin":"hlebow","links":{"website":"https://www.hilarylebow.com/","facebook":"","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/hilary-lebow","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/hilary-lebow","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003eHilary I. Lebow is a journalist from California who covers health and wellness content. To support her work, she has fitness and nutrition certifications through the Yoga Alliance and the National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM). Read more of her work \u003ca href=\"https://www.hilarylebow.com/\"\u003ehere\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/Hilary-Lebow-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["How Do You Know If a Child Is Traumatized?"],"text":["Noticing the signs of trauma in children can help therapists work out the best ways to help."],"link":"/ptsd/signs-of-trauma-in-children","imageAlt":"How Do You Know If a Child Is Traumatized?","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/11/mother-hugging-son-at-home-indoors-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":5709,"name":{"display":"Mellisa Gooden, LMFT, LMHC, CCTP, CCATP for DRK Beauty Healing","first":"Mellisa","last":"Gooden, LMFT, LMHC, CCTP, CCATP for DRK Beauty Healing"},"userLogin":"mgooden","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":""},"avatar":{"title":"","src":""}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["4 Somatic Therapy Exercises for Healing from Trauma"],"text":["Somatic experiencing may help you treat trauma-related symptoms. Although working with a therapist is recommended, you could also practice these 4…"],"link":"/lib/somatic-therapy-exercises-for-trauma","imageAlt":"4 Somatic Therapy Exercises for Healing from Trauma","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/woman-hugging-herself-outdoors-park-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg","medicallyReviewedBy":{"reviewerName":"N. Simay Gökbayrak, PhD","reviewerImage":{"path":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Simay-Gökbayrak-500x500-Bio.png","width":200,"height":200,"altText":""}},"isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":5407,"name":{"display":"Susan Aybar","first":"Susie","last":"Aybar"},"userLogin":"saybar","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/susan-aybar","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003eSusie Aybar is a New York-based writer. Her background includes a BA in psychology, a BS in nursing, and an MFA in creative writing. In addition to writing freelance health articles, she\u0026#8217;s a published poet and has been a facilitator of writing groups for people living with cancer and their family members. She\u0026#8217;s passionate about expressive writing and its power to help people with mental or physical health challenges.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/08/500x500_Susan_Aybar_Mug.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"}],"hidePlacements":[],"userPreloadDrivers":{"headerNewsletter":{"_driverPath":"/health/what-is-trauma","_contentIndex":"page","driverId":"063e7843-a84d-45c1-b6c1-4fa93ce800d2","siteId":"cd8947b1-cecc-4ef9-8192-9c49190be1fd","site":"psy","status":"on","deleted":false,"overridePredictiveRPM":false,"created":"2022-12-19T15:56:21.000Z","updated":"2024-11-11T21:40:36.000Z","createdBy":"liallison@redventures.com","updatedBy":"mrobinson@rvohealth.com","isTest":false,"overridePredictiveRPMType":"none","rewardType":"","modelType":"","customModel":false,"holdout":"","sdapiTestName":"","imageMobile":"https://images-prod.healthline.com/hlcmsresource/images/newsletter/Psych_Central-Newsletter-800x400-Mobile.jpg","color":"#FFC50D","driverTypeId":"1ed6a315-4241-4254-92ae-17d0570ee038","sailthruAccount":"psy","source":"header_overlay","titleOverride":"Get our weekly newsletter","id":"57c2781b-fa20-43ee-99ca-99ecf09cb04e","trackingNumber":39689,"adTagIds":["5bfa54a0-cb61-11ea-841d-230b5918b98d"],"articlePlacement":"headerNewsletter","image":"https://images-prod.healthline.com/hlcmsresource/images/newsletter/Psych_Central-Newsletter-700x1076-Desktop.jpg","secondarySubscriptionSubhead":"Other newsletters you won’t want to miss:","secondaryNewsletters":[],"descriptionModal":"Evidence-based guidance, up-to-date resources, and first-hand accounts to help you in your mental health journey.","driverType":"headerNewsletter","verticalId":"9a936b90-9c88-11eb-b675-07de6d70d3cf","verticalName":"Newsletter","lists":["PC Weekly"],"newsletterMeta":true,"name":"lifecycle_header_psy_newsletter","imageDesktop":"https://images-prod.healthline.com/hlcmsresource/images/newsletter/Psych_Central-Newsletter-700x1076-Desktop.jpg","driverPlacementId":"d5b8e667-55c1-4a6d-b05d-728a1733109b","campaignName":"lifecycle_header_psy_newsletter_39689","productId":"lifecycle_header_psy_newsletter_39689","_uuid":"mc7b4f14c-68f6-4763-9e87-2b3882b19dabmpd_headerNewsletter_063e7843-a84d-45c1-b6c1-4fa93ce800d2","cpm":1.0314186581512332e+308}},"travelerDisabledReasons":["Ineligible site (psy)","User is located outside the US (SG)","Traveler A/B test is disabled for the user (value=\"undefined\")"]},"siteNav":{"header":{"branding":{"logo":"","enabled":false,"icon":"","title":"test"},"links":[{"title":"Conditions","columns":[{"title":"Featured","columns":1,"columnButton":{"link":"/conditions","text":"All"},"links":[{"title":"Addictions","url":"/addictions"},{"title":"Anxiety Disorder","url":"/anxiety"},{"title":"ADHD","url":"/adhd"},{"title":"Bipolar Disorder","url":"/bipolar"},{"title":"Depression","url":"/depression"},{"title":"PTSD","url":"/ptsd"},{"title":"Schizophrenia","url":"/schizophrenia"}]},{"title":"Articles","columns":3,"columnButton":{"link":"/disorders/disorders","text":"All"},"links":[{"title":"Adjustment Disorder","url":"/disorders/adjustment-disorder-symptoms"},{"title":"Agoraphobia","url":"/anxiety/agoraphobia-symptoms"},{"title":"Antisocial Personality Disorder","url":"/disorders/antisocial-personality-disorder"},{"title":"Borderline Personality Disorder","url":"/disorders/borderline-personality-disorder"},{"title":"Childhood ADHD","url":"/childhood-adhd/childhood-adhd"},{"title":"Dissociative Identity Disorder","url":"/disorders/dissociative-identity-disorder"},{"title":"Narcissistic Personality Disorder","url":"/disorders/narcissistic-personality-disorder"},{"title":"Narcolepsy","url":"/disorders/narcolepsy-symptoms"},{"title":"Oppositional Defiant Disorder","url":"/disorders/oppositional-defiant-disorder-symptoms"},{"title":"Panic Attack","url":"/anxiety/panic-attack-symptoms"},{"title":"Postpartum Depression","url":"/depression/postpartum-depression"},{"title":"Schizoaffective Disorder","url":"/disorders/schizoaffective-disorder-symptoms"},{"title":"Seasonal Affective Disorder","url":"/depression/seasonal-affective-disorder"},{"title":"Sex Addiction","url":"/lib/what-is-sexual-addiction"},{"title":"Social Anxiety","url":"/anxiety/social-anxiety-disorder-symptoms"},{"title":"Specific Phobias","url":"/anxiety/specific-phobia-symptoms"},{"title":"Teenage Depression","url":"/lib/teenage-depression"},{"title":"Trauma","url":"/health/what-is-trauma"}]}]},{"title":"Discover","columns":[{"title":"Wellness Topics","columns":1,"links":[{"title":"Black Mental Health","url":"/program/black-mental-health"},{"title":"Grief","url":"/health/refuge-in-grief"},{"title":"Emotional Health","url":"/program/emotional-health"},{"title":"Sex \u0026 Relationships","url":"/relationships"},{"title":"Trauma","url":"/program/trauma"},{"title":"Understanding Therapy","url":"/program/understanding-therapy"},{"title":"Workplace Mental Health","url":"/program/mental-health-at-work"}]},{"title":"Original Series","columns":1,"links":[{"title":"My Life with OCD","url":"/content-series/my-life-with-ocd"},{"title":"Caregivers Chronicles","url":"/content-series/caregivers-chronicles"},{"title":"Empathy at Work","url":"/content-series/empathy-at-work"},{"title":"Sex, Love \u0026 All of the Above","url":"/content-series/sex-love-and-all-of-the-above"},{"title":"Parent Central","url":"/content-series/parent-central"},{"title":"Mindful Moment","url":"/health/mindful-moment-awakening-power-of-hope"}]},{"title":"News \u0026 Events","columns":1,"links":[{"title":"Mental Health News","url":"/news"},{"title":"COVID-19","url":"/coronavirus/coronavirus-overview"},{"title":"Live Town Hall: Mental Health in Focus","url":"https://www.healthline.com/health/healthline-live-town-hall-mental-health-in-focus"}]},{"title":"Podcasts","columns":1,"links":[{"title":"Inside Mental Health","url":"/blog/show"},{"title":"Inside Schizophrenia","url":"/blog/is"},{"title":"Inside Bipolar","url":"/blog/ibp"}]}]},{"title":"Quizzes","columns":[{"title":"Conditions","columns":2,"links":[{"title":"ADHD Symptoms Quiz","url":"/quizzes/adhd-quiz"},{"title":"Anxiety Symptoms Quiz","url":"/quizzes/anxiety-quiz"},{"title":"Autism Quiz: Family \u0026 Friends","url":"/quizzes/autism-quiz"},{"title":"Autism Symptoms Quiz","url":"/quizzes/autism-test"},{"title":"Bipolar Disorder Quiz","url":"/quizzes/bipolar-quiz"},{"title":"Borderline Personality Test","url":"/quizzes/borderline-test"},{"title":"Childhood ADHD Quiz","url":"/quizzes/child-adhd-quiz"},{"title":"Depression Symptoms Quiz","url":"/quizzes/depression-quiz"},{"title":"Eating Disorder Quiz","url":"/quizzes/eating-disorders-quiz"},{"title":"Narcissim Symptoms Test","url":"/quizzes/narcissistic-personality-quiz"},{"title":"OCD Symptoms Quiz","url":"/quizzes/ocd-quiz"},{"title":"Psychopathy Test","url":"/quizzes/psychopathy-quiz"},{"title":"PTSD Symptoms Quiz","url":"/quizzes/ptsd-quiz"},{"title":"Schizophrenia Quiz","url":"/quizzes/schizophrenia-test"}]},{"title":"Lifestyle","columns":2,"columnButton":{"link":"/program/quizzes","text":"All"},"links":[{"title":"Attachment Style Quiz","url":"/quizzes/attachment-style-quiz"},{"title":"Career Test","url":"/quizzes/career-test"},{"title":"Do I Need Therapy Quiz?","url":"/quizzes/therapy-quiz"},{"title":"Domestic Violence Screening Quiz","url":"/quizzes/domestic-violence-quiz"},{"title":"Emotional Type Quiz","url":"/quizzes/emotional-type-quiz"},{"title":"Loneliness Quiz","url":"/quizzes/loneliness-quiz"},{"title":"Parenting Style Quiz","url":"/quizzes/parenting-style-quiz"},{"title":"Personality Test","url":"/quizzes/personality-quiz"},{"title":"Relationship Quiz","url":"/quizzes/love-quiz"},{"title":"Stress Test","url":"/quizzes/stress-test"},{"title":"What's Your Sleep Like?","url":"/quizzes/sleep-quiz"}]}]},{"title":"Resources","columns":[{"title":"Treatment \u0026 Support","columns":1,"links":[{"title":"Find Support","url":"/program/how-to-find-mental-health-support"},{"title":"Suicide Prevention","url":"/lib/suicide-prevention-hotline-number"},{"title":"Drugs \u0026 Medications","url":"/drugs/drugs"},{"title":"Find a Therapist","url":"https://care.healthline.com/find-care/specialty/mental-health-professional?\u0026utm_source=pc\u0026utm_medium=editorial\u0026utm_campaign=mentalwellbeing\u0026utm_content=textwidget\u0026utm_term=homepage-resources\u0026redirected=true"}]}]}]},"footer":{"links":[{"title":"About Us","url":"/about"},{"title":"Contact Us","url":"/about/contact-us"},{"title":"Terms of Use","url":"/about/terms"},{"title":"Privacy policy","url":"/about/privacy"},{"sponsored":false,"title":"Privacy Settings","url":"/privacy-settings"},{"title":"Advertising Policy","url":"/about/advertising-policy"},{"title":"Medical Affairs","url":"/about/medical-team"},{"title":"Content Integrity","url":"/about/content-integrity"},{"title":"Newsletter","url":"/newsletter"},{"title":"Find a Therapist","url":"/find-help"},{"title":"Your Privacy Choices","url":"https://privacyportal.onetrust.com/webform/b45407c6-ee79-4a08-912e-02ce898f9a14/8f420b32-53af-4399-935d-32eb9b61201e","location":"US","appendAnonymousId":true,"privacyOptOutLink":true}]}},"stylesheetIds":["0","b7n1on","114pms8","x9mcui","nh5wz1","fpijwa","ona0wc","17pxzig","hh42uh","3jro8","w2pt6r","150s69f","1uhtj6l","a10gts","17ztj4b","t753mo","yn6ido","d2znx6","12weawj","f0t0lw","1l95nvm","zya54r","fdjy12","19nuao0","m260rd","tqpz90","1w3ble7","cs3emt","x4xfyn","18a1afd","eafq96","14x00sv","10aca47","gv8cz7","1g6cesj","1ggbbxe","17orj9b","yc5e1l","1wyiq3l","yer60s","ajcamw","pfbi5","1dhgcr8","2dofw9","ifmqwy","1wm8u43","1hjaa0k","1jpwf16","1j2d96m","11egx89","pdceuf","1ik4tkj","bcus5s","1fteite","1h1rean","blwnmv","z468a2","eoj89x","20w1gi","1t05dkn","1sq15os","1ytasfq","w9ag5x","16qwkyr","f2a5qb","82r5pg","nsibzi","1bvbwhk","488q2e","1d8h8gm","sw6lgt","1r7frvz","lm0pdr","rwmw5v","1lyqwde","1767n2d","1fb1nmp","11ivwxm","ymf4ha","1pz7193","xc63cd","onvglr","2dy712","prb4v6","vhteyv","1q67gt9","7u7i0a","1wkzy2","1xn3edc","1p6d3md","1vedeqe","ubcbi5","14sy2z4","79elbk","i9gxme","irobah","1dppxl0","1b2ri56","uktbta","1xceiwh","10ohy14","lb03wr","3gcukm","3ivp9j","e8ew9s","16bllps","1xx5q6","1us2gxx","11upubx","jaxuik","d2oo9m","s2uf1z","nuhk0d","huujs8","1vtxghn","re8ewz"]}</script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://assets.psychcentral.com/_next/vendor-538cd-legacy.js" crossorigin="anonymous" async=""></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://assets.psychcentral.com/_next/lib-87568-legacy.js" crossorigin="anonymous" async=""></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://assets.psychcentral.com/_next/felib-core-db794-legacy.js" crossorigin="anonymous" async=""></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://assets.psychcentral.com/_next/b53c0674-add8-4b34-b87e-4ab4c5c6478c/psy/pages/infinite.js-legacy.js" crossorigin="anonymous" async=""></script><script src="https://js.sentry-cdn.com/8bc674d734914b3f8179f84e9edb0faa.min.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><script> window.Sentry && Sentry.onLoad(function() { const o = {"dsn":"https://8bc674d734914b3f8179f84e9edb0faa@o62581.ingest.sentry.io/248102","sampleRate":0.1,"release":"12053616045","environment":"prod"}; o.allowUrls = [/https:\/\/assets.psychcentral.com\//]; o.ignoreErrors = [/Error compiling fragment shader/i,/Float textures are not supported/i,/Can't execute code from a freed script/i,/enough storage/i,/out of memory/i,/PP\(/i,/Synchronous XHR in page dismissal./i,/Failed to load.*ingest.make.rvapps.io\/v2\/t/i,/Failed to load.*ingest.make.rvohealth.com\/v2\/t/i,/The operation was aborted/i,/Blocked a restricted frame with origin/i,/cancelled/i,/cancelado/i]; if (window.beforeSend) o.beforeSend = beforeSend; Sentry.init(o); Sentry.configureScope(function (scope) { scope.setTag('environment', 'prod') }); if (window.initSentry) initSentry(); }); </script><div> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Psych Central","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://images-prod.healthline.com/hlcmsresource/images/frontend-static/psychcentral-logo@2x.png"}},"@type":"MedicalWebPage","headline":"What Is Trauma?","description":"Trauma is a response to an intensely stressful event(s). While the after-effects can be difficult to manage, healing is possible.","keywords":"what is trauma","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Gina Ryder"},"lastReviewed":"2022-01-04T23:18:00Z","url":"https://psychcentral.com/health/what-is-trauma","datePublished":"2022-01-04T23:18:00Z","dateModified":"2022-01-04T23:18:00Z","articleSection":"Uncategorized","correction":{"@type":"CorrectionComment","text":"","datePublished":"2022-01-04"},"reviewedBy":"Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT","thumbnail":["https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/01/what-is-trauma-blue-sky-thoughtful-alone-clouds-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg"]}</script></div><noscript><img alt="" src="http://b.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=38584006&cv=3.9&cj=1&comscorekw=main"/></noscript><span>  </span><div id="menu-host"></div></body></html>