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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Doctrine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>International response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_American_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_American_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Latin American reaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_American_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Bolívar_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Bolívar_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Post-Bolívar events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Bolívar_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Big_Brother" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Big_Brother"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Big Brother</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Big_Brother-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olney_Corollary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olney_Corollary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Olney Corollary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olney_Corollary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roosevelt_Corollary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roosevelt_Corollary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Roosevelt Corollary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roosevelt_Corollary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lodge_Corollary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lodge_Corollary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Lodge Corollary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lodge_Corollary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clark_Memorandum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clark_Memorandum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Clark Memorandum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clark_Memorandum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_American_reinterpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_American_reinterpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Latin American reinterpretation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_American_reinterpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Cold War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st-century_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st-century_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>21st-century approaches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st-century_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kerry_Doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kerry_Doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13.1</span> <span>Kerry Doctrine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kerry_Doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-America_First" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#America_First"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13.2</span> <span>America First</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-America_First-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Monroe Doctrine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroeleer" title="Monroeleer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Monroeleer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A3_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88" title="مبدأ مونرو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مبدأ مونرو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monro_doktrinas%C4%B1" title="Monro doktrinası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Monro doktrinası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="মনরো নীতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মনরো নীতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_Ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Monroe Chú-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Monroe Chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Дактрына Манро – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дактрына Манро" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%E2%80%9E%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%BE%E2%80%9C" title="Доктрина „Монро“ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Доктрина „Монро“" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroeova_doktrina" title="Monroeova doktrina – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Monroeova doktrina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Монрогой доктрина – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Монрогой доктрина" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrina_Monroe" title="Doctrina Monroe – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Doctrina Monroe" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroeova_doktr%C3%ADna" title="Monroeova doktrína – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Monroeova doktrína" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athrawiaeth_Monroe" title="Athrawiaeth Monroe – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Athrawiaeth Monroe" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroedoktrinen" title="Monroedoktrinen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Monroedoktrinen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe-Doktrin" title="Monroe-Doktrin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Monroe-Doktrin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_doktriin" title="Monroe doktriin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Monroe doktriin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B5" title="Δόγμα Μονρόε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δόγμα Μονρόε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrina_Monroe" title="Doctrina Monroe – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Doctrina Monroe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktrino_de_Monroe" title="Doktrino de Monroe – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Doktrino de Monroe" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_doktrina" title="Monroe doktrina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Monroe doktrina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88" title="دکترین مونرو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دکترین مونرو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine_Monroe" title="Doctrine Monroe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Doctrine Monroe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAnghaois_an_Rothaigh" title="Dúnghaois an Rothaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dúnghaois an Rothaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doutrina_Monroe" title="Doutrina Monroe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Doutrina Monroe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%A9%81%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="曼婁主義 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="曼婁主義" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A8%BC%EB%A1%9C%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="먼로주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="먼로주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Մոնրոյի դոկտրին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոնրոյի դոկտրին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4" title="मुनरो सिद्धांत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुनरो सिद्धांत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroeva_doktrina" title="Monroeva doktrina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Monroeva doktrina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktrino_di_Monroe" title="Doktrino di Monroe – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Doktrino di Monroe" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktrin_Monroe" title="Doktrin Monroe – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Doktrin Monroe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrina_de_Monroe" title="Doctrina de Monroe – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Doctrina de Monroe" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dottrina_Monroe" title="Dottrina Monroe – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dottrina Monroe" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%95" title="דוקטרינת מונרו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דוקטרינת מונרו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მონროს დოქტრინა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მონროს დოქტრინა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Монро доктринасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Монро доктринасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Монро доктринасы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Монро доктринасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monro_doktr%C4%ABna" title="Monro doktrīna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Monro doktrīna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monro_doktrina" title="Monro doktrina – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Monro doktrina" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe-elv" title="Monroe-elv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Monroe-elv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktrin_Monroe" title="Doktrin Monroe – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Doktrin Monroe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Монрогийн үзэл баримтлал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Монрогийн үзэл баримтлал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92" title="မွန်ရိုးဝါဒ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မွန်ရိုးဝါဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroedoctrine" title="Monroedoctrine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Monroedoctrine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="モンロー主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モンロー主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroedoktrinen" title="Monroedoktrinen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Monroedoktrinen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroedoktrinen" title="Monroedoktrinen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Monroedoktrinen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktryna_Monroego" title="Doktryna Monroego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Doktryna Monroego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doutrina_Monroe" title="Doutrina Monroe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Doutrina Monroe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrina_Monroe" title="Doctrina Monroe – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Doctrina Monroe" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Доктрина Монро – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Доктрина Монро" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Monroe Doctrine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroeova_doktr%C3%ADna" title="Monroeova doktrína – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Monroeova doktrína" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Монроова доктрина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Монроова доктрина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroeova_doktrina" title="Monroeova doktrina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Monroeova doktrina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroen_oppi" title="Monroen oppi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Monroen oppi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroedoktrinen" title="Monroedoktrinen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Monroedoktrinen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3" title="ลัทธิมอนโร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลัทธิมอนโร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_Doktrini" title="Monroe Doktrini – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Monroe Doktrini" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Доктрина Монро – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Доктрина Монро" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%8Dc_thuy%E1%BA%BFt_Monroe" title="Học thuyết Monroe – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Học thuyết Monroe" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%97%A8%E7%BD%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="门罗主义 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="门罗主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%80%E7%BE%85%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="門羅主義 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="門羅主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%97%A8%E7%BD%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="门罗主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="门罗主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q181026#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">US foreign policy regarding the Western Hemisphere first articulated in 1823</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the "Fort Monroe Doctrine", see <a href="/wiki/Contraband_(American_Civil_War)" title="Contraband (American Civil War)">Contraband (American Civil War)</a>. For the 1896 film, see <a href="/wiki/The_Monroe_Doctrine_(film)" title="The Monroe Doctrine (film)"><i>The Monroe Doctrine</i> (film)</a>. For the album, see <a href="/wiki/Farside_(band)" title="Farside (band)">Farside (band)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.jpg/210px-James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.jpg/315px-James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.jpg/420px-James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2491" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>, 5th President of the United States</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Quincy_Adams.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/John_Quincy_Adams.jpeg/210px-John_Quincy_Adams.jpeg" decoding="async" width="210" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/John_Quincy_Adams.jpeg/315px-John_Quincy_Adams.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/John_Quincy_Adams.jpeg/420px-John_Quincy_Adams.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="606" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>, author of the Monroe Doctrine and 6th President of the United States</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Monroe Doctrine</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">United States foreign policy</a> position that opposes <a href="/wiki/European_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonialism">European colonialism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>. It holds that any intervention in the political affairs of the Americas by foreign powers is a potentially hostile act against the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The doctrine was central to American <a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">grand strategy</a> in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Sexton-2023_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sexton-2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">James Monroe</a> first articulated the doctrine on December 2, 1823, during his seventh annual <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union_Address" class="mw-redirect" title="State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address</a> to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> (though it would not be named after him until 1850).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, nearly all Spanish colonies in the Americas had either achieved or were close to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">independence</a>. Monroe asserted that the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> were to remain distinctly separate <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">spheres of influence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Brit1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus further efforts by European powers to control or influence sovereign states in the region would be viewed as a threat to U.S. security.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Monroe_Doctrine_1823_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Monroe_Doctrine_1823-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, the United States would recognize and not interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal affairs of European countries. </p><p>Because the U.S. lacked both a credible navy and army at the time of the doctrine's proclamation, it was largely disregarded by the colonial powers. While it was successfully enforced in part by the United Kingdom, who used it as an opportunity to enforce its own <i><a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">Pax Britannica</a></i> policy, the doctrine was still broken several times over the course of the 19th century, notably with the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">Second French intervention in Mexico</a>. By the turn of the 20th century, however, the United States itself was able to successfully enforce the doctrine, and it became seen as a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States and one of its longest-standing tenets. The intent and effect of the doctrine persisted for over a century after that, with only small variations, and would be invoked by many American statesmen and several American presidents, including <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>. </p><p>After 1898, the Monroe Doctrine was reinterpreted by lawyers and intellectuals as promoting multilateralism and <a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">non-intervention</a>. In 1933, under President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, the United States affirmed this new interpretation, namely through co-founding the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Juan_Pablo_Scarfi_1933._pp_189-218_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juan_Pablo_Scarfi_1933._pp_189-218-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Into the 21st century, the doctrine continues to be variably denounced, reinstated, or reinterpreted. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seeds_of_the_Monroe_Doctrine">Seeds of the Monroe Doctrine</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JuraIndependencia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of the Chilean declaration of independence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/JuraIndependencia.jpg/220px-JuraIndependencia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/JuraIndependencia.jpg/330px-JuraIndependencia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/JuraIndependencia.jpg/440px-JuraIndependencia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Chilean Declaration of Independence">Chilean Declaration of Independence</a> on 18 February 1818</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the United States' beginnings as an <a href="/wiki/Isolationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Isolationist">isolationist</a> country, the foundation of the Monroe Doctrine was already being laid even during <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">presidency</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">S.E. Morison</a>, "as early as 1783, then, the United States adopted the policy of isolation and announced its intention to keep out of Europe. The supplementary principle of the Monroe Doctrine, that Europe must keep out of America, was still over the horizon".<sup id="cite_ref-Morison-1924_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morison-1924-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While not specifically the Monroe Doctrine, <span class="failed-verification-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> desired to control the sphere of influence in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>, particularly in North America,</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material highlighted is not verifiable using the citation(s) presented. (December 2019)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> but this was extended to the Latin American colonies by the Monroe Doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-MD1823_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MD1823-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Hamilton, writing in the <i><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Papers" class="mw-redirect" title="Federalist Papers">Federalist Papers</a></i>, was already wanting to establish the United States as a world power and hoped that it would suddenly become strong enough to keep the European powers outside of the Americas, despite the fact that the European countries controlled much more of the Americas than the U.S. herself.<sup id="cite_ref-Morison-1924_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morison-1924-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamilton expected that the United States would become the dominant power in the New World and would, in the future, act as an intermediary between the European powers and any new countries blossoming near the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Morison-1924_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morison-1924-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A note from <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> and a future president) to the U.S. ambassador to Spain, expressed the American federal government's opposition to further territorial acquisition by European powers.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madison's sentiment might have been meaningless because, as was noted before, the European powers held much more territory in comparison to the territory held by the U.S. Although Thomas Jefferson was pro-French, in an attempt to keep the British–French rivalry out the U.S., the federal government under Jefferson made it clear to its ambassadors that the U.S. would not support any future colonization efforts on the North American continent. </p><p>The U.S. government feared the victorious European powers that emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> (1814–1815) would revive <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchical</a> government. <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">France</a> had already agreed to restore the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spanish monarchy</a> in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-boyer_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boyer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> (1803–1815) ended, <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a> to defend monarchism. In particular, the Holy Alliance authorized military incursions to re-establish <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> rule over <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a> and its colonies, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">which were establishing their independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Herring_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herring-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 153–5">: 153–5 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain</a> shared the general objective of the Monroe Doctrine, and even wanted to declare a joint statement to keep other European powers from further colonizing the New World. The British feared their trade with the New World would be harmed if the other European powers further colonized it. In fact, for many years after the doctrine took effect, Britain, through the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, was the sole nation enforcing it, the U.S. lacking sufficient naval capability.<sup id="cite_ref-MD1823_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MD1823-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. resisted a joint statement because of the recent memory of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>; however, the immediate provocation was the Russian <a href="/wiki/Ukase_of_1821" title="Ukase of 1821">Ukase of 1821</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> asserting rights to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> and forbidding non-Russian ships from approaching the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doctrine">Doctrine</h2></div> <p>The full document of the Monroe Doctrine, written chiefly by future-President and then-Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>, is long and couched in diplomatic language, but its essence is expressed in two key passages. The first is the introductory statement, which asserts that the New World is no longer subject to colonization by the European countries:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The occasion has been judged proper for asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.</p></blockquote> <p>The second key passage, which contains a fuller statement of the Doctrine, is addressed to the "<a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">allied powers</a>" of Europe; it clarifies that the U.S. remains neutral on existing European colonies in the Americas but is opposed to "interpositions" that would create new colonies among the newly independent Spanish American republics:<sup id="cite_ref-The_Monroe_Doctrine_1823_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Monroe_Doctrine_1823-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power, we have not interfered and shall not interfere. But with the Governments who have declared their independence and maintained it, and whose independence we have, on great consideration and on just principles, acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their destiny, by any European power in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States.</p></blockquote><p>Monroe's speech did not entail a coherent and comprehensive foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-Sexton-2023_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sexton-2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was mostly ignored until proponents of the European non-intervention in the Americas tried to craft a cohesive "Monroe doctrine" decades later.<sup id="cite_ref-Sexton-2023_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sexton-2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until the mid-20th century that the doctrine became a key component of American <a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">grand strategy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sexton-2023_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sexton-2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Monroe_Doctrine_must_be_respected_(F._Victor_Gillam,_1896)_restored.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_Monroe_Doctrine_must_be_respected_%28F._Victor_Gillam%2C_1896%29_restored.png/220px-The_Monroe_Doctrine_must_be_respected_%28F._Victor_Gillam%2C_1896%29_restored.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_Monroe_Doctrine_must_be_respected_%28F._Victor_Gillam%2C_1896%29_restored.png/330px-The_Monroe_Doctrine_must_be_respected_%28F._Victor_Gillam%2C_1896%29_restored.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_Monroe_Doctrine_must_be_respected_%28F._Victor_Gillam%2C_1896%29_restored.png/440px-The_Monroe_Doctrine_must_be_respected_%28F._Victor_Gillam%2C_1896%29_restored.png 2x" data-file-width="1370" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victor_Gillam" title="Victor Gillam">Gillam</a>'s 1896 political cartoon, <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a> stands with rifle between the Europeans and Latin Americans.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_response">International response</h3></div> <p>Because the U.S. lacked both a credible navy and army at the time, the doctrine was largely disregarded internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-Brit1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prince <a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a> of Austria was angered by the statement, and wrote privately that the doctrine was a "new act of revolt" by the U.S. that would grant "new strength to the apostles of sedition and reanimate the courage of every conspirator."<sup id="cite_ref-Herring_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herring-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 156">: 156 </span></sup> </p><p>The doctrine, however, met with tacit British approval. They enforced it tactically as part of the wider <a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">Pax Britannica</a>, which included enforcement of the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_seas" title="Freedom of the seas">neutrality of the seas</a>. This was in line with the developing British policy of <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> against <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom#The_Industrial_Revolution" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">Fast-growing British industry</a> sought markets for its manufactured goods, and, if the newly independent Latin American states became Spanish colonies again, British access to these markets would be cut off by Spanish mercantilist policy.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_American_reaction">Latin American reaction</h3></div> <p>The reaction in Latin America to the Monroe Doctrine was generally favorable but on some occasions suspicious. John A. Crow, author of <i>The Epic of Latin America</i>, states, "<a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> himself, still in the midst of his <a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar#The_Southern_Campaign,_Quito_and_Peru_(121-1824)" title="Military career of Simón Bolívar">last campaign against the Spaniards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Paula_Santander" title="Francisco de Paula Santander">Santander</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Rivadavia" title="Bernardino Rivadavia">Rivadavia</a> in <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="United Provinces of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Victoria" title="Guadalupe Victoria">Victoria</a> in Mexico—leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">emancipation movement</a> everywhere—received Monroe's words with sincerest gratitude".<sup id="cite_ref-Crow1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crow1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crow argues that the leaders of Latin America were realists. They knew that the president of the United States wielded very little power at the time, particularly without the backing of the British forces, and figured that the Monroe Doctrine was unenforceable if the United States stood alone against the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crow1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crow1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While they appreciated and praised their support in the north, they knew that the future of their independence was in the hands of the British and their powerful navy. In 1826, Bolivar called upon his <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Panama" title="Congress of Panama">Congress of Panama</a> to host the first "<a href="/wiki/Pan-Americanism" title="Pan-Americanism">Pan-American</a>" meeting. In the eyes of Bolivar and his men, the Monroe Doctrine was to become nothing more than a tool of national policy. According to Crow, "It was not meant to be, and was never intended to be a charter for concerted hemispheric action".<sup id="cite_ref-Crow1_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crow1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, some people questioned the intentions behind the Monroe Doctrine. <a href="/wiki/Diego_Portales" title="Diego Portales">Diego Portales</a>, a Chilean businessman and minister, wrote to a friend: "But we have to be very careful: for the Americans of the north [from the United States], the only Americans are themselves".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Bolívar_events"><span id="Post-Bol.C3.ADvar_events"></span>Post-Bolívar events</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Pueblo_Viejo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Batalla_de_Pueblo_Viejo.jpg/220px-Batalla_de_Pueblo_Viejo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Batalla_de_Pueblo_Viejo.jpg/330px-Batalla_de_Pueblo_Viejo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Batalla_de_Pueblo_Viejo.jpg/440px-Batalla_de_Pueblo_Viejo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>Spain fails to reconquer Mexico at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tampico_(1829)" title="Battle of Tampico (1829)">Battle of Tampico</a> in 1829.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Spanish America, Royalist guerrillas continued the war in several countries, and Spain <a href="/wiki/Spanish_attempts_to_reconquer_Mexico" title="Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico">attempted to retake Mexico</a> in 1829. Only Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule, until the Spanish–American War in 1898. </p><p>In early 1833, the British <a href="/wiki/Reassertion_of_British_sovereignty_over_the_Falkland_Islands_(1833)" title="Reassertion of British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (1833)">reasserted their sovereignty over the Falkland islands</a>, thus violating the Monroe Doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-Castro-Ruiz-1917_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castro-Ruiz-1917-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No action was taken by the US, and George C. Herring writes that the inaction "confirmed Latin American and especially Argentine suspicions of the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-Herring_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herring-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 171">: 171 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1838–50, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> was under constant naval blockade <a href="/wiki/French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="French blockade of the Río de la Plata">by the French</a> navy, which was supported by <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata">the British</a> navy. As such, no action was undertaken by the U.S. to support their fellow Americas nation as Monroe had stated should have been done for collective security against European colonial powers.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Castro-Ruiz-1917_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castro-Ruiz-1917-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1842, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> applied the Monroe Doctrine to Hawaii and warned Britain not to interfere there. This began the process of annexing Hawaii to the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 2, 1845, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/James_Polk" class="mw-redirect" title="James Polk">James Polk</a> announced that the principle of the Monroe Doctrine should be strictly enforced, reinterpreting it to argue that no European nation should interfere with the American western expansion ("<a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">manifest destiny</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Si%C3%A8ge_de_Puebla_-_29_mars_1863.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Puebla_-_29_mars_1863.PNG/220px-Si%C3%A8ge_de_Puebla_-_29_mars_1863.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Puebla_-_29_mars_1863.PNG/330px-Si%C3%A8ge_de_Puebla_-_29_mars_1863.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Puebla_-_29_mars_1863.PNG/440px-Si%C3%A8ge_de_Puebla_-_29_mars_1863.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1383" data-file-height="772" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">French intervention in Mexico</a>, 1861–1867</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1861, Dominican military commander and royalist politician <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Santana" title="Pedro Santana">Pedro Santana</a> signed a pact with the Spanish Crown and reverted the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican</a> nation to colonial status. Spain was wary at first, but with the U.S. occupied with its own civil war, Spain believed it had an opportunity to reassert control in Latin America. On March 18, 1861, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish occupation of the Dominican Republic">Spanish annexation of the Dominican Republic</a> was announced. The American Civil War ended in 1865, and following the re-assertion of the Monroe Doctrine by the United States government, this prompted the Spanish forces stationed within the Dominican Republic to extradite back to Cuba within that same year.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1862, French forces under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> invaded and <a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">conquered Mexico</a>, giving control to the puppet monarch <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Emperor Maximilian</a>. Washington denounced this as a violation of the doctrine but was unable to intervene because of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. This marked the first time the Monroe Doctrine was widely referred to as a "doctrine".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1865 the U.S. garrisoned an army on its border to encourage Napoleon III to leave Mexican territory, and they did subsequently remove their forces, which was followed by Mexican nationalists capturing and then executing Maximilian.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the expulsion of France from Mexico, <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a> proclaimed in 1868 that the "Monroe doctrine, which eight years ago was merely a theory, is now an irreversible fact."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1865, Spain occupied the <a href="/wiki/Chincha_Islands" title="Chincha Islands">Chincha Islands</a> in violation of the Monroe Doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-Castro-Ruiz-1917_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castro-Ruiz-1917-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1862, the remaining <a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506-1862)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Belize (1506-1862)">British colonies</a> within Belize merged into a single <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">crown colony</a> within the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, and renamed as <a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">British Honduras</a>. The U.S. government did not express disapproval for this action, either during or after the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Twist-British-Tail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Twist-British-Tail.jpg/220px-Twist-British-Tail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Twist-British-Tail.jpg/330px-Twist-British-Tail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Twist-British-Tail.jpg/440px-Twist-British-Tail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>President Cleveland twisting the tail of the British Lion; cartoon in <i>Puck</i> by J.S. Pughe, 1895</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1870s, President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> and his Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Hamilton Fish</a> endeavored to supplant European influence in Latin America with that of the U.S. In 1870, the Monroe Doctrine was expanded under the proclamation "hereafter no territory on this continent [referring to Central and South America] shall be regarded as subject to transfer to a European power."<sup id="cite_ref-Herring_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herring-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 259">: 259 </span></sup> Grant invoked the Monroe Doctrine in his failed attempt to annex the <a href="/wiki/Proposed_annexation_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a> in 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1895" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1895">Venezuelan crisis of 1895</a> became "one of the most momentous episodes in the history of Anglo-American relations in general and of Anglo-American rivalries in Latin America in particular."<sup id="cite_ref-Humphreys_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphreys-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Venezuela sought to involve the U.S. in a <a href="/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93Venezuela_territorial_dispute" title="Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute">territorial dispute with Britain</a> and hired former US ambassador <a href="/wiki/William_Lindsay_Scruggs" title="William Lindsay Scruggs">William L. Scruggs</a> to argue that British behaviour over the issue violated the Monroe Doctrine. President <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> through his Secretary of State, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Richard Olney</a>, cited the Doctrine in 1895, threatening strong action against Great Britain if the British failed to arbitrate their <a href="/wiki/Schomburgk_Line" title="Schomburgk Line">dispute with Venezuela</a>. In a July 20, 1895 note to Britain, <a href="/wiki/Olney_Proclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Olney Proclamation">Olney stated</a>, "The United States is practically sovereign on this continent, and its fiat is law upon the subjects to which it confines its interposition."<sup id="cite_ref-Herring_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herring-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 307">: 307 </span></sup> British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a> took strong exception to the American language. The U.S. objected to a British proposal for a joint meeting to clarify the scope of the Monroe Doctrine. Historian George Herring wrote that by failing to pursue the issue further the British "tacitly conceded the U.S. definition of the Monroe Doctrine and its hegemony in the hemisphere."<sup id="cite_ref-Herring_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herring-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 307–8">: 307–8 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>, did not agree and in October 1897 called the Doctrine an "uncommon insolence".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sitting in Paris, the Tribunal of Arbitration finalized its decision on October 3, 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-Humphreys_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphreys-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The award was unanimous, but gave no reasons for the decision, merely describing the resulting boundary, which gave Britain almost 90% of the disputed territory<sup id="cite_ref-Schoenrich526_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoenrich526-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and all of the gold mines.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reaction to the award was surprise, with the award's lack of reasoning a particular concern.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoenrich526_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoenrich526-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Venezuelans were keenly disappointed with the outcome, though they honored their counsel for their efforts (their delegation's secretary, Severo Mallet-Prevost, received the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Liberator" title="Order of the Liberator">Order of the Liberator</a> in 1944), and abided by the award.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoenrich526_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoenrich526-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Anglo-Venezuelan boundary dispute asserted for the first time a more outward-looking American foreign policy, particularly in the Americas, marking the U.S. as a world power. This was the earliest example of modern <a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">interventionism</a> under the Monroe Doctrine in which the USA exercised its claimed prerogatives in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-glob_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glob-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_minstrel_jubilee_rough_riders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/West_minstrel_jubilee_rough_riders.jpg/220px-West_minstrel_jubilee_rough_riders.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/West_minstrel_jubilee_rough_riders.jpg/330px-West_minstrel_jubilee_rough_riders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/West_minstrel_jubilee_rough_riders.jpg/440px-West_minstrel_jubilee_rough_riders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2758" data-file-height="2074" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, the result of U.S. intervention in the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuban War of Independence</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1898, the U.S. intervened in support of <a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuba during its war for independence</a> from Spain. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> ended in a peace treaty requiring Spain to cede Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> to the U.S. in exchange for $20 million. Spain was additionally forced to recognize Cuban independence, though the island remained under U.S. occupation until 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Big_Brother">Big Brother</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_poses_with_dead_Haitian_revolutionaries_after_being_killed_by_US_Marine_machine_gun_fire_-_10-11-1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/American_poses_with_dead_Haitian_revolutionaries_after_being_killed_by_US_Marine_machine_gun_fire_-_10-11-1915.jpg/220px-American_poses_with_dead_Haitian_revolutionaries_after_being_killed_by_US_Marine_machine_gun_fire_-_10-11-1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/American_poses_with_dead_Haitian_revolutionaries_after_being_killed_by_US_Marine_machine_gun_fire_-_10-11-1915.jpg/330px-American_poses_with_dead_Haitian_revolutionaries_after_being_killed_by_US_Marine_machine_gun_fire_-_10-11-1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/American_poses_with_dead_Haitian_revolutionaries_after_being_killed_by_US_Marine_machine_gun_fire_-_10-11-1915.jpg/440px-American_poses_with_dead_Haitian_revolutionaries_after_being_killed_by_US_Marine_machine_gun_fire_-_10-11-1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption>American poses with dead Haitian revolutionaries killed by US Marine machine gun fire, 1915.</figcaption></figure> <p>The "Big Brother" policy was an extension of the Monroe Doctrine formulated by <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> in the 1880s that aimed to rally Latin American nations behind US leadership and open their markets to US traders. Blaine served as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> in 1881 under President <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> and again from 1889 to 1892 under President <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a>. As a part of the policy, Blaine arranged and led the First <a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Conference" title="Pan-American Conference">International Conference of American States</a> in 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Olney_Corollary">Olney Corollary</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Olney_interpretation" title="Olney interpretation">Olney interpretation</a></div> <p>The Olney Corollary, also known as the <i>Olney interpretation</i> or <i>Olney declaration</i> was <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Richard Olney</a>'s interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine when the border dispute for the Essequibo occurred between the British and Venezuelan governments in 1895. Olney claimed that the Monroe Doctrine gave the U.S. authority to mediate border disputes in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>. Olney extended the meaning of the Monroe Doctrine, which had previously stated merely that the Western Hemisphere was closed to additional European colonization. The statement reinforced the original purpose of the Monroe Doctrine, that the U.S. had the right to intervene in its own <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">hemisphere</a> and foreshadowed the events of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> three years later. The Olney interpretation was defunct by 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div> <p>In 1902, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Prime Minister">Canadian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Wilfrid Laurier</a> acknowledged that the Monroe Doctrine was essential to his country's protection. The doctrine provided Canada with a de facto security guarantee by the United States; the US Navy in the Pacific, and the British Navy in the Atlantic, made invading North America almost impossible. Because of the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Canada–United States relations">peaceful relations between the two countries</a>, Canada could assist Britain in a European war without having to defend itself at home.<sup id="cite_ref-dziuban1959_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dziuban1959-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roosevelt_Corollary">Roosevelt Corollary</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Corollary" title="Roosevelt Corollary">Roosevelt Corollary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Go_Away_Little_Man_Charles_Green_Bush.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Go_Away_Little_Man_Charles_Green_Bush.jpg/170px-Go_Away_Little_Man_Charles_Green_Bush.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Go_Away_Little_Man_Charles_Green_Bush.jpg/255px-Go_Away_Little_Man_Charles_Green_Bush.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Go_Away_Little_Man_Charles_Green_Bush.jpg/340px-Go_Away_Little_Man_Charles_Green_Bush.jpg 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>1903 cartoon: <i>"Go Away, Little Man, and Don't Bother Me".</i> President Roosevelt intimidating <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> to acquire the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Doctrine's authors, chiefly future President and then Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>, saw it as a proclamation by the U.S. of moral opposition to <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, but it has subsequently been re-interpreted and applied in a variety of instances. As the U.S. began to emerge as a world power, the Monroe Doctrine came to define a recognized sphere of control that few dared to challenge.<sup id="cite_ref-Brit1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before becoming president, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> had proclaimed the rationale of the Monroe Doctrine in supporting intervention in the Spanish colony of Cuba in 1898.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Venezuela_Crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuela Crisis of 1902–1903">Venezuela Crisis of 1902–1903</a> showed the world that the U.S. was willing to use its naval strength to intervene to stabilize the economic affairs of small states in the Caribbean and Central America if they were unable to pay their international debts, in order to preclude European intervention to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-Maass_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maass-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Venezuela crisis, and in particular the arbitral award, were key in the development of the Corollary.<sup id="cite_ref-Maass_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maass-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Argentine foreign policy, the <a href="/wiki/Drago_Doctrine" title="Drago Doctrine">Drago Doctrine</a> was announced on December 29, 1902, by the foreign minister of Argentina, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Mar%C3%ADa_Drago" title="Luis María Drago">Luis María Drago</a>. The doctrine itself was a response to the actions of Britain, Germany, and Italy, which, in 1902, had <a href="/wiki/Venezuela_Crisis_of_1902%E2%80%9303" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuela Crisis of 1902–03">blockaded Venezuela</a> in response to Venezuelan government's refusal to pay its massive foreign debt that had been acquired under previous administrations before President <a href="/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro">Cipriano Castro</a> took power. Drago set forth the policy that no European power could use force against an American nation to collect debt owed. President Theodore Roosevelt rejected this policy as an extension of the Monroe Doctrine, declaring, "We do not guarantee any state against punishment if it misconducts itself".<sup id="cite_ref-Herring_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herring-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 370">: 370 </span></sup> </p><p>Instead, Roosevelt added the <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Corollary" title="Roosevelt Corollary">Roosevelt Corollary</a> to the Monroe Doctrine in 1904, asserting the right of the U.S. to intervene in Latin America in cases of "flagrant and chronic wrongdoing by a Latin American Nation" to preempt intervention by European creditors. This re-interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine went on to be a useful tool to take economic benefits by force when Latin nations failed to pay their debts to European and US banks and business interests. This was also referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Big_Stick_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Stick ideology">Big Stick ideology</a> because of the oft-quoted phrase from President Roosevelt, "speak softly and carry a big stick".<sup id="cite_ref-Brit1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Herring_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herring-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 371">: 371 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roosevelt-1904_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roosevelt-1904-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roosevelt corollary provoked outrage across Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Roosevelt Corollary was invoked to intervene militarily in Latin America to stop the spread of European influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Roosevelt-1904_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roosevelt-1904-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the most significant amendment to the original doctrine and was widely opposed by critics, who argued that the Monroe Doctrine was originally meant to stop European influence in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-Brit1_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Coyne_(professor)" title="Christopher Coyne (professor)">Christopher Coyne</a> has argued that the addition of the Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine began the second phase of "American Liberal Empire" and "can be understood as a foreign policy declaration based on military primacy." It initiated a tectonic shift in the political and economic relations between the United States and Latin America, and with European governments.<sup id="cite_ref-coyne2022_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coyne2022-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other critics have argued that the Corollary asserted U.S. domination in the area, effectively making them a "hemispheric policeman".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lodge_Corollary">Lodge Corollary</h3></div> <p>The so-called "<a href="/wiki/Lodge_Corollary" title="Lodge Corollary">Lodge Corollary</a>" was passed<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the U.S. Senate on August 2, 1912, in response to a reported attempt by a Japan-backed private company to acquire <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Bay" title="Magdalena Bay">Magdalena Bay</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>. It extended the reach of the Monroe Doctrine to cover actions of corporations and associations controlled by foreign states.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clark_Memorandum">Clark Memorandum</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Clark_Memorandum" title="Clark Memorandum">Clark Memorandum</a>, written on December 17, 1928, by <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a>'s <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Deputy Secretary of State">undersecretary of state</a> <a href="/wiki/J._Reuben_Clark" title="J. Reuben Clark">J. Reuben Clark</a>, concerned U.S. use of <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">military force</a> to intervene in Latin American nations. This memorandum was officially released in 1930 by the <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> administration. </p><p>The Clark Memorandum rejected the view that the <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Corollary" title="Roosevelt Corollary">Roosevelt Corollary</a> was based on the Monroe Doctrine. However, it was not a complete repudiation of the Roosevelt Corollary but was rather a statement that any intervention by the U.S. was not sanctioned by the Monroe Doctrine but rather was the right of the U.S. as a state. This separated the Roosevelt Corollary from the Monroe Doctrine by noting that the Monroe Doctrine only applied to situations involving European countries. One main point in the Clark Memorandum was to note that the Monroe Doctrine was based on conflicts of interest only between the United States and European nations, rather than between the United States and Latin American nations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> began, a majority of Americans supported defending the entire Western Hemisphere against foreign invasion. A 1940 national survey found that 81% supported defending Canada; 75% Mexico and Central America; 69% South America; 66% West Indies; and 59% Greenland.<sup id="cite_ref-life19400729_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life19400729-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The December 1941 conquest of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a> by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a> from out of the control of <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> was seen as a violation of the Monroe Doctrine by Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_American_reinterpretation">Latin American reinterpretation</h3></div> <p>After 1898, jurists and intellectuals in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay, especially Luis María Drago, Alejandro Álvarez and Baltasar Brum, reinterpreted the Monroe Doctrine. They sought a fresh continental approach to international law in terms of multilateralism and non-intervention. Indeed, an alternative Spanish American origin of the idea was proposed, attributing it to <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Torres_(diplomat)" title="Manuel Torres (diplomat)">Manuel Torres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, American leaders were reluctant to renounce unilateral interventionism until the <a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor policy</a> enunciated by President Franklin Roosevelt in 1933. The era of the Good Neighbor Policy ended with the ramp-up of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> in 1945, as the United States felt there was a greater need to protect the western hemisphere from Soviet influence. These changes conflicted with the Good Neighbor Policy's fundamental principle of non-intervention and led to a new wave of US involvement in <a href="/wiki/Latin_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American">Latin American</a> affairs. Control of the Monroe doctrine thus shifted to the multilateral <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> (OAS) founded in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-Juan_Pablo_Scarfi_1933._pp_189-218_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juan_Pablo_Scarfi_1933._pp_189-218-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1954, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> invoked the Monroe Doctrine at the 10th <a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Conference" title="Pan-American Conference">Pan-American Conference</a> in Caracas, Venezuela, denouncing the intervention of Soviet Communism in Guatemala. President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> said at an August 29, 1962 news conference: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Monroe Doctrine means what it has meant since President Monroe and John Quincy Adams enunciated it, and that is that we would oppose a foreign power extending its power to the Western Hemisphere [sic], and that is why we oppose what is happening in Cuba today. That is why we have cut off our trade. That is why we worked in the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">OAS</a> and in other ways to isolate the Communist menace in Cuba. That is why we will continue to give a good deal of our effort and attention to it.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frente_Sur_Contras_1987.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Frente_Sur_Contras_1987.jpg/220px-Frente_Sur_Contras_1987.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Frente_Sur_Contras_1987.jpg/330px-Frente_Sur_Contras_1987.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Frente_Sur_Contras_1987.jpg/440px-Frente_Sur_Contras_1987.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>The U.S.-supported Nicaraguan <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">contras</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the Monroe Doctrine was applied to Latin America by the framers of U.S. foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> (1953–1959) established a communist government with ties to the Soviet Union, it was argued that the Monroe Doctrine should be invoked to prevent the spread of Soviet-backed communism in Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under this rationale, the U.S. provided intelligence and military aid to Latin and South American governments that claimed or appeared to be threatened by communist subversion (as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a>). </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> of 1962, President John F. Kennedy cited the Monroe Doctrine as grounds for the United States' confrontation with the Soviet Union over the installation of Soviet ballistic missiles on Cuban soil.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The debate over this new interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine burgeoned in reaction to the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a>. It was revealed that the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> had been covertly training "<a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contra</a>" guerrilla soldiers in Honduras in an attempt to destabilize and overthrow the <a href="/wiki/Sandinista" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandinista">Sandinista</a> revolutionary government of Nicaragua and its president, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Daniel Ortega</a>. CIA director <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> vigorously defended the Contra operation in 1984, arguing that eschewing U.S. intervention in Nicaragua would be "totally to abandon the Monroe Doctrine".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st-century_approaches">21st-century approaches</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kerry_Doctrine">Kerry Doctrine</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration#Americas" title="Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration § Americas</a></div> <p>President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> told the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> in November 2013 that the "era of the Monroe Doctrine is over."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several commentators have noted that Kerry's call for a mutual partnership with the other countries in the Americas is more in keeping with Monroe's intentions than the policies enacted after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="America_First">America First</h4></div> <p>President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> implied potential use of the doctrine in August 2017 when he mentioned the possibility of military intervention in Venezuela,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after his CIA Director <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a> declared that the nation's deterioration was the result of interference from Iranian- and Russian-backed groups.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2018, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Rex Tillerson</a> praised the Monroe Doctrine as <i>"clearly … a success"</i>, warning of "imperial" <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Latin America relations">Chinese trade ambitions</a> and touting the United States as the region's preferred trade partner.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pompeo replaced Tillerson as Secretary of State in May 2018. Trump reiterated his commitment to the implementation of the Monroe Doctrine at the 73rd UN General Assembly in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representative_of_Russia_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Representative of Russia to the United Nations">Vasily Nebenzya</a> criticised the US for what the Russian Federation perceives as an implementation of the Monroe Doctrine at the 8,452nd emergency meeting of the United Nations Security Council on January 26, 2019. Venezuela's representative listed 27 interventions in Latin America that Venezuela considers to be implementations of the Monroe Doctrine and stated that, in the context of the statements, they consider it "a direct military threat to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela". Cuba's representative formulated a similar opinion, "The current Administration of the United States of America has declared the Monroe Doctrine to be in effect..."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 3, 2019, <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a> <a href="/wiki/John_R._Bolton" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Bolton">John Bolton</a> invoked the Monroe Doctrine in describing the Trump administration's policy in the Americas, saying "In this administration, we're not afraid to use the word Monroe Doctrine...It's been the objective of American presidents going back to President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> to have a completely democratic hemisphere."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div> <p>Historians have observed that while the Doctrine contained a commitment to resist further European colonialism in the Americas, it resulted in some aggressive implications for American foreign policy, since there were no limitations on the US's own actions mentioned within it. Historian Jay Sexton notes that the tactics used to implement the doctrine were modeled after those employed by European imperial powers during the 17th and 18th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American historian <a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a>, seeing the doctrine as a form of <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a>, described it as a form of "imperial <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-colonialism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> argues that in practice the Monroe Doctrine has been used by the U.S. government as a declaration of <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> and a right of unilateral intervention over the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Backyard" title="America's Backyard">America's Backyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">Foreign policy of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latin America–United States relations">Latin America–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine_Centennial_half_dollar" title="Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar">Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark T. Gilderhus, "The Monroe doctrine: meanings and implications." <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i> 36.1 (2006): 5–16 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maihold.org/mediapool/113/1132142/data/Gilderhus.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925024450/http://maihold.org/mediapool/113/1132142/data/Gilderhus.pdf">Archived</a> September 25, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sexton-2023-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sexton-2023_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sexton-2023_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sexton-2023_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sexton-2023_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=The+Monroe+Doctrine+in+an+Age+of+Global+History&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=845-870&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdhad043&rft.issn=0145-2096&rft.aulast=Sexton&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdhad043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Monroe Doctrine". <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). 2002.</cite><span 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"The Origins of the Monroe Doctrine". <i>Economica</i> (10): 27–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2547870">10.2307/2547870</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2547870">2547870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economica&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+Monroe+Doctrine&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=27-51&rft.date=1924-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2547870&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2547870%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=S.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MD1823-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MD1823_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MD1823_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1801-1829/monroe">"Monroe Doctrine, 1823"</a>. <i>Office of the Historian</i>. United States Department of State. April 6, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Historian&rft.atitle=Monroe+Doctrine%2C+1823&rft.date=2016-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1801-1829%2Fmonroe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNerval1934" class="citation book cs1">Nerval, Gaston (1934). <i>Autopsy of the Monroe Doctrine</i>. New York: The Macmillan Company. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autopsy+of+the+Monroe+Doctrine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Nerval&rft.aufirst=Gaston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boyer-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-boyer_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer2006" class="citation book cs1">Boyer, Paul S., ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00paul_0/page/514"><i>The Oxford Companion to United States History</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00paul_0/page/514">514</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508209-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508209-8"><bdi>978-0-19-508209-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+United+States+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=514&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508209-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00paul_0%2Fpage%2F514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herring-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herring_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herring_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herring_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herring_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herring_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herring_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herring_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herring_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerring2008" class="citation book cs1">Herring, George C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromcolonytosupe00herr"><i>From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195078220" title="Special:BookSources/9780195078220"><bdi>9780195078220</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Colony+to+Superpower%3A+U.S.+Foreign+Relations+Since+1776&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780195078220&rft.aulast=Herring&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromcolonytosupe00herr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the text of the Ukase of 1821, see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LYoGAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA16">"Imperial Russian Edicts Relating to the Russian–American Company"</a>. <i>Fur-Seal Arbitration: Appendix to the Case of the United States Before the Tribunal of Arbitration to Convene at Paris Under the Provisions of the Treaty Between the United States of America and Great Britain, Concluded February 29, 1892</i>. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1892. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imperial+Russian+Edicts+Relating+to+the+Russian%E2%80%93American+Company&rft.btitle=Fur-Seal+Arbitration%3A+Appendix+to+the+Case+of+the+United+States+Before+the+Tribunal+of+Arbitration+to+Convene+at+Paris+Under+the+Provisions+of+the+Treaty+Between+the+United+States+of+America+and+Great+Britain%2C+Concluded+February+29%2C+1892&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1892&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLYoGAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedyCohenBailey2008" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, David M.; Cohen, Lizabeth; Bailey, Thomas Andrew (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gwP8bQsT908C&pg=PT267"><i>The American Pageant: A History of the Republic, Volume I</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780547166599" title="Special:BookSources/9780547166599"><bdi>9780547166599</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Pageant%3A+A+History+of+the+Republic%2C+Volume+I&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780547166599&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Lizabeth&rft.au=Bailey%2C+Thomas+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgwP8bQsT908C%26pg%3DPT267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerFurse2006" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Robert J.; Furse, Elizabeth (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FL_G_WdsCX0C&pg=PA136"><i>Native America, Discovered and Conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Lewis & Clark, and Manifest Destiny</i></a>. Westport, CT: Praeger. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275990114" title="Special:BookSources/9780275990114"><bdi>9780275990114</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+America%2C+Discovered+and+Conquered%3A+Thomas+Jefferson%2C+Lewis+%26+Clark%2C+and+Manifest+Destiny&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780275990114&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft.au=Furse%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFL_G_WdsCX0C%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonroe" class="citation web cs1">Monroe, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usinfo.org/PUBS/LivingDoc_e/monroe.htm">"The Monroe Doctrine"</a>. U.S. Department of State<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Monroe+Doctrine&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.aulast=Monroe&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusinfo.org%2FPUBS%2FLivingDoc_e%2Fmonroe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiguzzi2023" class="citation journal cs1">Riguzzi, Paolo (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhad049">"Mexico and the Monroe Doctrines, 1863–1920: From Appropriation to Rejection"</a>. <i>Diplomatic History</i>. <b>47</b> (5): 781–801. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdhad049">10.1093/dh/dhad049</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-2096">0145-2096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=Mexico+and+the+Monroe+Doctrines%2C+1863%E2%80%931920%3A+From+Appropriation+to+Rejection&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=781-801&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdhad049&rft.issn=0145-2096&rft.aulast=Riguzzi&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdhad049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobson2002" class="citation book cs1">Hobson, Rolf (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sbo3f1VmDFoC&q=pax+britannica+neutrality+seas&pg=PA63"><i>Imperialism at Sea</i></a>. Vol. 163. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04105-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04105-9"><bdi>978-0-391-04105-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperialism+at+Sea&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-391-04105-9&rft.aulast=Hobson&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsbo3f1VmDFoC%26q%3Dpax%2Bbritannica%2Bneutrality%2Bseas%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crow1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crow1_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crow1_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crow1_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrow1992" class="citation book cs1">Crow, John A. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/epicoflatinameri00crow/page/676">"Areil and Caliban"</a>. <i>The Epic of Latin America</i> (4th ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/epicoflatinameri00crow/page/676">676</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-07723-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-07723-7"><bdi>0-520-07723-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Areil+and+Caliban&rft.btitle=The+Epic+of+Latin+America&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=676&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-520-07723-7&rft.aulast=Crow&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fepicoflatinameri00crow%2Fpage%2F676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Uribe, Armando, El Libro Negro de la Intervención Norteamericana en Chile. México: Siglo XXI Editores, 1974.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Castro-Ruiz-1917-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Castro-Ruiz-1917_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castro-Ruiz-1917_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castro-Ruiz-1917_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastro-Ruiz1917" class="citation journal cs1">Castro-Ruiz, Carlos (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400106252/type/journal_article">"The Monroe Doctrine and the Government of Chile"</a>. <i>American Political Science Review</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 231–238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1943985">10.2307/1943985</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554">0003-0554</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1943985">1943985</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147341271">147341271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=The+Monroe+Doctrine+and+the+Government+of+Chile&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=231-238&rft.date=1917&rft.issn=0003-0554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147341271%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1943985%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1943985&rft.aulast=Castro-Ruiz&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0003055400106252%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe2007" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Daniel (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whathathgodwroug00howe"><i>What Hath God Wrought</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whathathgodwroug00howe/page/115">115</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507894-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507894-7"><bdi>978-0-19-507894-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Hath+God+Wrought&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507894-7&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhathathgodwroug00howe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2019/02/12/what-is-the-monroe-doctrine">"What is the Monroe Doctrine?"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Monroe+Doctrine%3F&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fthe-economist-explains%2F2019%2F02%2F12%2Fwhat-is-the-monroe-doctrine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebra_J._Allen2012" class="citation book cs1">Debra J. Allen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oXQfyXh9pwUC&pg=PA270"><i>Historical Dictionary of U.S. Diplomacy from the Revolution to Secession</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810878952" title="Special:BookSources/9780810878952"><bdi>9780810878952</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+U.S.+Diplomacy+from+the+Revolution+to+Secession&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780810878952&rft.au=Debra+J.+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoXQfyXh9pwUC%26pg%3DPA270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFno_by-line" class="citation web cs1">no by-line. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/article-9116950/Document-James-K-Polk-Reaffirmation-of-the-Monroe-Doctrine">"James K. Polk: Reaffirmation of the Monroe Doctrine"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2016</span>. <q>In his message to Congress of December 2, 1845, President Polk reinterpreted the Monroe Doctrine in terms of the prevailing spirit of <a href="/wiki/Manifest_Destiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifest Destiny">Manifest Destiny</a>. Whereas Monroe had said only that the Western Hemisphere was no longer open to European colonialism, Polk now stated that European nations had better not interfere with projected territorial expansion by the U.S.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=James+K.+Polk%3A+Reaffirmation+of+the+Monroe+Doctrine&rft.au=no+by-line&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkids.britannica.com%2Fcomptons%2Farticle-9116950%2FDocument-James-K-Polk-Reaffirmation-of-the-Monroe-Doctrine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/dominican-republic/6.htm">"Annexation by Spain, 1861–65"</a>. U.S. Library of Congress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annexation+by+Spain%2C+1861%E2%80%9365&rft.pub=U.S.+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fdominican-republic%2F6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. M. McAllen, <i>Maximilian and Carlota: Europe's Last Empire in Mexico</i> (2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaass2020" class="citation book cs1">Maass, Richard W. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mhWTxgEACAAJ"><i>The Picky Eagle: How Democracy and Xenophobia Limited U.S. Territorial Expansion</i></a>. Cornell University Press. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-4875-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-4875-2"><bdi>978-1-5017-4875-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Picky+Eagle%3A+How+Democracy+and+Xenophobia+Limited+U.S.+Territorial+Expansion&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-4875-2&rft.aulast=Maass&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmhWTxgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrneColemanKing2008" class="citation book cs1">Byrne, James Patrick; Coleman, Philip; King, Jason Francis (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=agfvVQnBu9MC"><i>Ireland and the Americas</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851096145" title="Special:BookSources/9781851096145"><bdi>9781851096145</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland+and+the+Americas&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781851096145&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=James+Patrick&rft.au=Coleman%2C+Philip&rft.au=King%2C+Jason+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DagfvVQnBu9MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlysses_Simpson_GrantJohn_Y._Simon,_Editor1998" class="citation book cs1">Ulysses Simpson Grant; John Y. Simon, Editor (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LCf0VPaT1wwC&pg=PA286"><i>The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant: November 1, 1870 – May 31, 1871</i></a>. SIU Press. p. 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809321971" title="Special:BookSources/9780809321971"><bdi>9780809321971</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+Ulysses+S.+Grant%3A+November+1%2C+1870+%E2%80%93+May+31%2C+1871&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=SIU+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780809321971&rft.au=Ulysses+Simpson+Grant&rft.au=John+Y.+Simon%2C+Editor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLCf0VPaT1wwC%26pg%3DPA286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author2=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Humphreys-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Humphreys_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Humphreys_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Arthur_Humphreys" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Arthur Humphreys">Humphreys, R. A.</a> (1967). <i>Anglo-American Rivalries and the Venezuela Crisis of 1895: Presidential Address to the Royal Historical Society December 10, 1966</i>. Vol. 17. pp. 131–164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-American+Rivalries+and+the+Venezuela+Crisis+of+1895%3A+Presidential+Address+to+the+Royal+Historical+Society+December+10%2C+1966&rft.pages=131-164&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1897/10/20/page/6/article/bismarck-and-the-monroe-doctrine">"Bismarck and the Monroe Doctrine"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. October 20, 1897<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Bismarck+and+the+Monroe+Doctrine&rft.date=1897-10-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.chicagotribune.com%2F1897%2F10%2F20%2Fpage%2F6%2Farticle%2Fbismarck-and-the-monroe-doctrine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schoenrich526-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schoenrich526_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schoenrich526_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schoenrich526_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schoenrich (1949:526)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King (2007:260)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glob-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-glob_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrell" class="citation web cs1">Ferrell, Robert H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080321123615/http://ap.grolier.com/article?assetid=0197260-0&templatename=%2Farticle%2Farticle.html">"Monroe Doctrine"</a>. <i>ap.grolier.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ap.grolier.com/article?assetid=0197260-0&templatename=/article/article.html">the original</a> on March 21, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ap.grolier.com&rft.atitle=Monroe+Doctrine&rft.aulast=Ferrell&rft.aufirst=Robert+H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fap.grolier.com%2Farticle%3Fassetid%3D0197260-0%26templatename%3D%2Farticle%2Farticle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Joseph (2014). <i>The Spanish–American War 1895–1902: Conflict in the Caribbean and the Pacific</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-83742-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-83742-3"><bdi>978-1-138-83742-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War+1895%E2%80%931902%3A+Conflict+in+the+Caribbean+and+the+Pacific&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-138-83742-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLensZinn2003" class="citation book cs1">Lens, Sidney; Zinn, Howard (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qvLfIHqkOOAC&pg=PA161"><i>The Forging of the American Empire: From the Revolution to Vietnam, a History of U.S. Imperialism</i></a>. Human Security Series (Illustrated ed.). 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SAGE. p. 789. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781608717927" title="Special:BookSources/9781608717927"><bdi>9781608717927</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+U.S.+%E2%80%93+Latin+American+Relations&rft.pages=789&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781608717927&rft.au=Thomas+Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtIOzDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coyne2022-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coyne2022_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoyne2022" class="citation book cs1">Coyne, Christopher J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Durable+Doctrine&rft.date=1962-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C827518%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1995" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Gaddis (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastyearsofmonro0000smit"><i>The Last Years of the Monroe Doctrine, 1945–1993</i></a></span>. New York: Hill & Wang. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastyearsofmonro0000smit/page/201">201</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-1568-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-1568-9"><bdi>978-0-8090-1568-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Years+of+the+Monroe+Doctrine%2C+1945%E2%80%931993&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Hill+%26+Wang&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8090-1568-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gaddis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastyearsofmonro0000smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2013" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Keith (November 18, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2013/11/18/kerry-makes-it-official-era-of-monroe-doctrine-is-over/">"Kerry Makes It Official: 'Era of Monroe Doctrine Is Over'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Kerry+Makes+It+Official%3A+%27Era+of+Monroe+Doctrine+Is+Over%27&rft.date=2013-11-18&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Fwashwire%2F2013%2F11%2F18%2Fkerry-makes-it-official-era-of-monroe-doctrine-is-over%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeck2013" class="citation web cs1">Keck, Zachary (November 21, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2013/11/the-us-renounces-the-monroe-doctrine/">"The US Renounces the Monroe Doctrine?"</a>. <i>The Diplomat</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=The+US+Renounces+the+Monroe+Doctrine%3F&rft.date=2013-11-21&rft.aulast=Keck&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2013%2F11%2Fthe-us-renounces-the-monroe-doctrine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/trump-military-action-venezuela/3982464.html">"Trump Says He Is Considering Military Action in Venezuela"</a>. <i>VOA News</i>. August 11, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VOA+News&rft.atitle=Trump+Says+He+Is+Considering+Military+Action+in+Venezuela&rft.date=2017-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Ftrump-military-action-venezuela%2F3982464.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/cia-director-mike-pompeo-says-venezuela-situation-continues-to-deteriorate/3983978.html">"CIA Director Pompeo: Venezuela's Situation Continues to Deteriorate"</a>. <i>VOA News</i>. August 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VOA+News&rft.atitle=CIA+Director+Pompeo%3A+Venezuela%27s+Situation+Continues+to+Deteriorate&rft.date=2017-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fcia-director-mike-pompeo-says-venezuela-situation-continues-to-deteriorate%2F3983978.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGramer2018" class="citation web cs1">Gramer, Robbie (February 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/02/02/tillerson-praises-monroe-doctrine-warns-latin-america-off-imperial-chinese-ambitions-mexico-south-america-nafta-diplomacy-trump-trade-venezuela-maduro/">"Tillerson Praises Monroe Doctrine, Warns Latin America of 'Imperial' Chinese Ambitions"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i>. The Slate Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Tillerson+Praises+Monroe+Doctrine%2C+Warns+Latin+America+of+%27Imperial%27+Chinese+Ambitions&rft.date=2018-02-02&rft.aulast=Gramer&rft.aufirst=Robbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2018%2F02%2F02%2Ftillerson-praises-monroe-doctrine-warns-latin-america-off-imperial-chinese-ambitions-mexico-south-america-nafta-diplomacy-trump-trade-venezuela-maduro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-73rd-session-united-nations-general-assembly-new-york-ny/">"Remarks by President Trump to the 73rd Session of the United Nations General Assembly, New York, NY"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. September 25, 2018 – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=Remarks+by+President+Trump+to+the+73rd+Session+of+the+United+Nations+General+Assembly%2C+New+York%2C+NY&rft.date=2018-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrumpwhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fbriefings-statements%2Fremarks-president-trump-73rd-session-united-nations-general-assembly-new-york-ny%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/PV.8452">"S/PV.8452 Security Council: Seventy-fourth year: 8452nd meeting"</a>. United Nations. January 26, 2019. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S%2FPV.8452+Security+Council%3A+Seventy-fourth+year%3A+8452nd+meeting&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2019-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fga%2Fsearch%2Fview_doc.asp%3Fsymbol%3DS%2FPV.8452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/john-bolton-were-not-afraid-to-use-the-word-monroe-doctrine">"John Bolton: 'We're not afraid to use the word Monroe Doctrine'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. March 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=John+Bolton%3A+%27We%27re+not+afraid+to+use+the+word+Monroe+Doctrine%27&rft.date=2019-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonexaminer.com%2Fnews%2Fjohn-bolton-were-not-afraid-to-use-the-word-monroe-doctrine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/03/04/what-is-monroe-doctrine-john-boltons-justification-trumps-push-against-maduro/">"What is the Monroe Doctrine? John Bolton's justification for Trump's push against Maduro"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. March 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Monroe+Doctrine%3F+John+Bolton%27s+justification+for+Trump%27s+push+against+Maduro&rft.date=2019-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2F03%2F04%2Fwhat-is-monroe-doctrine-john-boltons-justification-trumps-push-against-maduro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrestonRossinow2016" class="citation book cs1">Preston, Andrew; Rossinow, Doug (November 15, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tmp4DQAAQBAJ&q=Modeled+after+British+imperialists&pg=PT35"><i>Outside In: The Transnational Circuitry of US History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190459871" title="Special:BookSources/9780190459871"><bdi>9780190459871</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outside+In%3A+The+Transnational+Circuitry+of+US+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016-11-15&rft.isbn=9780190459871&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Rossinow%2C+Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtmp4DQAAQBAJ%26q%3DModeled%2Bafter%2BBritish%2Bimperialists%26pg%3DPT35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSexton2011" class="citation book cs1">Sexton, Jay (March 15, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u4GVKXN8SWYC&q=imperial+anti-colonialism"><i>The Monroe Doctrine: Empire and Nation in Nineteenth-Century America</i></a>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 2–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781429929288" title="Special:BookSources/9781429929288"><bdi>9781429929288</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monroe+Doctrine%3A+Empire+and+Nation+in+Nineteenth-Century+America&rft.pages=2-9&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2011-03-15&rft.isbn=9781429929288&rft.aulast=Sexton&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du4GVKXN8SWYC%26q%3Dimperial%2Banti-colonialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomsky2004" class="citation book cs1">Chomsky, Noam (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzAC75P9sscC&q=noam+chomsky+hegemony+or+survival+doctrine+declaration+of+hegemony&pg=PA64"><i>Hegemony Or Survival</i></a>. Henry Holt. pp. 63–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7688-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7688-2"><bdi>978-0-8050-7688-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hegemony+Or+Survival&rft.pages=63-64&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-7688-2&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzAC75P9sscC%26q%3Dnoam%2Bchomsky%2Bhegemony%2Bor%2Bsurvival%2Bdoctrine%2Bdeclaration%2Bof%2Bhegemony%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>"Forum: The Monroe Doctrine at 200,” <i>Diplomatic History,</i> 47#5 (November 2023): 731-870. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issforum.org/reviews/PDF/AR1207.pdf">online review of group of scholarly articles</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Present Status of the Monroe Doctrine". <i>Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>. <b>54</b>: 1–129. 1914. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7162">0002-7162</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/i242639">i242639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Present+Status+of+the+Monroe+Doctrine&rft.volume=54&rft.pages=1-129&rft.date=1914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fi242639%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0002-7162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span> 14 articles by experts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Flagg_Bemis" title="Samuel Flagg Bemis">Bemis, Samuel Flagg</a>. <i>John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy</i> (1949) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.54886">online</a></li> <li>Bingham, Hiram. <i>The Monroe Doctrine: An Obsolete Shibboleth</i> (Yale University Press, 1913); a strong attack; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tf1NAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22Monroe+doctrine%22++hiram+bingham&pg=PA3">online</a></li> <li>Bolkhovitinov, Nikolai N., and Basil Dmytryshyn. "Russia and the Declaration of the non-colonization principle: new archival evidence." <i>Oregon Historical Quarterly</i> 72.2 (1971): 101–126. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20613228">online</a></li> <li>Bryne, Alex. <i>The Monroe Doctrine and United States National Security in the Early Twentieth Century</i> (Springer Nature, 2020).</li> <li>Gilderhus, Mark T. (2006) "The Monroe Doctrine: meanings and implications." <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i> 36.1 (2006): 5–16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maihold.org/mediapool/113/1132142/data/Gilderhus.pdf">Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925024450/http://maihold.org/mediapool/113/1132142/data/Gilderhus.pdf">Archived</a> September 25, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay1975" class="citation book cs1">May, Ernest R. (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofmonroe00maye"><i>The Making of the Monroe Doctrine</i></a></span>. Harvard UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674543409" title="Special:BookSources/9780674543409"><bdi>9780674543409</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Monroe+Doctrine&rft.pub=Harvard+UP&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780674543409&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Ernest+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofmonroe00maye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>May, Robert E. (2017) "The Irony of Confederate Diplomacy: Visions of Empire, the Monroe Doctrine, and the Quest for Nationhood." <i>Journal of Southern History</i> 83.1 (2017): 69-106. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/647290/summary">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeiertöns2010" class="citation book cs1">Meiertöns, Heiko (2010). <i>The Doctrines of US Security Policy: An Evaluation under International Law</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76648-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76648-7"><bdi>978-0-521-76648-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doctrines+of+US+Security+Policy%3A+An+Evaluation+under+International+Law&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76648-7&rft.aulast=Meiert%C3%B6ns&rft.aufirst=Heiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerk1966" class="citation book cs1">Merk, Frederick (1966). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/monroedoctrineam00merk"><i>The Monroe Doctrine and American Expansionism, 1843–1849</i></a></span>. New York, Knopf.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monroe+Doctrine+and+American+Expansionism%2C+1843%E2%80%931849&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Knopf&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Merk&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmonroedoctrineam00merk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Morison, S. E. (1924). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2547870">The Origin of the Monroe Doctrine, 1775-1823</a>". <i>Economica</i> (10): 27–51.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2005" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Gretchen (2005). <i>Hemispheric Imaginings: The Monroe Doctrine and Narratives of U.S. Empire</i>. Duke University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hemispheric+Imaginings%3A+The+Monroe+Doctrine+and+Narratives+of+U.S.+Empire&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Gretchen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span> Examines the cultural context of the doctrine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Hemispheric-Imaginings-Doctrine-Narratives-Americanists/dp/0822334844/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Nakajima, Hiroo. "The Monroe Doctrine and Russia: American views of Czar Alexander I and their influence upon early Russian-American relations." <i>Diplomatic History</i> 31.3 (2007): 439–463.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins1927" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, Dexter (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.187613"><i>The Monroe Doctrine, 1823–1826</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monroe+Doctrine%2C+1823%E2%80%931826&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Dexter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.187613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span> 3 vols.</li> <li>Poston, Brook. (2016) "'Bolder Attitude': James Monroe, the French Revolution, and the Making of the Monroe Doctrine" <i>Virginia Magazine of History and Biography</i> 124#4 (2016), pp. 282–315. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26322616">online</a></li> <li>Rossi, Christopher R. (2019) "The Monroe Doctrine and the Standard of Civilization." <i>Whiggish International Law</i> (Brill Nijhoff, 2019) pp. 123–152.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSexton2011" class="citation book cs1">Sexton, Jay (2011). <i>The Monroe Doctrine: Empire and Nation in 19th-Century America</i>. Hill & Wang.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monroe+Doctrine%3A+Empire+and+Nation+in+19th-Century+America&rft.pub=Hill+%26+Wang&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Sexton&rft.aufirst=Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonroe+Doctrine" class="Z3988"></span> 290 pages; competing and evolving conceptions of the doctrine after 1823. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Monroe-Doctrine-Empire-Nineteenth-Century-America/dp/0809069997/">excerpt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <ul><li>Alvarez, Alejandro, ed. <i>The Monroe Doctrine: Its Importance in the International Life of the States of the New World</i> (Oxford University Press, 1924) includes statements from many countries <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ItdaAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22Monroe+doctrine%22++Alvarez&pg=PA3">online</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Monroe Doctrine">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181026" class="extiw" title="d:Q181026">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Monroe.html">Monroe Doctrine and related resources at the Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041109025344/http://www.law.ou.edu/hist/monrodoc.html">Selected text from Monroe's December 2, 1823 speech</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tnr.com/print/article/world/adios-monroe-doctrine">Adios, Monroe Doctrine: When the Yanquis Go Home</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jorge_G._Casta%C3%B1eda" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorge G. Castañeda">Jorge G. Castañeda</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i>, December 28, 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1904-08-14/ed-1/seq-55/">As illustrated in a 1904 cartoon</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:James_Monroe" title="Template:James Monroe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:James_Monroe" title="Template talk:James Monroe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:James_Monroe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:James Monroe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="James_Monroe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">5th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1817–1825)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">5th</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> (1811–1817)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a> (1814–1815)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of governors of Virginia">12th and 16th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a> (1799–1802, 1811)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom">U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom</a> (1803–1808)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_France" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to France">U.S. Minister to France</a> (1794–1796)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from Virginia">U.S. Senator from Virginia</a> (1790–1794)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> (1783–1786)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Ratifying_Convention" title="Virginia Ratifying Convention">Virginia Ratifying Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_James_Monroe" title="First inauguration of James Monroe">First inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_James_Monroe" title="Second inauguration of James Monroe">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Florida Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Treaty of 1818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1819" title="Panic of 1819">Panic of 1819</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monroe Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1824" title="Tariff of 1824">Tariff of 1824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1824 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address, 1824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe#Administration_and_cabinet" title="James Monroe">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_James_Monroe" title="List of federal judges appointed by James Monroe">Federal judiciary appointments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other noted<br />accomplisments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Negotiated the Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe%E2%80%93Pinkney_Treaty" title="Monroe–Pinkney Treaty">Monroe–Pinkney Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe#Early_life" title="James Monroe">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe_Family_Home_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="James Monroe Family Home Site">Birthplace and boyhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe#Military_service_in_the_Revolutionary_War_and_serious_wounding" title="James Monroe">Revolutionary War service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Battle of Trenton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_College_at_Monroe_Hill#Activities_and_history" title="Brown College at Monroe Hill">Monroe Hill home and office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe_Law_Office" title="James Monroe Law Office">James Monroe Law Office, Museum, and Memorial Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_(James_Monroe_house)" title="Highland (James Monroe house)">Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Hill_(James_Monroe_house)" title="Oak Hill (James Monroe house)">Oak Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe_Tomb" title="James Monroe Tomb">James Monroe Tomb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1789_Virginia%27s_5th_congressional_district_election" title="1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election">1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1790_and_1791_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections">1790 and 1791 U.S. Senate elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_and_1793_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1792 and 1793 United States Senate elections">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia election, 1799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">U.S. presidential election, 1808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_presidential_election" title="1820 United States presidential election">1820</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br />popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_James_Monroe" title="Bibliography of James Monroe">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_James_Monroe" title="List of memorials to James Monroe">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monrovia" title="Monrovia">Monrovia, capital of Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Monroe" title="Fort Monroe">Fort Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe,_Michigan" title="Monroe, Michigan">Monroe, Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe,_New_York" title="Monroe, New York">Monroe, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe,_Georgia" title="Monroe, Georgia">Monroe, Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Kentucky" title="Monroe County, Kentucky">Monroe County, Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_New_York" title="Monroe County, New York">Monroe County, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Township,_Middlesex_County,_New_Jersey" title="Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey">Monroe Township, (Northern) New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Township,_Gloucester_County,_New_Jersey" title="Monroe Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey">Monroe Township, (Southern) New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Monroe" title="Mount Monroe">Mount Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Park" title="Monroe Park">Monroe Park</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Capture_of_the_Hessians_at_Trenton,_December_26,_1776" title="The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776">The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776</a></i> (painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_(1851_paintings)" title="Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings)">Washington Crossing the Delaware</a></i> (1851 paintings)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Hill" title="Monroe Hill"><i>Monroe Hill</i></a> (2015 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#James_Monroe" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine_Centennial_half_dollar" title="Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar">Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_President_Monroe_(AP-104)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS President Monroe (AP-104)">USS <i>President Monroe</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_James_Monroe_(SSBN-622)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS James Monroe (SSBN-622)">USS <i>James Monroe</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe#Slavery" title="James Monroe">Monroe on slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_dynasty" title="Virginia dynasty">Virginia dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone_(Keswick,_Virginia)" title="Limestone (Keswick, Virginia)">Limestone plantation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Monroe" title="Elizabeth Monroe">Elizabeth Kortright</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hay_(Virginia_judge)" title="George Hay (Virginia judge)">George Hay</a> (son-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Gouverneur" title="Samuel L. Gouverneur">Samuel L. Gouverneur</a> (son-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">← James Madison</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:James_Monroe" title="Category:James Monroe">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Foreign relations of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Bilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bilateralism" title="Bilateralism">Bilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Angola–United States relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cameroon–United States relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Central African Republic–United States relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Chad–United States relations">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–United States relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Republic of the Congo–United States relations">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Equatorial Guinea–United States relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Gabon–United States relations">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="São Tomé and Príncipe–United States relations">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burundi%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Burundi–United States relations">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Comoros–United States relations">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Djibouti–United States relations">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Eritrea–United States relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ethiopia–United States relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kenya–United States relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Madagascar–United States relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Malawi–United States relations">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mauritius–United States relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mozambique–United States relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Rwanda–United States relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Seychelles–United States relations">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Somalia–United States relations">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Somaliland–United States relations">Somaliland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Sudan–United States relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tanzania–United States relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Uganda–United States relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="United States–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="United States–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Algeria–United States relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Egypt–United States relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Libya–United States relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Morocco–United States relations">Morocco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic–United States relations">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sudan–United States relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tunisia–United States relations">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Botswana–United States relations">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Eswatini–United States relations">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Lesotho–United States relations">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Namibia–United States relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Africa–United States relations">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Benin–United States relations">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Burkina Faso–United States relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cape Verde–United States relations">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ivory Coast–United States relations">Côte d'Ivoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="The Gambia–United States relations">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ghana–United States relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guinea–United States relations">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guinea-Bissau–United States relations">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Liberia–United States relations">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mali–United States relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mauritania–United States relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Niger–United States relations">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nigeria–United States relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Senegal–United States relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sierra Leone–United States relations">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Togo–United States relations">Togo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Antigua and Barbuda–United States relations">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamas%E2%80%93United_States_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas–United States relations">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Barbados–United States relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cuba–United States relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Dominica–United States relations">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Dominican Republic–United States relations">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grenada–United States relations">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Haiti–United States relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Jamaica–United States relations">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis–United States relations">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saint Lucia–United States relations">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines–United States relations">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Trinidad and Tobago–United States relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belize%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Belize–United States relations">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Costa Rica–United States relations">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="El Salvador–United States relations">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guatemala–United States relations">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Honduras–United States relations">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mexico–United States relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nicaragua–United States relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Panama–United States relations">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Canada–United States relations">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_trade_relations" title="Canada–United States trade relations">trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Argentina–United States relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bolivia–United States relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Brazil–United States relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Chile–United States relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Colombia–United States relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ecuador–United States relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guyana–United States relations">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Paraguay–United States relations">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Peru–United States relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Suriname–United States relations">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="United States–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="United States–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kazakhstan–United States relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kyrgyzstan–United States relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tajikistan–United States relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Turkmenistan–United States relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="United States–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hong Kong–United States relations">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Macau–United States relations">Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Japan–United States relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mongolia–United States relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North Korea–United States relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Korea–United States relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Taiwan–United States relations">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Afghanistan–United States relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bangladesh–United States relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bhutan–United States relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="India–United States relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Maldives–United States relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nepal–United States relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Pakistan–United States relations">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_military_relations" title="Pakistan–United States military relations">military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sri Lanka–United States relations">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Brunei–United States relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cambodia–United States relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="East Timor–United States relations">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Indonesia–United States relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Laos–United States relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Malaysia–United States relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Myanmar–United States relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Philippines–United States relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Singapore–United States relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Thailand–United States relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="United States–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Armenia–United States relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Azerbaijan–United States relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bahrain–United States relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Georgia–United States relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iraq–United States relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Israel–United States relations">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_military_relations" title="Israel–United States military relations">military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Jordan–United States relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kuwait–United States relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Lebanon–United States relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Oman–United States relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Palestine–United States relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Qatar–United States relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United States relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Syria–United States relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Turkey–United States relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="United Arab Emirates–United States relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="United States–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Belarus–United States relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bulgaria–United States relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Czech Republic–United States relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hungary–United States relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Moldova–United States relations">Moldova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Transnistria–United States relations">Transnistria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Poland–United States relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Romania–United States relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russia–United States relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Slovakia–United States relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ukraine–United States relations">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Denmark–United States relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Estonia–United States relations">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Finland–United States relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iceland–United States relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ireland–United States relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latvia–United States relations">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Lithuania–United States relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Norway–United States relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sweden–United States relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="United Kingdom–United States relations">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bermuda–United States relations">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cayman Islands–United States relations">Cayman Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Albania–United States relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Andorra–United States relations">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–United States relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Croatia–United States relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cyprus–United States relations">Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Northern Cyprus–United States relations">Northern Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Greece–United States relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Holy See–United States relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Italy–United States relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kosovo–United States relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Malta–United States relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Montenegro–United States relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North Macedonia–United States relations">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Portugal–United States relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="San Marino–United States relations">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Serbia–United States relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Slovenia–United States relations">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Spain–United States relations">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Austria–United States relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Belgium–United States relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="France–United States relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Germany–United States relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Liechtenstein–United States relations">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Luxembourg–United States relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Monaco–United States relations">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Netherlands–United States relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Switzerland–United States relations">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Australasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Australia–United States relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="New Zealand–United States relations">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Melanesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiji%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Fiji–United States relations">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Papua New Guinea–United States relations">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Solomon Islands–United States relations">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Vanuatu_relations" title="United States–Vanuatu relations">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Micronesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kiribati–United States relations">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Marshall Islands–United States relations">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Federated States of Micronesia–United States relations">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nauru–United States relations">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Palau–United States relations">Palau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Polynesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cook Islands–United States relations">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Samoa–United States relations">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tonga–United States relations">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tuvalu–United States relations">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artsakh%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Artsakh–United States relations">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Baden–United States relations">Grand Duchy of Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of Bavaria–United States relations">Kingdom of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg–United States relations">Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Federal Republic of Central America–United States relations">Federal Republic of Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Republic_of_Central_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Greater Republic of Central America–United States relations">Greater Republic of Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Congo Free State–United States relations">Congo Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Czechoslovakia–United States relations">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="East Germany–United States relations">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Republic of Genoa–United States relations">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="German Empire–United States relations">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of Hanover–United States relations">Kingdom of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_Republics%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hanseatic Republics–United States relations">Hanseatic Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hawaiian Kingdom–United States relations">Hawaiian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse–United States relations">Grand Duchy of Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin–United States relations">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz–United States relations">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Duchy of Nassau–United States relations">Duchy of Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North German Confederation–United States relations">North German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg–United States relations">Grand Duchy of Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Orange Free State–United States relations">Orange Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ottoman Empire–United States relations">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Papal States–United States relations">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Duchy of Parma–United States relations">Duchy of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Prussia–United States relations">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russian Empire–United States relations">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ryukyu Kingdom–United States relations">Ryukyu Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of Sardinia–United States relations">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe–United States relations">Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Republic of Texas–United States relations">Republic of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany–United States relations">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies–United States relations">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of Württemberg–United States relations">Kingdom of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="United States–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Africa–United States relations">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93American_relations" title="Arab–American relations">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Asia–United States relations">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="East Asia–United States relations">East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latin America–United States relations">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East" title="United States foreign policy in the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_United_Nations" title="United States and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C5%2B1" title="C5+1">C5+1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">Major non-NATO ally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Border_Initiative" title="Third Border Initiative">Third Border Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_organization_membership_of_the_United_States" title="International organization membership of the United States">International organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Doctrines,_policies,_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Doctrines, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">policies</a>, concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_doctrines" title="United States presidential doctrines">Presidential<br />doctrines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Neutrality" title="Proclamation of Neutrality">Proclamation of Neutrality</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Corollary" title="Roosevelt Corollary">Roosevelt Corollary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Doctrine" title="Clinton Doctrine">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama_Doctrine" title="Obama Doctrine">Obama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other doctrines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lodge_Corollary" title="Lodge Corollary">Lodge Corollary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimson_Doctrine" title="Stimson Doctrine">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Doctrine" title="Kirkpatrick Doctrine">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weinberger_Doctrine" title="Weinberger Doctrine">Weinberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powell_Doctrine" title="Powell Doctrine">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumsfeld_Doctrine" title="Rumsfeld Doctrine">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfowitz_Doctrine" title="Wolfowitz Doctrine">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies and<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowback_(intelligence)" title="Blowback (intelligence)">Blowback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_toward_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="United States foreign policy toward the People's Republic of China">China policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_aid" title="United States foreign aid">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East" title="United States foreign policy in the Middle East">Middle East policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism" title="United States non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_realism" title="Progressive realism">Progressive realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_intervention_in_Latin_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_intervention_in_Latin_America" title="Template:United States intervention in Latin America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_intervention_in_Latin_America" title="Template talk:United States intervention in Latin America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_intervention_in_Latin_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States intervention in Latin America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_intervention_in_Latin_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latin America–United States relations">United States intervention in Latin America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monroe Doctrine</a> (1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platt_Amendment" title="Platt Amendment">Platt Amendment</a> (1901–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Corollary" title="Roosevelt Corollary">Roosevelt Corollary</a>/<a href="/wiki/Big_Stick_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Stick ideology">Big Stick ideology</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor policy</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_diplomacy" title="Dollar diplomacy">Dollar diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> (1846–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Border_War_(1910%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Border War (1910–1919)">Mexican Border War</a> (1910–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution">United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution</a> (1916–1919)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overt actions<br /> and occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay_expedition" title="Paraguay expedition">Paraguay expedition</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government in Cuba">First Occupation of Cuba</a> (1899–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Panama_from_Colombia" title="Separation of Panama from Colombia">Separation of Panama from Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Bunau-Varilla_Treaty" title="Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty">Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Honduras#The_internationalization_of_the_north,_1899–1932" title="History of Honduras">Occupations of Honduras</a> (1903–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Cuba" title="Provisional Government of Cuba">Second Occupation of Cuba</a> (1906–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">Occupation of Nicaragua</a> (1912–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of Veracruz">Occupation of Veracruz</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">Occupation of Haiti</a> (1915–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1916%E2%80%931924)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924)">Occupation of the Dominican Republic</a> (1916–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1965%E2%80%931966)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965–1966)">Occupation of the Dominican Republic</a> (1965–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert actions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Paraguayan coup d'état">1954 Paraguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mongoose" title="Operation Mongoose">Operation Mongoose</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Bolivian coup d'état">1964 Bolivian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a> (1968–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_FUBELT" title="Project FUBELT">Project FUBELT</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Bolivian coup d'état">1971 Bolivian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limazo" title="Limazo">Limazo</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1979 Salvadoran coup d'état">1979 Salvadoran coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1989 Paraguayan coup d'état">1989 Paraguayan coup d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change_in_Latin_America" title="United States involvement in regime change in Latin America">United States involvement in regime change in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a> (1979–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._United_States" title="Nicaragua v. United States">Nicaragua's case against the United States</a> (1986)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">Foreign policy of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latin America–United States relations">Latin America–United States relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_the_Union_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:State_of_the_Union" title="Template:State of the Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:State_of_the_Union" title="Template talk:State of the Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:State_of_the_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:State of the Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_the_Union_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_State_of_the_Union_addresses" title="List of State of the Union addresses">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_joint_sessions_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of joint sessions of the United States Congress">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lenny_Skutniks" title="List of Lenny Skutniks">President's guests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designated_survivor" title="Designated survivor">Designated survivor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Response_to_the_State_of_the_Union_address" title="Response to the State of the Union address">Responses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_State_address" title="State of the State address">State of the State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_City_address" title="State of the City address">State of the City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:36%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1790_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="January 1790 State of the Union Address"><b>Jan. 1790</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1790_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="December 1790 State of the Union Address"><b>Dec. 1790</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1791_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1791 State of the Union Address"><b>1791</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1792 State of the Union Address"><b>1792</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1793_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1793 State of the Union Address"><b>1793</b></a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Sixth_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:George Washington's Sixth State of the Union Address"><b>1794</b></a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Seventh_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:George Washington's Seventh State of the Union Address"><b>1795</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1796 State of the Union Address"><b>1796</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">J. Adams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1797_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1797 State of the Union Address"><b>1797</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1798_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1798 State of the Union Address"><b>1798</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1799_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1799 State of the Union Address"><b>1799</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1800 State of the Union Address"><b>1800</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1801_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1801 State of the Union Address">1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1802_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1802 State of the Union Address">1802</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson%27s_Third_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Thomas Jefferson's Third State of the Union Address">1803</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson%27s_Fourth_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Thomas Jefferson's Fourth State of the Union Address">1804</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1805_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1805 State of the Union Address">1805</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson%27s_Sixth_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Thomas Jefferson's Sixth State of the Union Address">1806</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson%27s_Seventh_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Thomas Jefferson's Seventh State of the Union Address">1807</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson%27s_Eighth_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Thomas Jefferson's Eighth State of the Union Address">1808</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/James_Madison%27s_First_State_of_the_Union_address" class="extiw" title="s:James Madison's First State of the Union address">1809</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1810_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1810 State of the Union Address">1810</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/James_Madison%27s_Third_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:James Madison's Third State of the Union Address">1811</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/James_Madison%27s_Fourth_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:James Madison's Fourth State of the Union Address">1812</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/James_Madison%27s_Fifth_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:James Madison's Fifth State of the Union Address">1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1814_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1814 State of the Union Address">1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1815_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1815 State of the Union Address">1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1816 State of the Union Address">1816</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/James_Monroe%27s_First_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:James Monroe's First State of the Union Address">1817</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/James_Monroe%27s_Second_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:James Monroe's Second State of the Union Address">1818</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/James_Monroe%27s_Third_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:James Monroe's Third State of the Union Address">1819</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/James_Monroe%27s_Fourth_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:James Monroe's Fourth State of the Union Address">1820</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/James_Monroe%27s_Fifth_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:James Monroe's Fifth State of the Union Address">1821</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/James_Monroe%27s_Sixth_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:James Monroe's Sixth State of the Union Address">1822</a></li> <li><span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/James_Monroe%27s_Seventh_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:James Monroe's Seventh State of the Union Address">1823</a> <small>(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monroe Doctrine</a>)</small></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1824 State of the Union Address">1824</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">J. Q. Adams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1825_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1825 State of the Union Address">1825</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams%27_Second_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:John Quincy Adams' Second State of the Union Address">1826</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1827_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1827 State of the Union Address">1827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1828 State of the Union Address">1828</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1829_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1829 State of the Union Address">1829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1830_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1830 State of the Union Address">1830</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson%27s_Third_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Andrew Jackson's Third State of the Union Address">1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1832 State of the Union Address">1832</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson%27s_Fifth_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Andrew Jackson's Fifth State of the Union Address">1833</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson%27s_Sixth_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Andrew Jackson's Sixth State of the Union Address">1834</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson%27s_Seventh_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Andrew Jackson's Seventh State of the Union Address">1835</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1836 State of the Union Address">1836</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1837_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1837 State of the Union Address">1837</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren%27s_Second_State_of_the_Union_address" class="extiw" title="s:Martin Van Buren's Second State of the Union address">1838</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren%27s_Third_State_of_the_Union_address" class="extiw" title="s:Martin Van Buren's Third State of the Union address">1839</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren%27s_Fourth_State_of_the_Union_address" class="extiw" title="s:Martin Van Buren's Fourth State of the Union address">1840</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">Tyler</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/John_Tyler%27s_First_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:John Tyler's First State of the Union Address">1841</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1842_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1842 State of the Union Address">1842</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/John_Tyler%27s_Third_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:John Tyler's Third State of the Union Address">1843</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/John_Tyler%27s_Fourth_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:John Tyler's Fourth State of the Union Address">1844</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/James_K._Polk%27s_First_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:James K. Polk's First State of the Union Address">1845</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1846_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1846 State of the Union Address">1846</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/James_K._Polk%27s_Third_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:James K. Polk's Third State of the Union Address">1847</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/James_K._Polk%27s_Fourth_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:James K. Polk's Fourth State of the Union Address">1848</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Taylor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor%27s_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Zachary Taylor's State of the Union Address">1849</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Fillmore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Millard_Fillmore%27s_First_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Millard Fillmore's First State of the Union Address">1850</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Millard_Fillmore%27s_Second_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Millard Fillmore's Second State of the Union Address">1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1852 State of the Union Address">1852</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce%27s_First_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Franklin Pierce's First State of the Union Address">1853</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce%27s_Second_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Franklin Pierce's Second State of the Union Address">1854</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce%27s_Third_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Franklin Pierce's Third State of the Union Address">1855</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1856 State of the Union Address">1856</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/James_Buchanan%27s_First_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:James Buchanan's First State of the Union Address">1857</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/James_Buchanan%27s_Second_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:James Buchanan's Second State of the Union Address">1858</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1859_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1859 State of the Union Address">1859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1860 State of the Union Address">1860</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1861_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1861 State of the Union Address">1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1862_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1862 State of the Union Address">1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1863 State of the Union Address">1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1864 State of the Union Address">1864</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1865_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1865 State of the Union Address">1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1866 State of the Union Address">1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1867 State of the Union Address">1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1868 State of the Union Address">1868</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:32%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant%27s_First_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Ulysses S. Grant's First State of the Union Address">1869</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant%27s_Second_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Ulysses S. Grant's Second State of the Union Address">1870</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant%27s_Third_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Ulysses S. Grant's Third State of the Union Address">1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1872 State of the Union Address">1872</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant%27s_Fifth_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Ulysses S. Grant's Fifth State of the Union Address">1873</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant%27s_Sixth_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Ulysses S. Grant's Sixth State of the Union Address">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1875 State of the Union Address">1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1876 State of the Union Address">1876</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1877_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1877 State of the Union Address">1877</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes%27_Second_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Rutherford B. Hayes' Second State of the Union Address">1878</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes%27_Third_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Rutherford B. Hayes' Third State of the Union Address">1879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1880 State of the Union Address">1880</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur%27s_First_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Chester A. Arthur's First State of the Union Address">1881</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur%27s_Second_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Chester A. Arthur's Second State of the Union Address">1882</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur%27s_Third_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Chester A. Arthur's Third State of the Union Address">1883</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur%27s_Fourth_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Chester A. Arthur's Fourth State of the Union Address">1884</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland%27s_First_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Grover Cleveland's First State of the Union Address">1885</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland%27s_Second_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Grover Cleveland's Second State of the Union Address">1886</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland%27s_Third_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Grover Cleveland's Third State of the Union Address">1887</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland%27s_Fourth_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Grover Cleveland's Fourth State of the Union Address">1888</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison%27s_First_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Benjamin Harrison's First State of the Union Address">1889</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison%27s_Second_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Benjamin Harrison's Second State of the Union Address">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1891_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1891 State of the Union Address">1891</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison%27s_Fourth_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Benjamin Harrison's Fourth State of the Union Address">1892</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1893_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1893 State of the Union Address">1893</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland%27s_Sixth_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Grover Cleveland's Sixth State of the Union Address">1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1895_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1895 State of the Union Address">1895</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland%27s_Eighth_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Grover Cleveland's Eighth State of the Union Address">1896</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1897_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1897 State of the Union Address">1897</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/William_McKinley%27s_Second_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:William McKinley's Second State of the Union Address">1898</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/William_McKinley%27s_Third_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:William McKinley's Third State of the Union Address">1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1900 State of the Union Address">1900</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">T. Roosevelt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1901_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1901 State of the Union Address">1901</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt%27s_Second_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Theodore Roosevelt's Second State of the Union Address">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1903 State of the Union Address">1903</a></li> <li><span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt%27s_Fourth_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Theodore Roosevelt's Fourth State of the Union Address">1904</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Corollary" title="Roosevelt Corollary">Roosevelt Corollary</a>)</small></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt%27s_Fifth_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Theodore Roosevelt's Fifth State of the Union Address">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1906 State of the Union Address">1906</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt%27s_Seventh_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Theodore Roosevelt's Seventh State of the Union Address">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1908 State of the Union Address">1908</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft%27s_First_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:William Howard Taft's First State of the Union Address">1909</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft%27s_Second_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:William Howard Taft's Second State of the Union Address">1910</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft%27s_Third_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:William Howard Taft's Third State of the Union Address">1911</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1912 State of the Union Address">1912</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1913 State of the Union Address"><b>1913</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1914 State of the Union Address"><b>1914</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1915 State of the Union Address"><b>1915</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1916 State of the Union Address"><b>1916</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1917_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1917 State of the Union Address"><b>1917</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1918 State of the Union Address"><b>1918</b></a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson%27s_Seventh_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Woodrow Wilson's Seventh State of the Union Address">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1920 State of the Union Address">1920</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Warren_G._Harding%27s_First_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Warren G. Harding's First State of the Union Address"><b>1921</b></a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Warren_G._Harding%27s_Second_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Warren G. Harding's Second State of the Union Address"><b>1922</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1923_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1923 State of the Union Address"><b>1923</b></a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge%27s_Second_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Calvin Coolidge's Second State of the Union Address">1924</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge%27s_Third_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Calvin Coolidge's Third State of the Union Address">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1926 State of the Union Address">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1927 State of the Union Address">1927</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge%27s_Sixth_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Calvin Coolidge's Sixth State of the Union Address">1928</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1929_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1929 State of the Union Address">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1930 State of the Union Address">1930</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover%27s_Third_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Herbert Hoover's Third State of the Union Address">1931</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover%27s_Fourth_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Herbert Hoover's Fourth State of the Union Address">1932</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">F. Roosevelt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1934_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1934 State of the Union Address"><b>1934</b></a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt%27s_Second_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Franklin Delano Roosevelt's Second State of the Union Address"><b>1935</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1936 State of the Union Address"><b>1936</b></a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt%27s_Fourth_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Franklin Delano Roosevelt's Fourth State of the Union Address"><b>1937</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1938_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1938 State of the Union Address"><b>1938</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1939 State of the Union Address"><b>1939</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1940 State of the Union Address"><b>1940</b></a></li> <li><span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt%27s_Eighth_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Franklin Delano Roosevelt's Eighth State of the Union Address"><b>1941</b></a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms" title="Four Freedoms">Four Freedoms</a>)</small></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt%27s_Ninth_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Franklin Delano Roosevelt's Ninth State of the Union Address"><b>1942</b></a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt%27s_Tenth_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Franklin Delano Roosevelt's Tenth State of the Union Address"><b>1943</b></a></li> <li><span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt%27s_Eleventh_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="extiw" title="s:Franklin Delano Roosevelt's Eleventh State of the Union Address"><i>1944</i></a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Second_Bill_of_Rights" title="Second Bill of Rights">Second Bill of Rights</a>)</small></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1945 State of the Union Address">1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:32%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1946 State of the Union Address">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1947 State of the Union Address"><b>1947</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1948 State of the Union Address"><b>1948</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/1949_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1949 State of the Union Address"><b>1949</b></a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Fair_Deal" title="Fair Deal">Fair Deal</a>)</small></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1950 State of the Union Address"><b>1950</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1951 State of the Union Address"><b>1951</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1952 State of the Union Address"><b>1952</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_1953_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="January 1953 State of the Union Address">1953</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1953_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="February 1953 State of the Union Address"><b>1953</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1954 State of the Union Address"><b>1954</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1955 State of the Union Address"><b>1955</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1956 State of the Union Address"><i>1956</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1957_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1957 State of the Union Address"><b>1957</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1958 State of the Union Address"><b>1958</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1959 State of the Union Address"><b>1959</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1960 State of the Union Address"><b>1960</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_12,_1961,_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="mw-redirect" title="January 12, 1961, State of the Union Address">1961</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_30,_1961,_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="mw-redirect" title="January 30, 1961, State of the Union Address"><b>1961</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1962 State of the Union Address"><b>1962</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1963 State of the Union Address"><b>1963</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/1964_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1964 State of the Union Address"><b>1964</b></a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/War_on_poverty" title="War on poverty">War on poverty</a>)</small></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1965 State of the Union Address"><b>1965</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1966_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1966 State of the Union Address"><b>1966</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1967 State of the Union Address"><b>1967</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1968 State of the Union Address"><b>1968</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1969 State of the Union Address"><b>1969</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1970 State of the Union Address"><b>1970</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1971 State of the Union Address"><b>1971</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1972 State of the Union Address"><b>1972</b></a><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1973_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1973 State of the Union Address"><i>1973</i></a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1974 State of the Union Address"><b>1974</b></a><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1975_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1975 State of the Union Address"><b>1975</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1976 State of the Union Address"><b>1976</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1977 State of the Union Address"><b>1977</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1978 State of the Union Address"><b>1978</b></a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1979 State of the Union Address"><b>1979</b></a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1980 State of the Union Address"><b>1980</b></a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1981 State of the Union Address">1981</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1981_Ronald_Reagan_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 1981 Ronald Reagan speech to a joint session of Congress"><b>1981</b></a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1982 State of the Union Address"><b>1982</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1983 State of the Union Address"><b>1983</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1984 State of the Union Address"><b>1984</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1985_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1985 State of the Union Address"><b>1985</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1986 State of the Union Address"><b>1986</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1987 State of the Union Address"><b>1987</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1988 State of the Union Address"><b>1988</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_George_H._W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="1989 George H. W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress"><b>1989</b></a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1990 State of the Union Address"><b>1990</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1991 State of the Union Address"><b>1991</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1992 State of the Union Address"><b>1992</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1993_Bill_Clinton_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 1993 Bill Clinton speech to a joint session of Congress"><b>1993</b></a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1994 State of the Union Address"><b>1994</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1995 State of the Union Address"><b>1995</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1996 State of the Union Address"><b>1996</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1997_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1997 State of the Union Address"><b>1997</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1998 State of the Union Address"><b>1998</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1999 State of the Union Address"><b>1999</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2000 State of the Union Address"><b>2000</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2001_George_W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 2001 George W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress"><b>2001</b></a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2002 State of the Union Address"><b>2002</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2003 State of the Union Address"><b>2003</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2004 State of the Union Address"><b>2004</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2005 State of the Union Address"><b>2005</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2006 State of the Union Address"><b>2006</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2007 State of the Union Address"><b>2007</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2008 State of the Union Address"><b>2008</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2009_Barack_Obama_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 2009 Barack Obama speech to a joint session of Congress"><b>2009</b></a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2010 State of the Union Address"><b>2010</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2011 State of the Union Address"><b>2011</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2012 State of the Union Address"><b>2012</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2013 State of the Union Address"><b>2013</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2014 State of the Union Address"><b>2014</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2015 State of the Union Address"><b>2015</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2016 State of the Union Address"><b>2016</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Donald_Trump_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="2017 Donald Trump speech to a joint session of Congress"><b>2017</b></a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2018 State of the Union Address"><b>2018</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2019 State of the Union Address"><b>2019</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2020 State of the Union Address"><b>2020</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Joe_Biden_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="2021 Joe Biden speech to a joint session of Congress"><b>2021</b></a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2022 State of the Union Address"><b>2022</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2023 State of the Union Address"><b>2023</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2024 State of the Union Address"><b>2024</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Legend: <b>Address to Joint Session</b></li> <li>Written message</li> <li><i>Written message with national radio address</i><br />* Split into multiple parts</li> <li><sup>†</sup> Included a detailed written supplement</li> <li><sup>‡</sup> Not officially a "State of the Union"<br /><span class="nowrap">Presidents <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (1841) and <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James Garfield</a> (1881) died in office before delivering a State of the Union</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Quincy_Adams" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Quincy_Adams" title="Template:John Quincy Adams"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Quincy_Adams" title="Template talk:John Quincy Adams"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Quincy_Adams" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Quincy Adams"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Quincy_Adams" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 8th congressional district">MA–8</a> (1843–1848)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 12th congressional district">MA–12</a> (1833–1843)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 11th congressional district">MA–11</a> (1831–1833)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">6th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1825–1829)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">8th</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> (1817–1825)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom">U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom</a> (1814–1817)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Russia" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Russia">U.S. Minister to Russia</a> (1809–1814)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">U.S. Senator from Massachusetts</a> (1803–1808)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Germany" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Germany">U.S. Minister to Prussia</a> (1797–1801)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_Netherlands" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the Netherlands">U.S. Minister to the Netherlands</a> (1794–1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams#Presidency_(1825–1829)" title="John Quincy Adams">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Inauguration of John Quincy Adams">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_System_(economic_plan)" title="American System (economic plan)">American System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_improvements" title="Internal improvements">Internal improvements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_Abominations" title="Tariff of Abominations">Tariff of 1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="First Treaty of Prairie du Chien">First Treaty of Prairie du Chien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fond_du_Lac#1826_Treaty_of_Fond_du_Lac" title="Treaty of Fond du Lac">Treaty of Fond du Lac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Limits_(Mexico%E2%80%93United_States)" title="Treaty of Limits (Mexico–United States)">Treaty of Limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory#History" title="United States Naval Observatory">United States Naval Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1825_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1825 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address, 1825</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1827_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1827 State of the Union Address">1827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1828 State of the Union Address">1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_John_Quincy_Adams" title="List of federal judges appointed by John Quincy Adams">Federal judiciary appointments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monroe Doctrine, author</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Treaty of 1818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1832" title="Tariff of 1832">Tariff of 1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution#Founding" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._The_Amistad" title="United States v. The Amistad"><i>United States v. The Amistad</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mendi_Bible" title="Mendi Bible">Mendi Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">President, American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Institute_for_the_Promotion_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences">President, Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams#Diaries" title="John Quincy Adams">Lifelong diary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Historical_Society#Collections" title="Massachusetts Historical Society">Massachusetts Historical Society holdings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Papers_Editorial_Project" title="Adams Papers Editorial Project">Adams Papers Editorial Project</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams#Early_life,_education,_and_early_career" title="John Quincy Adams">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams_Cairn" title="Abigail Adams Cairn">Abigail Adams Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">John Quincy Adams and abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_National_Historical_Park" title="Adams National Historical Park">Adams National Historical Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_Birthplace" title="John Quincy Adams Birthplace">Birthplace and family home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacefield" title="Peacefield">Peacefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_National_Historical_Park#Stone_Library" title="Adams National Historical Park">Stone Library</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_First_Parish_Church" title="United First Parish Church">United First Parish Church and gravesite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Electoral history of John Quincy Adams">Electoral history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Senate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1803_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1803 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1803</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1808 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1808</a></li></ul></li> <li>Presidential runs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrupt_Bargain#Election_of_1824" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrupt Bargain">Corrupt Bargain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Bibliography of John Quincy Adams">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Memorial" title="Adams Memorial">Adams Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_House_(Harvard_College)" title="Adams House (Harvard College)">Adams House at Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine_Centennial_half_dollar" title="Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar">Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Quincy_Adams_(Fairweather_Range)" title="Mount Quincy Adams (Fairweather Range)">Mount Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_President_Adams_(APA-19)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS President Adams (APA-19)">USS <i>President Adams</i></a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_Adams_(SSBN-620)" title="USS John Adams (SSBN-620)">USS <i>John Adams</i></a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster-Adams_Bilingual_School" title="Oyster-Adams Bilingual School">Oyster-Adams Bilingual School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage" title="Profiles in Courage"><i>Profiles in Courage</i> (1957 book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage_(TV_series)" title="Profiles in Courage (TV series)">1965 television series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adams_Chronicles" title="The Adams Chronicles"><i>The Adams Chronicles</i> (1976 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny_on_the_Amistad" title="Mutiny on the Amistad"><i>Mutiny on the Amistad</i> (1987 book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amistad_(film)" title="Amistad (film)"><i>Amistad</i> (1997 film) </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(book)" title="John Adams (book)"><i>John Adams</i> (2001 book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(miniseries)" title="John Adams (miniseries)">2008 miniseries)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adams_political_family" title="Adams political family">Adams political family</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Quincy_political_family" title="Quincy political family">Quincy family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Adams" title="Louisa Adams">Louisa Adams</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Adams" title="George Washington Adams">George Washington Adams</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Charles Francis Adams Sr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_II" title="John Adams II">John Adams II</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Henry Adams</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_Adams" title="Brooks Adams">Brooks Adams</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_II" title="John Quincy Adams II">John Quincy Adams II</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> <ul><li>father</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">presidency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a> <ul><li>mother</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_political_family" title="Quincy political family">Quincy political family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams_Smith" title="Abigail Adams Smith">Abigail Adams Smith</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Adams_(1770%E2%80%931800)" title="Charles Adams (1770–1800)">Charles Adams</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boylston_Adams_(1772%E2%80%931832)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Boylston Adams (1772–1832)">Thomas Boylston Adams</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Sr." title="John Adams Sr.">John Adams Sr.</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Boylston" title="Susanna Boylston">Susanna Boylston</a> (grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy" title="John Quincy">John Quincy</a> (great-grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Patriot_Ledger" title="The Patriot Ledger"><i>Quincy Patriot</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_(Bingham)" title="John Quincy Adams (Bingham)"><i>John Quincy Adams</i> (Bingham)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">← 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