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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>New France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>British control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cessions_by_the_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cessions_by_the_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Cessions by the states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cessions_by_the_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Founding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northwest_Indian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northwest_Indian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Northwest Indian War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northwest_Indian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statehood_for_Ohio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statehood_for_Ohio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Statehood for Ohio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statehood_for_Ohio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northwest_Ordinance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northwest_Ordinance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Northwest Ordinance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Northwest_Ordinance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Northwest Ordinance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Northwest_Ordinance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Law_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Law and government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Officials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Officials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Officials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Officials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Legislature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Land ownership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prohibition_of_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prohibition_of_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Prohibition of slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prohibition_of_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_American_lands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_American_lands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Native American lands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_American_lands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlements_and_forts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlements_and_forts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Settlements and forts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlements_and_forts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Counties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Older_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Older_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Older sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Older_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Northwest Territory</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المنطقة الشمالية الغربية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المنطقة الشمالية الغربية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territoriu_del_Noroeste" title="Territoriu del Noroeste – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Territoriu del Noroeste" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Northwest Territory" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severoz%C3%A1padn%C3%AD_teritorium" title="Severozápadní teritorium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Severozápadní teritorium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordvestterritoriet_(USA)" title="Nordvestterritoriet (USA) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nordvestterritoriet (USA)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordwestterritorium" title="Nordwestterritorium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nordwestterritorium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorio_del_Noroeste" title="Territorio del Noroeste – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Territorio del Noroeste" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="قلمرو شمال غرب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قلمرو شمال غرب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territoire_du_Nord-Ouest_(%C3%89tats-Unis)" title="Territoire du Nord-Ouest (États-Unis) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Territoire du Nord-Ouest (États-Unis)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorio_do_Noroeste" title="Territorio do Noroeste – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Territorio do Noroeste" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%81%EC%84%9C%EB%B6%80_%EC%98%81%ED%86%A0" title="북서부 영토 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="북서부 영토" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teritori_Barat_Laut_(Amerika_Serikat)" title="Teritori Barat Laut (Amerika Serikat) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teritori Barat Laut (Amerika Serikat)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorio_del_nord-ovest_(Stati_Uniti_d%27America)" title="Territorio del nord-ovest (Stati Uniti d'America) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Territorio del nord-ovest (Stati Uniti d'America)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הטריטוריה הצפון-מערבית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הטריטוריה הצפון-מערבית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iaur%C4%97s_Vakar%C5%B3_teritorija" title="Šiaurės Vakarų teritorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šiaurės Vakarų teritorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordwestterritorium" title="Noordwestterritorium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Noordwestterritorium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A8%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F_(%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD)" title="北西部領土 (アメリカ合衆国) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="北西部領土 (アメリカ合衆国)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territ%C3%B3rio_do_Noroeste" title="Território do Noroeste – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Território do Noroeste" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teritoriul_de_Nord-Vest" title="Teritoriul de Nord-Vest – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Teritoriul de Nord-Vest" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Старый Северо-Запад – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Старый Северо-Запад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverozapadna_teritorija_(SAD)" title="Sjeverozapadna teritorija (SAD) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sjeverozapadna teritorija (SAD)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luoteisterritorio" title="Luoteisterritorio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luoteisterritorio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordv%C3%A4stterritoriet" title="Nordvästterritoriet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nordvästterritoriet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%81" title="نارتھ ویسٹ علاقہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نارتھ ویسٹ علاقہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States territory (1787–1803)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the former U.S. territory. For the Canadian territory, see <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>. For the former Canadian territory, see <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a>. For similar terms, see <a href="/wiki/Northwest_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Northwest (disambiguation)">Northwest (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Territory Northwest of the River Ohio</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><a href="/wiki/Organized_incorporated_territories_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized incorporated territories of the United States">Organized incorporated territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">1787–1803</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1777%E2%80%931795).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Northwest Territory"><img alt="Flag of Northwest Territory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Northwest_Territory.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Northwest Territory"><img alt="Seal of Northwest Territory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Seal_of_the_Northwest_Territory.png/85px-Seal_of_the_Northwest_Territory.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Seal_of_the_Northwest_Territory.png/128px-Seal_of_the_Northwest_Territory.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Seal_of_the_Northwest_Territory.png/170px-Seal_of_the_Northwest_Territory.png 2x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="235" /></a></span></div> <div>Seal</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Northwest_Territory_locator_map_(1787).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Northwest_Territory_locator_map_%281787%29.svg/220px-Northwest_Territory_locator_map_%281787%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Northwest_Territory_locator_map_%281787%29.svg/330px-Northwest_Territory_locator_map_%281787%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Northwest_Territory_locator_map_%281787%29.svg/440px-Northwest_Territory_locator_map_%281787%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="505" /></a></span><br />Territory Northwest of the River Ohio, 1787</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marietta,_Ohio" title="Marietta, Ohio">Marietta</a> (1788–1799)<br /><a href="/wiki/Chillicothe,_Ohio" title="Chillicothe, Ohio">Chillicothe</a> (1799–1803)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"> • Coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Northwest_Territory&params=41_N_86_W_region:US_type:adm1st"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°N</span> <span class="longitude">86°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41°N 86°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41; -86</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> • Type</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Organized_incorporated_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized incorporated territory">Organized incorporated territory</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> • <a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">Motto</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Meliorem lapsa locavit</i></span></i><br />"He has planted one better than the one fallen"</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1787–1802 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">Arthur St. Clair</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1802–1803 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Willing_Byrd" title="Charles Willing Byrd">Charles Willing Byrd</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Northwest Ordinance<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13 July 1787</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Affirmed by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">August 7, 1789</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana Territory</a> created </div></th><td class="infobox-data">May 7, 1800</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Statehood of Ohio</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 March 1803</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/20px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/30px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/40px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Province of Quebec (1763–1791)</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana Territory</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795%E2%80%931818%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795%E2%80%931818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795%E2%80%931818%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795%E2%80%931818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795%E2%80%931818%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795%E2%80%931818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Northwest Territory</b>, also known as the <b>Old Northwest</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and formally known as the <b>Territory Northwest of the River Ohio</b>, was formed from unorganized western territory of the United States after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. Established in 1787 by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a>, it was the nation's first post-colonial <a href="/wiki/Organized_incorporated_territories_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized incorporated territories of the United States">organized incorporated territory</a>. </p><p>At the time of its creation, the territory included all the land west of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, northwest of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> and east of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> below the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>, and what later became known as the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Waters" title="Boundary Waters">Boundary Waters</a>. The region was ceded to the United States in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris of 1783</a>. Throughout the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>, the region was part of the British <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Province of Quebec</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">western theater</a> of the war. It spanned all or large parts of six eventual <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, and the northeastern part of <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>). Reduced to present-day Ohio, eastern Michigan and a sliver of southeastern Indiana with the formation of <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana Territory</a> July 4, 1800, it ceased to exist March 1, 1803, when the southeastern portion of the territory was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">Union</a> as the state of Ohio, and the remainder attached to Indiana Territory. </p><p>Initially, the territory was governed by <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_United_States" title="Martial law in the United States">martial law</a> under a governor and three judges. As population increased, a legislature was formed as were a succession of counties, eventually totaling thirteen. At the time of its creation, the land within the territory was largely undisturbed by urban development. It was also home to several Native American cultures, including the <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miami_people" title="Miami people">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a>, and others. There were a handful of <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">French colonial settlements</a> remaining, plus <a href="/wiki/Clarksville,_Indiana" title="Clarksville, Indiana">Clarksville</a> at the Falls of the Ohio. By the time of the territory's dissolution, there were dozens of towns and settlements, a few with thousands of settlers, chiefly along the Ohio and Miami Rivers and the south shore of Lake Erie in Ohio. Conflicts between <a href="/wiki/American_pioneers_to_the_Northwest_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="American pioneers to the Northwest Territory">settlers</a> and Native American inhabitants of the Territory resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a> culminating in General "Mad" <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Anthony Wayne</a>'s victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fallen_Timbers" title="Battle of Fallen Timbers">Battle of Fallen Timbers</a> in 1794. The subsequent <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Greenville" title="Treaty of Greenville">Treaty of Greenville</a> in 1795 opened the way for settlement particularly in southern and western Ohio. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Area">Area</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Northwest Territory included all the then-owned land of the United States west of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, east of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, and northwest of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>. It incorporated most of the former <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a> except a portion in western Pennsylvania, and eastern <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a>. It covered all of the modern states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, as well as the northeastern part of Minnesota. </p><p>Lands west of the Mississippi River were the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Louisiana Province</a> of New Spain, formerly New France, acquired by the United States in 1803 by the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>. Lands north of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> were part of the British <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Upper_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Upper Canada">Province of Upper Canada</a>. Lands south of the Ohio River constituted <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_County,_Virginia" title="Kentucky County, Virginia">Kentucky County, Virginia</a>, admitted to the union as the state of <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> in 1792. The area included more than 300,000 square miles (780,000 km<sup>2</sup>) and comprised about 1/3 of the land area of the United States at the time of its creation. </p><p>It was inhabited by about 45,000 Native Americans and 4,000 non-native traders, mostly of <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadian</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_diaspora" title="British diaspora">British</a> or <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish descent</a>. Among the tribes inhabiting the region were the Shawnee, Delaware, Miami, Wyandot, Ottawa and Potawatomi. Notably, the Miami capital along with British trading posts was at <a href="/wiki/Kekionga" title="Kekionga">Kekionga</a> at the site of present-day Fort Wayne, Indiana. Neutralizing Kekionga became the focus of the Northwest Indian War, the driving events in the early evolution of the territory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1805_Cary_Map_of_the_Great_Lakes_and_Western_Territory_(Kentucy,_Virginia,_Ohio,_etc..)_-_Geographicus_-_WesternTerritory-cary-1805.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1805_Cary_Map_of_the_Great_Lakes_and_Western_Territory_%28Kentucy%2C_Virginia%2C_Ohio%2C_etc..%29_-_Geographicus_-_WesternTerritory-cary-1805.jpg/220px-1805_Cary_Map_of_the_Great_Lakes_and_Western_Territory_%28Kentucy%2C_Virginia%2C_Ohio%2C_etc..%29_-_Geographicus_-_WesternTerritory-cary-1805.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1805_Cary_Map_of_the_Great_Lakes_and_Western_Territory_%28Kentucy%2C_Virginia%2C_Ohio%2C_etc..%29_-_Geographicus_-_WesternTerritory-cary-1805.jpg/330px-1805_Cary_Map_of_the_Great_Lakes_and_Western_Territory_%28Kentucy%2C_Virginia%2C_Ohio%2C_etc..%29_-_Geographicus_-_WesternTerritory-cary-1805.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1805_Cary_Map_of_the_Great_Lakes_and_Western_Territory_%28Kentucy%2C_Virginia%2C_Ohio%2C_etc..%29_-_Geographicus_-_WesternTerritory-cary-1805.jpg/440px-1805_Cary_Map_of_the_Great_Lakes_and_Western_Territory_%28Kentucy%2C_Virginia%2C_Ohio%2C_etc..%29_-_Geographicus_-_WesternTerritory-cary-1805.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="4516" /></a><figcaption>1805 Cary map of the Great Lakes and Western Territory (Kentucy, Virginia, Ohio, etc.)</figcaption></figure> <p>Integration of the Northwest Territory into a political unit, and settlement, depended on three factors: relinquishment by the British, extinguishment of states' claims west of the Appalachians, and usurpation or purchase of lands from the Native Americans. These objectives were accomplished correspondingly by the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, provisions in the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>, and various treaties preceding the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a> including <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Stanwix_(1784)" title="Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784)">Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_McIntosh" title="Treaty of Fort McIntosh">Treaty of Fort McIntosh</a> (1785). The treaty process extended well beyond the War and existence of the Territory as a political entity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_France">New France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: New France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a></div> <p>European exploration of the region began with <a href="/wiki/French-Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French-Canadian">French-Canadian</a> voyageurs in the 17th century, followed by French missionaries and French fur traders. French-Canadian explorer <a href="/wiki/Jean_Nicolet" title="Jean Nicolet">Jean Nicolet</a> was the first recorded European entrant into the region, landing in 1634 at the current site of <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">Green Bay, Wisconsin</a> (although <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Br%C3%BBl%C3%A9" title="Étienne Brûlé">Étienne Brûlé</a> is stated by some sources as having explored <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a> and possibly inland Wisconsin in 1622). The French exercised control from widely separate posts in the region, which they claimed as <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>; among these was the post at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Detroit">Fort Detroit</a>, founded in 1701. France ceded the territory to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Reserve_(1763)" title="Indian Reserve (1763)">Indian Reserve</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">1763 Treaty of Paris</a>, after being defeated in the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_control">British control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: British control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Illinois_campaign" title="Illinois campaign">Illinois campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western theater of the American Revolutionary War</a></div> <p>From the 1750s to the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812, the British had a long-standing goal of creating an <a href="/wiki/Indian_barrier_state" title="Indian barrier state">Indian barrier state</a>, a large Native American state that would cover most of the Old Northwest. It would be independent of the United States and allied with the British, who would use it to block <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">American westward expansion</a> and to build up their control of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">North American fur trade</a> headquartered in Montreal.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new colony, named <a href="/wiki/Charlotina" title="Charlotina">Charlotina</a>, was proposed for establishment in the southern Great Lakes region before the events of <a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a>, after which <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Proclamation of 1763</a>, which prohibited <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white</a> colonial settlement west of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>. This action angered American colonists interested in expansion, as well as those who had already settled in the area. In 1774, via the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act</a>, Britain annexed the region to the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Province of Quebec</a> in order to provide a civil government and to centralize British administration of the Montreal-based fur trade. The prohibition of settlement west of the Appalachians remained, contributing to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. </p><p>In February 1779, <a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">George Rogers Clark</a>, leading a force of <a href="/wiki/Virginia_militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia militia">Virginia militia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois_campaign" title="Illinois campaign">captured Kaskaskia and Vincennes</a> from British commander <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hamilton_(governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Hamilton (governor)">Henry Hamilton</a>. Virginia capitalized on Clark's success by laying claim to the whole of the Old Northwest, calling it <a href="/wiki/Illinois_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois County">Illinois County</a>, Virginia,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until 1784, when it ceded its land claims to the federal government. Britain officially ceded the area north of the Ohio River and west of the Appalachians to the United States at the end of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a>, but the British continued to maintain a presence in the region as late as 1815, the end of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cessions_by_the_states">Cessions by the states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cessions by the states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/State_cessions" title="State cessions">State cessions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_land_claims_and_cessions_1782-1802.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/United_States_land_claims_and_cessions_1782-1802.png/290px-United_States_land_claims_and_cessions_1782-1802.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/United_States_land_claims_and_cessions_1782-1802.png/435px-United_States_land_claims_and_cessions_1782-1802.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/United_States_land_claims_and_cessions_1782-1802.png/580px-United_States_land_claims_and_cessions_1782-1802.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="782" /></a><figcaption>The state cessions that eventually allowed for the creation of the territories north and southwest of the <a href="/wiki/River_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="River Ohio">River Ohio</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Several states (Virginia, Massachusetts, New York, and Connecticut) had competing claims on the territory: Virginia claimed all of the portion that was formerly Illinois Country and Ohio Country; Massachusetts claimed the portion that is now southern Michigan and Wisconsin; Connecticut claimed a narrow strip across the territory just south of the Great Lakes; New York claimed an elastic portion of Iroquois lands between Lake Erie and the Ohio River. The western boundary of Pennsylvania was also ill-defined. Virginia's jurisdiction was limited to a few French settlements at the extreme western edge of the territory. Massachusetts's and Connecticut's claims were effectively lines on paper. New York had no colonial settlements or territorial government in the claimed lands. </p><p>The western border of Pennsylvania, previously assumed to run in a north by northeast zigzag, was resolved in 1780 by the Continental Congress. The Mason–Dixon line was extended westward to a point five degrees of longitude (about 260 miles) from the Delaware River and the western boundary extended to run due north from the westernmost extent of the Mason–Dixon line to the 43rd parallel. This incorporated the eastern part of Ohio Country as western Pennsylvania, and set the eastern boundary of federal lands. </p><p>"Unlanded" states, such as Maryland, refused to ratify the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> so long as these states were allowed to keep their western territory, fearing that those states could continue to grow and tip the balance of power in their favor under the proposed system of federal government. As a concession to obtain ratification, these states ceded their claims on the territory to the federal government: New York in 1780, Virginia in 1784, and Massachusetts and Connecticut in 1785. So the majority of the territory became public land owned by the U.S. government. Virginia and Connecticut reserved two areas to use as compensation to military veterans: the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Military_District" title="Virginia Military District">Virginia Military District</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Western_Reserve" title="Connecticut Western Reserve">Connecticut Western Reserve</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thomas Jefferson's <a href="/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1784" title="Land Ordinance of 1784">Land Ordinance of 1784</a> was the first organization of the territory by the United States; it provided a process for dividing the territory into individual states. The <a href="/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1785" title="Land Ordinance of 1785">Land Ordinance of 1785</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Public_Land_Survey_System" title="Public Land Survey System">standardized system for surveying the land</a> into saleable lots, although Ohio was partially surveyed several times using different methods, resulting in a patchwork of land surveys in Ohio. Some older French communities' property claims based on earlier systems of long, narrow lots also were retained. The rest of the Northwest Territory was divided into roughly uniform square townships and sections, which facilitated land sales and development. The ordinance also stipulated that the territory would eventually form three to five new states.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding">Founding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Founding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ST.CLAIR,_Arthur_(signed_check).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/ST.CLAIR%2C_Arthur_%28signed_check%29.jpg/220px-ST.CLAIR%2C_Arthur_%28signed_check%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/ST.CLAIR%2C_Arthur_%28signed_check%29.jpg/330px-ST.CLAIR%2C_Arthur_%28signed_check%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/ST.CLAIR%2C_Arthur_%28signed_check%29.jpg/440px-ST.CLAIR%2C_Arthur_%28signed_check%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="1598" /></a><figcaption>Check signed by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">Arthur St. Clair</a> while governor of the Northwest Territory, 1796</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a> of 1787, which created the Northwest Territory, General St. Clair was appointed governor. When the territory was divided in 1800, he briefly served as governor of the Northwest Territory remnant that included Ohio, the eastern half of Michigan, and a sliver of southeastern Indiana called "The Gore". </p><p>St. Clair formally established the government on July 15, 1788, at <a href="/wiki/Marietta,_Ohio" title="Marietta, Ohio">Marietta</a>. In 1790, he renamed the settlement of Losantiville <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati, Ohio">Cincinnati</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a>, and moved the administrative and military center to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Washington_(Ohio)" title="Fort Washington (Ohio)">Fort Washington</a>. </p><p>As Governor, he formulated the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxwell%27s_Code&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maxwell's Code (page does not exist)">Maxwell's Code</a> (named after its printer, <a href="/wiki/William_Maxwell_(engraver)" title="William Maxwell (engraver)">William Maxwell</a>), the first written criminal and civil laws of the territory. Maxwell's Code consisted of thirty-seven different laws with the stipulation that the laws had to have been passed previously in one of the original thirteen states. The laws restructured the court system then in effect in the Northwest Territory. They also protected residents against excessive taxes and declared that English common law would be the basis of legal decisions and laws in the Northwest Territory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northwest_Indian_War">Northwest Indian War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Northwest Indian War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Western_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Confederacy">Western Confederacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmar_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmar Campaign">Harmar Campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Bottom_massacre" title="Big Bottom massacre">Big Bottom massacre</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Clair%27s_Defeat" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Clair's Defeat">St. Clair's Defeat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Legion of the United States">Legion of the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Recovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Fort Recovery">Siege of Fort Recovery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fallen_Timbers" title="Battle of Fallen Timbers">Battle of Fallen Timbers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Greenville" title="Treaty of Greenville">Treaty of Greenville</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NW_Native_Tribes,_1792.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/NW_Native_Tribes%2C_1792.png/280px-NW_Native_Tribes%2C_1792.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/NW_Native_Tribes%2C_1792.png/420px-NW_Native_Tribes%2C_1792.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/NW_Native_Tribes%2C_1792.png/560px-NW_Native_Tribes%2C_1792.png 2x" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>A map showing the general distribution of Native American tribes in the Northwest Territory in the early 1790s</figcaption></figure> <p>The young United States government, deeply in debt following the Revolutionary War and lacking authority to tax under the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>, planned to raise revenue from the methodical sale of land in the Northwest Territory. This plan necessarily called for the removal of both Native American villages and squatters from lands west of Appalachia, loosely, the territory called "Ohio Country" and beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resistance from indigenous tribes, who were supported by the continued British presence in the Northwest Territory, presented a continuing obstacle for American expansion. </p><p>The area making up the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a> had been contested for over a century, beginning with the 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Western_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Confederacy">Western Confederacy</a>, or <i>Western Indian Confederacy</i>, was a loose <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederacy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes region</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> created following the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_Congress_Proclamation_of_1783" title="Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783">Proclamation of 1783</a>, which recognized Native American rights to the land. A council held in 1785 at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Shelby_(Michigan)" title="Fort Shelby (Michigan)">Fort Detroit</a> declared that the confederacy would deal jointly with the United States, forbade individual tribes from dealing directly with the United States, and declared the Ohio River as the boundary between their lands and those of the American settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Northwest Territory's first governor, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">Arthur St. Clair</a>, sought to end Native American claims to Ohio land and thus clear the way for white settlement. In 1789, he succeeded in getting certain Native Americans to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Harmar" title="Treaty of Fort Harmar">Treaty of Fort Harmar</a>, but many native leaders had not been invited to participate in the negotiations or had refused to do so. Rather than settling the Native Americans' claims, the treaty provoked an escalation of the "Northwest Indian War" (or "Little Turtle's War"). Mutual hostilities led to a campaign by General <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Harmar" title="Josiah Harmar">Josiah Harmar</a>, whose 1,500 militiamen were <a href="/wiki/Harmar_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmar Campaign">defeated</a> by the Native Americans in October 1790.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A group of <a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_the_United_States" title="Squatting in the United States">squatters</a> had moved up to the area near present-day <a href="/wiki/Stockport,_Ohio" title="Stockport, Ohio">Stockport</a> now in <a href="/wiki/Morgan_County,_Ohio" title="Morgan County, Ohio">Morgan County, Ohio</a> and settled along <a href="/wiki/Flood_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood plain">flood plain</a>, or "bottom" land, of the <a href="/wiki/Muskingum_River" title="Muskingum River">Muskingum River</a>, some 30 miles north of an <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Company_of_Associates" title="Ohio Company of Associates">Ohio Company of Associates</a> settlement at <a href="/wiki/Marietta,_Ohio" title="Marietta, Ohio">Marietta, Ohio</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Big_Bottom_massacre" title="Big Bottom massacre">Big Bottom massacre</a> occurred on January 2, 1791. <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wyandot</a> warriors stormed the incomplete <a href="/wiki/Blockhouse" title="Blockhouse">blockhouse</a> and killed eleven men, one woman, and two children. (Accounts vary as to the number of casualties.) <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Putnam" title="Rufus Putnam">Rufus Putnam</a> wrote to President Washington that "we shall be so reduced and discouraged as to give up the settlement [Marietta following the Big Bottom disaster]."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1791, St. Clair succeeded Harmar as commander of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> and was commissioned as a major general. He led a <a href="/wiki/Punitive_expedition" title="Punitive expedition">punitive expedition</a> involving two Regular Army regiments and some militia. In October 1791 as an advance post for his campaign, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Jefferson_(Ohio)" title="Fort Jefferson (Ohio)">Fort Jefferson (Ohio)</a>, was built under his direction. Located in present-day <a href="/wiki/Darke_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Darke County">Darke County</a> in far western Ohio, the fort was built of wood and intended primarily as a supply depot; accordingly, it was originally named Fort Deposit. One month later, near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Fort_Recovery" title="Fort Recovery">Fort Recovery</a>, his force advanced to the location of Native American settlements near the headwaters of the <a href="/wiki/Wabash_River" title="Wabash River">Wabash River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 4 they were routed in battle by a tribal confederation led by <a href="/wiki/Miami_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami tribe">Miami</a> Chief <a href="/wiki/Little_Turtle" title="Little Turtle">Little Turtle</a> and Shawnee chief <a href="/wiki/Blue_Jacket" title="Blue Jacket">Blue Jacket</a>. More than 600 soldiers and scores of women and children were killed in the battle, known as "<a href="/wiki/St._Clair%27s_Defeat" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Clair's Defeat">St. Clair's Defeat</a>" and many other names. It remains the greatest defeat of a US army by Native Americans in history. About 623 American soldiers were killed in action, and about 50 Native Americans were killed. Although an investigation exonerated him, St. Clair resigned his army commission in March 1792 at the request of President Washington, but continued to serve as Governor of the Northwest Territory.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is missing information</b> about failed peace negotiations at Councils on the Auglaize fall 1792 & spring 1793.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Northwest_Territory" title="Talk:Northwest Territory">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After St. Clair's defeat, In June 1792, President Washington tapped revolutionary war hero Major General "Mad" Anthony Wayne to avenge St. Clair and assert sovereignty over the western frontier. Wayne was commissioned to form a new army of 5120 professional soldiers, dubbed the "Legion of the United States". Wayne recruited and trained his army in Pennsylvania, and moved them to southwestern Ohio in fall of 1793. </p><p>There they were joined by the Kentucky Militia under Major General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_(governor)" title="Charles Scott (governor)">Charles Scott</a>. Over the next ten months, the armies marched north up the Great Miami and Maumee River valleys toward the Miami capital of Kekionga. Along the way Wayne's legion built a series of outpost forts including Fort Greene Ville, Fort Recovery and Fort Defiance. Fierce battles occurred around some of these but none of Wayne's forts were ever taken by the Native Americans. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is missing information</b> about siege of Fort Recovery summer 1794.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Northwest_Territory" title="Talk:Northwest Territory">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In mid 1794, the British constructed <a href="/wiki/Fort_Miami_(Ohio)" title="Fort Miami (Ohio)">Fort Miamis</a> near what is today Toledo, Ohio, to forestall Wayne's putative advance on the British stronghold at Detroit. The final battle of Wayne's campaign occurred within the scope of this fort. The military campaign of Gen. Wayne against the Western Confederacy, who were supported by a company of troops from Lower Canada, culminated with victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fallen_Timbers" title="Battle of Fallen Timbers">Battle of Fallen Timbers</a> in 1794. Following the battle, in fall 1794, Wayne's army marched unopposed to Kekionga where they constructed Fort Wayne, a defiant symbol of U.S. sovereignty in the heart of Native American Country. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jay%27s_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Jay's Treaty">Jay's Treaty</a>, in 1794, temporarily helped to smooth relations with British traders in the region, where British subjects outnumbered Americans throughout the 1790s. The following year, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Greenville" title="Treaty of Greenville">Treaty of Greenville</a> secured peace on the western frontier and opened most of southern and eastern Ohio for American settlement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlement">Settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Vincennes_Tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincennes Tract">Vincennes Tract</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clark%27s_Grant" title="Clark's Grant">Clark's Grant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symmes_Purchase" title="Symmes Purchase">Symmes Purchase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Company" title="Ohio Company">Ohio Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Land_Company" title="Connecticut Land Company">Connecticut Land Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purchase_on_the_Muskingum" title="Purchase on the Muskingum">Purchase on the Muskingum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seven_Ranges" title="Seven Ranges">Seven Ranges</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1792</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,920</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_census" title="1800 United States census">1800</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">45,365</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+472.8%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: 1792;<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1800 (includes only <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wayne_County,_Michigan" title="Wayne County, Michigan">Wayne County, Michigan</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Forstall_pp._47–49_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forstall_pp._47–49-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forstall_pp._51–53_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forstall_pp._51–53-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forstall_pp._81–83_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forstall_pp._81–83-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forstall_pp._125–127_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forstall_pp._125–127-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sporadic westward emigrant settlements had already resumed late in the war<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2018)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> after the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquois Confederacy">Iroquois Confederacy</a>'s power was broken and the tribes scattered by the 1779 <a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a>. Soon after the Revolution ended, land-hungry migrants started moving west. A gateway trading post developed as the town of <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Pennsylvania" title="Brownsville, Pennsylvania">Brownsville, Pennsylvania</a>, which was a key outfitting center west of the mountains. Other wagon roads, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kittanning_Path" title="Kittanning Path">Kittanning Path</a> surmounting the <a href="/wiki/Gaps_of_the_Allegheny" title="Gaps of the Allegheny">gaps of the Allegheny</a> in central Pennsylvania, or trails along the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_River" title="Mohawk River">Mohawk River</a> in New York, enabled a steady stream of settlers to reach the near west and the lands bordering the Mississippi.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This activity stimulated the development of the eastern parts of the eventual <a href="/wiki/National_Road" title="National Road">National Road</a> by private investors. The <a href="/wiki/Cumberland,_Maryland" title="Cumberland, Maryland">Cumberland–Brownsville</a> toll road linked the water routes of the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Monongahela_River" title="Monongahela River">Monongahela River</a> of the Ohio/Mississippi riverine systems in the days when water travel was the only good alternative to walking and riding. Most of the territory and its successors was settled by emigrants passing through the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Narrows" title="Cumberland Narrows">Cumberland Narrows</a>, or along the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Valley_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohawk Valley region">Mohawk Valley</a> in New York State. </p><p>The Continental Congress' title to the lands north of the Ohio River was derived from the Treaty of Paris (1783), the Treaty of Fort McIntosh, and the cessions of four states. Settlement was through several means: squatters, direct U.S. government land sales to settlers, sales of tracts of land to land companies, and state sales of land to veterans in the Virginia Military District and Connecticut Western Reserve. The first area to be surveyed was the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Ranges" title="Seven Ranges">Seven Ranges</a> along the eastern border of Ohio in 1786–1789. Direct sales of federal lands to individual homesteaders started here. In some cases, the government granted or donated land for special purposes. </p><p>Settlement followed the forts, whether garrisoned or not. Lack of a garrison meant that threat of Native American attack had become negligible. This was true everywhere in Ohio before 1800 except the northwest sector above the Greenville Treaty line. It became true in Indiana after the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811; by 1813 Battle of the Thames where Tecumseh was defeated and killed, the frontier had essentially moved to west of the Mississippi. The first U.S. military garrisons in the territory were Fort Patrick Henry, Vincennes, Indiana (1779), Fort Clark at Falls of the Ohio, Indiana (1783), and Fort Harmar in Ohio (1785). The first settlements were at these locations. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Clark%27s_Grant" title="Clark's Grant">first land grant</a> was to George Rogers Clark in 1781 at Falls of the Ohio on the Indiana side; he went on to found the settlement of Clarksville. The first two land purchases were large tracts of land sold to John Symmes (<a href="/wiki/Symmes_Purchase" title="Symmes Purchase">Symmes Purchase</a>) in 1788 and two tracts sold to Ohio Company in 1787 and 1792 (<a href="/wiki/Purchase_on_the_Muskingum" title="Purchase on the Muskingum">Purchase on the Muskingum</a>). Settlement of these areas was spearheaded by Losantiville and Marietta, respectively. In 1792, Congress <a href="/wiki/Donation_Tract" title="Donation Tract">donated 100,000 acres</a> to Ohio Company as a buffer zone against Native American incursion around the settled area. The vexing land claims by inhabitants of the old French Vincennes Tract were resolved by what was dubbed the 'Vincennes donation lands' embodied in a federal land act of 1791. Federal land sales in Indiana (then a part of Indiana Territory starting in 1800) began in 1801, through the Cincinnati land office. </p><p>After the Revolutionary War ended, <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Putnam" title="Rufus Putnam">Rufus Putnam</a> (the "Father of Ohio") and <a href="/wiki/Manasseh_Cutler" title="Manasseh Cutler">Manasseh Cutler</a> were instrumental in creating the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which opened up the Northwest Territory for settlement. This land was used to serve as compensation for what was owed to Revolutionary War veterans. It was at Putnam's recommendation that the land was surveyed and laid out in townships of six miles square. He organized and led the first group of veterans to the territory. They settled at <a href="/wiki/Marietta,_Ohio" title="Marietta, Ohio">Marietta, Ohio</a>, where they built a large fort called <a href="/wiki/Campus_Martius_(Ohio)" title="Campus Martius (Ohio)">Campus Martius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PUTNAM_exb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/PUTNAM_exb.jpg/170px-PUTNAM_exb.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/PUTNAM_exb.jpg/255px-PUTNAM_exb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/PUTNAM_exb.jpg/340px-PUTNAM_exb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Putnam" title="Rufus Putnam">Rufus Putnam</a>. This portrait by James Sharples Jr. is in the collection of <a href="/wiki/Independence_National_Historical_Park" title="Independence National Historical Park">Independence National Historical Park</a>, and hangs in the Second Bank of the United States building in Philadelphia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Putnam and Cutler insisted the Northwest Territory be a free territory, with no slavery. The Northwest Territory doubled the size of the United States, and establishing it as free of slavery proved to be of tremendous importance in the following decades. It encompassed what became Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and part of Minnesota. </p><p>Putnam, in the Puritan tradition, was influential in establishing education in the Northwest Territory. Substantial amounts of land were set aside for schools. Putnam had been one of the primary benefactors in the founding of <a href="/wiki/Leicester_Academy" title="Leicester Academy">Leicester Academy</a> in Massachusetts, and similarly, in 1798, he created the plan for the construction of the Muskingum Academy (now <a href="/wiki/Marietta_College" title="Marietta College">Marietta College</a>) in Ohio. In 1780, the directors of the Ohio Company appointed him superintendent of all its affairs relating to settlement north of the Ohio River. In 1796, he was commissioned by President George Washington as Surveyor-General of United States Lands. In 1788, he served as a judge in the Northwest Territory's first court. In 1802, he served in the convention to form a constitution for the State of Ohio.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_census" title="1800 United States census">1800 United States census</a>, following the passage of an <a href="/wiki/Organic_act" title="Organic act">organic act</a> by the <a href="/wiki/6th_United_States_Congress" title="6th United States Congress">6th U.S. Congress</a> creating the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana Territory</a> in 1800, seven counties in the Northwest Territory reported the following population counts:<sup id="cite_ref-Forstall_pp._47–49_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forstall_pp._47–49-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forstall_pp._51–53_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forstall_pp._51–53-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forstall_pp._81–83_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forstall_pp._81–83-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forstall_pp._125–127_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forstall_pp._125–127-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>County </th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County,_Ohio" title="Hamilton County, Ohio">Hamilton</a> </td> <td>14,692 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Ohio" title="Jefferson County, Ohio">Jefferson</a> </td> <td>8,766 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ross_County,_Ohio" title="Ross County, Ohio">Ross</a> </td> <td>8,540 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Ohio" title="Washington County, Ohio">Washington</a> </td> <td>5,427 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adams_County,_Ohio" title="Adams County, Ohio">Adams</a> </td> <td>3,432 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wayne_County,_Michigan" title="Wayne County, Michigan">Wayne</a> </td> <td>3,206 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trumbull_County,_Ohio" title="Trumbull County, Ohio">Trumbull</a> </td> <td>1,302 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Northwest Territory </td> <td>45,365 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>According to the 1800 Census of the United States, the Northwest Territory (i.e. the pending state of Ohio) had a population, excluding Native Americans, of over 45,000, and Indiana Territory, a population of about 5,600. By the time of Ohio statehood, there were as many as 50 named towns in Northwest and Indiana Territories, a few, like Vincennes, with thousands of settlers, and dozens of unnamed settlements below the Treaty Line in Ohio. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Campus_Martius_-_Lossing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Campus_Martius_-_Lossing.jpg/220px-Campus_Martius_-_Lossing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Campus_Martius_-_Lossing.jpg/330px-Campus_Martius_-_Lossing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Campus_Martius_-_Lossing.jpg/440px-Campus_Martius_-_Lossing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>Campus Martius ("Field of Mars" in Latin) was named after the part of Rome of the same name. This site, including the <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Putnam_House" title="Rufus Putnam House">Rufus Putnam House</a>, is now part of the <a href="/wiki/Campus_Martius_Museum" title="Campus Martius Museum">Campus Martius Museum</a> in Marietta, Ohio.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Following settlement of the frontier, the great wave of colonial immigration flowed westward, founding the great cities of the eventual 6 states of the Territory which is now the midwestern United States early in the 19th century: Detroit (<1800), Cleveland (1796), Columbus (1812), Indianapolis (1822), Chicago (1833), Milwaukee (1846), Minneapolis (1847). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statehood_for_Ohio">Statehood for Ohio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Statehood for Ohio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/United_States_Federalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Federalist Party">Federalist</a>, St. Clair hoped to see two states made of the old Ohio Country to increase Federalist power in <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He was resented by Ohio Democratic-Republicans for his apparent partisanship, high-handedness and arrogance in office. In 1802, his opposition to plans for Ohio statehood led President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> to remove him from office as territorial governor. He thus played no part in the organizing of the state of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> in 1803. The first <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Constitution">Ohio Constitution</a> provided for a weak governor and a strong <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a>, in part a reaction to St. Clair's method of governance. </p><p>In preparation for Ohio's statehood, Congress split the Northwest Territory into two sections in 1800. A new territory, <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana Territory</a>, encompassed all land west of the present Indiana–Ohio border and its northward extension to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a>, except for a wedge-shaped area of present-day Indiana in the southeast known as "the gore". It, along with everything east of the new territory, remained part of the Northwest Territory.<sup id="cite_ref-TIH031999_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIH031999-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This legislation was signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> on May 7, 1800, and became effective on July 4. On April 30, 1802, Congress passed an <a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1802" title="Enabling Act of 1802">enabling act for Ohio</a> that authorized the residents of the eastern portion of the Northwest Territory to form a state constitution and government, and be admitted to the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Ohio was admitted as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">17th state</a> on March 1, 1803, the land not included in the new state, including the gore, became part of Indiana Territory, and the Northwest Territory went out of existence.<sup id="cite_ref-TIH031999_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIH031999-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ongoing disputes with the British over the region were a contributing factor to the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. Britain irrevocably ceded claim to the former Northwest Territory with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a> in 1814. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana Territory</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">History of Ohio</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Northwest_Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Northwest Ordinance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></div> <p>The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 established the Northwest Territory, and defined its boundaries, form of government, and administrative structure. In particular, it defined the bodies of government, established the legal basis of land ownership, provided for abolition and transfer of state territorial claims, made rules for admission of new states, established public education, recognized and codified 'natural rights', prohibited slavery, and defined the land rights and applicability of laws to the Native Americans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_and_government">Law and government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Law and government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_1789-08-1790-04.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/United_States_1789-08-1790-04.png/330px-United_States_1789-08-1790-04.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/United_States_1789-08-1790-04.png/495px-United_States_1789-08-1790-04.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/United_States_1789-08-1790-04.png/660px-United_States_1789-08-1790-04.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption>Map of the states and territories of the United States as it was on August 7, 1789, when the Northwest Territory was first organized, to April 2, 1790, when the future <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest Territory</a> was ceded by North Carolina</figcaption></figure> <p>At first, the <a href="/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory (country subdivision)">territory</a> had a modified form of <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>. The governor was also the senior army <a href="/wiki/Commissioned_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioned officer">officer</a> within the territory, and he combined <a href="/wiki/Legislative" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative">legislative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Executive_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch">executive authority</a>. But a <a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">supreme court</a> was established, and he shared legislative powers with the <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">court</a>. County governments were organized as soon as the population was sufficient, and these assumed local <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">administrative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judicial" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial">judicial</a> functions. <a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Ohio" title="Washington County, Ohio">Washington County</a> was the first of these, at <a href="/wiki/Marietta,_Ohio" title="Marietta, Ohio">Marietta</a> in 1788. This was an important event, as this court was the first establishment of civil and criminal law in the pioneer country. </p><p>As soon as the number of free male <a href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">settlers</a> exceeded 5,000, the territorial legislature was to be created, and this happened in 1798. The full mechanisms of government were put in place, as outlined in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Bicameral_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral legislature">bicameral legislature</a> consisted of a <a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">House of Representatives</a> and a Council. The first House had 22 <a href="/wiki/Legislator" title="Legislator">representatives</a>, apportioned by population of each county.<sup id="cite_ref-ohio1917_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohio1917-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The House then nominated 10 citizens to be Council members. The nominations were sent to the U.S. Congress, which appointed five of them as the council. This assembly became the legislature of the Territory, although the governor retained veto power. </p><p>Article VI of the Articles of Compact within the Northwest Ordinance prohibited the owning of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slaves</a> within the Northwest Territory. Territorial governments evaded this law by use of indenture laws.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Articles of Compact prohibited legal discrimination on the basis of religion within the territory. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Township_(United_States)" title="Township (United States)">township</a> formula created by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> was first implemented in the Northwest Territory through the <a href="/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1785" title="Land Ordinance of 1785">Land Ordinance of 1785</a>. The square surveys of the Northwest Territory became a hallmark of <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">the Midwest</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Section_(U.S._land_surveying)" class="mw-redirect" title="Section (U.S. land surveying)">sections</a>, townships, counties (and states) were laid out scientifically, and land was sold quickly and efficiently (although not without some speculative aberrations). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Officials">Officials</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Officials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">Arthur St. Clair</a> was the territory's governor until November 1802, when President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> removed him from office and appointed <a href="/wiki/Charles_Willing_Byrd" title="Charles Willing Byrd">Charles Willing Byrd</a>, who served the position until Ohio became a state and elected its first governor, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tiffin" title="Edward Tiffin">Edward Tiffin</a>, on March 3, 1803.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court consisted of (1) <a href="/wiki/John_Cleves_Symmes" title="John Cleves Symmes">John Cleves Symmes</a>; (2) <a href="/wiki/James_Mitchell_Varnum" title="James Mitchell Varnum">James Mitchell Varnum</a>, who died in 1789, replaced by <a href="/wiki/George_Turner_(judge)" title="George Turner (judge)">George Turner</a>, who resigned in 1796, and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Return_Jonathan_Meigs_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Return Jonathan Meigs Jr.">Return Jonathan Meigs Jr.</a>; and (3) <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Holden_Parsons" title="Samuel Holden Parsons">Samuel Holden Parsons</a>, who died in 1789, replaced by <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Putnam" title="Rufus Putnam">Rufus Putnam</a>, who resigned 1796, and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gilman_(1738)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Gilman (1738)">Joseph Gilman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were three secretaries: <a href="/wiki/Winthrop_Sargent" title="Winthrop Sargent">Winthrop Sargent</a> (July 9, 1788 – May 31, 1798); <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (June 29, 1798 – December 31, 1799); and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Willing_Byrd" title="Charles Willing Byrd">Charles Willing Byrd</a> (January 1, 1800 – March 1, 1803). </p><p>The territory's first <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Courts_of_Common_Pleas" title="Ohio Courts of Common Pleas">common pleas court</a> opened at Marietta on September 2, 1788. Its first judges were General <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Putnam" title="Rufus Putnam">Rufus Putnam</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tupper" title="Benjamin Tupper">Benjamin Tupper</a>, and Colonel Archibald Crary. <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Sproat" title="Ebenezer Sproat">Ebenezer Sproat</a> was the first sheriff, Paul Fearing became the first attorney to practice in the territory, and Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_Stacy" title="William Stacy">William Stacy</a> was foreman of the first grand jury.<sup id="cite_ref-Hildreth_233_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hildreth_233-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Griffin_Greene" title="Griffin Greene">Griffin Greene</a> was appointed justice of the peace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legislature">Legislature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legislature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once the population of free men living within the territory rose to 5000, the federal government allowed residents to elect a legislature. The legislature, or General Assembly, consisted of two houses, a Legislative Council (five members chosen by Congress) and a House of Representatives consisting of 22 members elected by the male <a href="/wiki/Freehold_(law)" title="Freehold (law)">freeholders</a> in nine counties. The first session of the legislature was held in September 1799. Its first important task was to select a non-voting <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Northwest_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="United States congressional delegations from Northwest Territory">delegate to the U.S. Congress</a>. Locked in a power struggle with Governor St. Clair, the legislature narrowly elected William Henry Harrison as the first delegate over the governor's son, Arthur St. Clair Jr. Subsequent congressional delegates were <a href="/wiki/William_McMillan_(congressman)" title="William McMillan (congressman)">William McMillan</a> (1800–1801) and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Fearing" title="Paul Fearing">Paul Fearing</a> (1801–1803). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_ownership">Land ownership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Land ownership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 established the concept of <a href="/wiki/Fee_simple" title="Fee simple">fee simple</a> ownership, by which ownership was in perpetuity with unlimited power to sell or give it away. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prohibition_of_slavery">Prohibition of slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Prohibition of slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Northwest Ordinance was the first act of its kind in that it prohibited slavery throughout a U.S. territory. This act was less controversial than it may have seemed at the time, practically a rework of an earlier 1784 act that proposed gradual reduction of slavery throughout the territories. Both of these proposed acts were supported by a variety of influential members of congress including <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> in the hope that slavery would fade as the nation grew. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_American_lands">Native American lands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Native American lands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In regards to the <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Delaware</a> (Lenape) Native Americans living in the region, Congress decided, on July 27, 1787, that 10,000 acres on the <a href="/wiki/Muskingum_River" title="Muskingum River">Muskingum River</a> in the present state of Ohio would "be set apart and the property thereof be vested in the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Brethren" class="mw-redirect" title="Moravian Brethren">Moravian Brethren</a> ... or a society of the said Brethren for civilizing the Native Americans and promoting Christianity."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/College_Lands" title="College Lands">College Lands</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a> called for a public university for the education, settlement and eventual statehood of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">frontier of Ohio and beyond</a>. Article 3 stated, "Religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." The <a href="/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1785" title="Land Ordinance of 1785">Land Ordinance of 1785</a> created an innovation in public education when it reserved resources for local public schools. The ordinance divided the territory into 36 mile<sup>2</sup> townships, and each township was further divided into 36 one mile<sup>2</sup> tracts for purposes of sale. The ordinance then stated that "there shall be reserved from sale the lot No. 16 of every township for the maintenance of public schools within the said township."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1801, <a href="/wiki/Vincennes_University" title="Vincennes University">Jefferson Academy</a> was established in <a href="/wiki/Vincennes,_Indiana" title="Vincennes, Indiana">Vincennes</a>. As Vincennes University, it remains the oldest public institution of higher learning in the Northwest Territory. </p><p>The next year, American Western University was founded in <a href="/wiki/Athens,_Ohio" title="Athens, Ohio">Athens, Ohio</a>, upstream of the <a href="/wiki/Hocking_River" title="Hocking River">Hocking River</a>, due to its location directly between <a href="/wiki/Chillicothe,_Ohio" title="Chillicothe, Ohio">Chillicothe</a> (an original capital of Ohio) and <a href="/wiki/Marietta,_Ohio" title="Marietta, Ohio">Marietta</a>. It was formally established on February 18, 1804, as <a href="/wiki/Ohio_University" title="Ohio University">Ohio University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Settlements_and_forts">Settlements and forts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Settlements and forts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Forts, garrisons and settlements established in the territory northwest of the River Ohio between 1778 and 1803 (excluding those established in <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana Territory</a> after 1800). They are listed by present-day location and year established or of U.S. possession. Most forts were military garrisons only. General Anthony Wayne, during his Ohio Country campaign 1792–1795, built or rebuilt 10 such forts: forts (in order by date) Lafayette,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greene Ville, Recovery, Adams, Defiance, Deposit, Wayne, Loramie, Piqua, and St. Mary's. Early settlements were outside or nearby forts: Clarksville, Vincennes, Kaskaskia (French), Losantiville, and the Ohio Company settlements at Marietta and Waterford/Beverly. Later, after the Treaty of Greenville, settlements no longer needed to be spearheaded by forts, and sprang up quickly below the Treaty Line. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USPostRoadMap1796.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/USPostRoadMap1796.jpg/220px-USPostRoadMap1796.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/USPostRoadMap1796.jpg/330px-USPostRoadMap1796.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/USPostRoadMap1796.jpg/440px-USPostRoadMap1796.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11513" data-file-height="10762" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Bradley_Jr." title="Abraham Bradley Jr.">Abraham Bradley's</a> 1796 map of the United States includes many forts and settlements within the Northwest Territory.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Laurens" title="Fort Laurens">Fort Laurens</a> (aka Lawrence), Ohio, 1778, now <a href="/wiki/Bolivar,_Ohio" title="Bolivar, Ohio">Bolivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia,_Illinois" title="Cahokia, Illinois">Cahokia, Illinois</a>, 1778</li> <li>Fort Gage, <a href="/wiki/Kaskaskia,_Illinois" title="Kaskaskia, Illinois">Kaskaskia, Illinois</a>, 1779, an American / French settlement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Patrick_Henry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Patrick Henry">Fort Patrick Henry</a>, Vincennes, Indiana 1779</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarksville,_Indiana" title="Clarksville, Indiana">Clarksville, Indiana</a>, 1783 (opposite <a href="/wiki/Fort_Nelson_(Kentucky)" title="Fort Nelson (Kentucky)">Fort Nelson</a>, Virginia, now <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Finney_(Ohio)" title="Fort Finney (Ohio)">Fort Finney</a>, Ohio, 1785, abandoned 1786 / 1787</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Harmar" title="Fort Harmar">Fort Harmar</a>, Ohio, 1785</li> <li>Norristown, 1785; reestablished as Jefferson, 1795, now <a href="/wiki/Martins_Ferry,_Ohio" title="Martins Ferry, Ohio">Martins Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonville,_Indiana#History" title="Jeffersonville, Indiana">Fort Finney</a>, Indiana, 1786, renamed Fort Steuben in 1791; now <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonville,_Indiana" title="Jeffersonville, Indiana">Jeffersonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Steuben" title="Fort Steuben">Fort Steuben</a>, Ohio, January 1787, abandoned May 1790</li> <li>* <a href="/wiki/Steubenville,_Ohio" title="Steubenville, Ohio">Steubenville</a> Ohio, 1797</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marietta,_Ohio" title="Marietta, Ohio">Marietta, Ohio</a>, July 1788</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia-Tusculum,_Cincinnati" title="Columbia-Tusculum, Cincinnati">Columbia, Ohio</a>, November 1788</li> <li>Losantiville (<a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>), Ohio, December 1788</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bend,_Ohio" title="North Bend, Ohio">North Bend, Ohio</a>, February 1789</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterford,_Ohio" title="Waterford, Ohio">Waterford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beverly,_Ohio" title="Beverly, Ohio">Beverly</a>, Ohio, spring 1789</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Washington_(Cincinnati,_Ohio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Washington (Cincinnati, Ohio)">Fort Washington</a>, Ohio, summer 1789 (later relocated and became the <a href="/wiki/Newport_Barracks" title="Newport Barracks">Newport Barracks</a>, KY)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester,_Ohio" title="Manchester, Ohio">Massie's Station</a>, Virginia Military District, 1790, renamed Manchester</li> <li>Fort Dilles, Ohio, 1790, later called <a href="/wiki/Dilles_Bottom,_Ohio" title="Dilles Bottom, Ohio">Dilles Bottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipolis">Gallipolis</a>, Ohio, October 1790</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockport,_Ohio" title="Stockport, Ohio">Big Bottom</a>, Ohio, December 1790 (squatter settlement, site of <a href="/wiki/Big_Bottom_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Bottom Massacre">Big Bottom Massacre</a> in 1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Frye" title="Fort Frye">Fort Frye</a>, Ohio, January – February 1791 (not a U.S. military garrison)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ohio#History" title="Hamilton, Ohio">Fort Hamilton</a>, Ohio, September 1791</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Jefferson_(Ohio)" title="Fort Jefferson (Ohio)">Fort Jefferson</a>, Ohio, October 1791 (originally Fort Deposit)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_St._Clair" title="Fort St. Clair">Fort St. Clair</a>, Ohio, 1792</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Greene_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Greene Ville">Fort Greene Ville</a>, Ohio, November 1793</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Recovery" title="Fort Recovery">Fort Recovery</a>, Ohio, December 1793 – March 1794</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Adams_(Ohio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Adams (Ohio)">Fort Adams</a>, Ohio, August 1794</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Massac" title="Fort Massac">Fort Massac</a>, Illinois, June – October 1794</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Defiance_(Ohio)" title="Fort Defiance (Ohio)">Fort Defiance</a>, Ohio, August 1794 (Battle of Fallen Timbers, August 1794)</li> <li>Fort Deposit, Ohio, September – October 1794</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne_(fort)" title="Fort Wayne (fort)">Fort Wayne</a>, Indiana, October 1794</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Loramie,_Ohio#History" title="Fort Loramie, Ohio">Fort Loramie</a> (or Laramie), Ohio, winter 1794–95</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piqua,_Ohio#History" title="Piqua, Ohio">Fort Piqua</a>, Ohio, winter 1794–95</li> <li>Fort St. Mary's, Ohio, October 1795</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chillicothe,_Ohio" title="Chillicothe, Ohio">Chillicothe</a>, Ohio, 1796</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, Connecticut Western Reserve, 1796</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Miami_(Ohio)" title="Fort Miami (Ohio)">Fort Miami</a>, Ohio (British held until 1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lernoult" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Lernoult">Fort Lernoult</a> (previously <a href="/wiki/Fort_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Detroit">Fort Detroit</a>), Michigan (British held until 1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mackinac" title="Fort Mackinac">Fort Mackinac</a>, Michigan (British held until 1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Ohio" title="Williamsburg, Ohio">Williamsburg, Ohio</a>, 1796</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton, Ohio</a>, 1796</li> <li>Newellstown, Ohio, 1796, renamed <a href="/wiki/St._Clairsville,_Ohio" title="St. Clairsville, Ohio">St. Clairsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens,_Ohio" title="Athens, Ohio">Athens</a>, Ohio, 1797</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklinton,_Columbus,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklinton, Columbus, Ohio">Franklinton</a>, Ohio, 1797</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentor,_Ohio" title="Mentor, Ohio">Mentor, Ohio</a>, 1797</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren,_Ohio" title="Warren, Ohio">Warren, Ohio</a>, 1798</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel,_Ohio" title="Bethel, Ohio">Bethel, Ohio</a>, 1798</li> <li>Westbourne, Ohio, 1799, renamed <a href="/wiki/Zanesville,_Ohio" title="Zanesville, Ohio">Zanesville</a> in 1801</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield,_Ohio" title="Greenfield, Ohio">Greenfield, Ohio</a>, 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Ohio" title="Lancaster, Ohio">Lancaster, Ohio</a>, 1800</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Ohio" title="Springfield, Ohio">Springfield, Ohio</a>, 1801</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youngstown,_Ohio" title="Youngstown, Ohio">Youngstown, Ohio</a>, 1802</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coshocton,_Ohio" title="Coshocton, Ohio">Coshocton, Ohio</a>, 1802</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrenceburg,_Indiana" title="Lawrenceburg, Indiana">Lawrenceburg, Indiana</a>, 1802 (Within the Northwest Territory's <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County,_Ohio" title="Hamilton County, Ohio">Hamilton County</a> until 1803)</li> <li>New Lisbon, Ohio, 1803, later renamed <a href="/wiki/Lisbon,_Ohio" title="Lisbon, Ohio">Lisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenia,_Ohio" title="Xenia, Ohio">Xenia, Ohio</a>, 1803</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Counties">Counties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Counties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MELIOREM_LAPSA_LOCAVIT.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/MELIOREM_LAPSA_LOCAVIT.JPG/220px-MELIOREM_LAPSA_LOCAVIT.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/MELIOREM_LAPSA_LOCAVIT.JPG/330px-MELIOREM_LAPSA_LOCAVIT.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/MELIOREM_LAPSA_LOCAVIT.JPG/440px-MELIOREM_LAPSA_LOCAVIT.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2872" data-file-height="2687" /></a><figcaption>Seal of the Northwest Territory over a time capsule outside the <a href="/wiki/Campus_Martius_Museum" title="Campus Martius Museum">Campus Martius Museum</a>. The Latin phrase, "He has planted one better than the one fallen," signifies the replacement of wilderness by civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-sealtree_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sealtree-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wayne_County_by_proclamation_1796.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Wayne_County_by_proclamation_1796.jpg/220px-Wayne_County_by_proclamation_1796.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Wayne_County_by_proclamation_1796.jpg/330px-Wayne_County_by_proclamation_1796.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Wayne_County_by_proclamation_1796.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>Territorial county of Wayne</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ohio_Counties_1802.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ohio_Counties_1802.png/290px-Ohio_Counties_1802.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ohio_Counties_1802.png/435px-Ohio_Counties_1802.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ohio_Counties_1802.png/580px-Ohio_Counties_1802.png 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>Ohio counties in <a href="/wiki/1802_in_the_United_States" title="1802 in the United States">1802</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Thirteen counties were formed by Governor <a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">Arthur St. Clair</a> during the territory's existence: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Ohio" title="Washington County, Ohio">Washington County</a>, with its seat at Marietta, was the first county formed in the territory, proclaimed on July 26, 1788, by territorial governor St. Clair. Its original boundaries were proclaimed as all of present-day Ohio east of a line extending due south from the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_River" title="Cuyahoga River">Cuyahoga River</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this did not take into account <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>'s still unresolved claim of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Reserve">Western Reserve</a>. It kept these boundaries until 1796.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County,_Ohio" title="Hamilton County, Ohio">Hamilton County</a>, with its seat at <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, was proclaimed on January 2, 1790. The same proclamation officially changed Cincinnati's name from Losantiville into its present form. Its original boundaries claimed all land north of the Ohio River between the <a href="/wiki/Great_Miami_River" title="Great Miami River">Great Miami River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Little_Miami_River" title="Little Miami River">Little Miami River</a> as far north as Standing Stone Fork (now <a href="/wiki/Loramie_Creek" title="Loramie Creek">Loramie Creek</a>), just north of present-day <a href="/wiki/Piqua,_Ohio" title="Piqua, Ohio">Piqua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1792 Hamilton County was expanded to encompass all lands between the mouths of the Great Miami and Cuyahoga Rivers, as well as all of what is now the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Peninsula">Lower Peninsula</a> of <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>. Its territory was reduced several times after 1796.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair_County,_Illinois" title="St. Clair County, Illinois">St. Clair County</a>, with its seat at <a href="/wiki/Kaskaskia,_Illinois" title="Kaskaskia, Illinois">Kaskaskia</a> was proclaimed on April 27, 1790. It originally encompassed most of present-day <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> south of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_River" title="Illinois River">Illinois River</a>. It lost most of its southern lands in the formation of Randolph County in 1795, necessitating the transfer of the county seat to <a href="/wiki/Cahokia,_Illinois" title="Cahokia, Illinois">Cahokia</a>, but expanded to the north to take in northwest present-day Illinois and most of present-day <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> in 1801 after becoming part of <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana Territory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knox_County,_Indiana" title="Knox County, Indiana">Knox County</a>, with its seat at <a href="/wiki/Vincennes,_Indiana" title="Vincennes, Indiana">Vincennes</a>, was proclaimed on June 20, 1790, and encompassed the majority of the territory's land area – all land between St. Clair County and Hamilton County, extending north to Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_County,_Illinois" title="Randolph County, Illinois">Randolph County</a> was formed October 5, 1795, with its seat at <a href="/wiki/Kaskaskia,_Illinois" title="Kaskaskia, Illinois">Kaskaskia</a> and encompassed the southern half of what was St. Clair County.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_County,_Michigan" title="Wayne County, Michigan">Wayne County</a> was formed on August 15, 1796, out of portions of Hamilton County and unorganized land, with its seat at Detroit, which had been evacuated by the British five weeks previously. Wayne County originally covered all of Michigan's <a href="/wiki/Lower_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Peninsula">Lower Peninsula</a>, northwestern <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> and a small portion of the present <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a> shoreline, including the site of present-day Chicago. On November 1, 1798, it was split into the four townships of Detroit, Hamtramck, Mackinaw, and Sargent.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lands west of the extension of the present Indiana-Ohio border became part of <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana Territory</a> in 1800; the eastern portion of the county's land in Ohio were folded into Trumbull County that same year. The territory north of the Ordinance Line became part of Indiana Territory in 1803 as a reorganized Wayne County; the remainder reverted to unorganized status after Ohio statehood.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_County,_Ohio" title="Adams County, Ohio">Adams County</a> was formed on July 10, 1797, with its seat at <a href="/wiki/Manchester,_Ohio" title="Manchester, Ohio">Manchester</a>; it encompassed most of present-day south-central Ohio.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Ohio" title="Jefferson County, Ohio">Jefferson County</a> was formed July 29, 1797, with its seat at <a href="/wiki/Steubenville,_Ohio" title="Steubenville, Ohio">Steubenville</a>, carved out of Washington County and originally encompassed all of what is now northeastern Ohio.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_County,_Ohio" title="Ross County, Ohio">Ross County</a> was organized on August 20, 1798, with its seat at <a href="/wiki/Chillicothe,_Ohio" title="Chillicothe, Ohio">Chillicothe</a> and was carved out of portions of Knox, Hamilton and Washington counties.</li></ul> <p>Knox, Randolph and St. Clair counties were separated from the territory effective July 4, 1800, and, along with the western part of Wayne County, and unorganized lands in what are now Minnesota and Wisconsin, became the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana Territory</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumbull_County,_Ohio" title="Trumbull County, Ohio">Trumbull County</a> was proclaimed July 10, 1800, out of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Reserve">Western Reserve</a> portion of Jefferson and Wayne Counties, with its county seat at <a href="/wiki/Warren,_Ohio" title="Warren, Ohio">Warren</a>, chosen over rivals <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Youngstown" class="mw-redirect" title="Youngstown">Youngstown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clermont_County,_Ohio" title="Clermont County, Ohio">Clermont County</a> was formed December 6, 1800, out of Hamilton County, with its seat at <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Ohio" title="Williamsburg, Ohio">Williamsburg</a>. In contrast with most other Northwest Territory counties, Clermont County's original boundaries are only slightly larger than its present-day limits.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfield_County,_Ohio" title="Fairfield County, Ohio">Fairfield County</a> was proclaimed December 9, 1800, formed out of Ross and Washington counties, with its seat at <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Ohio" title="Lancaster, Ohio">Lancaster</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont_County,_Ohio" title="Belmont County, Ohio">Belmont County</a> was proclaimed September 7, 1801, formed out of Washington and Jefferson counties, with its seat at <a href="/wiki/St._Clairsville,_Ohio" title="St. Clairsville, Ohio">St. Clairsville</a>.</li></ul> <p>The Northwest Territory ceased to exist upon Ohio statehood on March 1, 1803; the lands in Ohio that were previously part of Wayne County but not included in Trumbull County reverted to an unorganized status until new counties could be formed. The remainder of Wayne County, roughly the eastern half of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Lower Peninsula of Michigan">Lower Peninsula of Michigan</a> and the eastern tip of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Peninsula">Upper Peninsula</a>, was attached to Indiana Territory. A sliver of Hamilton County along the southwestern border (the Greenville Treaty line) comprising a portion of the Whitewater River drainage basin and known as "The Gore" was also ceded to Indiana Territory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_regions_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic regions of the United States">Historic regions of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>, lands west of the Mississippi River</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Company" title="Ohio Company">Ohio Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Southwest" title="Old Southwest">Old Southwest</a>, analogous lands south of the Ohio River</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zane%27s_trace" class="mw-redirect" title="Zane's trace">Zane's trace</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This term was a later and somewhat broader American term for the area to distinguish it from the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a> and/or the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Before the 1803 <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>, the western border of U.S. territory ended on the Mississippi; the lands beyond still being a possession of Napoleonic France or the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Spain">Kingdom of Spain</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140101201609/http://history.howstuffworks.com/american-history/northwest-territory.htm">"Northwest Territory"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HowStuffWorks" title="HowStuffWorks">HowStuffWorks</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.howstuffworks.com/american-history/northwest-territory.htm">the original</a> on January 1, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northwest+Territory&rft.pub=HowStuffWorks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.howstuffworks.com%2Famerican-history%2Fnorthwest-territory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=lljc&fileName=032/lljc032.db&recNum=343">C. Cong. 1787, 32:334</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dwight L. Smith, "A North American Neutral Indian Zone: Persistence of a British Idea," <i>Northwest Ohio Quarterly</i> 61#2–4 (1989): 46–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer, pp. 400–421.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2013)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Virginia ceded to the United States its claim to undeeded land in the VMC on Dec. 8, 1852. In 1871, Congress ceded this land to the state.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1800, Connecticut ceded its Western Reserve claims to the Northwest Territory, and it came under the sovereignty of Ohio in 1803.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalloway2015" class="citation book cs1">Calloway, Colin G. (2015). <i>The Victory with No Name. The Native American Defeat of the First American Army</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victory+with+No+Name.+The+Native+American+Defeat+of+the+First+American+Army&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Calloway&rft.aufirst=Colin+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalloway2015" class="citation book cs1">Calloway, Colin G. (2015). <i>The Victory with No Name. The Native American Defeat of the First American Army</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victory+with+No+Name.+The+Native+American+Defeat+of+the+First+American+Army&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Calloway&rft.aufirst=Colin+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeiper2010" class="citation book cs1">Keiper, Karl A. (2010). "12". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kgGMIKQTt7oC"><i>Land of the Indians – Indiana</i></a>. Karl Keiper. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780982470312" title="Special:BookSources/9780982470312"><bdi>9780982470312</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=12&rft.btitle=Land+of+the+Indians+%E2%80%93+Indiana&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Karl+Keiper&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780982470312&rft.aulast=Keiper&rft.aufirst=Karl+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkgGMIKQTt7oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael S. Warner, "General Josiah Harmar's Campaign Reconsidered: How the Americans Lost the Battle of Kekionga". <i>Indiana Magazine of History</i> (1987): 43–64. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/imh/article/view/10767/15243">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkler2011" class="citation book cs1">Winkler, John F. (2011). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wabashstclairsde00wink"><i>Wabash 1791: St. Clair's Defeat; Osprey Campaign Series #240</i></a></span>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wabashstclairsde00wink/page/n14">15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-676-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-676-9"><bdi>978-1-84908-676-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wabash+1791%3A+St.+Clair%27s+Defeat%3B+Osprey+Campaign+Series+%23240&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84908-676-9&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwabashstclairsde00wink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leroy V. Eid, "American Indian Military Leadership: St. Clair's 1791 Defeat". <i>Journal of Military History</i> 57.1 (1993): 71–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William O. Odo, "Destined for Defeat: an Analysis of the St. Clair Expedition of 1791". <i>Northwest Ohio Quarterly</i> (1993) 65#2 pp: 68–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John F. Winkler, <i>Wabash 1791: St Clair's Defeat</i> (Osprey Publishing, 2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leroy V. Eid, "American Indian Military Leadership: St. Clair's 1791 Defeat". <i>Journal of Military History</i> 57.1 (1993): 71–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William O. Odo, "Destined for Defeat: an Analysis of the St. Clair Expedition of 1791". <i>Northwest Ohio Quarterly</i> (1993) 65#2 pp: 68–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John F. Winkler, <i>Wabash 1791: St Clair's Defeat</i> (Osprey Publishing, 2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurvis1995" class="citation book cs1">Purvis, Thomas L. (1995). Balkin, Richard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816025282/page/178"><i>Revolutionary America 1763 to 1800</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Facts on File</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816025282/page/178">178</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816025282" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816025282"><bdi>978-0816025282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+America+1763+to+1800&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0816025282&rft.aulast=Purvis&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780816025282%2Fpage%2F178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forstall_pp._47–49-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forstall_pp._47–49_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forstall_pp._47–49_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForstall" class="citation report cs1">Forstall, Richard L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1990/population-of-states-and-counties-us-1790-1990/population-of-states-and-counties-of-the-united-states-1790-1990.pdf">Population of the States and Counties of the United States: 1790–1990</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. pp. 47–49<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Population+of+the+States+and+Counties+of+the+United+States%3A+1790%E2%80%931990&rft.pages=47-49&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fdecennial%2F1990%2Fpopulation-of-states-and-counties-us-1790-1990%2Fpopulation-of-states-and-counties-of-the-united-states-1790-1990.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forstall_pp._51–53-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forstall_pp._51–53_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forstall_pp._51–53_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForstall" class="citation report cs1">Forstall, Richard L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1990/population-of-states-and-counties-us-1790-1990/population-of-states-and-counties-of-the-united-states-1790-1990.pdf">Population of the States and Counties of the United States: 1790–1990</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. pp. 51–53<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Population+of+the+States+and+Counties+of+the+United+States%3A+1790%E2%80%931990&rft.pages=51-53&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fdecennial%2F1990%2Fpopulation-of-states-and-counties-us-1790-1990%2Fpopulation-of-states-and-counties-of-the-united-states-1790-1990.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forstall_pp._81–83-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forstall_pp._81–83_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forstall_pp._81–83_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForstall" class="citation report cs1">Forstall, Richard L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1990/population-of-states-and-counties-us-1790-1990/population-of-states-and-counties-of-the-united-states-1790-1990.pdf">Population of the States and Counties of the United States: 1790–1990</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. pp. 81–83<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Population+of+the+States+and+Counties+of+the+United+States%3A+1790%E2%80%931990&rft.pages=81-83&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fdecennial%2F1990%2Fpopulation-of-states-and-counties-us-1790-1990%2Fpopulation-of-states-and-counties-of-the-united-states-1790-1990.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forstall_pp._125–127-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forstall_pp._125–127_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forstall_pp._125–127_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForstall" class="citation report cs1">Forstall, Richard L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1990/population-of-states-and-counties-us-1790-1990/population-of-states-and-counties-of-the-united-states-1790-1990.pdf">Population of the States and Counties of the United States: 1790–1990</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. pp. 125–127<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Population+of+the+States+and+Counties+of+the+United+States%3A+1790%E2%80%931990&rft.pages=125-127&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fdecennial%2F1990%2Fpopulation-of-states-and-counties-us-1790-1990%2Fpopulation-of-states-and-counties-of-the-united-states-1790-1990.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCullough2019" class="citation book cs1">McCullough, David (2019). <i>The Pioneers</i>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1501168680" title="Special:BookSources/978-1501168680"><bdi>978-1501168680</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pioneers&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1501168680&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubbard, Robert Ernest. <i>General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"</i> pp. 2–4, 45–8,105–18, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7862-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7862-7">978-1-4766-7862-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hildreth, Samuel Prescott. <i>Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio,</i> pp. 34–7, 63–4, Badgley Publishing Company, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0615501895" title="Special:BookSources/978-0615501895">978-0615501895</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCullough, David. <i>The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought the American Ideal West,</i> pp. 46–7, Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, New York, 2019. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-6870-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-6870-3">978-1-5011-6870-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubbard, Robert Ernest. <i>General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"</i> pp. 127–50, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7862-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7862-7">978-1-4766-7862-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hildreth, Samuel Prescott. <i>Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio,</i> pp. 69, 71, 81, 82, Badgley Publishing Company, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0615501895" title="Special:BookSources/978-0615501895">978-0615501895</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCullough, David. <i>The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought the American Ideal West,</i> pp. 143–7, Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, New York, 2019. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-6870-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-6870-3">978-1-5011-6870-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLossing1868" class="citation book cs1">Lossing, Benson (1868). <i>The Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812</i>. Harper & Brothers, Publishers. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pictorial+Field-Book+of+the+War+of+1812&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers%2C+Publishers&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Lossing&rft.aufirst=Benson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TIH031999-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TIH031999_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIH031999_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.in.gov/history/files/interritory.pdf">"Indiana Territory"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Indiana Historian</i>. Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana Historical Bureau. March 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indiana+Historian&rft.atitle=Indiana+Territory&rft.date=1999-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.in.gov%2Fhistory%2Ffiles%2Finterritory.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPawlack" class="citation web cs1">Pawlack, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohiohistory.org/learn/education-and-outreach/in-your-classroom/teachers-toolbox/march-2018/ohio-the-48th-state">"Ohio: The 48th State?"</a>. <i>Ohio History Connection</i>. Columbus Ohio: Ohio History Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ohio+History+Connection&rft.atitle=Ohio%3A+The+48th+State%3F&rft.aulast=Pawlack&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohiohistory.org%2Flearn%2Feducation-and-outreach%2Fin-your-classroom%2Fteachers-toolbox%2Fmarch-2018%2Fohio-the-48th-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ohio1917-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ohio1917_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhio_General_Assembly1917" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ohio_General_Assembly" title="Ohio General Assembly">Ohio General Assembly</a> (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7qesAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA199"><i>Manual of Legislative Practice in the General Assembly</i></a>. State of Ohio. p. 199.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Legislative+Practice+in+the+General+Assembly&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=State+of+Ohio&rft.date=1917&rft.au=Ohio+General+Assembly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7qesAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070721043832/http://www.statelib.lib.in.us/www/ihb/publications/terrslavery.html">"Slavery in Indiana Territory"</a>. Indiana Historical Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statelib.lib.in.us/www/ihb/publications/terrslavery.html">the original</a> on July 21, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+Indiana+Territory&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statelib.lib.in.us%2Fwww%2Fihb%2Fpublications%2Fterrslavery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurtner1998" class="citation journal cs1">Burtner, W. H. Jr. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resources.ohiohistory.org/ohj/search/display.php?page=120&ipp=20&searchterm=Array&vol=41&pages=237-240">"Charles Willing Byrd"</a>. <i>Ohio History Journal</i>. <b>41</b>. Ohio Historical Society: 237.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ohio+History+Journal&rft.atitle=Charles+Willing+Byrd&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=237&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Burtner&rft.aufirst=W.+H.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresources.ohiohistory.org%2Fohj%2Fsearch%2Fdisplay.php%3Fpage%3D120%26ipp%3D20%26searchterm%3DArray%26vol%3D41%26pages%3D237-240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForce1897" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Manning_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Manning Force">Force, Manning</a>, ed. (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4gQ9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA5">"The Supreme Court – a Historical Sketch"</a>. <i>Bench and Bar of Ohio: a Compendium of History and Biography</i>. Vol. 1. Chicago: Century Publishing and Engraving Company. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Supreme+Court+%E2%80%93+a+Historical+Sketch&rft.btitle=Bench+and+Bar+of+Ohio%3A+a+Compendium+of+History+and+Biography&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Century+Publishing+and+Engraving+Company&rft.date=1897&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4gQ9AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hildreth_233-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hildreth_233_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHildreth1848" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/S._P._Hildreth" class="mw-redirect" title="S. P. Hildreth">Hildreth, S. P.</a> (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pioneerhistoryb00hildgoog"><i>Pioneer History: Being an Account of the First Examinations of the Ohio Valley, and the Early Settlement of the Northwest Territory</i></a>. Cincinnati, Ohio: H. W. Derby and Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pioneerhistoryb00hildgoog/page/n261">232</a>–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pioneer+History%3A+Being+an+Account+of+the+First+Examinations+of+the+Ohio+Valley%2C+and+the+Early+Settlement+of+the+Northwest+Territory&rft.place=Cincinnati%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=232-33&rft.pub=H.+W.+Derby+and+Co.&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Hildreth&rft.aufirst=S.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpioneerhistoryb00hildgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel04.html">"Religion and the Congress of the Confederation, 1774–89"</a>. Library of Congress. June 4, 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+Congress+of+the+Confederation%2C+1774%E2%80%9389&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1998-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fexhibits%2Freligion%2Frel04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1885" class="citation book cs1">Knight, George Wells (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xN6gAAAAMAAJ"><i>History, and Management of Land Grants for Education in the Northwest Territory (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin)</i></a>. G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History%2C+and+Management+of+Land+Grants+for+Education+in+the+Northwest+Territory+%28Ohio%2C+Indiana%2C+Illinois%2C+Michigan%2C+Wisconsin%29&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=George+Wells&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxN6gAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=786">"Ohio University"</a>. Ohio History Central: An Online Encyclopedia of Ohio History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ohio+University&rft.pub=Ohio+History+Central%3A+An+Online+Encyclopedia+of+Ohio+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohiohistorycentral.org%2Fentry.php%3Frec%3D786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">in PA, not the Northwest Territory per se</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sealtree-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sealtree_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinke" class="citation journal cs1">Reinke, Edgar C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.ohiohistory.org/ohstemplate.cfm?action=detail&Page=009474.html&StartPage=68&EndPage=74&volume=94&newtitle=Volume%2094%20Page%2068">"Meliorem Lapsa Locavit: An Intriguing Puzzle Solved"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ohio_History_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio History (journal)">Ohio History</a></i>. <b>94</b>: 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ohio+History&rft.atitle=Meliorem+Lapsa+Locavit%3A+An+Intriguing+Puzzle+Solved&rft.volume=94&rft.pages=74&rft.aulast=Reinke&rft.aufirst=Edgar+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.ohiohistory.org%2Fohstemplate.cfm%3Faction%3Ddetail%26Page%3D009474.html%26StartPage%3D68%26EndPage%3D74%26volume%3D94%26newtitle%3DVolume%252094%2520Page%252068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span> says the young tree on the seal of the NWT is an apple, while <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers1903" class="citation book cs1">Summers, Thomas J. (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historymarietta00summgoog"><i>History of Marietta</i></a>. Marietta, Ohio: Leader Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historymarietta00summgoog/page/n143">115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Marietta&rft.place=Marietta%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Leader+Publishing&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorymarietta00summgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span> says it is a buckeye, and perhaps the genesis of Ohio's nickname.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriswold1884" class="citation book cs1">Griswold, S.O. (1884). <i>The Corporate Birth and Growth of the City of Cleveland</i>. Western Reserve and Northern Ohio Historical Society. Tract No. 62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Corporate+Birth+and+Growth+of+the+City+of+Cleveland&rft.pub=Western+Reserve+and+Northern+Ohio+Historical+Society&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Griswold&rft.aufirst=S.O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnknown1894" class="citation book cs1">Unknown (1894). <i>History of Cincinnati and Hamilton County</i>. S.B. Nelson & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Cincinnati+and+Hamilton+County&rft.pub=S.B.+Nelson+%26+Co.&rft.date=1894&rft.au=Unknown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalton1928" class="citation book cs1">Walton, W.C. (1928). <i>A Brief History of St. Clair County</i>. McKendree College.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+St.+Clair+County&rft.pub=McKendree+College&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=W.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsarey1915" class="citation book cs1">Esarey, Logan (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistoryindiana00esargoog"><i>A History of Indiana</i></a>. W.K. Stewart Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistoryindiana00esargoog/page/n152">137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indiana&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=W.K.+Stewart+Co.&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Esarey&rft.aufirst=Logan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistoryindiana00esargoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller1924" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, George Newman (1924). <i>Historic Michigan, land of the Great Lakes; its life, resources, industries, people, politics, government, wars, institutions, achievements, the press, schools and churches, legendary and prehistoric lore</i>. Dayton Ohio United: National Historical Association, Inc. p. 101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Michigan%2C+land+of+the+Great+Lakes%3B+its+life%2C+resources%2C+industries%2C+people%2C+politics%2C+government%2C+wars%2C+institutions%2C+achievements%2C+the+press%2C+schools+and+churches%2C+legendary+and+prehistoric+lore.&rft.place=Dayton+Ohio+United&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=National+Historical+Association%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=George+Newman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050320090137/http://planning.co.trumbull.oh.us/History_CAS.htm">"Historical Information for the Target Investment Areas Trumbull County and the Historic Western Reserve"</a>. Trumbull County. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://planning.co.trumbull.oh.us/History_CAS.htm">the original</a> on March 20, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Information+for+the+Target+Investment+Areas+Trumbull+County+and+the+Historic+Western+Reserve&rft.pub=Trumbull+County&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanning.co.trumbull.oh.us%2FHistory_CAS.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barr, Daniel P. <i>The Boundaries Between Us: Natives and Newcomers Along the Frontiers of the Old Northwest Territory, 1750–1850</i> (Kent State University Press, 2006)</li> <li>Beatty-Medina, Charles, and Melissa Rinehart, eds. <i>Contested Territories: Native Americans and Non-natives in the Lower Great Lakes, 1700–1850</i> (Michigan State University Press, 2012)</li> <li>Buley, R. Carlyle. "Pioneer health and medical practices in the old northwest prior to 1840". <i>Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i> (1934): 497–520. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1897188">1897188</a>.</li> <li>Calloway, Colin G. <i>The Victory with No Name: The Native American Defeat of the First American Army</i> (Oxford University Press, 2014)</li> <li>Davis, James E. <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'New Aspects of Men and New Forms of Society': The Old Northwest, 1790–1820". <i>Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society</i> (1976): 164–172. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40191366">40191366</a>.</li> <li>Elkins, Stanley, and Eric McKitrick. "A Meaning for Turner's Frontier: Part I: Democracy in the Old Northwest". <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> (1954): 321–353. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2145274">2145274</a>.</li> <li>Esarey, Logan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/imh/article/view/8518/10749">"Elements of Culture in the Old Northwest"</a>. <i>Indiana Magazine of History</i> (1957): 257–264.</li> <li>Heath, William. <i>William Wells and the Struggle for the Old Northwest</i> (University of Oklahoma Press, 2015) he lived 1770–1812</li> <li>Kuhns, Frederck I., "Home Missions and Education in the Old Northwest". <i>Journal of the Presbyterian Historical Society</i> (1953): 137–155. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23325185">23325185</a>.</li> <li>Owens, Robert M. <i>Mr. Jefferson's Hammer: William Henry Harrison and the Origins of American Indian Policy</i> (University of Oklahoma Press, 2012)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohrbough1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_J._Rohrbough&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malcolm J. Rohrbough (page does not exist)">Rohrbough, M. J.</a> (1978). <a href="/wiki/The_Trans-Appalachian_Frontier:_People,_Societies,_and_Institutions,_1775-1850" class="mw-redirect" title="The Trans-Appalachian Frontier: People, Societies, and Institutions, 1775-1850"><i>The Trans-Appalachian Frontier: People, Societies, and Institutions, 1775-1850</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502209-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502209-4"><bdi>978-0-19-502209-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trans-Appalachian+Frontier%3A+People%2C+Societies%2C+and+Institutions%2C+1775-1850&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-19-502209-4&rft.aulast=Rohrbough&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ubbelohde, Carl. "History and the Midwest as a Region". <i>Wisconsin Magazine of History</i> (1994): 35–47. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4636532">4636532</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Older_sources">Older sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Older sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker1958" class="citation book cs1">Barker, Joseph (1958). <i>Recollections of the First Settlement of Ohio</i>. Marietta, Ohio: Marietta College.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recollections+of+the+First+Settlement+of+Ohio&rft.place=Marietta%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Marietta+College&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span> Original manuscript written late in Joseph Barker's life, prior to his death in 1843</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilkey" class="citation book cs1">Gilkey, Elliot Howard, ed. (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oUkVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA131"><i>The Ohio Hundred Year Book: A Hand-book of the Public Men and Public Institutions of Ohio ...</i></a> State of Ohio.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ohio+Hundred+Year+Book%3A+A+Hand-book+of+the+Public+Men+and+Public+Institutions+of+Ohio+...&rft.pub=State+of+Ohio&rft.date=1901&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoUkVAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHildreth1848" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/S._P._Hildreth" class="mw-redirect" title="S. P. Hildreth">Hildreth, S. P.</a> (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pioneerhistoryb00hildgoog"><i>Pioneer History: Being an Account of the First Examinations of the Ohio Valley, and the Early Settlement of the Northwest Territory</i></a>. Cincinnati, Ohio: H. W. Derby and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pioneer+History%3A+Being+an+Account+of+the+First+Examinations+of+the+Ohio+Valley%2C+and+the+Early+Settlement+of+the+Northwest+Territory&rft.place=Cincinnati%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=H.+W.+Derby+and+Co.&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Hildreth&rft.aufirst=S.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpioneerhistoryb00hildgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHildreth1852" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/S._P._Hildreth" class="mw-redirect" title="S. P. Hildreth">Hildreth, S. P.</a> (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_UJHAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Northwest+Territory%22&pg=PR1"><i>Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio</i></a>. Cincinnati, Ohio: H. W. Derby and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+and+Historical+Memoirs+of+the+Early+Pioneer+Settlers+of+Ohio&rft.place=Cincinnati%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=H.+W.+Derby+and+Co.&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Hildreth&rft.aufirst=S.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_UJHAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Northwest%2BTerritory%2522%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHulbert1917" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Archer_Butler_Hulbert" title="Archer Butler Hulbert">Hulbert, Archer Butler</a> (1917). <i>The Records of the Original Proceedings of the Ohio Company, Volumes I and 2</i>. Marietta, Ohio: Marietta Historical Commission.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Records+of+the+Original+Proceedings+of+the+Ohio+Company%2C+Volumes+I+and+2&rft.place=Marietta%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Marietta+Historical+Commission&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Hulbert&rft.aufirst=Archer+Butler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindleySchneiderQuaife1937" class="citation book cs1">Lindley, H.; Schneider, N. & Quaife, M. (1937). <i>History of the Ordinance of 1787 and the Old Northwest Territory (A Supplemental Text for School Use)</i>. Marietta, Ohio: Northwest Territory Celebration Commission.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ordinance+of+1787+and+the+Old+Northwest+Territory+%28A+Supplemental+Text+for+School+Use%29&rft.place=Marietta%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Northwest+Territory+Celebration+Commission&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Lindley&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Schneider%2C+N.&rft.au=Quaife%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorse1797" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jedidiah_Morse" title="Jedidiah Morse">Morse, J.</a> (1797). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/americangazettee00mors#page/n549/mode/2up">"North-West Territory"</a>. <i>The American Gazetteer</i>. Boston, Massachusetts: S. Hall, and Thomas & Andrews. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23272543M">23272543M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=North-West+Territory&rft.btitle=The+American+Gazetteer&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=S.+Hall%2C+and+Thomas+%26+Andrews&rft.date=1797&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23272543M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Morse&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Famericangazettee00mors%23page%2Fn549%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers1903" class="citation book cs1">Summers, Thomas J. (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historymarietta00summgoog"><i>History of Marietta</i></a>. Marietta, Ohio: Leader Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Marietta&rft.place=Marietta%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Leader+Publishing&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorymarietta00summgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwest+Territory" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Northwest_Territory" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rs6.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=173">Facsimile of 1789 Act</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125022858/http://rs6.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001%2Fllsl001.db&recNum=173">Archived</a> January 25, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030604205721/http://ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/northwest/exjournal/">The Territory's Executive Journal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maumeevalleyheritagecorridor.org/">Maumee Valley Heritage Corridor</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dig.lib.niu.edu/prairiefire/index.html/">Prairie Fire: The Illinois Country 1673–1818, Illinois Historical Digitization Projects at Northern Illinois University Libraries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070825111056/http://dig.lib.niu.edu/prairiefire/index.html">Archived</a> August 25, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">U.S. territorial sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:1px #ccc solid"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Northwest</a> (1787–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest</a> (1790–1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi</a> (1798–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana</a> (1800–1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Orleans" title="Territory of Orleans">Orleans</a> (1804–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Territory" title="Louisiana Territory">Louisiana</a>/<a href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Missouri</a> (1805–1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan</a> (1805–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Territory" title="Illinois Territory">Illinois</a> (1809–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Territory" title="Alabama Territory">Alabama</a> (1817–1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Territory" title="Arkansas Territory">Arkansas</a> (1819–1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Territory" title="Florida Territory">Florida</a> (1822–1845)</li> <li>Oklahoma <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> 1834–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma Panhandle">Panhandle</a> 1850–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Territory</a> 1890–1907</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Territory" title="Wisconsin Territory">Wisconsin</a> (1836–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Territory" title="Iowa Territory">Iowa</a> (1838–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon</a> (1848–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Territory" title="Minnesota Territory">Minnesota</a> (1849–1858)</li> <li>New Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._provisional_government_of_New_Mexico" title="U.S. provisional government of New Mexico">Provisional</a> 1846–1850</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">Territory</a> 1850–1912</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah</a> (1850–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington</a> (1853–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">Kansas</a> (1854–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory" title="Nebraska Territory">Nebraska</a> (1854–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Territory" title="Nevada Territory">Nevada</a> (1861–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Territory" title="Colorado Territory">Colorado</a> (1861–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota</a> (1861–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Territory" title="Idaho Territory">Idaho</a> (1863–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona</a> (1863–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Territory" title="Montana Territory">Montana</a> (1864–1889)</li> <li>Alaska <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Alaska" title="Department of Alaska">Department</a> 1867–1884</li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Alaska" title="District of Alaska">District</a> 1884–1912</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska" title="Territory of Alaska">Territory</a> 1912–1959</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Territory" title="Wyoming Territory">Wyoming</a> (1868–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Hawaii</a> (1900–1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States#Incorporated_vs._unincorporated_territories" title="Territories of the United States">Unincorporated territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Republic of Hawaii</a> (1898–1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naval_Government_of_Guam" title="Naval Government of Guam">Naval Government</a> 1899–1950)</li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands">Military Government</a> 1899–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government</a> 1902–1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth</a> 1935–1946</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_Porto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government of Porto Rico">Military Government</a> 1899–1900</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_Porto_Rico" title="Insular Government of Porto Rico">Insular Government</a> 1900–1952</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> (1900–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a> (1917–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a> (1986–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_trust_territories" title="United Nations trust territories">United Nations trust territories</a> and other inhabited territories governed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Concession_(Shanghai)" title="American Concession (Shanghai)">American concession of Shanghai</a> (1848–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_concession_of_Tianjin" title="American concession of Tianjin">American concession of Tianjin</a> (1860–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Government_of_Cuba" title="Military Government of Cuba">Cuba</a> (1899–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> (1903–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Islands" title="Corn Islands">Corn Islands</a> (1914–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_and_Enderbury_Islands" title="Canton and Enderbury Islands">Canton and Enderbury Islands</a> (1939–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonin_Islands#Navy_Time" title="Bonin Islands">Bonin Islands</a> (1945–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_Islands#History" title="Volcano Islands">Volcano Islands</a> (1945–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands" title="Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands">Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands</a> (1947–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Administration_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands" title="United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a> (1950–1972)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guano_Islands_Act" title="Guano Islands Act">Guano Islands Act</a> claims and other <a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">uninhabited islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Islands" title="Phoenix Islands">Phoenix Islands</a> (1856–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roncador_Bank" title="Roncador Bank">Roncador Bank</a> (1856–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrana_Bank" title="Serrana Bank">Serrana Bank</a> (1856–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a> (1857–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a> (1858–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a> (1858–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a> (1858–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a> (1860–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_Islands,_Honduras" title="Swan Islands, Honduras">Swan Islands</a> (1863–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a> (1867–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a> (1867–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quita_Sue%C3%B1o_Bank" title="Quita Sueño Bank">Quita Sueño Bank</a> (1869–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a> (1898–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a> (1899–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Territories of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Regions of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Regions of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regions_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Minor Outlying Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal domestic dependent nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty#Maritime_territory_of_the_United_States" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Maritime territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time zones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_Time_Zone" title="Chamorro Time Zone">Chamorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_Time_Zone" title="Samoa Time Zone">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii%E2%80%93Aleutian_Time_Zone" title="Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone">Hawaii–Aleutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Time_Zone" title="Alaska Time Zone">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Time_Zone" title="Pacific Time Zone">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Time_Zone" title="Mountain Time Zone">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone" title="Central Time Zone">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Time_Zone" title="Atlantic Time Zone">Atlantic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">Census</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific states">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_North_Central_states" title="East North Central states">E N Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_North_Central_states" title="West North Central states">W N Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Middle Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_states" title="South Atlantic states">S Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_South_Central_states" title="East South Central states">E S Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">W S Central</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of<br />appeals</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fourth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eighth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Tenth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit">11th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Physiographic_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Physiographic regions of the United States">Physiographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Ranges" title="Pacific Coast Ranges">Pacific Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermontane_Plateaus" title="Intermontane Plateaus">Intermontane Plateaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Upland" title="Laurentian Upland">Laurentian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_Plains" title="Interior Plains">Interior Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Interior_Highlands" title="U.S. Interior Highlands">Interior Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Highlands" title="Appalachian Highlands">Appalachian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Plain" title="Atlantic Plain">Atlantic Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_coastline" title="List of U.S. states and territories by coastline">Coastal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Acquisitions</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Northwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Treaty of 1818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">Newlands Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cession_of_Tutuila" title="Treaty of Cession of Tutuila">Cession of Tutuila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cession_of_Manu%27a" title="Treaty of Cession of Manu'a">Cession of Manu'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Enabling_Act" title="Oklahoma Enabling Act">Annexation of the Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Danish_West_Indies" title="Treaty of the Danish West Indies">Treaty of the Danish West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands#United_Nations_trusteeship" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Acquisition of the Northern Mariana Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_South" title="Old South">Old South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie" title="Dixie">Dixie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">Slave states and free states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divided</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Northeast" title="Atlantic Northeast">Atlantic Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Californias" title="The Californias">The Californias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Pothole_Region" title="Prairie Pothole Region">Prairie Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands" title="Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Corners" title="Four Corners">Four Corners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Plains_(United_States)" title="High Plains (United States)">High Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermountain_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermountain states">Intermountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_border_states_of_the_United_States" title="International border states of the United States">International border states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cascadia_(bioregion)" title="Cascadia (bioregion)">Cascadia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-South_(region)" title="Mid-South (region)">Mid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_South" title="New South">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest" title="Upper Midwest">Upper Midwest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">List</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Regions of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Regions_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Regions of the United States">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Indiana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indiana_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Indiana history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indiana_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Indiana history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indiana_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indiana history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Indiana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">History of</a> <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#Early_civilizations" title="History of Indiana">Early history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#European_contact" title="History of Indiana">European contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Salle_Expeditions" class="mw-redirect" title="La Salle Expeditions">La Salle Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#France" title="History of Indiana">French Rule</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/100px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/150px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/200px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Indiana_Counties.jpg/100px-Indiana_Counties.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Indiana_Counties.jpg/150px-Indiana_Counties.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Indiana_Counties.jpg/200px-Indiana_Counties.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4579" data-file-height="6401" /></span></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="725" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#Colonial_period" title="History of Indiana">1700–1799</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincennes,_Indiana#History" title="Vincennes, Indiana">Vincennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Miami_(Indiana)" title="Fort Miami (Indiana)">Fort Miamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouiatenon" title="Ouiatenon">Ouiatenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#France" title="History of Indiana">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#Great_Britain" title="History of Indiana">British Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indiana_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Category:Indiana in the American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">George Rogers Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_campaign" title="Illinois campaign">Illinois campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark%27s_Grant" title="Clark's Grant">Clark's Grant</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Northwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabash_Confederacy" title="Wabash Confederacy">Wabash Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit_Fort" title="Petit Fort">Petit Fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#Indiana_Territory" title="History of Indiana">1800–1816</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Trace_(road)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo Trace (road)">Buffalo Trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vincennes" title="Treaty of Vincennes">Treaty of Vincennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Appleseed" title="Johnny Appleseed">Johnny Appleseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Grouseland" title="Treaty of Grouseland">Treaty of Grouseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Rangers" title="Indiana Rangers">Indiana Rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Battle of Tippecanoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Indiana in the War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Indiana#Indiana_Territory" title="History of slavery in Indiana">Abolitionist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Harmony,_Indiana#History" title="New Harmony, Indiana">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Canal_Company" title="Indiana Canal Company">1st Indiana Canal Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiana#Constitutional_Convention" title="Constitution of Indiana">Constitutional Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#Statehood" title="History of Indiana">1817–1899</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#Statehood" title="History of Indiana">Statehood</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polly_v._Lasselle" class="mw-redirect" title="Polly v. Lasselle">Polly v. Lasselle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bateman_Clark#Court_cases" title="Mary Bateman Clark">Mary Clark v. G.W. Johnston</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Mary%27s_(1818)" title="Treaty of St. Mary's (1818)">Treaty of St. Mary's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removals_in_Indiana" title="Indian removals in Indiana">Indian Removals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_Creek_massacre" title="Fall Creek massacre">Fall Creek massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Indiana" title="Bank of Indiana">Bank of Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Canal_Company" title="Indiana Canal Company">2nd Indiana Canal Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_Canal" title="Whitewater Canal">Whitewater Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabash_and_Erie_Canal" title="Wabash and Erie Canal">Wabash and Erie Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Mammoth_Internal_Improvement_Act" title="Indiana Mammoth Internal Improvement Act">Public Works and Bankruptcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad_in_Indiana" title="Underground Railroad in Indiana">Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indiana_in_the_Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Category:Indiana in the Mexican–American War">Mexican-American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiana#Constitution_of_1851" title="Constitution of Indiana">New Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indiana in the American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#Post-Civil_War_era" title="History of Indiana">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Lilly_and_Company#History" title="Eli Lilly and Company">Eli Lilly & Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reno_Gang" title="Reno Gang">Reno Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_gas_boom" title="Indiana gas boom">Gas boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Day_of_the_Indiana_General_Assembly" title="Black Day of the Indiana General Assembly">Black Day of the General Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_pi_bill" title="Indiana pi bill">Indiana pi bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Indiana_Literature" title="Golden Age of Indiana Literature">Golden Age of Literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#Twentieth_century" title="History of Indiana">1900–1999</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_White_Caps" title="Indiana White Caps">White Caps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elwood_Haynes" title="Elwood Haynes">Elwood Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway#History" title="Indianapolis Motor Speedway">Indianapolis Motor Speedway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#World_War_I" title="History of Indiana">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_streetcar_strike_of_1913" title="Indianapolis streetcar strike of 1913">Indianapolis strike and riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Woodfill" title="Samuel Woodfill">Samuel Woodfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Klan" title="Indiana Klan">Indiana Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#Twenties_and_the_Great_Depression" title="History of Indiana">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dillinger" title="John Dillinger">John Dillinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#World_War_II" title="History of Indiana">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Field_mutiny" title="Freeman Field mutiny">Freeman Field mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Thomas_Shipp_and_Abram_Smith" title="Lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith">Shipp & Smith lynchings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_River_flood_of_1937" title="Ohio River flood of 1937">Flood of 1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Indiana_State_Fairgrounds_Coliseum_gas_explosion" title="1963 Indiana State Fairgrounds Coliseum gas explosion">1963 Indiana State Fairgrounds Coliseum gas explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Indiana#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Indiana">Supreme Court Reorganization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#Modern_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Since 2000</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_2008_Midwest_floods" title="June 2008 Midwest floods">Flood of 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_State_Fair_stage_collapse" title="Indiana State Fair stage collapse">Indiana State Fair stage collapse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Indiana" title="Category:History of Indiana">By topic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway#History" title="Indianapolis Motor Speedway">Auto racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_fought_in_Indiana" title="List of battles fought in Indiana">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Disasters_in_Indiana" title="Category:Disasters in Indiana">Disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indiana#History" title="Economy of Indiana">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Indiana" title="Elections in Indiana">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_ghostlore" title="Indiana ghostlore">Ghostlore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_General_Assembly#History" title="Indiana General Assembly">General Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Indiana" title="List of governors of Indiana">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historic_sites_in_Indiana" title="Category:Historic sites in Indiana">Historic sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Indiana" title="Category:People from Indiana">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_Indiana" title="Political party strength in Indiana">Historical political strength</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_Americans_in_Indiana" title="Category:Native Americans in Indiana">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Indiana" title="History of slavery in Indiana">Slavery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Indiana">By city and locale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evansville,_Indiana#History" title="Evansville, Indiana">Evansville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana#History" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary,_Indiana#History" title="Gary, Indiana">Gary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hartford_City,_Indiana" title="History of Hartford City, Indiana">Hartford City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indianapolis" title="History of Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Indiana#History" title="Lafayette, Indiana">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lake_Wawasee" title="History of Lake Wawasee">Lake Wawasee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana#History" title="South Bend, Indiana">South Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre_Haute,_Indiana#History" title="Terre Haute, Indiana">Terre Haute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States#History" title="Midwestern United States">History of the Midwestern United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portal:Indiana" title="Portal:Indiana">Portal:Indiana</a></i><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indiana/History" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Indiana/History">WikiProject Indiana's History Department</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Michigan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:MIHistory" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:MIHistory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:MIHistory" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:MIHistory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MIHistory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:MIHistory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Michigan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">History</a> of <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Michigan_history" title="Timeline of Michigan history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">Glaciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period in North America">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Three_Fires" title="Council of Three Fires">Council of Three Fires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascouten" title="Mascouten">Mascouten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_people" title="Miami people">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe (Chippewa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa (Ottawa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sac (Sauk)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coureur_des_bois" title="Coureur des bois">Coureurs des Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">Voyageurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Iroquois Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Detroit" title="History of Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Wars" title="Fox Wars">Fox Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Michilimackinac" title="Fort Michilimackinac">Fort Michilimackinac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Peace of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reserve_(1763)" title="Indian Reserve (1763)">Indian Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Detroit" title="Treaty of Detroit">Treaty of Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saginaw" title="Treaty of Saginaw">Treaty of Saginaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brownstown" title="Treaty of Brownstown">Treaty of Brownstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Meigs" title="Treaty of Fort Meigs">Treaty of Fort Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Mary%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of St. Mary's">Treaty of St. Mary's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1821_Treaty_of_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="1821 Treaty of Chicago">1821 Treaty of Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1833_Treaty_of_Chicago" title="1833 Treaty of Chicago">1833 Treaty of Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo_War" title="Toledo War">Toledo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Windsor" title="Battle of Windsor">Battle of Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fond_du_Lac" title="Treaty of Fond du Lac">Treaty of Fond du Lac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_La_Pointe" title="Treaty of La Pointe">Treaty of La Pointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Michigan in the American Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Northwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_12_in_Michigan" title="U.S. Route 12 in Michigan">Chicago Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton%E2%80%93Kalamazoo_Canal" title="Clinton–Kalamazoo Canal">Clinton-Kalamazoo Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Motor_vehicle_manufacturers_based_in_Michigan" title="Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan">Auto Makers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_River_Rouge_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford River Rouge Complex">River Rouge Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_Run" title="Willow Run">Willow Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Bridge" title="Ambassador Bridge">Ambassador Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit%E2%80%93Windsor_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit–Windsor Tunnel">Detroit–Windsor Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint_Sit-Down_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Flint Sit-Down Strike">Flint Sit-Down Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Bridge" title="Mackinac Bridge">Mackinac Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ohio_Lands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ohio-Lands" title="Template:Ohio-Lands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ohio-Lands" title="Template talk:Ohio-Lands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ohio-Lands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ohio-Lands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ohio_Lands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Lands" title="Ohio Lands">Ohio Lands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_Land_Survey_System" title="Public Land Survey System">Six-mile<br />rectangular<br />system surveys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Lands" title="Congress Lands">Congress Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Lands_North_of_Old_Seven_Ranges" title="Congress Lands North of Old Seven Ranges">Congress Lands North of Old Seven Ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Lands_West_of_Miami_River" title="Congress Lands West of Miami River">Congress Lands West of Miami River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Lands_East_of_Scioto_River" title="Congress Lands East of Scioto River">Congress Lands East of Scioto River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_and_East_of_First_Principal_Meridian" title="North and East of First Principal Meridian">North and East of First Principal Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_and_East_of_the_First_Principal_Meridian" title="South and East of the First Principal Meridian">South and East of the First Principal Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Survey">Michigan Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Company_of_Associates" title="Ohio Company of Associates">Ohio Company of Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purchase_on_the_Muskingum" title="Purchase on the Muskingum">Purchase on the Muskingum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Ranges" title="Seven Ranges">Seven Ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmes_Purchase" title="Symmes Purchase">Symmes Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Toledo Strip">Toledo Strip</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ohio_Lands.svg/80px-Ohio_Lands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ohio_Lands.svg/120px-Ohio_Lands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ohio_Lands.svg/160px-Ohio_Lands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="364" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Five-mile<br />rectangular<br />system surveys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Western_Reserve" title="Connecticut Western Reserve">Connecticut Western Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firelands" title="Firelands">Firelands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_District" title="United States Military District">United States Military District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indiscriminate<br />surveys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Grant" title="French Grant">French Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Land_Grants" title="Indian Land Grants">Indian Land Grants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Indian_Grants" title="Moravian Indian Grants">Moravian Indian Grants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnadenhutten_Tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnadenhutten Tract">Gnadenhutten Tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_Tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Salem Tract">Salem Tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenbrunn_Tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Schoenbrunn Tract">Schoenbrunn Tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donation_Tract" title="Donation Tract">Donation Tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Mile_Square_Reservation" title="Twelve Mile Square Reservation">Twelve Mile Square Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Mile_Square_Reservation" title="Two Mile Square Reservation">Two Mile Square Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zane%27s_Tracts" title="Zane's Tracts">Zane's Tracts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metes_and_bounds" title="Metes and bounds">Metes and bounds</a><br />survey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Military_District" title="Virginia Military District">Virginia Military District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Land grants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Lands" title="Canal Lands">Canal Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_%26_Erie_Canal_Lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami & Erie Canal Lands">Miami & Erie Canal Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_%26_Erie_Canal_Lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio & Erie Canal Lands">Ohio & Erie Canal Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Lands" title="College Lands">College Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Township" title="College Township">College Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dohrman_Tract" title="Dohrman Tract">Dohrman Tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Kimberly_Grant" title="Ephraim Kimberly Grant">Ephraim Kimberly Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Washington_(Cincinnati,_Ohio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Washington (Cincinnati, Ohio)">Fort Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maumee_Road_Lands" title="Maumee Road Lands">Maumee Road Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministerial_Lands" title="Ministerial Lands">Ministerial Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_Tract" title="Refugee Tract">Refugee Tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Reservations" title="Salt Reservations">Salt Reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_Lands" class="mw-redirect" title="School Lands">School Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnpike_Lands" title="Turnpike Lands">Turnpike Lands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_regions_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic regions of the United States">Historic regions of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scioto_Company" title="Scioto Company">Scioto Company</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Northwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Company" title="Ohio Company">Ohio Company</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ohio_Lands" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ohio Lands">Images</a> from Commons</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/21px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/42px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ohio" title="Portal:Ohio">Ohio</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/21px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/42px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indiana" title="Portal:Indiana">Indiana</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/21px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/32px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/42px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Illinois" title="Portal:Illinois">Illinois</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/21px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/42px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Michigan" title="Portal:Michigan">Michigan</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q669315#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q669315#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q669315#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/241211633">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtCBDWrYG3t4gV4vvfg8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84204358">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559802105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory&oldid=1258711358">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory&oldid=1258711358</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1787" title="Category:States and territories established in 1787">States and territories established in 1787</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_1803" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in 1803">States and territories disestablished in 1803</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Northwest_Territory" title="Category:Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_organized_territories_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Former organized territories of the United States">Former organized territories of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" title="Category:History of the Midwestern United States">History of the Midwestern United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-statehood_history_of_Illinois" title="Category:Pre-statehood history of Illinois">Pre-statehood history of Illinois</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-statehood_history_of_Indiana" title="Category:Pre-statehood history of Indiana">Pre-statehood history of Indiana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-statehood_history_of_Michigan" title="Category:Pre-statehood history of Michigan">Pre-statehood history of Michigan</a></li><li><a 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