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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Any of a wide range of popular photographies that have traditionally been overlooked</div> <p>The term <b>vernacular photography</b> is used in several related senses. Each is in one way or another meant to contrast with received notions of <a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">fine-art photography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vernacular photography is also distinct from both <a href="/wiki/Found_photography" title="Found photography">found photography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amateur_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateur photography">amateur photography</a>. The term originated among academics and curators, but has moved into wider usage. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_usage_of_the_term">History and usage of the term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vernacular_photography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and usage of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Current thinking about vernacular photography was anticipated as early as 1964 by <a href="/wiki/John_Szarkowski" title="John Szarkowski">John Szarkowski</a>, director of photography at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> from 1962 until 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his book <i>The Photographer's Eye</i>, Szarkowski proposed to recognize what he called "functional photography"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alongside the traditional category of fine-art photography; his point was that all photography could possess the merits he sought.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples in Szarkowski's book and the exhibition it was based on<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> included ordinary snapshots, magazine photos, studio portraiture, and specialized documentary work by anonymous professionals. </p><p>The current wave of interest began in 2000, with a "seminal"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> essay, "Vernacular Photographies", by the art historian and curator <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Batchen" title="Geoffrey Batchen">Geoffrey Batchen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Batchen used the term vernacular photography to refer to "what has always been excluded from photography's history: ordinary photographs, the ones made or bought (or sometimes bought and then made over) by everyday folk from 1839 until now, the photographs that preoccupy the home and the heart but rarely the museum or the academy." Batchen had in mind a wide range of photographies made by or for ordinary people, including intentional art and the work of certain professionals: daguerreotypes, ambrotypes, snapshots and snapshot albums, "panoramas of church groups, wedding pictures, formal portraits of the family dog. . . . To these examples could be added a multitude of equally neglected indigenous genres and practices, from gilt Indian albumen prints, to American painted and framed tintypes, to Mexican <i>fotoescultura</i>, to Nigerian <i>ibeji</i> images."<sup id="cite_ref-def1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-def1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Museum of Modern Art currently distinguishes vernacular photography from both fine-art photography and professional photography, singling out <a href="/wiki/Snapshot_(photography)" title="Snapshot (photography)">snapshots</a> in particular: it defines vernacular photography as "[i]mages by amateur photographers of everyday life and subjects, commonly in the form of snapshots. The term is often used to distinguish everyday photography from fine art photography."<sup id="cite_ref-def2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-def2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Ackland_Art_Museum" title="Ackland Art Museum">Ackland Art Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a>) defines vernacular photographs as "those that are made by individuals, typically presumed to be non-artists, for a wide variety of reasons, including snapshots of everyday subjects taken for personal pleasure."<sup id="cite_ref-def3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-def3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a second definition elsewhere on its website, the Museum of Modern Art broadens vernacular photography to include all manner of non-art photographs made "for a huge range of purposes, including commercial, scientific, forensic, governmental, and personal."<sup id="cite_ref-def4_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-def4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a> agrees, referring to vernacular photography as "those countless ordinary and utilitarian pictures made for souvenir postcards, government archives, police case files, pin-up posters, networking Web sites, and the pages of magazines, newspapers, or family albums."<sup id="cite_ref-def5_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-def5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All the usages broadly carry on Batchen's rethinking of the underlying photographic material.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the related terms <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_music" title="Vernacular music">vernacular music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">vernacular architecture</a>, "vernacular photography" under all interpretations not only directs attention to forms that until recently have been ignored by "the museum or the academy,"<sup id="cite_ref-def1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-def1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also puts the focus on the social contexts in which the photos were originally made.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least in critical and curatorial use,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the term largely supersedes the earlier "<a href="/wiki/Found_photography" title="Found photography">found photography</a>," which was most concerned with the eye of the finder. "Found photos" were aesthetic recontextualizations or reinterpretations by artists.<sup id="cite_ref-Elkins_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elkins-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, the current "vernacular photos" are not being taken out of context or reinterpreted, and in most cases they claim no aesthetic value; they simply document some presumably overlooked aspect of social or photo history.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vernacular photography is also to be distinguished from amateur photography. While vernacular photography is generally situated outside received art categories (though where the lines are drawn may vary),<sup id="cite_ref-def1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-def1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-def2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-def2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-def3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-def3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-def4_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-def4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-def5_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-def5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "amateur photography" contrasts with "professional photography": "[A]mateur [photography] simply means that you make your living doing something else"<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see also <a href="/wiki/Photographer" title="Photographer">Photographer</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vernacular_photography_in_museums">Vernacular photography in museums</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vernacular_photography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vernacular photography in museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Museums in the United States have been exhibiting snapshots since 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snapshots and related genres are now commonly billed and discussed as vernacular photography.<sup id="cite_ref-exhibit1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exhibit1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-exhibit2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exhibit2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American collector Peter J. Cohen<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> currently dominates vernacular photography in U.S. museums.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major museum exhibitions have not yet been mounted outside the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_museum_exhibitions">Major museum exhibitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vernacular_photography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Major museum exhibitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Museum exhibitions highlighting vernacular photography have included: </p> <ul><li>1998: "Snapshots: The Photography of Everyday Life" at the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="San Francisco Museum of Modern Art">San Francisco Museum of Modern Art</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2000: "Other Pictures: Vernacular Photographs from the Thomas Walther Collection" at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2007: "The Art of the American Snapshot, 1888–1978: From the Collection of Robert E. Jackson" at the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2015–2016: "Unfinished Stories: Snapshots from the Peter J. Cohen Collection" at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts, Boston</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2017: "Representing: Vernacular Photographs of, by, and for African Americans" at the <a href="/wiki/Portland_Art_Museum" title="Portland Art Museum">Portland Art Museum</a><sup id="cite_ref-exhibit1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exhibit1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2019: "Poetics of the Everyday: Amateur Photography, 1890–1970" at the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Art_Museum" title="Saint Louis Art Museum">Saint Louis Art Museum</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2019–2020: "Lost and Found: Stories for Vernacular Photographs" at the <a href="/wiki/Ackland_Art_Museum" title="Ackland Art Museum">Ackland Art Museum</a><sup id="cite_ref-exhibit2_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exhibit2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vernacular_photography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Found_photography" title="Found photography">Found photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snapshot_(photography)" title="Snapshot (photography)">Snapshot (photography)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snapshot_aesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Snapshot aesthetic">Snapshot aesthetic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vernacular_photography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBell2020" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Kim (2020). <i>Good Pictures: A History of Popular Photography</i>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1503608665" title="Special:BookSources/978-1503608665"><bdi>978-1503608665</bdi></a>. <q>[T]he category of the vernacular is defined mostly by what it excludes: fine art.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Good+Pictures%3A+A+History+of+Popular+Photography&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1503608665&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComments_by_Douglas_R._Nickel2000" class="citation journal cs1">Comments by Douglas R. Nickel (September 1, 2000). "Vernacular Photographies: Responses to a Questionnaire". <i>History of Photography</i>. <b>24</b> (3): 229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03087298.2000.10443412">10.1080/03087298.2000.10443412</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:262301230">262301230</a>. <q>If a photograph wasn't made for non-utiliarian, self-consciously expressive reasons that allow it to be designated 'art,' it devolves to this grab-bag left-over category designated 'vernacular.' Vernacular is thus defined not by what it is, but what it isn't.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Photography&rft.atitle=Vernacular+Photographies%3A+Responses+to+a+Questionnaire&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=229&rft.date=2000-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03087298.2000.10443412&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A262301230%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Comments+by+Douglas+R.+Nickel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuromskis2010" class="citation book cs1">Zuromskis, Catherine (2010). "Chapter 17: Snapshot Photography: History, Theory, Practice, and Esthetics". In Bull, Stephen (ed.). <i>A Companion to Photography</i>. London: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405195843" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405195843"><bdi>978-1405195843</bdi></a>. <q>Yet, ironically, it was the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) photography curator John Szarkowski, often chastised by modern critics as for his refusal to acknowledge photogaphy's vital social function, who first explored the esthetic value of snapshots and, more broadly, vernacular photography in fine art contexts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+17%3A+Snapshot+Photography%3A+History%2C+Theory%2C+Practice%2C+and+Esthetics&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Photography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1405195843&rft.aulast=Zuromskis&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzarkowski1966" class="citation book cs1">Szarkowski, John (1966). <i>The Photographer's Eye</i>. New York: Museum of Modern Art. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870705250" title="Special:BookSources/978-0870705250"><bdi>978-0870705250</bdi></a>. <q>It is the thesis of this book that the study of photographic form must consider the medium's 'fine art' tradition and its 'functional' tradition as intimately interdependent aspects of a single history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Photographer%27s+Eye&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Museum+of+Modern+Art&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0870705250&rft.aulast=Szarkowski&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Szarkowski 1966, p. 6: “The pictures reproduced in this book were made over almost a century and a quarter. They were made for various reasons. . . . They have in fact little in common except their success, and a shared vocabulary. . . . The vision they share belongs to no school or aesthetic theory, but to photography itself.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/2567/">"The Photographer's Eye"</a>. <i>Museum of Modern Art</i>. 1964<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+Modern+Art&rft.atitle=The+Photographer%27s+Eye&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moma.org%2Fcalendar%2Fexhibitions%2F2567%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuromskis2008" class="citation journal cs1">Zuromskis, Catherine (2008). "Ordinary Pictures and Accidental Masterpieces: Snapshot Photography in the Modern Art Museum". <i>Art Journal</i>. <b>67</b> (2): 104–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00043249.2008.10791307">10.1080/00043249.2008.10791307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Art+Journal&rft.atitle=Ordinary+Pictures+and+Accidental+Masterpieces%3A+Snapshot+Photography+in+the+Modern+Art+Museum&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=104-125&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00043249.2008.10791307&rft.aulast=Zuromskis&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatchen2000" class="citation book cs1">Batchen, Geoffrey (2000). "Chapter 3: Vernacular Photographies". <i>Each Wild Idea: Writing, Photography, History</i>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 56–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262267892" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262267892"><bdi>978-0262267892</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+Vernacular+Photographies&rft.btitle=Each+Wild+Idea%3A+Writing%2C+Photography%2C+History&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=56-80&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0262267892&rft.aulast=Batchen&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-def1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-def1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-def1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-def1_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Batchen 2000, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Batchen, Geoffrey (2020). “Whither the Vernacular?” In Campt, Tina; Hirsch, Marianne; Hochberg, Gil; Wallis Brian (eds). <i>Imagining Everyday Life: Engagements with Vernacular Photography.</i> New York: Steidl/The Walther Collection. p. 33. ISBN 978-3958296275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Batchen has recently mentioned<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an earlier use of the term, in the title of a photo fair held in New York in 1998: “The 1st ‘Vernacular’ Photo Fair.” In the same conference proceedings, Batchen proposes that, having done the job of focusing attention on “what has always been neglected,” it now be abandoned: “[T]hat way we can entirely focus our critical attention on what photographs <i>do</i>, rather than on what they are, or what they were” (p. 39).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-def2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-def2_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-def2_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/glossary/#v">"MoMA Learning"</a>. <i>Museum of Modern Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+Modern+Art&rft.atitle=MoMA+Learning.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moma.org%2Flearn%2Fmoma_learning%2Fglossary%2F%23v&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-def3-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-def3_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-def3_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ackland.org/exhibition/lost-and-found-stories-for-vernacular-photographs/">"Lost and Found: Stories for Vernacular Photographs"</a>. <i>Ackland Art Museum</i>. 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ackland+Art+Museum&rft.atitle=Lost+and+Found%3A+Stories+for+Vernacular+Photographs&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fackland.org%2Fexhibition%2Flost-and-found-stories-for-vernacular-photographs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-def4-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-def4_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-def4_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/collection/terms/vernacular-photography#">"Vernacular Photography"</a>. <i>Museum of Modern Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+Modern+Art&rft.atitle=Vernacular+Photography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moma.org%2Fcollection%2Fterms%2Fvernacular-photography%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+photography" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-def5-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-def5_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-def5_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artic.edu/exhibitions/1124/in-the-vernacular">"In the Vernacular"</a>. <i>Art Institute of Chicago</i>. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Art+Institute+of+Chicago&rft.atitle=In+the+Vernacular&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artic.edu%2Fexhibitions%2F1124%2Fin-the-vernacular&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallis2020" class="citation book cs1">Wallis, Brian (2020). "Why Vernacular Photography? The Limits and Possibilities of a Field". In Campt, Tina M.; Hirsch, Marianne; Hochberg, Gil; Wallis, Brian (eds.). <i>Imagining Everyday Life: Engagements with Vernacular Photography</i>. New York: Steidl/The Walther Collection. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3958296275" title="Special:BookSources/978-3958296275"><bdi>978-3958296275</bdi></a>. <q>Batchen's vivid delineation of vernacular histories of photography and the problems they raise not only alerted readers to new objects of study but also opened the critical discussion around them to new interdisciplinary methodologies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Why+Vernacular+Photography%3F+The+Limits+and+Possibilities+of+a+Field&rft.btitle=Imagining+Everyday+Life%3A+Engagements+with+Vernacular+Photography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Steidl%2FThe+Walther+Collection&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3958296275&rft.aulast=Wallis&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campt, Tina M.; Hirsch, Marianne; Hochberg, Gil; Wallis, Brian (2020). “Introduction.” In Campt <i>et al.</i> (eds.) 2020, p. 11. “The authors whose essays are assembled in this volume define vernacular photography by its social and ideological uses rather than by its aesthetic features. To this end, they seek to reconsider vernacular photographs in relation to the communities in which they originated and to reevaluate the agency of the makers, compilers, subjects, and viewers of these images.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> E.g. Campt <i>et al.</i> 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkins-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elkins_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkins2011" class="citation book cs1">Elkins, James (2011). <i>What Photography Is</i>. London: Routledge. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415995696" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415995696"><bdi>978-0415995696</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Found photography' usually means vernacular photos that have been discovered and reconsidered as art.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Photography+Is&rft.place=London&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0415995696&rft.aulast=Elkins&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShea2015" class="citation web cs1">Shea, Andrea (July 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wbur.org/artery/2015/07/17/unfinished-stories-collection">"Why One Collector's Old Snapshots Of Strangers Matter To A Museum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/WBUR" class="mw-redirect" title="WBUR">WBUR</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2021</span>. <q>The curators [of <i>Unfinished Stories: Snapshots from the Peter J. Cohen Collection</i>] say these accidental photos, along with [collector Peter J.] Cohen's other images, tell the story of photography in America that can't be ignored. 'We can't really study the field or think that we understand photography by limiting ourselves to the fine art world,' [Museum of Fine Arts curator of photography Karen] Haas said.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WBUR&rft.atitle=Why+One+Collector%27s+Old+Snapshots+Of+Strangers+Matter+To+A+Museum&rft.date=2015-07-17&rft.aulast=Shea&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wbur.org%2Fartery%2F2015%2F07%2F17%2Funfinished-stories-collection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portlandartmuseum.org/exhibitions/representing/">"Representing: Vernacular Photographs of, by, and for African Americans"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Portland_Art_Museum" title="Portland Art Museum">Portland Art Museum</a></i>. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2021</span>. <q><i>Representing: Vernacular Photographs of, by, and for African Americans</i> brings together studio portraits from an important North Portland family album, vernacular snapshots, and Polaroids to demonstrate the rich diversity of African-American life and experience from the late 1800s through the 1990s.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portland+Art+Museum&rft.atitle=Representing%3A+Vernacular+Photographs+of%2C+by%2C+and+for+African+Americans&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportlandartmuseum.org%2Fexhibitions%2Frepresenting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fllac.vassar.edu/exhibitions/2017/other-peoples-pictures.html">"Other People's Pictures: Snapshots from the Peter J. Cohen Gift"</a>. <i>Francis Lehman Loeb Art Center</i>. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2021</span>. <q>Most of the photographs are anonymous and capture moments in the lives of ordinary people, often depicting celebrations, vacations, and gatherings of family and friends. Individual images were chosen for their eclectic, idiosyncratic, sometimes humorous nature as well as for their subject matter, with a particular focus on the lives and activities of women.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Francis+Lehman+Loeb+Art+Center&rft.atitle=Other+People%27s+Pictures%3A+Snapshots+from+the+Peter+J.+Cohen+Gift&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffllac.vassar.edu%2Fexhibitions%2F2017%2Fother-peoples-pictures.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nelson-atkins.org/amateur-snapshots-provide-window-american-culture-nelson-atkins/">"Amateur Snapshots Provide Window to American Culture at Nelson-Atkins"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nelson-Atkins_Museum_of_Art" title="Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art">Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art</a></i>. April 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2021</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'This incredible exhibition of amateur snapshots depicts broadly shared aspects of everyday life,' said Julián Zugazagoitia, Menefee D. and Mary Louise Blackwell CEO & Director of the Nelson-Atkins. 'It highlights the deep cultural importance of photography, a visual tradition that flourishes today in images that are made and shared in a variety of ways.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nelson-Atkins+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Amateur+Snapshots+Provide+Window+to+American+Culture+at+Nelson-Atkins&rft.date=2016-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nelson-atkins.org%2Famateur-snapshots-provide-window-american-culture-nelson-atkins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangfordBilissi2011" class="citation book cs1">Langford, Michael; Bilissi, Efthimia (2011). <i>Langford's Advanced Photography</i>. Oxford, UK and Burlington, MA: Focal Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0240520384" title="Special:BookSources/978-0240520384"><bdi>978-0240520384</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Langford%27s+Advanced+Photography&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK+and+Burlington%2C+MA&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0240520384&rft.aulast=Langford&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Bilissi%2C+Efthimia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfmoma.org/exhibition/snapshots">"Snapshots: The Photography of Everyday Life"</a>. <i>San Francisco Museum of Modern Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Museum+of+Modern+Art&rft.atitle=Snapshots%3A+The+Photography+of+Everyday+Life.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfmoma.org%2Fexhibition%2Fsnapshots&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+photography" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-exhibit1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-exhibit1_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-exhibit1_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portlandartmuseum.us/mwebcgi/mweb.exe?request=record;id=1659;type=901">"Representing: Vernacular Photographs of, by, and for African Americans"</a>. <i>Portland Art Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portland+Art+Museum&rft.atitle=Representing%3A+Vernacular+Photographs+of%2C+by%2C+and+for+African+Americans.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportlandartmuseum.us%2Fmwebcgi%2Fmweb.exe%3Frequest%3Drecord%3Bid%3D1659%3Btype%3D901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-exhibit2-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-exhibit2_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-exhibit2_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ackland.org/exhibition/lost-and-found-stories-for-vernacular-photographs/">"Lost and Found: Stories for Vernacular Photographs"</a>. <i>Ackland Art Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ackland+Art+Museum&rft.atitle=Lost+and+Found%3A+Stories+for+Vernacular+Photographs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fackland.org%2Fexhibition%2Flost-and-found-stories-for-vernacular-photographs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonnell2021" class="citation news cs1">McDonnell, Brandy (June 28, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oklahoman.com/story/entertainment/2021/06/28/oklahoma-history-center-photo-exhibit-focuses-quirky-everyday-photos/7394357002/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'In the Vernacular': Oklahoma History Center photo exhibit focuses on quirky, everyday photos"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oklahoman" title="The Oklahoman">The Oklahoman</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oklahoman&rft.atitle=%27In+the+Vernacular%27%3A+Oklahoma+History+Center+photo+exhibit+focuses+on+quirky%2C+everyday+photos&rft.date=2021-06-28&rft.aulast=McDonnell&rft.aufirst=Brandy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oklahoman.com%2Fstory%2Fentertainment%2F2021%2F06%2F28%2Foklahoma-history-center-photo-exhibit-focuses-quirky-everyday-photos%2F7394357002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kccartmuseum.org/the-american-eye">"The American Eye: Vernacular Photography in the United States from the Brownie Camera to Instagram"</a>. Kingsborough Art Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+American+Eye%3A+Vernacular+Photography+in+the+United+States+from+the+Brownie+Camera+to+Instagram&rft.pub=Kingsborough+Art+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkccartmuseum.org%2Fthe-american-eye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+photography" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pjcohencollection.com">"Peter J. Cohen Collection"</a>. <i>Peter J. Cohen Collection</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artnet&rft.atitle=Who+Are+the+World%27s+12+Most+Influential+Photography+Collectors%3F&rft.date=2015-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.artnet.com%2Fart-world%2Fphotography-collectors-294789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+photography" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReyburn2019" class="citation news cs1">Reyburn, Scott (January 9, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/09/arts/design/vernacular-photography.html">"Finding New Value in the Work of Anonymous Shutterbugs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Finding+New+Value+in+the+Work+of+Anonymous+Shutterbugs&rft.date=2019-01-09&rft.aulast=Reyburn&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F01%2F09%2Farts%2Fdesign%2Fvernacular-photography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pjcohencollection.com/exhibitions">"Exhibitions"</a>. <i>Peter J. Cohen Collection</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Peter+J.+Cohen+Collection&rft.atitle=Exhibitions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pjcohencollection.com%2Fexhibitions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+photography" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfmoma.org/exhibition/snapshots">"Exhibition: Snapshots: The Photography of Everyday Life"</a>. <i>SFMOMA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SFMOMA&rft.atitle=Exhibition%3A+Snapshots%3A+The+Photography+of+Everyday+Life.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfmoma.org%2Fexhibition%2Fsnapshots&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/press/exhibitions/2000/other-pictures-vernacular-photographs-from-the-thomas-walther-collection">"Other Pictures: Vernacular Photographs from the Thomas Walther Collection"</a>. <i>Metropolitan Museum of Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Other+Pictures%3A+Vernacular+Photographs+from+the+Thomas+Walther+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fpress%2Fexhibitions%2F2000%2Fother-pictures-vernacular-photographs-from-the-thomas-walther-collection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnna_Guthrie" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Anna Guthrie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nga.gov/press/exh/2850.html">"Amateur Photography to be Spotlighted at National Gallery of Art in <i>The Art of the American Snapshot, 1888-1978: From the Collection of Robert E. Jackson</i>, on View October 7 through December 31, 2007"</a>. <i>National Gallery of Art</i> (Press release)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amateur+Photography+to+be+Spotlighted+at+National+Gallery+of+Art+in+The+Art+of+the+American+Snapshot%2C+1888-1978%3A+From+the+Collection+of+Robert+E.+Jackson%2C+on+View+October+7+through+December+31%2C+2007&rft.au=Anna+Guthrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nga.gov%2Fpress%2Fexh%2F2850.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mfa.org/exhibitions/unfinished-stories">"Exhibition: Unfinished Stories: Snapshots from the Peter J. Cohen Collection"</a>. <i>Museum of Fine Arts</i> (Press release)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exhibition%3A+Unfinished+Stories%3A+Snapshots+from+the+Peter+J.+Cohen+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.org%2Fexhibitions%2Funfinished-stories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slam.org/press/press-release-saint-louis-art-museum-presents-poetics-of-the-everyday-amateur-photography-1890-1970/">"Saint Louis Art Museum presents 'Poetics of the Everyday: Amateur Photography, 1890-1970.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Saint Louis Art Museum</i> (Press release)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint+Louis+Art+Museum+presents+%27Poetics+of+the+Everyday%3A+Amateur+Photography%2C+1890-1970.%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slam.org%2Fpress%2Fpress-release-saint-louis-art-museum-presents-poetics-of-the-everyday-amateur-photography-1890-1970%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVernacular+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vernacular_photography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Batchen, Geoffrey. <i>Each Wild Idea: Writing, Photography, History.</i> Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>, 2002.</li> <li>Batchen, Geoffrey. <i>Forget Me Not: Photography and Remembrance.</i> New York: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Architectural_Press" title="Princeton Architectural Press">Princeton Architectural Press</a>, 2004.</li> <li>Cutshaw, Stacey McCarroll. <i>In the Vernacular: Photography of the Everyday.</i> Boston: Boston University Art Gallery, 2008.</li> <li>Goranin, Näkki. <i>American Photobooth.</i> New York: W.W. Norton, 2008.</li> <li>Greenough, Sarah <i>et al.</i> <i>The Art of the American Snapshot, 1888–1978: From the Collection of Robert E. Jackson.</i> Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 2007.</li> <li>Hinde, John & Martin Parr (ed.). <i>Our True Intent Is All For Your Delight: The John Hinde Butlin's Photographs.</i> London: Chris Boot, 2003.</li> <li>Hines, Babette. <i>Photobooth.</i> New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2002.</li> <li>Levine, Barbara. <i>Snapshot Chronicles: Inventing the American Photo Album.</i> New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006.</li> <li>Michaelson, Mark, & Steven Kasher (eds.). <i>Least Wanted: A Century of American Mugshots.</i> Göttingen: Steidl & New York: Steven Kasher Gallery, 2006.</li> <li>Morgan, Hal. <i>Prairie Fires and Paper Moons: The American Photographic Postcard, 1900–1920.</i> Boston: D.R. Godine, 1981.</li> <li>Parr, Martin (ed.). <i>Boring Postcards.</i> London: Phaidon, 1999. (Followed by <i>Boring Postcards USA</i>, 2000; and <i>Langweilige Postkarten</i>, 2001, of Germany.)</li> <li>Stricherz, Guy. <i>Americans in Kodachrome.</i> Santa Fe: Twin Palms, 2002.</li> <li>Wolff, Letitia (ed.). <i>Real Photo Postcards: Unbelievable Images from the Collection of Harvey Tulcensky.</i> New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2005.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vernacular_photography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/collections/african-american-vernacular-photography">"African-American Vernacular Photography"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Center_of_Photography" title="International Center of Photography">International Center of Photography</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">light-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_camera" title="Field camera">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_camera" title="Press camera">press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">ETTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_photography" title="Analog photography">Analog photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic<br />processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera#Lomography" title="Toy camera">Lomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Photography" title="Category:Photography">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_photography" title="Outline of photography">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Independent_production" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Independent_production" title="Template:Independent production"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Independent_production" title="Template talk:Independent production"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Independent_production" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Independent production"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Independent_production" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Independent production</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_comics" title="Alternative comics">Alternative comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_manga" title="Alternative manga">Alternative manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanzine" title="Fanzine">Fanzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcomic" title="Webcomic">Webcomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_of_webcomics" title="Business of webcomics">business</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minicomic" title="Minicomic">Minicomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minicomic_Co-ops" title="Minicomic Co-ops">Co-ops</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi" title="Doujinshi">Doujinshi</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi_convention" title="Doujinshi convention">conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi_printer" title="Doujinshi printer">printers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_shop" title="Doujin shop">shops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">Self-publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_press" title="Small press">Small press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_press_association" title="Amateur press association">Amateur press association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_music" title="Independent music">Independent music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">Record label</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netlabel" title="Netlabel">Netlabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_record_label" title="Open-source record label">Open-source label</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_radio" title="Independent radio">Radio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_station" title="Independent station">Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_radio" title="Pirate radio">Pirate radio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_culture" title="Cassette culture">Cassette culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_music" title="Doujin music"><i>Doujin</i> music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_music" title="Lo-fi music">Lo-fi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Module_file" title="Module file">Tracker (MOD) music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podsafe" title="Podsafe">Podsafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_music" title="Underground music">Underground music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Amateur</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_movies" class="mw-redirect" title="Home movies">Home movies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_film" title="Amateur film">Amateur film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_pornography" title="Amateur pornography">Amateur pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_film" title="Fan film">Fan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machinima" title="Machinima">Machinima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Professional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_animation" title="Independent animation">Independent animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_(Hollywood_Golden_Age)" title="B movies (Hollywood Golden Age)">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_in_the_1950s" title="B movies in the 1950s">'50s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_(exploitation_boom)" title="B movies (exploitation boom)">'60s–'70s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_since_the_1980s" title="B movies since the 1980s">'80s–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">Midnight movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_wave_cinema" title="No wave cinema">No wave cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_feature" title="Double feature">Double feature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_coding" title="Cowboy coding">Cowboy coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demoscene" title="Demoscene">Demoscene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_cracking" title="Software cracking">Software cracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unofficial_patch" title="Unofficial patch">Unofficial patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warez_scene" title="Warez scene">Warez scene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Video games">Video games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indie_game" title="Indie game">Indie games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indie_game_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie game development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indie_game_developers" title="List of indie game developers">developers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homebrew_(video_games)" title="Homebrew (video games)">Homebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_game" title="Fan game">Fan game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_soft" title="Doujin soft"><i>Doujin</i> soft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_modding" title="Video game modding">Mod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_video_game" title="Open-source video game">Open-source video game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROM_hacking" title="ROM hacking">ROM hack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Food</li><li>Drinks</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_soft_drink" title="Independent soft drink">Independent soft drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homebrewing" title="Homebrewing">Homebrewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbrewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbrewery">Microbrewery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indie_art" title="Indie art">Indie art</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amateur photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_art" title="Mail art">Mail art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visionary_environment" title="Visionary environment">Visionary environment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_role-playing_game" title="Indie role-playing game">Indie RPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_circuit" title="Independent circuit">Independent circuit <span style="font-size:85%;">(wrestling)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_station" title="Independent station">Independent TV station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_media" title="Independent media">Independent media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_design" title="Indie design">Indie design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">Do it yourself</a> (<a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doujin" title="Doujin">Doujin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_(magazine)" title="Make (magazine)"><i>Make</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(magazine)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maker_Faire" title="Maker Faire">Maker Faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Social peer-to-peer processes">Social peer-to-peer processes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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