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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Rural Reconstruction</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">8 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Rural Reconstruction</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Rural_Reconstruction">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37709327 coauthored" data-work_id="37709327" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37709327/Bishan_Commune_How_to_Start_Your_Own_Utopia">Bishan Commune: How to Start Your Own Utopia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Book is a graphic montage piece, where comments, thoughts and short accounts from Ou Ning’s travels to Bishan are intertwined with drawings, clippings, color-coded text, handwritten notes, pictures and quotes. The forefathers of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37709327" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Book is a graphic montage piece, where comments, thoughts and short accounts from Ou Ning’s travels to Bishan are intertwined with drawings, clippings, color-coded text, handwritten notes, pictures and quotes. The forefathers of the utopian community, pictured side by side in a pantheón, are the Russian anarchist Peter Kropotkin (1842-1921) and one of the Chinese leaders of the historical Rural Reconstruction Movement, James Yen (1890-1990). <br /> <br />Ou Ning’s goal with the Bishan Commune utopia is to realize the idea of an autonomous zone, where experiments with co-living, sharing, anarchism, community, self-organization, architecture, art practices, and rural traditions can take place, however difficult this might prove in present-day China. <br /> <br />The publication consists of two books: the first volume contains a facsimile of Ou Ning’s original notebook in full color; the second volume is a translation of the notebook from the Chinese by Mai Corlin and Austin Woerner also including an interview with Ou Ning not previously published in English as well as Ou Ning’s 2012 text “Autonomy: Utopia or Realpolitik,” which lays out Ou Ning’s understanding of ongoing anarchist practices in a totalitarian, capitalist reality. <br /> <br />The essay “Autonomy: Utopia or Realpolitik”, first published in Zizhiqu: Autonomous Regions, edited by Hou Hanru, Times Museum, Guangzhou, 2013 ; later republished in Bishan Commune: How to Start Your Own Utopia, edited by May Corlin, OVO Press and Antipyrine, Aarhus, 2015.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37709327" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ca9b6a2cbfa0d75cc1037e78cb5b1ff8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57701332,"asset_id":37709327,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57701332/download_file?st=MTc0MDA3ODA4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="53494482" href="https://columbia.academia.edu/OuNing">Ou Ning</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="53494482" type="text/json">{"id":53494482,"first_name":"Ou","last_name":"Ning","domain_name":"columbia","page_name":"OuNing","display_name":"Ou Ning","profile_url":"https://columbia.academia.edu/OuNing?f_ri=1259839","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/53494482/14111763/15114603/s65_ou.ning.jpeg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-37709327">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-37709327"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://ku-dk.academia.edu/MaiCorlin">Mai Corlin</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-37709327'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-37709327').html(); 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The forefathers of the utopian community, pictured side by side in a pantheón, are the Russian anarchist Peter Kropotkin (1842-1921) and one of the Chinese leaders of the historical Rural Reconstruction Movement, James Yen (1890-1990).\r\n\r\nOu Ning’s goal with the Bishan Commune utopia is to realize the idea of an autonomous zone, where experiments with co-living, sharing, anarchism, community, self-organization, architecture, art practices, and rural traditions can take place, however difficult this might prove in present-day China.\r\n\r\nThe publication consists of two books: the first volume contains a facsimile of Ou Ning’s original notebook in full color; the second volume is a translation of the notebook from the Chinese by Mai Corlin and Austin Woerner also including an interview with Ou Ning not previously published in English as well as Ou Ning’s 2012 text “Autonomy: Utopia or Realpolitik,” which lays out Ou Ning’s understanding of ongoing anarchist practices in a totalitarian, capitalist reality.\r\n\r\nThe essay “Autonomy: Utopia or Realpolitik”, first published in Zizhiqu: Autonomous Regions, edited by Hou Hanru, Times Museum, Guangzhou, 2013 ; later republished in Bishan Commune: How to Start Your Own Utopia, edited by May Corlin, OVO Press and Antipyrine, Aarhus, 2015.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57701332,"asset_id":37709327,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":53494482,"first_name":"Ou","last_name":"Ning","domain_name":"columbia","page_name":"OuNing","display_name":"Ou Ning","profile_url":"https://columbia.academia.edu/OuNing?f_ri=1259839","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/53494482/14111763/15114603/s65_ou.ning.jpeg"},{"id":2493598,"first_name":"Mai","last_name":"Corlin","domain_name":"ku-dk","page_name":"MaiCorlin","display_name":"Mai Corlin","profile_url":"https://ku-dk.academia.edu/MaiCorlin?f_ri=1259839","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2493598/779198/4023577/s65_mai.corlin.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4498,"name":"Utopian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Utopian_Studies?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":4952,"name":"Anarchism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anarchism?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":7230,"name":"Anarchist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anarchist_Studies?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":36402,"name":"Activism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Activism?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":49043,"name":"Utopia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Utopia?f_ri=1259839"},{"id":197284,"name":"Communes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communes?f_ri=1259839"},{"id":924743,"name":"New Rural Reconstruction Movement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Rural_Reconstruction_Movement?f_ri=1259839"},{"id":1259839,"name":"Rural Reconstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction?f_ri=1259839"},{"id":2990663,"name":"Bishan Project","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bishan_Project?f_ri=1259839"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44324982" data-work_id="44324982" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44324982/Bishan_Project_Efforts_to_Build_a_Utopian_Community_under_Authoritarian_Rule">Bishan Project: Efforts to Build a Utopian Community under Authoritarian Rule</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Ou Ning, "Bishan Project: Efforts to Build a Utopian Community under Authoritarian Rule", Janet Marstine and Svetlana Mintcheva ed., Curating Under Pressure: International Perspectives on Negotiating Conflict and Upholding Integrity... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44324982" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Ou Ning, "Bishan Project: Efforts to Build a Utopian Community under Authoritarian Rule", Janet Marstine and Svetlana Mintcheva ed., Curating Under Pressure: International Perspectives on Negotiating Conflict and Upholding Integrity (London and New York: Routledge, 2020). <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Curating-Under-Pressure-International-Perspectives-on-Negotiating-Conflict/Marstine-Mintcheva/p/book/9780815396192" rel="nofollow">https://www.routledge.com/Curating-Under-Pressure-International-Perspectives-on-Negotiating-Conflict/Marstine-Mintcheva/p/book/9780815396192</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44324982" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="118258fc6dc3cb3b899e7ea34bd46c08" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64713545,"asset_id":44324982,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button 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style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44324982"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3051" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Art">Contemporary Art</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3051" type="text/json">{"id":3051,"name":"Contemporary Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Art?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="728294" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Curating_As_Critical_Practice">Curating As Critical Practice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="728294" type="text/json">{"id":728294,"name":"Curating As Critical 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{"id":44324982,"title":"Bishan Project: Efforts to Build a Utopian Community under Authoritarian Rule","created_at":"2020-10-19T00:35:18.695-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44324982/Bishan_Project_Efforts_to_Build_a_Utopian_Community_under_Authoritarian_Rule?f_ri=1259839","dom_id":"work_44324982","summary":"Ou Ning, \"Bishan Project: Efforts to Build a Utopian Community under Authoritarian Rule\", Janet Marstine and Svetlana Mintcheva ed., Curating Under Pressure: International Perspectives on Negotiating Conflict and Upholding Integrity (London and New York: Routledge, 2020). https://www.routledge.com/Curating-Under-Pressure-International-Perspectives-on-Negotiating-Conflict/Marstine-Mintcheva/p/book/9780815396192","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64713545,"asset_id":44324982,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":53494482,"first_name":"Ou","last_name":"Ning","domain_name":"columbia","page_name":"OuNing","display_name":"Ou 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itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37708777/You_re_Too_Shy_to_Talk_about_Utopia">You’re Too Shy to Talk about Utopia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Ou Ning, “You’re Too Shy to Talk about Utopia”, Moments, publication of IFFTI2015- Momenting the Memento, edited by Linda Loppa, published by Skira Editore, Milan, 2016.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37708777" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" 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Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37708777]'), work: {"id":37708777,"title":"You’re Too Shy to Talk about Utopia","created_at":"2018-11-05T19:27:20.809-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37708777/You_re_Too_Shy_to_Talk_about_Utopia?f_ri=1259839","dom_id":"work_37708777","summary":"Ou Ning, “You’re Too Shy to Talk about Utopia”, Moments, publication of IFFTI2015- Momenting the Memento, edited by Linda Loppa, published by Skira Editore, Milan, 2016.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57700693,"asset_id":37708777,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":53494482,"first_name":"Ou","last_name":"Ning","domain_name":"columbia","page_name":"OuNing","display_name":"Ou Ning","profile_url":"https://columbia.academia.edu/OuNing?f_ri=1259839","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/53494482/14111763/15114603/s65_ou.ning.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4498,"name":"Utopian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Utopian_Studies?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":26138,"name":"Utopianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Utopianism?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":49043,"name":"Utopia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Utopia?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":97099,"name":"Rural Develoment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Develoment?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":924743,"name":"New Rural Reconstruction Movement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Rural_Reconstruction_Movement?f_ri=1259839"},{"id":1259839,"name":"Rural Reconstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction?f_ri=1259839"},{"id":2990663,"name":"Bishan Project","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bishan_Project?f_ri=1259839"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37053046" data-work_id="37053046" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37053046/The_Bishan_Project_Restarting_the_Rural_Reconstruction_Movement">The Bishan Project: Restarting the Rural Reconstruction Movement</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Bishan Project and Rural Reconstruction Movement in China. Ou Ning, “The Bishan Project: Restarting the Rural Reconstruction Movement”, Post City: Habitats for the 21st Century, publication of Ars Electronica 2015, edited by Gerfried... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37053046" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Bishan Project and Rural Reconstruction Movement in China. Ou Ning, “The Bishan Project: Restarting the Rural Reconstruction Movement”, Post City: Habitats for the 21st Century, publication of Ars Electronica 2015, edited by Gerfried Stocker, Christine Schöpf and Hannes Leopoldseder, published by Ars Electronica, Linz and Hatje Cantz Verlag, Ostfildern, 2015.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37053046" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="91acec80f22b661be47dc9c228651a36" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57003944,"asset_id":37053046,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57003944/download_file?st=MTc0MDA3ODA4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="53494482" href="https://columbia.academia.edu/OuNing">Ou Ning</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="53494482" type="text/json">{"id":53494482,"first_name":"Ou","last_name":"Ning","domain_name":"columbia","page_name":"OuNing","display_name":"Ou Ning","profile_url":"https://columbia.academia.edu/OuNing?f_ri=1259839","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/53494482/14111763/15114603/s65_ou.ning.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37053046 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37053046"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37053046, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37053046", }); 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Ou Ning, “The Bishan Project: Restarting the Rural Reconstruction Movement”, Post City: Habitats for the 21st Century, publication of Ars Electronica 2015, edited by Gerfried Stocker, Christine Schöpf and Hannes Leopoldseder, published by Ars Electronica, Linz and Hatje Cantz Verlag, Ostfildern, 2015.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57003944,"asset_id":37053046,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":53494482,"first_name":"Ou","last_name":"Ning","domain_name":"columbia","page_name":"OuNing","display_name":"Ou Ning","profile_url":"https://columbia.academia.edu/OuNing?f_ri=1259839","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/53494482/14111763/15114603/s65_ou.ning.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":924743,"name":"New Rural Reconstruction Movement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Rural_Reconstruction_Movement?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":1259839,"name":"Rural Reconstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":2990663,"name":"Bishan Project","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bishan_Project?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43961098" data-work_id="43961098" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43961098/The_Bishan_Commune_and_the_Practice_of_Socially_Engaged_Art_in_Rural_China">The Bishan Commune and the Practice of Socially Engaged Art in Rural China</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This book is concerned with socially engaged art projects in the Chinese countryside, with the artists and intellectuals who are involved, the villagers they meet and the local authorities with whom they negotiate. In recent years an... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43961098" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This book is concerned with socially engaged art projects in the Chinese countryside, with the artists and intellectuals who are involved, the villagers they meet and the local authorities with whom they negotiate. In recent years an increasing number of urban artists have turned towards the countryside in an attempt to revive rural areas perceived to be in a crisis. The vantage point of this book is the Bishan Commune. In 2010, Ou Ning drafted a notebook entitled Bishan Commune: How to Start Your Own Utopia. The notebook presents a utopian ideal of life based on anarchist Peter Kropotkin’s idea of mutual aid. In 2011 the Commune was established in Bishan Village in Anhui Province. The main questions of this book thus revolve around how an anarchist, utopian community unfolds to the backdrop of the political, social and historical landscape of rural China, or more directly: How do you start your own utopia in the Chinese countryside?</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43961098" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8cab87f464f372b4e08fb71b5d6b1044" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64288497,"asset_id":43961098,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64288497/download_file?st=MTc0MDA3ODA4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2493598" href="https://ku-dk.academia.edu/MaiCorlin">Mai Corlin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2493598" type="text/json">{"id":2493598,"first_name":"Mai","last_name":"Corlin","domain_name":"ku-dk","page_name":"MaiCorlin","display_name":"Mai Corlin","profile_url":"https://ku-dk.academia.edu/MaiCorlin?f_ri=1259839","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2493598/779198/4023577/s65_mai.corlin.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43961098 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43961098"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43961098, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43961098", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43961098]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43961098").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43961098").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43961098"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="915" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_History">Art History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="915" type="text/json">{"id":915,"name":"Art History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_History?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2190" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Studies">Chinese Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2190" type="text/json">{"id":2190,"name":"Chinese Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Studies?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3051" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Art">Contemporary Art</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3051" type="text/json">{"id":3051,"name":"Contemporary Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Art?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="20602" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China_studies">China studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="20602" type="text/json">{"id":20602,"name":"China studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China_studies?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43961098]'), work: {"id":43961098,"title":"The Bishan Commune and the Practice of Socially Engaged Art in Rural China","created_at":"2020-08-27T03:40:36.736-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43961098/The_Bishan_Commune_and_the_Practice_of_Socially_Engaged_Art_in_Rural_China?f_ri=1259839","dom_id":"work_43961098","summary":"This book is concerned with socially engaged art projects in the Chinese countryside, with the artists and intellectuals who are involved, the villagers they meet and the local authorities with whom they negotiate. In recent years an increasing number of urban artists have turned towards the countryside in an attempt to revive rural areas perceived to be in a crisis. The vantage point of this book is the Bishan Commune. In 2010, Ou Ning drafted a notebook entitled Bishan Commune: How to Start Your Own Utopia. The notebook presents a utopian ideal of life based on anarchist Peter Kropotkin’s idea of mutual aid. In 2011 the Commune was established in Bishan Village in Anhui Province. The main questions of this book thus revolve around how an anarchist, utopian community unfolds to the backdrop of the political, social and historical landscape of rural China, or more directly: How do you start your own utopia in the Chinese countryside?","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64288497,"asset_id":43961098,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2493598,"first_name":"Mai","last_name":"Corlin","domain_name":"ku-dk","page_name":"MaiCorlin","display_name":"Mai Corlin","profile_url":"https://ku-dk.academia.edu/MaiCorlin?f_ri=1259839","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2493598/779198/4023577/s65_mai.corlin.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":915,"name":"Art History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_History?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":2190,"name":"Chinese Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Studies?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":3051,"name":"Contemporary 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})();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_73238817" data-work_id="73238817" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73238817/Utopian_Nostalgia_Communitarian_Experiment_and_Rural_Reconstruction">Utopian Nostalgia: Communitarian Experiment and Rural Reconstruction</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">An introduction of the Utopian Field: a field-research-based book project on the utopian practices (including communitarianism experiments and rural reconstruction projects) from 19th century to now.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/73238817" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f553ca2ed037133b7cd9b5acafa3ac6f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81837353,"asset_id":73238817,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81837353/download_file?st=MTc0MDA3ODA4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="53494482" href="https://columbia.academia.edu/OuNing">Ou Ning</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="53494482" type="text/json">{"id":53494482,"first_name":"Ou","last_name":"Ning","domain_name":"columbia","page_name":"OuNing","display_name":"Ou Ning","profile_url":"https://columbia.academia.edu/OuNing?f_ri=1259839","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/53494482/14111763/15114603/s65_ou.ning.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_73238817 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="73238817"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new 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data-card-contents-for-ri="4498" type="text/json">{"id":4498,"name":"Utopian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Utopian_Studies?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16426" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16426" type="text/json">{"id":16426,"name":"Communitarianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communitarianism?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26138" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Utopianism">Utopianism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26138" type="text/json">{"id":26138,"name":"Utopianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Utopianism?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29202" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intentional_Communities">Intentional Communities</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="29202" type="text/json">{"id":29202,"name":"Intentional Communities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intentional_Communities?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=73238817]'), work: {"id":73238817,"title":"Utopian Nostalgia: Communitarian Experiment and Rural Reconstruction","created_at":"2022-03-07T05:15:21.440-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/73238817/Utopian_Nostalgia_Communitarian_Experiment_and_Rural_Reconstruction?f_ri=1259839","dom_id":"work_73238817","summary":"An introduction of the Utopian Field: a field-research-based book project on the utopian practices (including communitarianism experiments and rural reconstruction projects) from 19th century to now.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81837353,"asset_id":73238817,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":53494482,"first_name":"Ou","last_name":"Ning","domain_name":"columbia","page_name":"OuNing","display_name":"Ou Ning","profile_url":"https://columbia.academia.edu/OuNing?f_ri=1259839","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/53494482/14111763/15114603/s65_ou.ning.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4498,"name":"Utopian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Utopian_Studies?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":16426,"name":"Communitarianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communitarianism?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":26138,"name":"Utopianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Utopianism?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":29202,"name":"Intentional Communities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intentional_Communities?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":1259839,"name":"Rural Reconstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction?f_ri=1259839"},{"id":1437615,"name":"Utopian Practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Utopian_Practice?f_ri=1259839"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44350519" data-work_id="44350519" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44350519/Utopia_in_Practice_Bishan_Project_and_Rural_Reconstruction">Utopia in Practice: Bishan Project and Rural Reconstruction</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This book is a collection of texts on one of China’s boldest social experiments in recent years: the Bishan Project, a rural reconstruction and practical utopian commune project in a small village Bishan, Anhui Province, China. This... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44350519" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This book is a collection of texts on one of China’s boldest social experiments in recent years: the Bishan Project, a rural reconstruction and practical utopian commune project in a small village Bishan, Anhui Province, China. This project ran for 6 years (2011- 2016) and caused a national debate in China, when it was invited to be exhibited and presented abroad. <br /> <br />The writings describe and criticize the social problems caused by China’s over-loading urbanization process and starts a contemporary agrarianism and agritopianism discourse to resist the modernism and developmentalism doctrine which dominated China for more than a century, answering a global desire for the theory and action of the alternative social solution for today’s environmental and political crises. <br /> <br />This collection of writing will be of interest to artists, architects, scholars, activists and the cultural community at large. <br /> <br />Ou Ning is director of documentaries San Yuan Li and Meishi Street, chief curator of 2009 Shenzhen & Hong Kong Bi-city Biennale of Urbanism and Architecture, jury member of 8th Benesse Prize at 53rd Venice Biennale, member of Asian Art Council at Guggenheim Museum, founding chief editor of literary journal Chutzpah!, founder of Bishan Project, visiting professor of GSAPP, Columbia University and research fellow of Center for Arts, Design and Social Research in Boston, USA. <br /> <br /><a href="https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9789811557903" rel="nofollow">https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9789811557903</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44350519" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1e568f1f16275df25f9e704f0330563c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64743861,"asset_id":44350519,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64743861/download_file?st=MTc0MDA3ODA4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="53494482" href="https://columbia.academia.edu/OuNing">Ou Ning</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="53494482" type="text/json">{"id":53494482,"first_name":"Ou","last_name":"Ning","domain_name":"columbia","page_name":"OuNing","display_name":"Ou Ning","profile_url":"https://columbia.academia.edu/OuNing?f_ri=1259839","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/53494482/14111763/15114603/s65_ou.ning.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44350519 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44350519"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44350519, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44350519", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44350519]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44350519").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44350519").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44350519"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7654" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vernacular_Architecture">Vernacular Architecture</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7654" type="text/json">{"id":7654,"name":"Vernacular Architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vernacular_Architecture?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10370" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/East_Asian_Politics">East Asian Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10370" type="text/json">{"id":10370,"name":"East Asian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/East_Asian_Politics?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12108" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China">China</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12108" type="text/json">{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13938" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Vernacular_Architecture">Contemporary Vernacular Architecture</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="13938" type="text/json">{"id":13938,"name":"Contemporary Vernacular Architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Vernacular_Architecture?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44350519]'), work: {"id":44350519,"title":"Utopia in Practice: Bishan Project and Rural Reconstruction","created_at":"2020-10-22T09:17:13.804-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44350519/Utopia_in_Practice_Bishan_Project_and_Rural_Reconstruction?f_ri=1259839","dom_id":"work_44350519","summary":"This book is a collection of texts on one of China’s boldest social experiments in recent years: the Bishan Project, a rural reconstruction and practical utopian commune project in a small village Bishan, Anhui Province, China. This project ran for 6 years (2011- 2016) and caused a national debate in China, when it was invited to be exhibited and presented abroad. \r\n\r\nThe writings describe and criticize the social problems caused by China’s over-loading urbanization process and starts a contemporary agrarianism and agritopianism discourse to resist the modernism and developmentalism doctrine which dominated China for more than a century, answering a global desire for the theory and action of the alternative social solution for today’s environmental and political crises. \r\n\r\nThis collection of writing will be of interest to artists, architects, scholars, activists and the cultural community at large. \r\n\r\nOu Ning is director of documentaries San Yuan Li and Meishi Street, chief curator of 2009 Shenzhen \u0026 Hong Kong Bi-city Biennale of Urbanism and Architecture, jury member of 8th Benesse Prize at 53rd Venice Biennale, member of Asian Art Council at Guggenheim Museum, founding chief editor of literary journal Chutzpah!, founder of Bishan Project, visiting professor of GSAPP, Columbia University and research fellow of Center for Arts, Design and Social Research in Boston, USA.\r\n\r\nhttps://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9789811557903\r\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64743861,"asset_id":44350519,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":53494482,"first_name":"Ou","last_name":"Ning","domain_name":"columbia","page_name":"OuNing","display_name":"Ou Ning","profile_url":"https://columbia.academia.edu/OuNing?f_ri=1259839","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/53494482/14111763/15114603/s65_ou.ning.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7654,"name":"Vernacular Architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vernacular_Architecture?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":10370,"name":"East Asian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/East_Asian_Politics?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":13938,"name":"Contemporary Vernacular Architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Vernacular_Architecture?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":14197,"name":"Autonomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autonomy?f_ri=1259839"},{"id":29202,"name":"Intentional 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Reconstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction?f_ri=1259839"},{"id":1274879,"name":"Ruralism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ruralism?f_ri=1259839"},{"id":2496790,"name":"New Commons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Commons?f_ri=1259839"},{"id":2990663,"name":"Bishan Project","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bishan_Project?f_ri=1259839"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44446383" data-work_id="44446383" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44446383/Liang_the_Rural_Reformer">Liang the Rural Reformer</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This chapter provides an overview of the historical background as well as philosophical outlook behind the twentieth-century Confucian thinker Liang Shuming’s 梁漱溟 (1893-1988) engagement with the movement for “rural reconstruction”... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44446383" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This chapter provides an overview of the historical background as well as philosophical outlook behind the twentieth-century Confucian thinker Liang Shuming’s 梁漱溟 (1893-1988) engagement with the movement for “rural reconstruction” (xiangcun jianshe 鄉村建設) which took off during the 1930s in Republican China. After situating Liang’s turn toward the countryside and his activities in Shandong province as leader of the Institute for Rural Reconstruction in their broader socio-political context and his own trajectory as an intellectual and reformer, I describe and analyze the complex constellation of cultural, historical, social, political, and economic elements in his 1937 Theory of Rural Reconstruction (Xiangcun jianshe lilun 鄉村建設理論). In doing so, I pay particular attention to the relation between Liang’s idiosyncratic reinterpretation of premodern China’s social order as grounded in an affirmation of “reason” (lixing 理性) and his vision for a form of “national self-awakening” (minzu zijue 民族自覺) rooted in the countryside as a place where the traditional Confucian primacy “ethical relations” (lunli 論理) has supposedly been preserved. In conclusion, I argue that Liang’s idea of rural “collective life” (tuanti shenghuo 團體生活) as the basis for a wholly new form of society counts as a non-state-centered approach to modernization which continues to resonate in contemporary postrevolutionary China.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44446383" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c6d30335f4a78ec7aaa76297c651c151" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":101216688,"asset_id":44446383,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101216688/download_file?st=MTc0MDA3ODA4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3101265" href="https://ugent.academia.edu/AdyVandenStock">Ady Van den Stock</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3101265" type="text/json">{"id":3101265,"first_name":"Ady","last_name":"Van den Stock","domain_name":"ugent","page_name":"AdyVandenStock","display_name":"Ady Van den Stock","profile_url":"https://ugent.academia.edu/AdyVandenStock?f_ri=1259839","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3101265/1018958/97454251/s65_ady.van_den_stock.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44446383 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44446383"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44446383, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44446383", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44446383]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44446383").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44446383").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44446383"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1020" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Philosophy">Chinese Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1020" type="text/json">{"id":1020,"name":"Chinese Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Philosophy?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13893" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Chinese_History">Modern Chinese History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13893" type="text/json">{"id":13893,"name":"Modern Chinese History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Chinese_History?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15654" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Republican_Period_China">History of Republican Period China</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15654" type="text/json">{"id":15654,"name":"History of Republican Period China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Republican_Period_China?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26850" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_history_History_">Chinese history (History)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="26850" type="text/json">{"id":26850,"name":"Chinese history (History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_history_History_?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44446383]'), work: {"id":44446383,"title":"Liang the Rural Reformer","created_at":"2020-11-06T06:54:54.385-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44446383/Liang_the_Rural_Reformer?f_ri=1259839","dom_id":"work_44446383","summary":"This chapter provides an overview of the historical background as well as philosophical outlook behind the twentieth-century Confucian thinker Liang Shuming’s 梁漱溟 (1893-1988) engagement with the movement for “rural reconstruction” (xiangcun jianshe 鄉村建設) which took off during the 1930s in Republican China. After situating Liang’s turn toward the countryside and his activities in Shandong province as leader of the Institute for Rural Reconstruction in their broader socio-political context and his own trajectory as an intellectual and reformer, I describe and analyze the complex constellation of cultural, historical, social, political, and economic elements in his 1937 Theory of Rural Reconstruction (Xiangcun jianshe lilun 鄉村建設理論). In doing so, I pay particular attention to the relation between Liang’s idiosyncratic reinterpretation of premodern China’s social order as grounded in an affirmation of “reason” (lixing 理性) and his vision for a form of “national self-awakening” (minzu zijue 民族自覺) rooted in the countryside as a place where the traditional Confucian primacy “ethical relations” (lunli 論理) has supposedly been preserved. In conclusion, I argue that Liang’s idea of rural “collective life” (tuanti shenghuo 團體生活) as the basis for a wholly new form of society counts as a non-state-centered approach to modernization which continues to resonate in contemporary postrevolutionary China. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":101216688,"asset_id":44446383,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3101265,"first_name":"Ady","last_name":"Van den Stock","domain_name":"ugent","page_name":"AdyVandenStock","display_name":"Ady Van den Stock","profile_url":"https://ugent.academia.edu/AdyVandenStock?f_ri=1259839","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3101265/1018958/97454251/s65_ady.van_den_stock.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1020,"name":"Chinese Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Philosophy?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":13893,"name":"Modern Chinese History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Chinese_History?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":15654,"name":"History of Republican Period China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Republican_Period_China?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":26850,"name":"Chinese history (History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_history_History_?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":27165,"name":"Confucianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Confucianism?f_ri=1259839"},{"id":39852,"name":"Rural China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_China?f_ri=1259839"},{"id":71586,"name":"New Confucianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Confucianism?f_ri=1259839"},{"id":97633,"name":"Modern China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_China?f_ri=1259839"},{"id":122557,"name":"Modern and Contemporary China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_and_Contemporary_China?f_ri=1259839"},{"id":132924,"name":"Modern China (especially late Qing and Republican history)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_China_especially_late_Qing_and_Republican_history_?f_ri=1259839"},{"id":295297,"name":"Liang Shuming 梁漱溟","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liang_Shuming_?f_ri=1259839"},{"id":804698,"name":"Modern Chinese Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Chinese_Philosophy?f_ri=1259839"},{"id":1259839,"name":"Rural Reconstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction?f_ri=1259839"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35935374" data-work_id="35935374" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35935374/Towards_a_Tagorean_Utopia_From_Rural_Reconstruction_to_Transition_Towns_Christine_Marsh">Towards a Tagorean Utopia: From Rural Reconstruction to Transition Towns Christine Marsh</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Rabindranath Tagore was 'a poet who was an indefatigable man of action' (Uma Das Gupta, A Biography ix). Over eighty years ago Tagore saw the world environment collapsing due to 'an epidemic of voracity that has infected the total area of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35935374" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Rabindranath Tagore was 'a poet who was an indefatigable man of action' (Uma Das Gupta, A Biography ix). Over eighty years ago Tagore saw the world environment collapsing due to 'an epidemic of voracity that has infected the total area of civilization' ('City and Village' 310). His practical activities involved a progressive school and university, integrated with research and assistance concerned with village revival and rebuilding the local economy and community. It is timely to reexamine what Tagore tried to achieve. Information about these initiatives, together with a study of Tagore's insights as expressed in his essays: those written in English and those translated from Bengali, can yield an understanding of the form of local and global community he envisaged, and tried to bring into being. That vision is compatible with the aims and development of the Transition Movement, which is motivated by a recognition that the capitalist machine is running out of control, to the detriment of planet and people. This reading of Tagore reveals that, in effect, he advocated a withdrawal from the capitalist system, 'back to the future', not to a rustic existence bound by rigid cultural constraints, but to local cooperative farming and industry, progressive education and renewed culture and creativity.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35935374" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="16aab41ebfee2b0dc38a76ecc398c188" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55817402,"asset_id":35935374,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55817402/download_file?st=MTc0MDA3ODA4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="637706" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisMarsh">Chris Marsh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="637706" type="text/json">{"id":637706,"first_name":"Chris","last_name":"Marsh","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChrisMarsh","display_name":"Chris Marsh","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisMarsh?f_ri=1259839","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/637706/219194/11181334/s65_chris.marsh.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35935374 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35935374"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35935374, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35935374", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35935374 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35935374; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35935374"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35935374 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35935374"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35935374; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35935374]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35935374").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35935374").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35935374"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="55704" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transition">Transition</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="55704" type="text/json">{"id":55704,"name":"Transition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transition?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="89908" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rabindranath_Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="89908" type="text/json">{"id":89908,"name":"Rabindranath Tagore","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rabindranath_Tagore?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1259839" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction">Rural Reconstruction</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1259839" type="text/json">{"id":1259839,"name":"Rural Reconstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35935374]'), work: {"id":35935374,"title":"Towards a Tagorean Utopia: From Rural Reconstruction to Transition Towns Christine Marsh","created_at":"2018-02-16T01:52:58.602-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35935374/Towards_a_Tagorean_Utopia_From_Rural_Reconstruction_to_Transition_Towns_Christine_Marsh?f_ri=1259839","dom_id":"work_35935374","summary":"Rabindranath Tagore was 'a poet who was an indefatigable man of action' (Uma Das Gupta, A Biography ix). Over eighty years ago Tagore saw the world environment collapsing due to 'an epidemic of voracity that has infected the total area of civilization' ('City and Village' 310). His practical activities involved a progressive school and university, integrated with research and assistance concerned with village revival and rebuilding the local economy and community. It is timely to reexamine what Tagore tried to achieve. Information about these initiatives, together with a study of Tagore's insights as expressed in his essays: those written in English and those translated from Bengali, can yield an understanding of the form of local and global community he envisaged, and tried to bring into being. That vision is compatible with the aims and development of the Transition Movement, which is motivated by a recognition that the capitalist machine is running out of control, to the detriment of planet and people. This reading of Tagore reveals that, in effect, he advocated a withdrawal from the capitalist system, 'back to the future', not to a rustic existence bound by rigid cultural constraints, but to local cooperative farming and industry, progressive education and renewed culture and creativity.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55817402,"asset_id":35935374,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":637706,"first_name":"Chris","last_name":"Marsh","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChrisMarsh","display_name":"Chris Marsh","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisMarsh?f_ri=1259839","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/637706/219194/11181334/s65_chris.marsh.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":55704,"name":"Transition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transition?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":89908,"name":"Rabindranath Tagore","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rabindranath_Tagore?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":1259839,"name":"Rural Reconstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27825331" data-work_id="27825331" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27825331/BuildBetterNepal">BuildBetterNepal</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Nepal is the 11th most earthquake -prone country in the world. Throughout the history of Nepal , there have been frequent occurrences of great earthquakes causing severe human and physical loss. On April 2015 , Nepal Earthquake of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_27825331" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Nepal is the 11th most earthquake -prone country in the world. Throughout the history of Nepal , there have been frequent occurrences of great earthquakes causing severe human and physical loss.  <br /><br />On April  2015 , Nepal Earthquake of the magnitude of 7.8 took death toll of more than 8000 and left more than 20,000 injured . Around  31 districts  of central Nepal were affected and out of which14 districts were listed in severely hit areas. The extent of devastation is severe with heavy loss of lives and properties . It is estimated that lives of 8 million people , almost one-third of the population of Nepal have been impacted by these earthquakes.<br /> <br />Nepal one of the poorest country with scarce resources now has  a challenging task of reconstruction ahead. The challenge can also be an opportunity in disguise if reconstruction is laid out with the proper vision for sustainable , self-reliant and stronger  future.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27825331" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b910a7de5dd32e8af649240adbd14d8b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48108538,"asset_id":27825331,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48108538/download_file?st=MTc0MDA3ODA4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="52151154" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/sauravshrestha">Saurav Shrestha</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="52151154" type="text/json">{"id":52151154,"first_name":"Saurav","last_name":"Shrestha","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"sauravshrestha","display_name":"Saurav Shrestha","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/sauravshrestha?f_ri=1259839","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27825331 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27825331"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27825331, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27825331", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27825331]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_27825331").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_27825331").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="27825331"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="51409" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Participatory_Development">Participatory Development</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="51409" type="text/json">{"id":51409,"name":"Participatory Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Participatory_Development?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="75355" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_design_and_planning-1">Urban design and planning</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="75355" type="text/json">{"id":75355,"name":"Urban design and planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_design_and_planning-1?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="531070" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post_Disaster_Housing">Post Disaster Housing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="531070" type="text/json">{"id":531070,"name":"Post Disaster Housing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post_Disaster_Housing?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1259839" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction">Rural Reconstruction</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1259839" type="text/json">{"id":1259839,"name":"Rural Reconstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=27825331]'), work: {"id":27825331,"title":"BuildBetterNepal","created_at":"2016-08-16T21:47:42.180-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/27825331/BuildBetterNepal?f_ri=1259839","dom_id":"work_27825331","summary":"Nepal is the 11th most earthquake -prone country in the world. Throughout the history of Nepal , there have been frequent occurrences of great earthquakes causing severe human and physical loss. \n\nOn April 2015 , Nepal Earthquake of the magnitude of 7.8 took death toll of more than 8000 and left more than 20,000 injured . Around 31 districts of central Nepal were affected and out of which14 districts were listed in severely hit areas. The extent of devastation is severe with heavy loss of lives and properties . It is estimated that lives of 8 million people , almost one-third of the population of Nepal have been impacted by these earthquakes.\n \nNepal one of the poorest country with scarce resources now has a challenging task of reconstruction ahead. The challenge can also be an opportunity in disguise if reconstruction is laid out with the proper vision for sustainable , self-reliant and stronger future. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48108538,"asset_id":27825331,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":52151154,"first_name":"Saurav","last_name":"Shrestha","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"sauravshrestha","display_name":"Saurav Shrestha","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/sauravshrestha?f_ri=1259839","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":51409,"name":"Participatory Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Participatory_Development?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":75355,"name":"Urban design and planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_design_and_planning-1?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":531070,"name":"Post Disaster Housing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post_Disaster_Housing?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":1259839,"name":"Rural Reconstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37883737" data-work_id="37883737" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37883737/Tagorean_Veganism_applying_the_ideas_and_practice_of_Rabindranath_Tagore_to_the_present_world_in_crisis">Tagorean Veganism: applying the ideas and practice of Rabindranath Tagore to the present world in crisis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A century ago the poet and polymath Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) carried out experiments in rural reconstruction and lectured around the world to warn against nationalism and 'the greed of profit', 1 and to advocate creative unity. He... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37883737" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A century ago the poet and polymath Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) carried out experiments in rural reconstruction and lectured around the world to warn against nationalism and 'the greed of profit', 1 and to advocate creative unity. He gives us an inspiring example of the environmentalist principle of 'think globally, act locally'. Tagore would have been appalled at the devastation brought about since his lifetime through accelerating exploitation of people and planet, and his response would surely have been to act locally in an even more radical way. For ten years I have studied and written about the relevance of Tagore's words and deeds to the present world in crisis. In this paper I argue that one aspect of Tagorean radicalism would be the localisation of food production and veganism. If you search online with the question 'Was Tagore vegetarian?' you get a resounding affirmative, with supportive quotes. One of these is an anecdote he related in 1921 about an escaped chicken struggling in the river, and out of sympathy for the creature he told the cook he would not have any meat for dinner, which does suggest he normally ate meat. Then he added: 'I really must give up animal food. We manage to swallow flesh only because we do not think of the cruel and sinful thing we do'. 2 In 1901 Tagore established a small school at his Santiniketan ashram, based on the ideals of a traditional forest school, so the lifestyle was simple and the diet vegetarian. Tagore's son, one of the first pupils, remarked on 'the vegetarian meals comparable to jail diet in their dull monotony'. 3 Tagore expected teachers to share the same austere life as their pupils, and as he was a teacher and preacher there himself, he would surely have been vegetarian too. On one of his foreign tours in 1930 Tagore shared a meal with Quakers and they were surprised that he was not vegetarian as 'he seemed to partake with relish of our cold tongue'. 4 Despite the 'relish', he may have eaten what he was served out of courtesy. Tagore had an anecdote he shared often about the hospitality of rural people contrasting with the urban tendency to make a charge even for water, so he would surely have accepted whatever food his hosts gave him. 5 It would seem that Tagore's choice of diet related to people rather than to planet: to compassion towards animals, religious strictures, and courtesy and consideration for others. His vegetarian diet would have included dairy products, since cows were customary and vital to Indian farming. As part of his endeavours to revive Indian village life, Tagore oversaw forest clearance for new fields, although he did also plant trees at his ashram, making that a sacred duty. He employed Leonard Elmhirst, the American trained agricultural economist, to launch the Department of Rural Reconstruction at the Visva-Bharati University. 6</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37883737" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="12d7264e8cd3bc0b32a3a1be03ed0b93" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57890940,"asset_id":37883737,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57890940/download_file?st=MTc0MDA3ODA4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="637706" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisMarsh">Chris Marsh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="637706" type="text/json">{"id":637706,"first_name":"Chris","last_name":"Marsh","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChrisMarsh","display_name":"Chris Marsh","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisMarsh?f_ri=1259839","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/637706/219194/11181334/s65_chris.marsh.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37883737 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37883737"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37883737, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37883737", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37883737]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37883737").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37883737").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37883737"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18983" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Permaculture">Permaculture</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18983" type="text/json">{"id":18983,"name":"Permaculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Permaculture?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="86626" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veganism">Veganism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="86626" type="text/json">{"id":86626,"name":"Veganism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veganism?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="88710" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Localisation">Localisation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="88710" type="text/json">{"id":88710,"name":"Localisation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Localisation?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="89908" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rabindranath_Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="89908" type="text/json">{"id":89908,"name":"Rabindranath Tagore","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rabindranath_Tagore?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37883737]'), work: {"id":37883737,"title":"Tagorean Veganism: applying the ideas and practice of Rabindranath Tagore to the present world in crisis","created_at":"2018-11-30T04:52:26.610-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37883737/Tagorean_Veganism_applying_the_ideas_and_practice_of_Rabindranath_Tagore_to_the_present_world_in_crisis?f_ri=1259839","dom_id":"work_37883737","summary":"A century ago the poet and polymath Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) carried out experiments in rural reconstruction and lectured around the world to warn against nationalism and 'the greed of profit', 1 and to advocate creative unity. He gives us an inspiring example of the environmentalist principle of 'think globally, act locally'. Tagore would have been appalled at the devastation brought about since his lifetime through accelerating exploitation of people and planet, and his response would surely have been to act locally in an even more radical way. For ten years I have studied and written about the relevance of Tagore's words and deeds to the present world in crisis. In this paper I argue that one aspect of Tagorean radicalism would be the localisation of food production and veganism. If you search online with the question 'Was Tagore vegetarian?' you get a resounding affirmative, with supportive quotes. One of these is an anecdote he related in 1921 about an escaped chicken struggling in the river, and out of sympathy for the creature he told the cook he would not have any meat for dinner, which does suggest he normally ate meat. Then he added: 'I really must give up animal food. We manage to swallow flesh only because we do not think of the cruel and sinful thing we do'. 2 In 1901 Tagore established a small school at his Santiniketan ashram, based on the ideals of a traditional forest school, so the lifestyle was simple and the diet vegetarian. Tagore's son, one of the first pupils, remarked on 'the vegetarian meals comparable to jail diet in their dull monotony'. 3 Tagore expected teachers to share the same austere life as their pupils, and as he was a teacher and preacher there himself, he would surely have been vegetarian too. On one of his foreign tours in 1930 Tagore shared a meal with Quakers and they were surprised that he was not vegetarian as 'he seemed to partake with relish of our cold tongue'. 4 Despite the 'relish', he may have eaten what he was served out of courtesy. Tagore had an anecdote he shared often about the hospitality of rural people contrasting with the urban tendency to make a charge even for water, so he would surely have accepted whatever food his hosts gave him. 5 It would seem that Tagore's choice of diet related to people rather than to planet: to compassion towards animals, religious strictures, and courtesy and consideration for others. His vegetarian diet would have included dairy products, since cows were customary and vital to Indian farming. As part of his endeavours to revive Indian village life, Tagore oversaw forest clearance for new fields, although he did also plant trees at his ashram, making that a sacred duty. He employed Leonard Elmhirst, the American trained agricultural economist, to launch the Department of Rural Reconstruction at the Visva-Bharati University. 6","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57890940,"asset_id":37883737,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":637706,"first_name":"Chris","last_name":"Marsh","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChrisMarsh","display_name":"Chris Marsh","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisMarsh?f_ri=1259839","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/637706/219194/11181334/s65_chris.marsh.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":18983,"name":"Permaculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Permaculture?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":86626,"name":"Veganism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veganism?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":88710,"name":"Localisation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Localisation?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":89908,"name":"Rabindranath Tagore","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rabindranath_Tagore?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":399889,"name":"Land Degradation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Land_Degradation?f_ri=1259839"},{"id":1259839,"name":"Rural Reconstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction?f_ri=1259839"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13168786" data-work_id="13168786" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13168786/Tagore_and_Transition_Saving_the_World_for_Fun">Tagore and Transition: Saving the World for Fun</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">How do we respond to seeing our world under threat: from climate change, resource depletion, species extinctions, land degradation? We surely want to do what we can to save it, but what for? Do we aim to avert the most extreme threats in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13168786" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">How do we respond to seeing our world under threat: from climate change, resource depletion, species extinctions, land degradation? We surely want to do what we can to save it, but what for? Do we aim to avert the most extreme threats in order to continue abusing the world, and probably making most people miserable? Perhaps we can find ways to save the world and make people happier at the same time. Two initiatives a century apart: Tagore and Transition, make conviviality, creativity and celebration central to their approach to world change. The poet and polymath Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) aimed for cooperative self-reliance for Indian villages, seeking to overcome caste, class and religious divisions. He emphasised the importance of arts and crafts, including performing plays and music together. A similar ethos is evident in today’s Transition Initiatives – now numbering thousands in over forty countries. A study has shown that participants value conviviality and enjoyment equally with making progress towards the goals of moving their local economy away from dependence on fossil fuels. There is a circumstantial connection between Tagore and Transition in that the first Transition Town was established in Totnes, near Dartington, where Tagore’s colleague and friend Leonard Elmhirst carried out his own experiment in rural reconstruction, modelled on Tagore’s. In this paper I examine the aims and approaches of Tagore and Transition to test the idea that community self-help focussed on personal freedom and satisfaction is a viable and attractive solution to today’s social and ecological crisis.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13168786" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f93ccf0591834130d5365e728d13cf62" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37966885,"asset_id":13168786,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37966885/download_file?st=MTc0MDA3ODA4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="637706" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisMarsh">Chris Marsh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="637706" type="text/json">{"id":637706,"first_name":"Chris","last_name":"Marsh","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChrisMarsh","display_name":"Chris Marsh","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisMarsh?f_ri=1259839","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/637706/219194/11181334/s65_chris.marsh.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13168786 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13168786"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13168786, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13168786", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13168786]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13168786").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13168786").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13168786"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="55704" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transition">Transition</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="55704" type="text/json">{"id":55704,"name":"Transition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transition?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="89908" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rabindranath_Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="89908" type="text/json">{"id":89908,"name":"Rabindranath Tagore","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rabindranath_Tagore?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="255260" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Permaculture_Design">Permaculture Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="255260" type="text/json">{"id":255260,"name":"Permaculture Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Permaculture_Design?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1259839" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction">Rural Reconstruction</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1259839" type="text/json">{"id":1259839,"name":"Rural Reconstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13168786]'), work: {"id":13168786,"title":"Tagore and Transition: Saving the World for Fun","created_at":"2015-06-22T03:03:56.382-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13168786/Tagore_and_Transition_Saving_the_World_for_Fun?f_ri=1259839","dom_id":"work_13168786","summary":"How do we respond to seeing our world under threat: from climate change, resource depletion, species extinctions, land degradation? We surely want to do what we can to save it, but what for? Do we aim to avert the most extreme threats in order to continue abusing the world, and probably making most people miserable? Perhaps we can find ways to save the world and make people happier at the same time. Two initiatives a century apart: Tagore and Transition, make conviviality, creativity and celebration central to their approach to world change. The poet and polymath Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) aimed for cooperative self-reliance for Indian villages, seeking to overcome caste, class and religious divisions. He emphasised the importance of arts and crafts, including performing plays and music together. A similar ethos is evident in today’s Transition Initiatives – now numbering thousands in over forty countries. A study has shown that participants value conviviality and enjoyment equally with making progress towards the goals of moving their local economy away from dependence on fossil fuels. There is a circumstantial connection between Tagore and Transition in that the first Transition Town was established in Totnes, near Dartington, where Tagore’s colleague and friend Leonard Elmhirst carried out his own experiment in rural reconstruction, modelled on Tagore’s. In this paper I examine the aims and approaches of Tagore and Transition to test the idea that community self-help focussed on personal freedom and satisfaction is a viable and attractive solution to today’s social and ecological crisis.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37966885,"asset_id":13168786,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":637706,"first_name":"Chris","last_name":"Marsh","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChrisMarsh","display_name":"Chris Marsh","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisMarsh?f_ri=1259839","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/637706/219194/11181334/s65_chris.marsh.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":55704,"name":"Transition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transition?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":89908,"name":"Rabindranath Tagore","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rabindranath_Tagore?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":255260,"name":"Permaculture Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Permaculture_Design?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":1259839,"name":"Rural Reconstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33212434" data-work_id="33212434" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33212434/Rediscovering_Rural_Reconstruction_in_China">Rediscovering Rural Reconstruction in China</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Ou Ning, “Rediscovering Rural Reconstruction in China”, New Worlds From Below: Grassroots Networking and Informal Life Politics in Twenty-First Century East Asia, edited by Tessa Morris-Suzuki, published by The Australian National... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33212434" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Ou Ning, “Rediscovering Rural Reconstruction in China”, New Worlds From Below: Grassroots Networking and Informal Life Politics in Twenty-First Century East Asia, edited by Tessa Morris-Suzuki, published by The Australian National University Press, Canberra, 2017.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33212434" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="138d4cefa65d6173b3340f900db01218" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53290607,"asset_id":33212434,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53290607/download_file?st=MTc0MDA3ODA4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="53494482" href="https://columbia.academia.edu/OuNing">Ou Ning</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="53494482" type="text/json">{"id":53494482,"first_name":"Ou","last_name":"Ning","domain_name":"columbia","page_name":"OuNing","display_name":"Ou Ning","profile_url":"https://columbia.academia.edu/OuNing?f_ri=1259839","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/53494482/14111763/15114603/s65_ou.ning.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33212434 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33212434"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33212434, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33212434", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33212434]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33212434").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33212434").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33212434"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="20602" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China_studies">China studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="20602" type="text/json">{"id":20602,"name":"China studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China_studies?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1259839" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction">Rural Reconstruction</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1259839" type="text/json">{"id":1259839,"name":"Rural Reconstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33212434]'), work: {"id":33212434,"title":"Rediscovering Rural Reconstruction in China","created_at":"2017-05-26T13:31:10.122-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33212434/Rediscovering_Rural_Reconstruction_in_China?f_ri=1259839","dom_id":"work_33212434","summary":"Ou Ning, “Rediscovering Rural Reconstruction in China”, New Worlds From Below: Grassroots Networking and Informal Life Politics in Twenty-First Century East Asia, edited by Tessa Morris-Suzuki, published by The Australian National University Press, Canberra, 2017.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53290607,"asset_id":33212434,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":53494482,"first_name":"Ou","last_name":"Ning","domain_name":"columbia","page_name":"OuNing","display_name":"Ou Ning","profile_url":"https://columbia.academia.edu/OuNing?f_ri=1259839","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/53494482/14111763/15114603/s65_ou.ning.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":20602,"name":"China studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China_studies?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":1259839,"name":"Rural Reconstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_71297151" data-work_id="71297151" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71297151/Bishan_Commune_The_Possibility_of_Realizing_a_Utopia">Bishan Commune: The Possibility of Realizing a Utopia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">An essay contributed for the exhibition publication Cloud of Unknowing: A City with Seven Streets (Taipei Fine Arts Museum, 2017), edited by Chao Ying Wu. The exhibition was curated by Ching Yueh Roan and Thomas Tsang in 2014.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/71297151" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6c087fd3274ef3cba7329a261571858c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":80702339,"asset_id":71297151,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80702339/download_file?st=MTc0MDA3ODA4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="53494482" href="https://columbia.academia.edu/OuNing">Ou Ning</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="53494482" type="text/json">{"id":53494482,"first_name":"Ou","last_name":"Ning","domain_name":"columbia","page_name":"OuNing","display_name":"Ou Ning","profile_url":"https://columbia.academia.edu/OuNing?f_ri=1259839","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/53494482/14111763/15114603/s65_ou.ning.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_71297151 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="71297151"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 71297151, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_71297151", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_71297151 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 71297151; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_71297151"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_71297151 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="71297151"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 71297151; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=71297151]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_71297151").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_71297151").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="71297151"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="86120" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exhibitions">Exhibitions</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="86120" type="text/json">{"id":86120,"name":"Exhibitions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exhibitions?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="924743" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Rural_Reconstruction_Movement">New Rural Reconstruction Movement</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="924743" type="text/json">{"id":924743,"name":"New Rural Reconstruction Movement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Rural_Reconstruction_Movement?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1259839" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction">Rural Reconstruction</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1259839" type="text/json">{"id":1259839,"name":"Rural Reconstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2990663" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bishan_Project">Bishan Project</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2990663" type="text/json">{"id":2990663,"name":"Bishan Project","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bishan_Project?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=71297151]'), work: {"id":71297151,"title":"Bishan Commune: The Possibility of Realizing a Utopia","created_at":"2022-02-12T23:58:13.303-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/71297151/Bishan_Commune_The_Possibility_of_Realizing_a_Utopia?f_ri=1259839","dom_id":"work_71297151","summary":"An essay contributed for the exhibition publication Cloud of Unknowing: A City with Seven Streets (Taipei Fine Arts Museum, 2017), edited by Chao Ying Wu. The exhibition was curated by Ching Yueh Roan and Thomas Tsang in 2014.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":80702339,"asset_id":71297151,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":53494482,"first_name":"Ou","last_name":"Ning","domain_name":"columbia","page_name":"OuNing","display_name":"Ou Ning","profile_url":"https://columbia.academia.edu/OuNing?f_ri=1259839","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/53494482/14111763/15114603/s65_ou.ning.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":86120,"name":"Exhibitions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exhibitions?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":924743,"name":"New Rural Reconstruction Movement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Rural_Reconstruction_Movement?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":1259839,"name":"Rural Reconstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":2990663,"name":"Bishan Project","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bishan_Project?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40492331" data-work_id="40492331" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/40492331/Injection_versus_Extraction_Site_specificity_on_two_SEA_Projects_in_China">Injection versus Extraction, Site-specificity on two SEA Projects in China</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper examines two socially engaged art (SEA) projects, focusing on their on-site implementation and off-site representation: Bishan Project (2011-2016) initiated by curators and culture activists Ou Ning and Zuo Jing, and Qiuzhuang... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40492331" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper examines two socially engaged art (SEA) projects, focusing on their on-site implementation and off-site representation: Bishan Project (2011-2016) initiated by curators and culture activists Ou Ning and Zuo Jing, and Qiuzhuang Project (2012-2015) proposed and conducted by artist Li Mu. Chewing over the concept site-specificity, the paper unfolds how the selected projects traveled through transformations in multiple dimensions, including the physical spaces, public participations, institutional contexts, artists’ identities, and critical discourses. Also, as direct interventions to specific sites/scenes are more frequently adopted by artists and cultural workers, SEA practices as a forming art genre have challenged the ideology and methodology of contemporary art by reshaping the roles of artworks in accordance with different contexts, which subsequently paved the way for an alternative appraisal system for art values or aesthetics. Observing that the original on-site projects are exhibited globally in diverse formats, this paper also endeavors to establish a conversation between local practice and global awareness, which may help with the advancement of knowledge production in global art history by discourse exchange.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40492331" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="93f08eaa3e46a5e1595fccdeac035482" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60760917,"asset_id":40492331,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60760917/download_file?st=MTc0MDA3ODA4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="85202254" rel="nofollow" href="https://saic.academia.edu/YueRen">Yue Ren</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="85202254" type="text/json">{"id":85202254,"first_name":"Yue","last_name":"Ren","domain_name":"saic","page_name":"YueRen","display_name":"Yue Ren","profile_url":"https://saic.academia.edu/YueRen?f_ri=1259839","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/85202254/20053838/19999870/s65_yue.ren.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40492331 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40492331"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40492331, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40492331", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_40492331 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40492331; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_40492331"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_40492331 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40492331"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40492331; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40492331]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_40492331").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40492331").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40492331"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48878" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exhibition_Design">Exhibition Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48878" type="text/json">{"id":48878,"name":"Exhibition Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exhibition_Design?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="143818" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Site_Specificity">Site Specificity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="143818" type="text/json">{"id":143818,"name":"Site Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Site_Specificity?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="632564" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Socially_Engaged_Art-1">Socially Engaged Art</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="632564" type="text/json">{"id":632564,"name":"Socially Engaged Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Socially_Engaged_Art-1?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1259839" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction">Rural Reconstruction</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1259839" type="text/json">{"id":1259839,"name":"Rural Reconstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40492331]'), work: {"id":40492331,"title":"Injection versus Extraction, Site-specificity on two SEA Projects in China","created_at":"2019-10-01T10:21:27.388-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40492331/Injection_versus_Extraction_Site_specificity_on_two_SEA_Projects_in_China?f_ri=1259839","dom_id":"work_40492331","summary":"This paper examines two socially engaged art (SEA) projects, focusing on their on-site implementation and off-site representation: Bishan Project (2011-2016) initiated by curators and culture activists Ou Ning and Zuo Jing, and Qiuzhuang Project (2012-2015) proposed and conducted by artist Li Mu. Chewing over the concept site-specificity, the paper unfolds how the selected projects traveled through transformations in multiple dimensions, including the physical spaces, public participations, institutional contexts, artists’ identities, and critical discourses. Also, as direct interventions to specific sites/scenes are more frequently adopted by artists and cultural workers, SEA practices as a forming art genre have challenged the ideology and methodology of contemporary art by reshaping the roles of artworks in accordance with different contexts, which subsequently paved the way for an alternative appraisal system for art values or aesthetics. Observing that the original on-site projects are exhibited globally in diverse formats, this paper also endeavors to establish a conversation between local practice and global awareness, which may help with the advancement of knowledge production in global art history by discourse exchange. \n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60760917,"asset_id":40492331,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":85202254,"first_name":"Yue","last_name":"Ren","domain_name":"saic","page_name":"YueRen","display_name":"Yue Ren","profile_url":"https://saic.academia.edu/YueRen?f_ri=1259839","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/85202254/20053838/19999870/s65_yue.ren.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48878,"name":"Exhibition Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exhibition_Design?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":143818,"name":"Site Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Site_Specificity?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":632564,"name":"Socially Engaged Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Socially_Engaged_Art-1?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":1259839,"name":"Rural Reconstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44511660 coauthored" data-work_id="44511660" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44511660/Test_of_Our_Vision_A_Conversation">Test of Our Vision: A Conversation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Bishan Project is one of China's boldest social experiments in recent years. For six years-from 2010 to 2016-the rural reconstruction and practical utopian commune project ran its course in Bishan, a small village in the Anhui... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44511660" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Bishan Project is one of China's boldest social experiments in recent years. For six years-from 2010 to 2016-the rural reconstruction and practical utopian commune project ran its course in Bishan, a small village in the Anhui Province. The invitations the project received for exhibition and presentation abroad incited a national debate in China. The texts collected in Ou Ning's Utopia in Practice: Bishan Project and Rural Reconstruction (2020) describe and criticize the social problems caused by China's overzealous urbanization process. These discourses on contemporary agrarianism and agritopianism resist the doctrines of modernism and developmentalism that have dominated China for more than a century, and respond to a global desire for alternative social solutions-in theory and action-to today's environmental and political crises. From May 25–29, Ou Ning and Hou Hanru carried out the following conversation about the book on WeChat—between Briançon, Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, France, and Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China.<a href="https://www.e-flux.com/journal/113/359621/test-of-our-vision-a-conversation/" rel="nofollow">https://www.e-flux.com/journal/113/359621/test-of-our-vision-a-conversation/</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44511660" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="59f49626377e070c45898c71d1eb4152" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65376787,"asset_id":44511660,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65376787/download_file?st=MTc0MDA3ODA4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="53494482" href="https://columbia.academia.edu/OuNing">Ou Ning</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="53494482" type="text/json">{"id":53494482,"first_name":"Ou","last_name":"Ning","domain_name":"columbia","page_name":"OuNing","display_name":"Ou Ning","profile_url":"https://columbia.academia.edu/OuNing?f_ri=1259839","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/53494482/14111763/15114603/s65_ou.ning.jpeg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-44511660">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-44511660"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/HanruHou">Hanru Hou</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-44511660'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-44511660').html(); 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For six years-from 2010 to 2016-the rural reconstruction and practical utopian commune project ran its course in Bishan, a small village in the Anhui Province. The invitations the project received for exhibition and presentation abroad incited a national debate in China. The texts collected in Ou Ning's Utopia in Practice: Bishan Project and Rural Reconstruction (2020) describe and criticize the social problems caused by China's overzealous urbanization process. These discourses on contemporary agrarianism and agritopianism resist the doctrines of modernism and developmentalism that have dominated China for more than a century, and respond to a global desire for alternative social solutions-in theory and action-to today's environmental and political crises. From May 25–29, Ou Ning and Hou Hanru carried out the following conversation about the book on WeChat—between Briançon, Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, France, and Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China.https://www.e-flux.com/journal/113/359621/test-of-our-vision-a-conversation/","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65376787,"asset_id":44511660,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":53494482,"first_name":"Ou","last_name":"Ning","domain_name":"columbia","page_name":"OuNing","display_name":"Ou Ning","profile_url":"https://columbia.academia.edu/OuNing?f_ri=1259839","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/53494482/14111763/15114603/s65_ou.ning.jpeg"},{"id":177322633,"first_name":"Hanru","last_name":"Hou","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HanruHou","display_name":"Hanru Hou","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HanruHou?f_ri=1259839","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/177322633/49126794/37097104/s65_hanru.hou.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1259839,"name":"Rural Reconstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":2990663,"name":"Bishan Project","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bishan_Project?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39934815" data-work_id="39934815" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39934815/Countryside_as_Countryside">Countryside as Countryside</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Ou Ning, "Countryside as Countryside", Interview by Daan Roggeveen and Song Xinlin, Progress & Prosperity: The Chinese City as Global Urban Model,  edited by Daan Roggeveen, published by nai 010 publishers, 2017.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39934815" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ec6b6faa18b3018898480fde10992664" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60122053,"asset_id":39934815,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Countryside">Countryside</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="200912" type="text/json">{"id":200912,"name":"Countryside","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Countryside?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1259839" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction">Rural Reconstruction</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1259839" type="text/json">{"id":1259839,"name":"Rural Reconstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=39934815]'), work: {"id":39934815,"title":"Countryside as Countryside","created_at":"2019-07-26T04:28:09.153-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39934815/Countryside_as_Countryside?f_ri=1259839","dom_id":"work_39934815","summary":"Ou Ning, \"Countryside as Countryside\", Interview by Daan Roggeveen and Song Xinlin, Progress \u0026 Prosperity: The Chinese City as Global Urban Model, edited by Daan Roggeveen, published by nai 010 publishers, 2017.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60122053,"asset_id":39934815,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":53494482,"first_name":"Ou","last_name":"Ning","domain_name":"columbia","page_name":"OuNing","display_name":"Ou 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class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44325752" data-work_id="44325752" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44325752/Ou_Ning_Farmers_and_Villagers_Dont_Have_Any_Rights_in_the_City">Ou Ning: Farmers and Villagers Don't Have Any Rights in the City</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Interview by Crystal Bennes, ICON - architecture and design culture 177, March 2018, London.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44325752" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Architecture">Architecture</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1372" type="text/json">{"id":1372,"name":"Architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Architecture?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3051" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Art">Contemporary Art</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3051" type="text/json">{"id":3051,"name":"Contemporary Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Art?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="151096" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/City_Regeneration">City Regeneration</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="151096" type="text/json">{"id":151096,"name":"City 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class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38073951" data-work_id="38073951" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38073951/Tagore_and_the_Gunny_Bags_making_connections_between_the_ruinous_effect_of_plastic_in_our_world_and_gunny_bag_factories_in_Tagores_day">Tagore and the Gunny Bags: making connections between the ruinous effect of plastic in our world and gunny-bag factories in Tagore's day</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A century ago the poet and polymath Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) carried out experiments in rural reconstruction and lectured around the world to warn against nationalism and ‘the greed of profit’, and to advocate creative unity. He... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38073951" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A century ago the poet and polymath Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) carried out experiments in rural reconstruction and lectured around the world to warn against nationalism and ‘the greed of profit’,  and to advocate creative unity. He gives us an inspiring example of the environmentalist principle of ‘think globally, act locally’. Tagore would have been appalled at the devastation brought about since his lifetime through accelerating exploitation of people and planet, and his response would surely have been to act locally in an even more radical way. For ten years I have studied and written about the relevance of Tagore’s words and deeds to the present world in crisis. In a paper entitled ‘Tagorean Veganism’,  I argued that Tagorean radicalism would mean establishing diverse plots of largely perennial plant foods, as locally as possible, in each individual village or neighbourhood or home garden. In this paper I look at the beneficial reduction effect of radical relocalisation, in that it makes the bulk transport of food stuffs unnecessary, thus removing the need for single use packaging and saving the energy expended, not just for powering vehicles, but also on building infrastructure to facilitate transportation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38073951" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8d370f857a8771fe9c4882a5cf314ba5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58099997,"asset_id":38073951,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58099997/download_file?st=MTc0MDA3ODA4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="637706" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisMarsh">Chris Marsh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="637706" type="text/json">{"id":637706,"first_name":"Chris","last_name":"Marsh","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChrisMarsh","display_name":"Chris Marsh","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisMarsh?f_ri=1259839","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/637706/219194/11181334/s65_chris.marsh.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38073951 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38073951"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38073951, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38073951", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38073951]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38073951").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38073951").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38073951"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="88710" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Localisation">Localisation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="88710" type="text/json">{"id":88710,"name":"Localisation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Localisation?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="89908" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rabindranath_Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="89908" type="text/json">{"id":89908,"name":"Rabindranath Tagore","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rabindranath_Tagore?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="174607" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Reform">Social Reform</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="174607" type="text/json">{"id":174607,"name":"Social Reform","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Reform?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="399889" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Land_Degradation">Land Degradation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="399889" type="text/json">{"id":399889,"name":"Land Degradation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Land_Degradation?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38073951]'), work: {"id":38073951,"title":"Tagore and the Gunny Bags: making connections between the ruinous effect of plastic in our world and gunny-bag factories in Tagore's day","created_at":"2019-01-02T04:15:28.975-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38073951/Tagore_and_the_Gunny_Bags_making_connections_between_the_ruinous_effect_of_plastic_in_our_world_and_gunny_bag_factories_in_Tagores_day?f_ri=1259839","dom_id":"work_38073951","summary":"A century ago the poet and polymath Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) carried out experiments in rural reconstruction and lectured around the world to warn against nationalism and ‘the greed of profit’, and to advocate creative unity. He gives us an inspiring example of the environmentalist principle of ‘think globally, act locally’. Tagore would have been appalled at the devastation brought about since his lifetime through accelerating exploitation of people and planet, and his response would surely have been to act locally in an even more radical way. For ten years I have studied and written about the relevance of Tagore’s words and deeds to the present world in crisis. In a paper entitled ‘Tagorean Veganism’, I argued that Tagorean radicalism would mean establishing diverse plots of largely perennial plant foods, as locally as possible, in each individual village or neighbourhood or home garden. In this paper I look at the beneficial reduction effect of radical relocalisation, in that it makes the bulk transport of food stuffs unnecessary, thus removing the need for single use packaging and saving the energy expended, not just for powering vehicles, but also on building infrastructure to facilitate transportation.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58099997,"asset_id":38073951,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":637706,"first_name":"Chris","last_name":"Marsh","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChrisMarsh","display_name":"Chris Marsh","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisMarsh?f_ri=1259839","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/637706/219194/11181334/s65_chris.marsh.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":88710,"name":"Localisation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Localisation?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":89908,"name":"Rabindranath Tagore","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rabindranath_Tagore?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":174607,"name":"Social Reform","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Reform?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":399889,"name":"Land Degradation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Land_Degradation?f_ri=1259839","nofollow":true},{"id":425527,"name":"Modern Age","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Age?f_ri=1259839"},{"id":1131191,"name":"Waste Plastic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Waste_Plastic?f_ri=1259839"},{"id":1259839,"name":"Rural Reconstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Reconstruction?f_ri=1259839"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"><ul class="pagination"></ul></div></div><div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"><div class="u-pl6x"><div style="width: 300px;"><div class="panel panel-flat u-mt7x"><div class="panel-heading u-p5x"><div 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