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subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comorbidity_and_personality_traits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comorbidity_and_personality_traits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Comorbidity and personality traits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comorbidity_and_personality_traits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_pornography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_pornography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Child pornography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_pornography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" 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href="#Debate_regarding_criteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Debate regarding criteria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_regarding_criteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Treatment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Treatment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-For_child_molesters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_child_molesters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 For child molesters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_child_molesters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognitive_behavioral_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Cognitive behavioral therapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognitive_behavioral_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavioral_interventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavioral_interventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Behavioral interventions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behavioral_interventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex_drive_reduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_drive_reduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Sex drive reduction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex_drive_reduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Epidemiology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Epidemiology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pedophilia_and_child_molestation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pedophilia_and_child_molestation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Pedophilia and child molestation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pedophilia_and_child_molestation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_forensic_psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_forensic_psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Law and forensic psychology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Law_and_forensic_psychology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Law and forensic psychology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Law_and_forensic_psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Definitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_and_legal_commitment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_and_legal_commitment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Civil and legal commitment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_and_legal_commitment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 General </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misuse_of_medical_terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misuse_of_medical_terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Misuse of medical terminology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misuse_of_medical_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pedophile_advocacy_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pedophile_advocacy_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Pedophile advocacy groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pedophile_advocacy_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-offending_pedophile_support_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-offending_pedophile_support_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Non-offending pedophile support groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-offending_pedophile_support_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-pedophile_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-pedophile_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Anti-pedophile activism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-pedophile_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Pedophilia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" > 81 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofilie" title="Pedofilie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pedofilie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84" title="تحرش جنسي بالأطفال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تحرش جنسي بالأطفال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofilia" title="Pedofilia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pedofilia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="পেডোফিলিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পেডোফিলিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Педафілія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Педафілія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Педофилия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Педофилия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofiliezh" title="Pedofiliezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pedofiliezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedof%C3%ADlia" title="Pedofília – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pedofília" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofilie" title="Pedofilie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pedofilie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunyengapwere" title="Hunyengapwere – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hunyengapwere" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedoffilia" title="Pedoffilia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pedoffilia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A6dofili" title="Pædofili – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pædofili" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="پيدوفيليا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پيدوفيليا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4dophilie" title="Pädophilie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pädophilie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofiilia" title="Pedofiilia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pedofiilia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Παιδοφιλία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παιδοφιλία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofilia" title="Pedofilia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pedofilia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofilio" title="Pedofilio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pedofilio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofilia" title="Pedofilia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pedofilia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="میل جنسی به کودکان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میل جنسی به کودکان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9dophilie" title="Pédophilie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pédophilie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9idifilia" title="Péidifilia – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Péidifilia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedophile" title="Pedophile – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pedophile" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofilia" title="Pedofilia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pedofilia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AB%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE_(%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B3_%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%8C%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%A3)" title="પીડોફિલિયા (બાળ યૌનશોષણ) – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પીડોફિલિયા (બાળ યૌનશોષણ)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EC%95%84%EC%84%B1%EC%95%A0%EC%A6%9D" title="소아성애증 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소아성애증" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Պեդոֆիլիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պեդոֆիլիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE)" title="बाल यौन शोषण (पीडोफीलिया) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बाल यौन शोषण (पीडोफीलिया)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofilija" title="Pedofilija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pedofilija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofilio" title="Pedofilio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pedofilio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofilia" title="Pedofilia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pedofilia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedophilia" title="Pedophilia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pedophilia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofilie" title="Pedofilie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Pedofilie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofilia" title="Pedofilia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pedofilia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="פדופיליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פדופיליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofilia" title="Pedofilia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pedofilia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE_(%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE)" title="ಪೀಡೊಫಿಲಿಯಾ (ಶಿಶುಕಾಮ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೀಡೊಫಿಲಿಯಾ (ಶಿಶುಕಾಮ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პედოფილია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პედოფილია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Педофилия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Педофилия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofilia" title="Pedofilia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pedofilia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofilija" title="Pedofilija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pedofilija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofilija" title="Pedofilija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pedofilija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofilie" title="Pedofilie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Pedofilie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofilia" title="Pedofilia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pedofilia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedof%C3%ADlia" title="Pedofília – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pedofília" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Педофилија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Педофилија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="പീഡോഫീലിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പീഡോഫീലിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofelija" title="Pedofelija – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Pedofelija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="البيدوفيليا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="البيدوفيليا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofilia" title="Pedofilia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pedofilia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofilie" title="Pedofilie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pedofilie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%89%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="ペドフィリア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペドフィリア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofili" title="Pedofili – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pedofili" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofili" title="Pedofili – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pedofili" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofiliya" title="Pedofiliya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pedofiliya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਪੀਡੋਫਿਲੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੀਡੋਫਿਲੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A8%DA%86%DB%92%D8%A2%DA%BA_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کم عمر بچےآں نال جنسی میلان دی بیماری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کم عمر بچےآں نال جنسی میلان دی بیماری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofilia" title="Pedofilia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pedofilia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofilia" title="Pedofilia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pedofilia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofilie" title="Pedofilie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pedofilie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Педофилия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Педофилия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paedophilia" title="Paedophilia – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Paedophilia" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedophilia" title="Pedophilia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pedophilia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedof%C3%ADlia" title="Pedofília – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pedofília" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofilija" title="Pedofilija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pedofilija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="مناڵبازی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مناڵبازی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Педофилија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Педофилија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofilija" title="Pedofilija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pedofilija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofilia" title="Pedofilia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pedofilia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofili" title="Pedofili – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pedofili" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சிறார் மீதான பாலுணர்வு நாட்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிறார் மீதான பாலுணர்வு நாட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81" title="โรคใคร่เด็ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรคใคร่เด็ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofili" title="Pedofili – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pedofili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Педофілія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Педофілія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A8%DA%86%D9%88%DA%BA_%D8%B3%DB%92_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کم عمر بچوں سے جنسی میلان کی بیماری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کم عمر بچوں سے جنسی میلان کی بیماری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81i_nhi" title="Ái nhi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ái nhi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%8B%E7%AB%A5" title="恋童 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="恋童" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A2" title="פעדאפיליע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פעדאפיליע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%80%E7%AB%A5" title="戀童 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="戀童" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedofilie" title="Pedofilie – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Pedofilie" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sexual attraction to prepubescent children</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about sexual attraction towards prepubescent children. For sexual attraction towards young adolescents, see <a href="/wiki/Hebephilia" title="Hebephilia">hebephilia</a>. For sexual attraction towards older adolescents and young adults, see <a href="/wiki/Ephebophilia" title="Ephebophilia">ephebophilia</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Pedophilia / Paedophilia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">clinical psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychology" title="Forensic psychology">forensic psychology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Primary or exclusive <a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">sexual attraction</a> to <a href="/wiki/Prepubescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepubescent">prepubescent</a> children</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Childhood_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Childhood abuse">Childhood abuse</a> by adults, <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">personality disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Family history">family history</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_castration" title="Chemical castration">chemical castration</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Pedophilia (<a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences" title="American and British English spelling differences">alternatively</a> spelled paedophilia) is a <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatric disorder">psychiatric disorder</a> in which an adult or older adolescent experiences a primary or exclusive <a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">sexual attraction</a> to <a href="/wiki/Prepubescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepubescent">prepubescent</a> children.<a href="#cite_note-Gavin-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-seto-2">[2]</a>: vii  Although girls typically begin the process of <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a> at age 10 or 11, and boys at age 11 or 12,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> psychiatric diagnostic criteria for pedophilia extend the cut-off point for prepubescence to age 13.<a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-TR-4">[4]</a> People with the disorder are often referred to as pedophiles (or paedophiles). Pedophilia is a <a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">paraphilia</a>. In recent versions of formal diagnostic coding systems such as the <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a> and <a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">ICD-11</a>, "pedophilia" is distinguished from "pedophilic disorder". Pedophilic disorder is defined as a pattern of pedophilic arousal accompanied by either subjective distress or interpersonal difficulty, or having acted on that arousal. The DSM-5 requires that a person must be at least 16 years old, and at least five years older than the prepubescent child or children they are aroused by, for the attraction to be diagnosed as pedophilic disorder. Similarly, the ICD-11 excludes sexual behavior among post-pubertal children who are close in age. The DSM requires the arousal pattern must be present for 6 months or longer, while the ICD lacks this requirement. The ICD criteria also refrain from specifying chronological ages.<a href="#cite_note-ICD-11-5">[5]</a> In popular usage, the word pedophilia is often applied to any sexual interest in children or the act of <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a>, including any sexual interest in <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">minors</a> below the local <a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">age of consent</a> or <a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">age of adulthood</a>, regardless of their level of physical or mental development.<a href="#cite_note-Gavin-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-seto-2">[2]</a>: vii <a href="#cite_note-faganJAMA-6">[6]</a> This use conflates the sexual attraction to prepubescent children with the act of child sexual abuse and fails to distinguish between attraction to prepubescent and pubescent or post-pubescent minors.<a href="#cite_note-ames-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-lanning-8">[8]</a> Although some people who commit child sexual abuse are pedophiles,<a href="#cite_note-faganJAMA-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-mayoclinic-9">[9]</a> child sexual abuse offenders are not pedophiles unless they have a primary or exclusive sexual interest in prepubescent children,<a href="#cite_note-ames-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edwards-11">[11]</a> and many pedophiles do not molest children.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Pedophilia was first formally recognized and named in the late 19th century. A significant amount of research in the area has taken place since the 1980s. Although mostly documented in men, there are also women who exhibit the disorder,<a href="#cite_note-seto-2">[2]</a>: 72–74 <a href="#cite_note-genpsych-13">[13]</a> and researchers assume available estimates underrepresent the true number of female pedophiles.<a href="#cite_note-psychiatrictimes.com-14">[14]</a> No cure for pedophilia has been developed, but there are therapies that can reduce the incidence of a person committing child sexual abuse.<a href="#cite_note-faganJAMA-6">[6]</a> The exact causes of pedophilia have not been conclusively established.<a href="#cite_note-seto-2">[2]</a>: 101  Some studies of pedophilia in child sex offenders have correlated it with various neurological abnormalities and psychological pathologies.<a href="#cite_note-setocomorbidity-15">[15]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_definitions">Etymology and definitions</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Psychopathia_sexualis_Wellcome_L0068484.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Psychopathia_sexualis_Wellcome_L0068484.jpg/140px-Psychopathia_sexualis_Wellcome_L0068484.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Psychopathia_sexualis_Wellcome_L0068484.jpg/211px-Psychopathia_sexualis_Wellcome_L0068484.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Psychopathia_sexualis_Wellcome_L0068484.jpg/281px-Psychopathia_sexualis_Wellcome_L0068484.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3620" data-file-height="5700" /></a><figcaption>Title page of the tenth edition of <a href="/wiki/Psychopathia_Sexualis" title="Psychopathia Sexualis">Psychopathia Sexualis</a> (1899, translated)</figcaption></figure> The word pedophilia comes from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> παῖς, παιδός (paîs, paidós), meaning 'child', and φιλία (<a href="/wiki/Philia" title="Philia">philía</a>), 'friendly love' or 'friendship'.<a href="#cite_note-Liddell,_H.G._1959-16">[16]</a> The term paedophilie (in German) started being used in the 1830s among researchers of <a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">pederasty in Ancient Greece</a>. It was further used in the field of <a href="/wiki/Forensic_science" title="Forensic science">forensics</a> after the 1890's, following <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Krafft-Ebing" title="Richard von Krafft-Ebing">Richard von Krafft-Ebing</a>'s coinage of the term paedophilia erotica in the 1896 edition of <a href="/wiki/Psychopathia_Sexualis" title="Psychopathia Sexualis">Psychopathia Sexualis</a>. Krafft-Ebing was the first researcher to use the term pedophilia to refer to a pattern of sexual attraction toward children who had not yet reached puberty, excluding <a href="/wiki/Preadolescence" title="Preadolescence">pubescent minors</a> from the pedophilic age range. In 1895, the English word pedophily was used as a translation of the German word pädophilie.<a href="#cite_note-janssen2-17">[17]</a> The term pedophilia was hardly used by 1945, but started appearing in medical records after 1950. By the 1950s and throughout the 1980s, the word pedophilia started being increasingly used by the popular media.<a href="#cite_note-janssen2-17">[17]</a> Infantophilia (or nepiophilia) is a sub-type of pedophilia; it is used to refer to a sexual preference for children under the age of 5 (especially <a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">infants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toddler" title="Toddler">toddlers</a>).<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-mayoclinic-9">[9]</a> This is sometimes referred to as nepiophilia (from the Greek νήπιος (népios) meaning 'infant' or 'child', which in turn derives from ne- and epos meaning 'not speaking'), though this term is rarely used in academic sources.<a href="#cite_note-Goode2009-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hebephilia" title="Hebephilia">Hebephilia</a> is defined as individuals with a primary or exclusive sexual interest in 11- to 14-year-old pubescents.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The DSM-5 does not list hebephilia among the diagnoses. While evidence suggests that hebephilia is separate from pedophilia, the ICD-10 includes early pubertal age (an aspect of hebephilia) in its pedophilia definition, covering the physical development overlap between the two philias.<a href="#cite_note-SetoReview-22">[22]</a> In addition to hebephilia, some clinicians have proposed other categories that are somewhat or completely distinguished from pedophilia; these include pedohebephilia (a combination of pedophilia and hebephilia) and <a href="/wiki/Ephebophilia" title="Ephebophilia">ephebophilia</a> (though ephebophilia is not considered pathological).<a href="#cite_note-dsm5.org-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-www.usccb.org-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3></div> Pedophilia emerges before or during puberty, and is stable over time.<a href="#cite_note-cutler-25">[25]</a> It is self-discovered, not chosen.<a href="#cite_note-faganJAMA-6">[6]</a> For these reasons, pedophilia has been described as a disorder of sexual preference, phenomenologically similar to a heterosexual or homosexual orientation.<a href="#cite_note-cutler-25">[25]</a> These observations, however, do not exclude pedophilia from being classified as a mental disorder since pedophilic acts cause harm, and mental health professionals can sometimes help pedophiles to refrain from harming children.<a href="#cite_note-Berlin-26">[26]</a> In response to misinterpretations that the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a> considers pedophilia a sexual orientation because of wording in its printed DSM-5 manual, which distinguishes between <a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">paraphilia</a> and what it calls "paraphilic disorder", subsequently forming a division of "pedophilia" and "pedophilic disorder", the association commented: "'[S]exual orientation' is not a term used in the diagnostic criteria for pedophilic disorder and its use in the DSM-5 text discussion is an error and should read 'sexual interest.'" They added, "In fact, APA considers pedophilic disorder a 'paraphilia,' not a 'sexual orientation.' This error will be corrected in the electronic version of DSM-5 and the next printing of the manual." They said they strongly support efforts to criminally prosecute those who sexually abuse and exploit children and adolescents, and "also support continued efforts to develop treatments for those with pedophilic disorder with the goal of preventing future acts of abuse."<a href="#cite_note-Wetzstein-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comorbidity_and_personality_traits">Comorbidity and personality traits</h3></div> Studies of pedophilia in child sex offenders often report that it co-occurs with other <a href="/wiki/Psychopathology" title="Psychopathology">psychopathologies</a>, such as low <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> depression, anxiety, and personality problems. It is not clear whether these are features of the disorder itself, artifacts of <a href="/wiki/Sampling_bias" title="Sampling bias">sampling bias</a>, or consequences of being identified as a sex offender.<a href="#cite_note-setocomorbidity-15">[15]</a> One review of the literature concluded that research on personality correlates and <a href="/wiki/Psychopathology" title="Psychopathology">psychopathology</a> in pedophiles is rarely methodologically correct, in part owing to confusion between pedophiles and child sex offenders, as well as the difficulty of obtaining a representative, community sample of pedophiles.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Seto (2004) points out that pedophiles who are available from a clinical setting are likely there because of distress over their sexual preference or pressure from others. This increases the likelihood that they will show psychological problems. Similarly, pedophiles recruited from a correctional setting have been convicted of a crime, making it more likely that they will show anti-social characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-seto2004-30">[30]</a> Impaired self-concept and interpersonal functioning were reported in a sample of child sex offenders who met the diagnostic criteria for pedophilia by Cohen et al. (2002), which the authors suggested could contribute to motivation for pedophilic acts. The pedophilic offenders in the study had elevated <a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">psychopathy</a> and cognitive distortions compared to healthy community controls. This was interpreted as underlying their failure to inhibit their criminal behavior.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Studies in 2009 and 2012 found that non-pedophilic child sex offenders exhibited psychopathy, but pedophiles did not.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Wilson and Cox (1983) studied the characteristics of a group of pedophile club members. The most marked differences between pedophiles and <a href="/wiki/Control_variable" title="Control variable">controls</a> were on the introversion scale, with pedophiles showing elevated shyness, sensitivity and depression. The pedophiles scored higher on <a href="/wiki/Neuroticism" title="Neuroticism">neuroticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychoticism" title="Psychoticism">psychoticism</a>, but not enough to be considered pathological as a group. The authors caution that "there is a difficulty in untangling cause and effect. We cannot tell whether paedophiles gravitate towards children because, being highly introverted, they find the company of children less threatening than that of adults, or whether the social withdrawal implied by their introversion is a result of the isolation engendered by their preference i.e., awareness of the social [dis]approbation and hostility that it evokes" (p. 324).<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In a non-clinical survey, 46% of pedophiles reported that they had seriously considered suicide for reasons related to their sexual interest, 32% planned to carry it out, and 13% had already attempted it.<a href="#cite_note-jahnkeblind-35">[35]</a> A review of qualitative research studies published between 1982 and 2001 concluded that child sexual abusers use <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_distortion" title="Cognitive distortion">cognitive distortions</a> to meet personal needs, justifying abuse by making excuses, redefining their actions as love and mutuality, and exploiting the power imbalance inherent in all adult–child relationships.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Other cognitive distortions include the idea of "children as sexual beings", uncontrollability of sexual behavior, and "sexual entitlement-bias".<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_pornography">Child pornography</h3></div> Consumption of <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">child pornography</a> is a more reliable indicator of pedophilia than molesting a child,<a href="#cite_note-setocp-38">[38]</a> although some non-pedophiles also view child pornography.<a href="#cite_note-lanning79-39">[39]</a> Child pornography may be used for a variety of purposes, ranging from private sexual gratification or trading with other collectors, to preparing children for sexual abuse as part of the <a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Child grooming">child grooming</a> process.<a href="#cite_note-CrossonTower208-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wortley14-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levesque64-42">[42]</a> Pedophilic viewers of child pornography are often obsessive about collecting, organizing, categorizing, and labeling their child pornography collection according to age, gender, sex act and fantasy.<a href="#cite_note-CrossonTower200-43">[43]</a> According to FBI agent Ken Lanning, "collecting" pornography does not mean that they merely view pornography, but that they save it, and "it comes to define, fuel, and validate their most cherished sexual fantasies".<a href="#cite_note-lanning79-39">[39]</a> Lanning states that the collection is the single best indicator of what the offender wants to do, but not necessarily of what has been or will be done.<a href="#cite_note-lanning107-44">[44]</a> Researchers Taylor and Quayle reported that pedophilic collectors of child pornography are often involved in anonymous internet communities dedicated to extending their collections.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2></div> Although what causes pedophilia is not yet known, researchers began reporting a series of findings <a href="/wiki/Association_(statistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Association (statistics)">linking</a> pedophilia with brain structure and function, beginning in 2002. Testing individuals from a variety of referral sources inside and outside the criminal justice system as well as <a href="/wiki/Control_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Control group">controls</a>, these studies found associations between pedophilia and lower <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_quotient" title="Intelligence quotient">IQs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Blanchard2007-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cantor2004-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cantor2005-48">[48]</a> poorer scores on memory tests,<a href="#cite_note-Cantor2004-47">[47]</a> greater rates of non-right-handedness,<a href="#cite_note-Blanchard2007-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cantor2004-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> greater rates of school grade failure over and above the IQ differences,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> being below average height,<a href="#cite_note-pmid17952597-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> greater probability of having had childhood head injuries resulting in unconsciousness,<a href="#cite_note-Blanchard2002-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> and several differences in <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a>-detected brain structures.<a href="#cite_note-Cantor2008-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16876824-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Such studies suggest that there are one or more neurological characteristics present at birth that cause or increase the likelihood of being pedophilic. Some studies have found that pedophiles are less cognitively impaired than non-pedophilic child molesters.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> A 2011 study reported that pedophilic child molesters had deficits in response inhibition, but no deficits in memory or cognitive flexibility.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Evidence of familial transmittability "suggests, but does not prove that genetic factors are responsible" for the development of pedophilia.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> A 2015 study indicated that pedophilic offenders have a normal IQ.<a href="#cite_note-Paraphilia_Reseach_IQ-62">[62]</a> Another study, using structural <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">MRI</a>, indicated that male pedophiles have a lower volume of <a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">white matter</a> than a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_control" title="Scientific control">control group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cantor2008-56">[56]</a> Functional magnetic resonance imaging (<a href="/wiki/FMRI" class="mw-redirect" title="FMRI">fMRI</a>) has indicated that child molesters diagnosed with pedophilia have reduced activation of the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a> as compared with non-pedophilic persons when viewing sexually arousing pictures of adults.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> A 2008 functional <a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">neuroimaging</a> study notes that central processing of sexual stimuli in heterosexual "paedophile forensic inpatients" may be altered by a disturbance in the prefrontal networks, which "may be associated with stimulus-controlled behaviours, such as sexual compulsive behaviours". The findings may also suggest "a dysfunction at the <a href="/wiki/Cognitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive">cognitive</a> stage of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">sexual arousal</a> processing".<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Blanchard, Cantor, and Robichaud (2006) reviewed the research that attempted to identify <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormonal</a> aspects of pedophiles.<a href="#cite_note-Blanchard2006-65">[65]</a> They concluded that there is some evidence that pedophilic men have less <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> than controls, but that the research is of poor quality and that it is difficult to draw any firm conclusion from it. While not causes of pedophilia themselves, <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">childhood abuse</a> by adults or <a href="/wiki/Comorbidity" title="Comorbidity">comorbid</a> psychiatric illnesses—such as <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">personality disorders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a>—are risk factors for acting on pedophilic urges.<a href="#cite_note-faganJAMA-6">[6]</a> Blanchard, Cantor, and Robichaud addressed comorbid psychiatric illnesses that, "The theoretical implications are not so clear. Do particular genes or noxious factors in the prenatal environment predispose a male to develop both affective disorders and pedophilia, or do the frustration, danger, and isolation engendered by unacceptable sexual desires—or their occasional furtive satisfaction—lead to anxiety and despair?"<a href="#cite_note-Blanchard2006-65">[65]</a> They indicated that, because they previously found mothers of pedophiles to be more likely to have undergone psychiatric treatment, the genetic possibility is more likely.<a href="#cite_note-Blanchard2002-54">[54]</a> A study analyzing the sexual fantasies of 200 heterosexual men by using the Wilson Sex Fantasy Questionnaire exam determined that males with a pronounced degree of <a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">paraphilic</a> interest (including pedophilia) had a greater number of older brothers, a high 2D:4D <a href="/wiki/Digit_ratio" title="Digit ratio">digit ratio</a> (which would indicate low prenatal <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgen</a> exposure), and an elevated probability of being <a href="/wiki/Left-handedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-handedness">left-handed</a>, suggesting that disturbed hemispheric <a href="/wiki/Lateralization_of_brain_function" title="Lateralization of brain function">brain lateralization</a> may play a role in deviant attractions.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DSM_and_ICD-11">DSM and ICD-11</h3></div> The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) states, "The diagnostic criteria for pedophilic disorder are intended to apply both to individuals who freely disclose this paraphilia and to individuals who deny any sexual attraction to prepubertal children (generally age 13 years or younger), despite substantial objective evidence to the contrary."<a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-TR-4">[4]</a> The manual outlines specific criteria for use in the diagnosis of this disorder. These include the presence of sexually arousing fantasies, behaviors or urges that involve some kind of sexual activity with a prepubescent child (with the diagnostic criteria for the disorder extending the cut-off point for prepubescence to age 13) for six months or more, or that the subject has acted on these urges or is distressed as a result of having these feelings. The criteria also indicate that the subject should be 16 or older and that the child or children they fantasize about are at least five years younger than them, though ongoing sexual relationships between a 12- to 13-year-old and a late adolescent are advised to be excluded. A diagnosis is further specified by the sex of the children the person is attracted to, if the impulses or acts are limited to <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a>, and if the attraction is "exclusive" or "nonexclusive".<a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-TR-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">ICD-11</a> defines pedophilic disorder as a "sustained, focused, and intense pattern of sexual arousal—as manifested by persistent sexual thoughts, fantasies, urges, or behaviours—involving pre-pubertal children."<a href="#cite_note-ICD-11-5">[5]</a> It also states that for a diagnosis of pedophilic disorder, "the individual must have acted on these thoughts, fantasies or urges or be markedly distressed by them. This diagnosis does not apply to sexual behaviours among pre- or post-pubertal children with peers who are close in age."<a href="#cite_note-ICD-11-5">[5]</a> Several terms have been used to distinguish "true pedophiles" from non-pedophilic and non-exclusive offenders, or to distinguish among types of offenders on a continuum according to strength and exclusivity of pedophilic interest, and motivation for the offense (see <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse#Offenders" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual offender types</a>). Exclusive pedophiles are sometimes referred to as true pedophiles. They are sexually attracted to prepubescent children, and only prepubescent children. Showing no erotic interest in adults, they can only become sexually aroused while fantasizing about or being in the presence of prepubescent children, or both.<a href="#cite_note-psychiatrictimes.com-14">[14]</a> Non-exclusive offenders—or "non-exclusive pedophiles"—may at times be referred to as non-pedophilic offenders, but the two terms are not always synonymous. Non-exclusive offenders are sexually attracted to both children and adults, and can be sexually aroused by both, though a sexual preference for one over the other in this case may also exist. If the attraction is a sexual preference for prepubescent children, such offenders are considered pedophiles in the same vein as exclusive offenders.<a href="#cite_note-psychiatrictimes.com-14">[14]</a> Neither the DSM nor the ICD-11 diagnostic criteria require actual sexual activity with a prepubescent youth. The diagnosis can therefore be made based on the presence of fantasies or sexual urges even if they have never been acted upon. On the other hand, a person who acts upon these urges yet experiences no distress about their fantasies or urges can also qualify for the diagnosis. Acting on sexual urges is not limited to overt sex acts for purposes of this diagnosis, and can sometimes include <a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">indecent exposure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">voyeuristic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Frotteurism" title="Frotteurism">frotteuristic</a> behaviors.<a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-TR-4">[4]</a> The ICD-11 also considers planning or seeking to engage in these behaviors, as well as the use of <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">child pornography</a>, to be evidence of the diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-ICD-11-5">[5]</a> However the DSM-5-TR, in a change from the prior edition, excludes the use of child pornography alone as meeting the criteria for "acting on sexual urges."<a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-TR-4">[4]</a> This change is controversial due to being made for legal reasons rather than scientific. According to forensic psychologist <a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Seto" title="Michael C. Seto">Michael C. Seto</a>, who was part of the DSM-5-TR workgroup, the removal of child pornography use alone was to avoid diagnosing criminal defendants convicted of child pornography offenses, but no in-person offenses, with pedophilic disorder, as this could potentially lead to such defendants being committed to mental institutions under <a href="/wiki/Sexually_violent_predator_laws" title="Sexually violent predator laws">sexually violent predator laws</a>. Seto, who has published several research studies on pedophilia and its relationship with child pornography, objected to this reasoning by the APA, as it would only apply to a tiny minority of commitments, as well as deny help-seeking pedophiles access to clinical care due to not having an official diagnosis for insurance purposes.<a href="#cite_note-Seto2022-67">[67]</a> In practice, the patient's behaviors need to be considered in-context with an element of clinical judgment before a diagnosis is made. Likewise, when the patient is in late adolescence, the age difference is not specified in hard numbers and instead requires careful consideration of the situation.<a href="#cite_note-DSMmedem-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debate_regarding_criteria">Debate regarding criteria</h3></div> There was discussion on the DSM-IV-TR being overinclusive and underinclusive. Its criterion A concerns sexual fantasies or sexual urges regarding prepubescent children, and its criterion B concerns acting on those urges or the urges causing marked distress or interpersonal difficulty. Several researchers discussed whether or not a "contented pedophile"—an individual who fantasizes about having sex with a child and masturbates to these fantasies, but does not commit child sexual abuse, and who does not feel subjectively distressed afterward—met the DSM-IV-TR criteria for pedophilia since this person did not meet criterion B.<a href="#cite_note-SetoReview-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-greenpedo-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-DiagnosticCompare-71">[71]</a> Criticism also concerned someone who met criterion B, but did not meet criterion A. A large-scale survey about usage of different classification systems showed that the DSM classification is only rarely used. As an explanation, it was suggested that the underinclusiveness, as well as a lack of validity, reliability and clarity might have led to the rejection of the DSM classification.<a href="#cite_note-feelgood-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ray_Blanchard" title="Ray Blanchard">Ray Blanchard</a>, an American-Canadian <a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">sexologist</a> known for his research studies on pedophilia, addressed (in his literature review for the DSM-5) the objections to the overinclusiveness and under underinclusiveness of the DSM-IV-TR, and proposed a general solution applicable to all paraphilias. This meant namely a distinction between paraphilia and paraphilic disorder. The latter term is proposed to identify the diagnosable mental disorder which meets Criterion A and B, whereas an individual who does not meet Criterion B can be ascertained but not diagnosed as having a paraphilia.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19757012-73">[73]</a> Blanchard and a number of his colleagues also proposed that hebephilia become a diagnosable mental disorder under the DSM-5 to resolve the physical development overlap between pedophilia and hebephilia by combining the categories under pedophilic disorder, but with specifiers on which age range (or both) is the primary interest.<a href="#cite_note-dsm5.org-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blanchard-74">[74]</a> The proposal for hebephilia was rejected by the American Psychiatric Association,<a href="#cite_note-prnsdhebephilia-75">[75]</a> but the distinction between paraphilia and paraphilic disorder was implemented.<a href="#cite_note-dsm5.org_Fact_Sheet-76">[76]</a> The American Psychiatric Association stated that "[i]n the case of pedophilic disorder, the notable detail is what wasn't revised in the new manual. Although proposals were discussed throughout the DSM-5 development process, diagnostic criteria ultimately remained the same as in DSM-IV TR" and that "[o]nly the disorder name will be changed from pedophilia to pedophilic disorder to maintain consistency with the chapter's other listings."<a href="#cite_note-dsm5.org_Fact_Sheet-76">[76]</a> If hebephilia had been accepted as a DSM-5 diagnosable disorder, it would have been similar to the ICD-10 definition of pedophilia that already includes early pubescents,<a href="#cite_note-SetoReview-22">[22]</a> and would have raised the minimum age required for a person to be able to be diagnosed with pedophilia from 16 years to 18 years (with the individual needing to be at least 5 years older than the minor).<a href="#cite_note-dsm5.org-23">[23]</a> O'Donohue, however, suggests that the diagnostic criteria for pedophilia be simplified to the attraction to children alone if ascertained by self-report, laboratory findings, or past behavior. He states that any sexual attraction to children is pathological and that distress is irrelevant, noting "this sexual attraction has the potential to cause significant harm to others and is also not in the best interests of the individual."<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Also arguing for behavioral criteria in defining pedophilia, Howard E. Barbaree and <a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Seto" title="Michael C. Seto">Michael C. Seto</a> disagreed with the American Psychiatric Association's approach in 1997 and instead recommended the use of actions as the sole criterion for the diagnosis of pedophilia, as a means of <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic</a> simplification.<a href="#cite_note-barbaree-seto-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2></div> There is no evidence that pedophilia can be cured.<a href="#cite_note-SetoReview-22">[22]</a> Instead, most therapies focus on helping pedophiles refrain from acting on their desires.<a href="#cite_note-faganJAMA-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-SetoAhmed2014-79">[79]</a> Some therapies do attempt to cure pedophilia, but there are no studies showing that they result in a long-term change in sexual preference.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Seto" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Seto">Michael Seto</a> suggests that attempts to cure pedophilia in adulthood are unlikely to succeed because its development is influenced by prenatal factors.<a href="#cite_note-SetoReview-22">[22]</a> Pedophilia appears to be difficult to alter but pedophiles can be helped to control their behavior, and future research could develop a method of prevention.<a href="#cite_note-berlin-81">[81]</a> There are several common limitations to studies of treatment effectiveness. Most categorize their participants by behavior rather than erotic age preference, which makes it difficult to know the specific treatment outcome for pedophiles.<a href="#cite_note-faganJAMA-6">[6]</a> Many do not select their treatment and control groups <a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">randomly</a>. Offenders who refuse or quit treatment are at higher risk of offending, so excluding them from the treated group, while not excluding those who would have refused or quit from the control group, can bias the treated group in favor of those with lower recidivism.<a href="#cite_note-SetoReview-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The effectiveness of treatment for non-offending pedophiles has not been studied.<a href="#cite_note-SetoReview-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="For_child_molesters">For child molesters</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse#Treatment_2" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse § Treatment 2</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cognitive_behavioral_therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a> (CBT) aims to reduce attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that may increase the likelihood of sexual offenses against children. Its content varies widely between therapists, but a typical program might involve training in self-control, social competence and empathy, and use <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_restructuring" title="Cognitive restructuring">cognitive restructuring</a> to change views on sex with children. The most common form of this therapy is <a href="/wiki/Relapse_prevention" title="Relapse prevention">relapse prevention</a>, where the patient is taught to identify and respond to potentially risky situations based on principles used for treating addictions.<a href="#cite_note-seto-2">[2]</a>: 171  The evidence for cognitive behavioral therapy is mixed.<a href="#cite_note-seto-2">[2]</a>: 171  A 2012 <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_Collaboration" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochrane Collaboration">Cochrane Review</a> of randomized trials found that CBT had no effect on risk of reoffending for contact sex offenders.<a href="#cite_note-cochrane-83">[83]</a> Meta-analyses in 2002 and 2005, which included both randomized and non-randomized studies, concluded that CBT reduced recidivism.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> There is debate over whether non-randomized studies should be considered informative.<a href="#cite_note-SetoReview-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-rice2012-86">[86]</a> More research is needed.<a href="#cite_note-cochrane-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Behavioral_interventions">Behavioral interventions</h4></div> Behavioral treatments target sexual arousal to children, using satiation and aversion techniques to suppress sexual arousal to children and <a href="/wiki/Covert_sensitization" class="mw-redirect" title="Covert sensitization">covert sensitization</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">masturbatory</a> reconditioning) to increase sexual arousal to adults.<a href="#cite_note-seto-2">[2]</a>: 175  Behavioral treatments appear to have an effect on sexual arousal patterns during phallometric testing, but it is not known whether the effect represents changes in sexual interests or changes in the ability to control genital arousal during testing, nor whether the effect persists in the long term.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> For sex offenders with mental disabilities, <a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">applied behavior analysis</a> has been used.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sex_drive_reduction">Sex drive reduction</h4></div> Pharmacological interventions are used to lower the sex drive in general, which can ease the management of pedophilic feelings, but does not change sexual preference.<a href="#cite_note-camilleri199-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiandrogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiandrogens">Antiandrogens</a> work by interfering with the activity of testosterone. <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a> (Androcur) and <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a> (Depo-Provera) are the most commonly used. The efficacy of antiandrogens has some support, but few high-quality studies exist. Cyproterone acetate has the strongest evidence for reducing sexual arousal, while findings on medroxyprogesterone acetate have been mixed.<a href="#cite_note-seto-2">[2]</a>: 177–181  <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_analog" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog">Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Leuprorelin" title="Leuprorelin">leuprorelin</a> (Lupron), which last longer and have fewer side-effects, are also used to reduce libido,<a href="#cite_note-pmid15985890-91">[91]</a> as are <a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-seto-2">[2]</a>: 177–181  The evidence for these alternatives is more limited and mostly based on open trials and case studies.<a href="#cite_note-SetoReview-22">[22]</a> All of these treatments, commonly referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Chemical_castration" title="Chemical castration">chemical castration</a>", are often used in conjunction with cognitive behavioral therapy.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Treatment_of_Sexual_Abusers" class="mw-redirect" title="Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers">Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers</a>, when treating child molesters, "anti-androgen treatment should be coupled with appropriate monitoring and counseling within a comprehensive treatment plan."<a href="#cite_note-atsacast-93">[93]</a> These drugs may have side-effects, such as weight gain, breast development, liver damage and osteoporosis.<a href="#cite_note-SetoReview-22">[22]</a> Historically, surgical <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castration</a> was used to lower sex drive by reducing testosterone. The emergence of pharmacological methods of adjusting testosterone has made it largely obsolete, because they are similarly effective and less invasive.<a href="#cite_note-camilleri199-90">[90]</a> It is still occasionally performed in Germany, the Czech Republic, Switzerland, and a few U.S. states. Non-randomized studies have reported that surgical castration reduces recidivism in contact sex offenders.<a href="#cite_note-seto-2">[2]</a>: 181–182, 192  The Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers opposes surgical castration<a href="#cite_note-atsacast-93">[93]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> works to bring the practice to an end in Eastern European countries where it is still applied through the courts.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pedophilia_and_child_molestation">Pedophilia and child molestation</h3></div> The prevalence of pedophilia in the general population is not known,<a href="#cite_note-SetoReview-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-seto2004-30">[30]</a> but is estimated to be lower than 5% among adult men.<a href="#cite_note-SetoReview-22">[22]</a> Less is known about the prevalence of pedophilia in women, but there are case reports of women with strong sexual fantasies and urges towards children.<a href="#cite_note-seto-2">[2]</a>: 72–74  Male perpetrators account for the vast majority of sexual crimes committed against children. Among convicted offenders, 0.4% to 4% are female, and one literature review estimates that the ratio of male-to-female child molesters is 10 to 1.<a href="#cite_note-psychiatrictimes.com-14">[14]</a> The true number of female child molesters may be underrepresented by available estimates, for reasons including a "societal tendency to dismiss the negative impact of sexual relationships between young boys and adult women, as well as women's greater access to very young children who cannot report their abuse", among other explanations.<a href="#cite_note-psychiatrictimes.com-14">[14]</a> The term pedophile is commonly used by the public to describe all child sexual abuse offenders.<a href="#cite_note-ames-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edwards-11">[11]</a> This usage is considered problematic by researchers, because many child molesters do not have a strong sexual interest in prepubescent children, and are consequently not pedophiles.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edwards-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-SetoReview-22">[22]</a> There are motives for child sexual abuse that are unrelated to pedophilia,<a href="#cite_note-barbaree-seto-78">[78]</a> such as stress, marital problems, the unavailability of an adult partner,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> general anti-social tendencies, high sex drive or alcohol use.<a href="#cite_note-seto-2">[2]</a>: 4  As child sexual abuse is not automatically an indicator that its perpetrator is a pedophile, offenders can be separated into two types: pedophilic and non-pedophilic<a href="#cite_note-suchyfacial-96">[96]</a> (or preferential and situational).<a href="#cite_note-lanning-8">[8]</a> Estimates for the rate of pedophilia in detected child molesters generally range between 25% and 50%.<a href="#cite_note-schaefer-97">[97]</a> A 2006 study found that 35% of its sample of child molesters were pedophilic.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Pedophilia appears to be less common in <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a> offenders,<a href="#cite_note-seto-2">[2]</a>: 123  especially fathers and step-fathers.<a href="#cite_note-blanchardfathers-99">[99]</a> According to a U.S. study on 2429 adult male sex offenders who were categorized as "pedophiles", only 7% identified themselves as exclusive; indicating that many or most child sexual abusers may fall into the non-exclusive category.<a href="#cite_note-mayoclinic-9">[9]</a> Some pedophiles do not molest children.<a href="#cite_note-seto-2">[2]</a>: vii  Little is known about this population because most studies of pedophilia use criminal or clinical samples, which may not be representative of pedophiles in general.<a href="#cite_note-seto-2">[2]</a>: 47–48, 66  Researcher Michael Seto suggests that pedophiles who commit child sexual abuse do so because of other anti-social traits in addition to their sexual attraction. He states that pedophiles who are "reflective, sensitive to the feelings of others, averse to risk, abstain from alcohol or drug use, and endorse attitudes and beliefs supportive of norms and the laws" may be unlikely to abuse children.<a href="#cite_note-SetoReview-22">[22]</a> A 2015 study indicates that pedophiles who molested children are neurologically distinct from non-offending pedophiles. The pedophilic molesters had neurological deficits suggestive of disruptions in inhibitory regions of the brain, while non-offending pedophiles had no such deficits.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> According to Abel, Mittleman, and Becker<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> (1985) and Ward et al. (1995), there are generally large distinctions between the characteristics of pedophilic and non-pedophilic molesters. They state that non-pedophilic offenders tend to offend at times of stress; have a later onset of offending; and have fewer, often familial, victims, while pedophilic offenders often start offending at an early age; often have a larger number of victims who are frequently extrafamilial; are more inwardly driven to offend; and have values or beliefs that strongly support an offense lifestyle. One study found that pedophilic molesters had a median of 1.3 victims for those with girl victims and 4.4 for those with boy victims.<a href="#cite_note-schaefer-97">[97]</a> Child molesters, pedophilic or not, employ a variety of methods to gain sexual access to children. Some groom their victims into compliance with attention and gifts, while others use threats, alcohol or drugs, or physical force.<a href="#cite_note-seto-2">[2]</a>: 64, 189  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> Pedophilia is believed to have occurred in humans throughout history.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The term paedophilie (in German) has been used since the late 1830s by researchers of <a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">pederasty in ancient Greece</a>.<a href="#cite_note-janssen-103">[103]</a> The term "paedophilia erotica" was coined in an 1896 article by the <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Viennese</a> psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Krafft-Ebing" title="Richard von Krafft-Ebing">Richard von Krafft-Ebing</a> but does not enter the author's <a href="/wiki/Psychopathia_Sexualis_(Richard_von_Krafft-Ebing_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychopathia Sexualis (Richard von Krafft-Ebing book)">Psychopathia Sexualis</a><a href="#cite_note-Krafft-Ebing-104">[104]</a> until the 10th German edition.<a href="#cite_note-janssen-103">[103]</a> A number of authors anticipated Krafft-Ebing's diagnostic gesture.<a href="#cite_note-janssen-103">[103]</a> In Psychopathia Sexualis, the term appears in a section titled "Violation of Individuals Under the Age of Fourteen", which focuses on the <a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychiatry" title="Forensic psychiatry">forensic psychiatry</a> aspect of <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse#Offenders" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual offenders</a> in general. Krafft-Ebing describes several typologies of offender, dividing them into <a href="/wiki/Psychopathology" title="Psychopathology">psychopathological</a> and non-psychopathological origins, and hypothesizes several apparent causal factors that may lead to the sexual abuse of children.<a href="#cite_note-Krafft-Ebing-104">[104]</a> Krafft-Ebing mentioned paedophilia erotica in a typology of "psycho-sexual perversion". He wrote that he had only encountered it four times in his career and gave brief descriptions of each case, listing three common traits: <ol><li>The individual is tainted [by heredity] (hereditär belastete).<a href="#cite_note-Roudinesco-105">[105]</a></li> <li>The subject's primary attraction is to children, rather than adults.</li> <li>The acts committed by the subject are typically not intercourse, but rather involve inappropriate touching or manipulating the child into performing an act on the subject.</li></ol> He mentions several cases of pedophilia among adult women (provided by another physician), and also considered the <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_pedophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuality and pedophilia">abuse of boys by homosexual men</a> to be extremely rare.<a href="#cite_note-Krafft-Ebing-104">[104]</a> Further clarifying this point, he indicated that cases of adult men who have some medical or <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurological</a> disorder and abuse a male child are not true pedophilia and that, in his observation, victims of such men tended to be older and pubescent. He also lists pseudopaedophilia as a related condition wherein "individuals who have lost <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">libido</a> for the adult through masturbation and subsequently turn to children for the gratification of their sexual appetite" and claimed this is much more common.<a href="#cite_note-Krafft-Ebing-104">[104]</a> Austrian neurologist <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> briefly wrote about the topic in his 1905 book <a href="/wiki/Three_Essays_on_the_Theory_of_Sexuality" title="Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality">Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality</a>, in a section titled The Sexually immature and Animals as Sexual objects. He wrote that exclusive pedophilia was rare and only occasionally were prepubescent children exclusive objects. He wrote that they usually were the subject of desire when a weak person "makes use of such substitutes" or when an uncontrollable instinct which will not allow delay seeks immediate gratification and cannot find a more appropriate object.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In 1908, Swiss <a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">neuroanatomist</a> and psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Forel" title="Auguste Forel">Auguste Forel</a> wrote of the phenomenon, proposing that it be referred to it as "Pederosis", the "Sexual Appetite for Children". Similar to Krafft-Ebing's work, Forel made the distinction between incidental sexual abuse by persons with <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a> and other organic brain conditions, and the truly preferential and sometimes exclusive sexual desire for children. However, he disagreed with Krafft-Ebing in that he felt the condition of the latter was largely ingrained and unchangeable.<a href="#cite_note-Forel-107">[107]</a> The term pedophilia became the generally accepted term for the condition and saw widespread adoption in the early 20th century, appearing in many popular <a href="/wiki/Medical_dictionary" title="Medical dictionary">medical dictionaries</a> such as the 5th Edition of Stedman's in 1918. In 1952, it was included in the first edition of the <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> This edition and the subsequent DSM-II listed the disorder as one subtype of the classification "Sexual Deviation", but no diagnostic criteria were provided. The DSM-III, published in 1980, contained a full description of the disorder and provided a set of guidelines for diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The revision in 1987, the DSM-III-R, kept the description largely the same, but updated and expanded the diagnostic criteria.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_and_forensic_psychology">Law and forensic psychology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definitions">Definitions</h3></div> Pedophilia is not a legal term,<a href="#cite_note-mayoclinic-9">[9]</a> as having a sexual attraction to children without acting on it is not illegal.<a href="#cite_note-faganJAMA-6">[6]</a> In law enforcement circles, the term pedophile is sometimes used informally to refer to any person who commits one or more sexually-based crimes that relate to <a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">legally underage</a> victims. These crimes may include <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">statutory rape</a>, offenses involving <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">child pornography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Child grooming">child grooming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">stalking</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">indecent exposure</a>. One unit of the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Child_Abuse_Investigation_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Child Abuse Investigation Command">Child Abuse Investigation Command</a> is known as the "<a href="/wiki/Paedophile_Unit" title="Paedophile Unit">Paedophile Unit</a>" and specializes in online investigations and enforcement work.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Some forensic science texts, such as Holmes (2008), use the term to refer to offenders who target child victims, even when such children are not the primary sexual interest of the offender.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> agent Kenneth Lanning, however, makes a point of distinguishing between pedophiles and child molesters.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_and_legal_commitment">Civil and legal commitment</h3></div> In the United States, following <a href="/wiki/Kansas_v._Hendricks" title="Kansas v. Hendricks">Kansas v. Hendricks</a>, sex offenders who have certain mental disorders, including pedophilia, can be subject to indefinite <a href="/wiki/Civil_commitment" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil commitment">civil commitment</a> under various state laws<a href="#cite_note-seto-2">[2]</a>: 186  (generically called <a href="/wiki/Sexually_violent_predator_laws" title="Sexually violent predator laws">SVP laws</a>)<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> and the federal <a href="/wiki/Adam_Walsh_Child_Protection_and_Safety_Act" title="Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act">Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act</a> of 2006.<a href="#cite_note-apabc-115">[115]</a> Similar legislation exists in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-seto-2">[2]</a>: 186  In Kansas v. Hendricks, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">US Supreme Court</a> upheld as constitutional a Kansas law, the <a href="/wiki/Sexually_Violent_Predator_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually Violent Predator Act">Sexually Violent Predator Act</a>, under which Hendricks, a pedophile, was found to have a "mental abnormality" defined as a "congenital or acquired condition affecting the emotional or volitional capacity which predisposes the person to commit sexually violent offenses to the degree that such person is a menace to the health and safety of others", which allowed the State to confine Hendricks indefinitely irrespective of whether the State provided any treatment to him.<a href="#cite_note-guilford-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Comstock" title="United States v. Comstock">United States v. Comstock</a>, this type of indefinite confinement was upheld for someone previously convicted on child pornography charges; this time a federal law was involved—the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act.<a href="#cite_note-apabc-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The Walsh Act does not require a conviction on a sex offense charge, but only that the person be a <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons" title="Federal Bureau of Prisons">federal prisoner</a>, and one who "has engaged or attempted to engage in sexually violent conduct or child molestation and who is sexually dangerous to others", and who "would have serious difficulty in refraining from sexually violent conduct or child molestation if released".<a href="#cite_note-papers.ssrn.com-120">[120]</a> In the US, offenders with pedophilia are more likely to be recommended for civil commitment than non-pedophilic offenders. About half of committed offenders have a diagnosis of pedophilia.<a href="#cite_note-seto-2">[2]</a>: 186  Psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Michael_First" title="Michael First">Michael First</a> writes that, since not all people with a paraphilia have difficulty controlling their behavior, the evaluating clinician must present additional evidence of volitional impairment instead of recommending commitment based on pedophilia alone.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3></div> Pedophilia is one of the most stigmatized mental disorders.<a href="#cite_note-jahnkeblind-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jahnke2018-122">[122]</a> Among the public, common feelings include anger, fear and social rejection of pedophiles who have not committed a crime. Such attitudes could negatively impact child sexual abuse prevention by reducing pedophiles' mental stability and discouraging them from seeking help.<a href="#cite_note-Jahnke2018-122">[122]</a> According to sociologists Melanie-Angela Neuilly and Kristen Zgoba, social concern over pedophilia intensified greatly in the 1990s, coinciding with several sensational sex crimes (but a general decline in child sexual abuse rates). They found that pedophile appeared only rarely in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> and <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a> before 1996, with zero mentions in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Social attitudes towards child sexual abuse are extremely negative, with some surveys ranking it as morally worse than murder.<a href="#cite_note-seto-2">[2]</a>: viii  Early research showed that there was a great deal of misunderstanding and unrealistic perceptions in the general public about child sexual abuse and pedophiles. A 2004 study concluded that the public was well-informed on some aspects of these subjects.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misuse_of_medical_terminology">Misuse of medical terminology</h3></div> The words pedophile and pedophilia are commonly used informally to describe an adult's sexual interest in pubescent or post-pubescent persons under the age of consent or even under the age of majority. The terms <a href="/wiki/Hebephilia" title="Hebephilia">hebephilia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ephebophilia" title="Ephebophilia">ephebophilia</a> may be more accurate in these cases.<a href="#cite_note-mayoclinic-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-www.usccb.org-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-britannica-125">[125]</a> Another common usage of pedophilia is to refer to the act of sexual abuse itself,<a href="#cite_note-seto-2">[2]</a>: vii  rather than the medical meaning, which is a preference for prepubescents on the part of the older individual (<a href="#Pedophilia_and_child_molestation">see above</a> for an explanation of the distinction).<a href="#cite_note-ames-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-lanning-8">[8]</a> There are also situations where the term is misused to refer to relationships where the younger person is an adult of legal age, but is either considered too young in comparison to their older partner, or the older partner occupies a position of authority over them.<a href="#cite_note-www.huffingtonpost.com-126">[126]</a> Researchers state that the above uses of the term pedophilia are imprecise or suggest that they are best avoided.<a href="#cite_note-ames-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-www.usccb.org-24">[24]</a> Writing in <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic_Proceedings" title="Mayo Clinic Proceedings">Mayo Clinic Proceedings</a>, Hall & Hall state that pedophilia "is not a criminal or legal term".<a href="#cite_note-mayoclinic-9">[9]</a> Falsely accusing someone in an online space of being a pedophile, either directly or by implication using related terminology,<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> is considered a serious matter in many legal system and has resulted in successful lawsuits for slander or/and defamation.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pedophile_advocacy_groups">Pedophile advocacy groups</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pedophile_advocacy_groups" title="Pedophile advocacy groups">Pedophile advocacy groups</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_pedophile_advocacy_organizations" title="List of pedophile advocacy organizations">List of pedophile advocacy organizations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Debate_regarding_child_pornography_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Debate regarding child pornography laws">Debate regarding child pornography laws</a></div> From the late 1950s to early 1990s, several pedophile membership organizations advocated <a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of consent reform">age of consent reform</a> to lower or abolish <a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">age of consent</a> laws,<a href="#cite_note-jenkins2006-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-spiegel-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eichewald4-133">[133]</a> as well as for the acceptance of pedophilia as a <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> rather than a <a href="/wiki/Psychological_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological disorder">psychological disorder</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bernard-134">[134]</a> and for the legalization of <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">child pornography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eichewald4-133">[133]</a> The efforts of pedophile advocacy groups did not gain mainstream acceptance,<a href="#cite_note-jenkins2006-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eichewald4-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-jenkins1992-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-stanton-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-hagan-137">[137]</a> and today those few groups that have not dissolved have only minimal membership and have ceased their activities other than through a few websites.<a href="#cite_note-Eichewald4-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-hagan-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-offending_pedophile_support_groups">Non-offending pedophile support groups</h3></div> In contrast to advocacy groups, there are pedophile support groups and organizations that do not support or condone sexual activities between adults and minors. Members of these groups have <a href="/wiki/Insight#Psychiatry" title="Insight">insight</a> into their condition and understand the potential harm they could do, and so seek to avoid acting on their impulses.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-pedophile_activism">Anti-pedophile activism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-pedophile_activism" title="Anti-pedophile activism">Anti-pedophile activism</a></div> Anti-pedophile activism encompasses opposition against pedophiles, against pedophile advocacy groups, and against other phenomena that are seen as related to pedophilia, such as child pornography and child sexual abuse.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Much of the direct action classified as anti-pedophile involves demonstrations against sex offenders, against pedophiles advocating for the legalization of sexual activity between adults and children, and against Internet users who solicit sex from minors.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT06Dec-147">[147]</a> High-profile media attention to pedophilia has led to incidents of <a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">moral panic</a>, particularly following reports of pedophilia associated with <a href="/wiki/Satanic_ritual_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Satanic ritual abuse">Satanic ritual abuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Day-care_sex-abuse_hysteria" title="Day-care sex-abuse hysteria">day care sex abuse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jewkes1-148">[148]</a> Instances of <a href="/wiki/Vigilante" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigilante">vigilantism</a> have also been reported in response to public attention on convicted or suspected child sex offenders. In 2000, following a media campaign of "naming and shaming" suspected pedophiles in the UK, hundreds of residents took to the streets in protest against suspected pedophiles, eventually escalating to violent conduct requiring police intervention.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity in sexual relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexuality" title="Child sexuality">Child sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circles_of_Support_and_Accountability" title="Circles of Support and Accountability">Circles of Support and Accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophilia" title="Gerontophilia">Gerontophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paraphilias" title="List of paraphilias">List of paraphilias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedobear" title="Pedobear">Pedobear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_Project_Dunkelfeld" title="Prevention Project Dunkelfeld">Prevention Project Dunkelfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafficking_of_children" title="Trafficking of children">Trafficking of children</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gavin-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gavin_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gavin_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGavin2014" class="citation book cs1">Gavin, Helen (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_2901848607018/page/155">Criminological and Forensic 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Retrieved 2018-07-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminological+and+Forensic+Psychology&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F867602647&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2013938304&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL28507633M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-84860-700-2&rft.aulast=Gavin&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_2901848607018%2Fpage%2F155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedophilia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-seto-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seto_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seto_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seto_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seto_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seto_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seto_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seto_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seto_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seto_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seto_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seto_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seto_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seto_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seto_2-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seto_2-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seto_2-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seto_2-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seto_2-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seto_2-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seto_2-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seto_2-20">u</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeto2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Seto" title="Michael C. 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Retrieved 2018-01-17. <q>The distinction between nonpedophilic child molesters and exclusive pedophile child molesters, for instance, could be crucial in neuropsychology because the latter seem to be less cognitively impaired (Eastvold et al., 2011; Schiffer & Vonlaufen, 2011; Suchy et al., 2009). Pedophilic child molesters might perform as well as controls (and better than nonpedophilic child molesters) on a wide variety of neuropsychological measures when mean IQ and other socioeconomic factors are similar (Schiffer & Vonlaufen, 2011). 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Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. 18 (1): 1–14. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1016.1030">10.1.1.1016.1030</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F107906320601800101">10.1177/107906320601800101</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16598663">16598663</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220355661">220355661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sexual+Abuse%3A+A+Journal+of+Research+and+Treatment&rft.atitle=Phallometric+comparison+of+pedophilic+interest+in+nonadmitting+sexual+offenders+against+stepdaughters%2C+biological+daughters%2C+other+biologically+related+girls%2C+and+unrelated+girls&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.1016.1030%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220355661%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16598663&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F107906320601800101&rft.au=Blanchard%2C+R.&rft.au=Kuban%2C+M.+E.&rft.au=Blak%2C+T.&rft.au=Cantor%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Klassen%2C+P.&rft.au=Dickey%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedophilia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKärgel,_C.Massau,_C.Weiß,_S.Walter,_M.2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kärgel, C.; Massau, C.; Weiß, S.; Walter, M.; Kruger, T. H.; Schiffer, B. (2015). "Diminished Functional Connectivity on the Road to Child Sexual Abuse in Pedophilia". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 12 (3): 783–795. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjsm.12819">10.1111/jsm.12819</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25615561">25615561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Sexual+Medicine&rft.atitle=Diminished+Functional+Connectivity+on+the+Road+to+Child+Sexual+Abuse+in+Pedophilia&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E783-%3C%2Fspan%3E795&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjsm.12819&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25615561&rft.au=K%C3%A4rgel%2C+C.&rft.au=Massau%2C+C.&rft.au=Wei%C3%9F%2C+S.&rft.au=Walter%2C+M.&rft.au=Kruger%2C+T.+H.&rft.au=Schiffer%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedophilia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Abel, G. G., Mittleman, M. S., & Becker, J. V. (1985). "Sex offenders: Results of assessment and recommendations for treatment". In M. H. Ben-Aron, S. J. Hucker, & C. D. Webster (Eds.), Clinical criminology: The assessment and treatment of criminal behavior (pp. 207–220). Toronto, Canada: M & M Graphics. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeto2008" class="citation book cs1">Seto, Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pedophiliasexual00seto">Pedophilia and Sexual Offending Against Children</a>. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pedophiliasexual00seto/page/n25">13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781433801143" title="Special:BookSources/9781433801143"><bdi>9781433801143</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pedophilia+and+Sexual+Offending+Against+Children&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781433801143&rft.aulast=Seto&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpedophiliasexual00seto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedophilia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-janssen-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-janssen_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-janssen_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-janssen_103-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanssen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Janssen, D.F. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4595948">""Chronophilia": Entries of Erotic Age Preference into Descriptive Psychopathology"</a>. Medical History. 59 (4): 575–598. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fmdh.2015.47">10.1017/mdh.2015.47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-7273">0025-7273</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4595948">4595948</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26352305">26352305</a>. <q>Von Krafft-Ebing described Pädophilia erotica provisionally as 'eine krankhafte Disposition, eine psychosexuale Perversion' [a morbid disposition, a psychosexual perversion] in an 1896 aetiological paper on Unzucht, excluding those 'pubertati proximi' from the paedophilic age range. The term entered his textbook on psychiatry first in its sixth, 1897 edition, his Psychopathia Sexualis in the tenth German edition of 1898, the English language in that edition's 1899 translation, the French language (as pédophilie érotique) in 1900 and the Italian language (pedofilia erotica) about 1902.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+History&rft.atitle=%22Chronophilia%22%3A+Entries+of+Erotic+Age+Preference+into+Descriptive+Psychopathology&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E575-%3C%2Fspan%3E598&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4595948%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0025-7273&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26352305&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fmdh.2015.47&rft.aulast=Janssen&rft.aufirst=D.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4595948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedophilia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krafft-Ebing-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krafft-Ebing_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krafft-Ebing_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krafft-Ebing_104-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krafft-Ebing_104-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Krafft-Ebing1922" class="citation book cs1">Von Krafft-Ebing, Richard (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/psychopathiasex01krafgoog">Psychopathia Sexualis</a>. Translated to English by Francis Joseph Rebman. Medical Art Agency. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/psychopathiasex01krafgoog/page/n569">552</a>–560. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-871592-55-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-871592-55-9"><bdi>978-1-871592-55-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychopathia+Sexualis&rft.pages=552-560&rft.pub=Medical+Art+Agency&rft.date=1922&rft.isbn=978-1-871592-55-9&rft.aulast=Von+Krafft-Ebing&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpsychopathiasex01krafgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedophilia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roudinesco-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Roudinesco_105-0">^</a> Roudinesco, Élisabeth (2009). 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Translated to English by C.F. Marshall, MD. Rebman. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sexualquestionsc00fore/page/254">254</a>–255.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sexual+Question%3A+A+scientific%2C+psychological%2C+hygienic+and+sociological+study+for+the+cultured+classes&rft.pages=254-255&rft.pub=Rebman&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Forel&rft.aufirst=Auguste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsexualquestionsc00fore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedophilia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Psychiatric_Association_Committee_on_Nomenclature_and_Statistics1952" class="citation book cs1">American Psychiatric Association Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics (1952). 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Retrieved 2025-02-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hg.org&rft.atitle=Someone+Called+Me+a+Pedophile+Online+-+Can+I+Sue%3F+-+HG.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hg.org%2Flegal-articles%2Fsomeone-called-me-a-pedophile-online-can-i-sue-47331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedophilia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jaffalaw.com/update/is-calling-someone-a-paedophile-vulgar-abuse-or-a-statement-of-fact">"Jaffa Law - Is calling someone a "paedophile" vulgar abuse, or a statement of fact?"</a>. www.jaffalaw.com. Retrieved 2025-02-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jaffalaw.com&rft.atitle=Jaffa+Law+-+Is+calling+someone+a+%E2%80%9Cpaedophile%E2%80%9D+vulgar+abuse%2C+or+a+statement+of+fact%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jaffalaw.com%2Fupdate%2Fis-calling-someone-a-paedophile-vulgar-abuse-or-a-statement-of-fact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedophilia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2024" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Wayne (2024-04-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stonegatelegal.com.au/false-sexual-allegations-defamation-claims/">"False Sexual Allegations & Defamation Claims"</a>. Stonegate Legal. Retrieved 2025-02-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stonegate+Legal&rft.atitle=False+Sexual+Allegations+%26+Defamation+Claims&rft.date=2024-04-14&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstonegatelegal.com.au%2Ffalse-sexual-allegations-defamation-claims%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedophilia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jenkins2006-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2006_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2006_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2006" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Philip (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/decadeofnightmar00jenk/page/120">Decade of Nightmares: The End of the Sixties and the Making of Eighties America</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/decadeofnightmar00jenk/page/120">120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517866-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517866-1"><bdi>978-0-19-517866-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decade+of+Nightmares%3A+The+End+of+the+Sixties+and+the+Making+of+Eighties+America&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517866-1&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdecadeofnightmar00jenk%2Fpage%2F120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedophilia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spiegel-132"><a href="#cite_ref-spiegel_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiegel2003" class="citation book cs1">Spiegel, Josef (2003). Sexual Abuse of Males: The Sam Model of Theory and Practice. Routledge. pp. 5, p9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56032-403-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56032-403-4"><bdi>978-1-56032-403-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexual+Abuse+of+Males%3A+The+Sam+Model+of+Theory+and+Practice&rft.pages=5%2C+p9&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-56032-403-4&rft.aulast=Spiegel&rft.aufirst=Josef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedophilia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eichewald4-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eichewald4_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eichewald4_133-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eichewald4_133-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eichewald4_133-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichewald,_Kurt2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Eichenwald" title="Kurt Eichenwald">Eichewald, Kurt</a> (August 21, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/21/technology/21pedo.html">"From Their Own Online World, Pedophiles Extend Their Reach"</a>. New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013215/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/21/technology/21pedo.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved February 18, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=From+Their+Own+Online+World%2C+Pedophiles+Extend+Their+Reach&rft.date=2006-08-21&rft.au=Eichewald%2C+Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F08%2F21%2Ftechnology%2F21pedo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedophilia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernard-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Bernard_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrits_Bernard" class="citation journal cs1">Frits Bernard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150914082902/https://www.ipce.info/ipceweb/Library/dutch_movement_frame.htm">"The Dutch Paedophile Emancipation Movement"</a>. Paidika: The Journal of Paedophilia. 1 (2, (Autumn 1987), p. 35–45). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipce.info/ipceweb/Library/dutch_movement_frame.htm">the original</a> on September 14, 2015. <q>Heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality and paedophilia should be considered equally valuable forms of human behavior.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paidika%3A+The+Journal+of+Paedophilia&rft.atitle=The+Dutch+Paedophile+Emancipation+Movement&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2%2C+%28Autumn+1987%29%2C+p.+35%E2%80%9345&rft.au=Frits+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipce.info%2Fipceweb%2FLibrary%2Fdutch_movement_frame.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedophilia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jenkins1992-135"><a href="#cite_ref-jenkins1992_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1992" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Philip (1992). Intimate Enemies: Moral Panics in Contemporary Great Britain. Aldine Transaction. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-202-30436-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-202-30436-6"><bdi>978-0-202-30436-6</bdi></a>. <q>In the 1970s, the pedophile movement was one of several fringe groups whose cause was to some extent espoused in the name of gay liberation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intimate+Enemies%3A+Moral+Panics+in+Contemporary+Great+Britain&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Aldine+Transaction&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-202-30436-6&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedophilia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stanton-136"><a href="#cite_ref-stanton_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton1992" class="citation book cs1">Stanton, Domna C. (1992). Discourses of Sexuality: From Aristotle to AIDS. University of Michigan Press. p. 405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06513-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06513-4"><bdi>978-0-472-06513-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discourses+of+Sexuality%3A+From+Aristotle+to+AIDS&rft.pages=405&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-472-06513-4&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=Domna+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedophilia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hagan-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hagan_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hagan_137-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaganMarvin_B._Sussman1988" class="citation book cs1">Hagan, Domna C.; Marvin B. Sussman (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deviancefamily00haga/page/131">Deviance and the family</a>. Haworth Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deviancefamily00haga/page/131">131</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86656-726-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86656-726-8"><bdi>978-0-86656-726-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deviance+and+the+family&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Haworth+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-86656-726-8&rft.aulast=Hagan&rft.aufirst=Domna+C.&rft.au=Marvin+B.+Sussman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeviancefamily00haga%2Fpage%2F131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedophilia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Benoit_Denizet-Lewis" title="Benoit Denizet-Lewis">Benoit Denizet-Lewis</a> (2001). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050325090306/http://www.bostonmagazine.com/ArticleDisplay.php?id=27">Boy Crazy</a>", Boston Magazine. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Trembaly, Pierre (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/trembaly_2002__social_inter.pdf">"Social interactions among paedophiles"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091122153953/http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/trembaly_2002__social_inter.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-11-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-41213657">"The young paedophiles who say they don't abuse children"</a>. BBC News. 2017-09-11. Retrieved 2023-03-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+young+paedophiles+who+say+they+don%27t+abuse+children&rft.date=2017-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-41213657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedophilia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/gary-gibson-comfortably-out-paedophile-urges-mental-health-tabitha-abel-a7514746.html">"This man is a paedophile and he wants to tell the world about it"</a>. The Independent. 2017-01-07. Retrieved 2023-03-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=This+man+is+a+paedophile+and+he+wants+to+tell+the+world+about+it&rft.date=2017-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fgary-gibson-comfortably-out-paedophile-urges-mental-health-tabitha-abel-a7514746.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedophilia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark-Flory2012" class="citation web cs1">Clark-Flory, Tracy (June 20, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2012/07/01/meet_pedophiles_who_mean_well/">"Meet pedophiles who mean well"</a>. Salon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302174713/https://www.salon.com/2012/07/01/meet_pedophiles_who_mean_well/">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=Meet+pedophiles+who+mean+well&rft.date=2012-06-20&rft.aulast=Clark-Flory&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2012%2F07%2F01%2Fmeet_pedophiles_who_mean_well%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedophilia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/programmes/global_crime_report/investigation/cybercrime2.shtml">"Global Crime Report – INVESTIGATION – Child porn and the cybercrime treaty part 2 – BBC World Service"</a>. bbc.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100228030246/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/programmes/global_crime_report/investigation/cybercrime2.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-02-28. Retrieved 2008-01-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=Global+Crime+Report+%E2%80%93+INVESTIGATION+%E2%80%93+Child+porn+and+the+cybercrime+treaty+part+2+%E2%80%93+BBC+World+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fworldservice%2Fprogrammes%2Fglobal_crime_report%2Finvestigation%2Fcybercrime2.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedophilia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_144-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/872436.stm">Families flee paedophile protests</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107090309/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/872436.stm">Archived</a> 2009-01-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> August 9, 2000. Retrieved January 24, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expatica.com/actual/article.asp?channel_id=1&story_id=30373">Dutch paedophiles set up political party</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071118220127/http://www.expatica.com/actual/article.asp?channel_id=1&story_id=30373">Archived</a> 2007-11-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, May 30, 2006. Retrieved January 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pjfi.org/">"The Perverted Justice Foundation Incorporated – A note from our foundation to you"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Perverted-Justice" title="Perverted-Justice">Perverted-Justice</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210314210259/http://www.pjfi.org/">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Perverted+Justice+Foundation+Incorporated+%E2%80%93+A+note+from+our+foundation+to+you&rft.pub=Perverted-Justice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pjfi.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedophilia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT06Dec-147"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT06Dec_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalkinHappy_Blitt2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allen_Salkin" title="Allen Salkin">Salkin, Allen</a>; Happy Blitt (2006-12-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E2DB1531F930A25751C1A9609C8B63&sec=&spon=">"Web Site Hunts Pedophiles and TV Goes Along"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. New York, New York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224124410/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E2DB1531F930A25751C1A9609C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-02-24. Retrieved March 16, 2012. <q>'Every waking minute he's on that computer,' said his mother, Mary Erck-Heard, 46, who raised her son after they fled his father, whom she described as alcoholic. Mr. Von Erck legally changed his name from Phillip John Eide, taking his maternal grandfather's family name, Erck, and adding the Von.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Web+Site+Hunts+Pedophiles+and+TV+Goes+Along&rft.date=2006-12-13&rft.aulast=Salkin&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft.au=Happy+Blitt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9D07E2DB1531F930A25751C1A9609C8B63%26sec%3D%26spon%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedophilia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jewkes1-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Jewkes1_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJewkes2004" class="citation book cs1">Jewkes, Yvonne (2004). Media and crime. Thousand Oaks, California: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7rSICweU5QYC&pg=PA76">76–77</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-4765-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-4765-3"><bdi>978-0-7619-4765-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media+and+crime&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.pages=76-77&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-4765-3&rft.aulast=Jewkes&rft.aufirst=Yvonne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedophilia" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGladwell2012" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Gladwell" title="Malcolm Gladwell">Gladwell, Malcolm</a> (2012-09-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/atlarge/2012/09/24/120924crat_atlarge_gladwell">"In Plain View"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=In+Plain+View&rft.date=2012-09-17&rft.aulast=Gladwell&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farts%2Fcritics%2Fatlarge%2F2012%2F09%2F24%2F120924crat_atlarge_gladwell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedophilia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilby2009" class="citation news cs1">Philby, Charlotte (2009-08-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/love-sex/taboo-tolerance/female-sexual-abuse-the-untold-story-of-societys-last-taboo-1767688.html">"Female sexual abuse: The untold story of society's last taboo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Female+sexual+abuse%3A+The+untold+story+of+society%27s+last+taboo&rft.date=2009-08-08&rft.aulast=Philby&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Flove-sex%2Ftaboo-tolerance%2Ffemale-sexual-abuse-the-untold-story-of-societys-last-taboo-1767688.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedophilia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleyer2012" class="citation news cs1">Bleyer, Jennifer (2012-09-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121203065140/http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2012/09/stop_childhood_sexual_abuse_how_to_treat_pedophilia_.2.html">"How Can We Stop Pedophiles? Stop treating them like monsters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2012/09/stop_childhood_sexual_abuse_how_to_treat_pedophilia_.2.html">the original</a> on 2012-12-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=How+Can+We+Stop+Pedophiles%3F+Stop+treating+them+like+monsters&rft.date=2012-09-24&rft.aulast=Bleyer&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fhealth_and_science%2Fmedical_examiner%2F2012%2F09%2Fstop_childhood_sexual_abuse_how_to_treat_pedophilia_.2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedophilia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFong2013" class="citation news cs1">Fong, Diana (2013-05-29). Isenson, Nancy (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/if-im-attracted-to-children-i-must-be-a-monster/a-16727957">"If I'm attracted to children, I must be a monster"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt&rft.atitle=If+I%27m+attracted+to+children%2C+I+must+be+a+monster&rft.date=2013-05-29&rft.aulast=Fong&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.de%2Fif-im-attracted-to-children-i-must-be-a-monster%2Fa-16727957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedophilia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Pedophilia:_Innate_or_Learned%3F" class="extiw" title="v:Pedophilia: Innate or Learned?">Pedophilia: Innate or Learned?</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Pedophilia at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pedophilia" class="extiw" title="wikt:pedophilia">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pedophilia" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Pedophilia">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pedophilia" class="extiw" title="q:Pedophilia">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526071811/http://individual.utoronto.ca/james_cantor/blog2.html">Understanding MRI research on pedophilia</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2011-05-26)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140327063333/http://www.justice.gov/opa/documents/ceos-delego-indictment-twitched.pdf">Indictment from Operation Delego</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2014-03-27)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virped.org">Virtuous Pedophiles, online support for non-offending pedophiles working to remain offence-free</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.helpwantedprevention.org/">HelpWantedPrevention.org, an online self-help course from Johns Hopkins University for managing attraction to children</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title 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dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox32" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8388" class="extiw" title="d:Q8388">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F">65 .4 F 65 .4</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=302.2">302.2</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D010378">D010378</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pedophilia_and_child_sexual_abuse445" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pedophilia" title="Template:Pedophilia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pedophilia" title="Template talk:Pedophilia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pedophilia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pedophilia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pedophilia_and_child_sexual_abuse445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pedophilia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated <a href="/wiki/Chronophilia" title="Chronophilia">chronophilias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebephilia" title="Hebephilia">Hebephilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebophilia" title="Ephebophilia">Ephebophilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Behavior and legal aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age-of-consent_reform" title="Age-of-consent reform">Age-of-consent reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Child grooming">Child grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">Child pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurtcore" title="Hurtcore">Hurtcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_erotica" title="Child erotica">Child erotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_child_pornography" title="Simulated child pornography">Simulated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_child_pornography" title="Legality of child pornography">Legality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_fictional_pornography_depicting_minors" title="Legal status of fictional pornography depicting minors">Legal status of fictional pornography depicting minors</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sex_ring" title="Child sex ring">Child sex ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_sexual_exploitation_of_children" title="Commercial sexual exploitation of children">Commercial sexual exploitation of children</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">Child prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">Child sex tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafficking_of_children" title="Trafficking of children">Child trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">Marriageable age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debate_on_the_causes_of_clerical_child_abuse" title="Debate on the causes of clerical child abuse">Debate on the causes of clerical child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_accommodation_syndrome" title="Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome">Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Child_sexual_abuse_by_country" title="Category:Child sexual abuse by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacha_bazi" title="Bacha bazi">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_in_Australia" title="Child sexual abuse in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse_in_China" title="Child abuse in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Child sexual abuse in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse_in_Pakistan" title="Child abuse in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse_in_New_Zealand" title="Child abuse in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_in_Nigeria" title="Child sexual abuse in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Child sexual abuse in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatment methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_castration" title="Chemical castration">Chemical castration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">Castration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research and support groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Treatment_and_Prevention_of_Sexual_Abuse" title="Association for the Treatment and Prevention of Sexual Abuse">Association for the Treatment and Prevention of Sexual Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circles_of_Support_and_Accountability" title="Circles of Support and Accountability">Circles of Support and Accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silentlambs" title="Silentlambs">Silentlambs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivors_Network_of_those_Abused_by_Priests" title="Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests">Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_Pedophiles" title="Virtuous Pedophiles">Virtuous Pedophiles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prevention organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Treatment_and_Prevention_of_Sexual_Abuse" title="Association for the Treatment and Prevention of Sexual Abuse">Association for the Treatment and Prevention of Sexual Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Exploitation_and_Online_Protection_Command" title="Child Exploitation and Online Protection Command">Child Exploitation and Online Protection Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Community_Watch" title="Jewish Community Watch">Jewish Community Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Missing_%26_Exploited_Children" title="National Center for Missing & Exploited Children">National Center for Missing & Exploited Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_Project_Dunkelfeld" title="Prevention Project Dunkelfeld">Prevention Project Dunkelfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Awareness_Center" title="The Awareness Center">The Awareness Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manny_Waks" title="Manny Waks">Tzedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Rapporteur_on_the_Sale_and_Sexual_Exploitation_of_Children" title="United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Sale and Sexual Exploitation of Children">United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Sale and Sexual Exploitation of Children</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social views</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pedophile_activism" title="Anti-pedophile activism">Anti-pedophile activism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creep_Catchers" title="Creep Catchers">Creep Catchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Justice_(group)" title="Dark Justice (group)">Dark Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perverted-Justice" title="Perverted-Justice">Perverted-Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetie_(internet_avatar)" title="Sweetie (internet avatar)">Sweetie (internet avatar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Catch_a_Predator" title="To Catch a Predator">To Catch a Predator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedophile_advocacy_groups" title="Pedophile advocacy groups">Pedophile advocacy groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pedophile_advocacy_organizations" title="List of pedophile advocacy organizations">List of pedophile advocacy organizations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Anglican Communion sexual abuse cases">Anglican Communion sexual abuse cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Catholic Church sexual abuse cases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases_by_country" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debate_on_the_causes_of_clerical_child_abuse" title="Debate on the causes of clerical child abuse">debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_Catholic_sex_abuse_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Media coverage of Catholic sex abuse cases">media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_scandal_in_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Sexual abuse scandal in the Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_in_New_York_City_religious_institutions" title="Child sexual abuse in New York City religious institutions">Child sexual abuse in New York City religious institutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses%27_handling_of_child_sex_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehovah's Witnesses' handling of child sex abuse">Jehovah's Witnesses' handling of child sexual abuse cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_abuse_cases" title="Mormon abuse cases">Mormon sexual abuse cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_into_Institutional_Responses_to_Child_Sexual_Abuse" title="Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse">Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_sex_abuse_cases" title="Scouting sex abuse cases">Scouting sexual abuse cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism#Pedophilia_and_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Haredi Judaism">Sexual abuse cases in Haredi Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adass_Israel_School_sex_abuse_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Adass Israel School sex abuse scandal">Adass Israel School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_cases_in_Brooklyn%27s_Haredi_community" title="Sexual abuse cases in Brooklyn's Haredi community">Brooklyn's Haredi community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Care_(Australia)#Controversy" title="Jewish Care (Australia)">Jewish Care controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manny_Waks" title="Manny Waks">Manny Waks case</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse_in_football" title="Child abuse in football">Child abuse in football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse_in_Quranic_schools" title="Child abuse in Quranic schools">Child abuse in Quranic schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Bisexuality_symbol_(bold,_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/32px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/48px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/64px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Human_sexuality" title="Portal:Human sexuality">Human sexuality portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paraphilias325" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paraphilias" title="Template:Paraphilias"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paraphilias" title="Template talk:Paraphilias"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paraphilias" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paraphilias"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paraphilias325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilias</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_paraphilias" title="List of paraphilias">List</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abasiophilia" title="Abasiophilia">Abasiophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrotomophilia" title="Acrotomophilia">Acrotomophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_fetishism" title="Fat fetishism">Adipophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agalmatophilia" title="Agalmatophilia">Agalmatophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algolagnia" title="Algolagnia">Algolagnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_fetish" title="Belly fetish">Alvinolagnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_integrity_dysphoria" title="Body integrity dysphoria">Apotemnophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autassassinophilia" title="Autassassinophilia">Autassassinophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biastophilia" title="Biastophilia">Biastophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Capnolagnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chremastistophilia" title="Chremastistophilia">Chremastistophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronophilia" title="Chronophilia">Chronophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprophagia" title="Coprophagia">Coprophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprophilia" title="Coprophilia">Coprophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulrophilia" title="Coulrophilia">Coulrophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leg_fetishism" title="Leg fetishism">Crurophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crush_fetish" title="Crush fetish">Crush fetish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacryphilia" title="Dacryphilia">Dacryphilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrophilia_(paraphilia)" title="Dendrophilia (paraphilia)">Dendrophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emetophilia" title="Emetophilia">Emetophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatulence_fetishism" class="mw-redirect" title="Flatulence fetishism">Eproctophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_asphyxiation" title="Erotic asphyxiation">Erotic asphyxiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_hypnosis" title="Erotic hypnosis">Erotic hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust_murder" title="Lust murder">Erotophonophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibitionism" title="Exhibitionism">Exhibitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formicophilia" title="Formicophilia">Formicophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frotteurism" title="Frotteurism">Frotteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophilia" title="Gerontophilia">Gerontophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybristophilia" title="Hybristophilia">Hybristophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Infantophilia">Infantophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptolagnia" title="Kleptolagnia">Kleptolagnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klismaphilia" title="Klismaphilia">Klismaphilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tickle_fetishism" title="Tickle fetishism">Knismolagnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_lactation" title="Erotic lactation">Lactaphilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrophilia" title="Macrophilia">Macrophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_masochism_disorder" title="Sexual masochism disorder">Masochism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanophilia" title="Mechanophilia">Mechanophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microphilia">Microphilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narratophilia" title="Narratophilia">Narratophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nose_fetishism" title="Nose fetishism">Nasophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophilia" title="Necrophilia">Necrophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_sexuality" title="Object sexuality">Object sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odaxelagnia" title="Odaxelagnia">Odaxelagnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omorashi" title="Omorashi">Omorashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilic_infantilism" title="Paraphilic infantilism">Paraphilic infantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partialism" title="Partialism">Partialism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pedophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piquerism" title="Piquerism">Piquerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_fetishism" title="Foot fetishism">Podophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plushophilia" title="Plushophilia">Plushophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrophilia" title="Pyrophilia">Pyrophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_sadism_disorder" title="Sexual sadism disorder">Sadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salirophilia" title="Salirophilia">Salirophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scopophilia" title="Scopophilia">Scopophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somnophilia" title="Somnophilia">Somnophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_worship" title="Muscle worship">Sthenolagnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamakeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamakeri">Tamakeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscene_phone_call" title="Obscene phone call">Telephone scatologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvestic_fetishism" title="Transvestic fetishism">Transvestic fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_fetishism" title="Hair fetishism">Trichophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Troilism">Troilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urolagnia" title="Urolagnia">Urolagnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urophagia" title="Urophagia">Urophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorarephilia" title="Vorarephilia">Vorarephilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">Zoophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoosadism" title="Zoosadism">Zoosadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="See_also14">See also</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Other_specified_paraphilic_disorder" title="Other specified paraphilic disorder">Other specified paraphilic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_target_location_error" title="Erotic target location error">Erotic target location error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtship_disorder" title="Courtship disorder">Courtship disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymorphous_perversity" title="Polymorphous perversity">Polymorphous perversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Sexual fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Human sexual activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perversion" title="Perversion">Perversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">Sexology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Bisexuality_symbol_(bold,_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/16px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/24px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/32px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Human_sexuality" title="Portal:Human sexuality">Human sexuality portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Paraphilias" title="Category:Paraphilias">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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4em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">Bride kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child-on-child_sexual_abuse" title="Child-on-child sexual abuse">Child-on-child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_sexual_exploitation_of_children" title="Commercial sexual exploitation of children">Child exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">Child pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_in_primary_and_secondary_schools" title="Sexual abuse in primary and secondary schools">in primary and secondary schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_prostitution" title="Child 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