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Dit is echter niet verplicht." class=""><span>Account aanmaken</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Madagaskar" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Aanmelden</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opties" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Gebruikersmenu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl"><span>Doneren</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Madagaskar" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. 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accesskey="y"><span>Bijdragen</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnOverleg" title="Overlegpagina van de anonieme gebruiker van dit IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geschiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geschiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geschiedenis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geschiedenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Geschiedenis-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geschiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Koninkrijk_Imerina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Koninkrijk_Imerina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Koninkrijk Imerina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Koninkrijk_Imerina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frans-Madagaskar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frans-Madagaskar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Frans-Madagaskar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frans-Madagaskar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republiek_Madagaskar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republiek_Madagaskar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Republiek Madagaskar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republiek_Madagaskar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geografie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geografie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Geografie-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paleogeografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleogeografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Paleogeografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleogeografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bestuurlijke_indeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bestuurlijke_indeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Bestuurlijke indeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bestuurlijke_indeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_en_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_en_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Flora en fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_en_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bevolking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bevolking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bevolking</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bevolking-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Bevolking-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bevolking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Talen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Talen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Talen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Talen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gezondheid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gezondheid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Gezondheid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gezondheid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Religie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behuizing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behuizing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Behuizing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behuizing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Staatsinrichting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Staatsinrichting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Staatsinrichting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Staatsinrichting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Economie-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Landbouw,_industrie_en_handel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landbouw,_industrie_en_handel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Landbouw, industrie en handel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landbouw,_industrie_en_handel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vanilleoogst" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanilleoogst"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Vanilleoogst</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanilleoogst-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sprinkhanenplagen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sprinkhanenplagen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Sprinkhanenplagen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sprinkhanenplagen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Drank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edelstenen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edelstenen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Edelstenen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edelstenen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zijde,_papier_en_ambachtswerk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zijde,_papier_en_ambachtswerk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Zijde, papier en ambachtswerk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zijde,_papier_en_ambachtswerk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Munt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Munt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Munt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Munt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armoede" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armoede"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Armoede</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armoede-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Transport-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wegennet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wegennet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Wegennet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wegennet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spoorlijnen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spoorlijnen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Spoorlijnen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spoorlijnen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Watertransport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Watertransport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Watertransport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Watertransport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noten_en_verwijzingen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noten_en_verwijzingen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Noten en verwijzingen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noten_en_verwijzingen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overige_bronnen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overige_bronnen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Overige bronnen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overige_bronnen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Inhoudsopgave" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Madagaskar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 252 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-252" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">252 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Abchazisch" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abchazisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Atjehs" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Atjehs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Zwitserduits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Zwitserduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%B3%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AD" title="ማዳጋስካር – Amhaars" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማዳጋስካር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Oudengels" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Oudengels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagasika" title="Madagasika – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Madagasika" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="माडागास्कार – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="माडागास्कार" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%BA%D8%B4%D9%82%D8%B1" title="مدغشقر – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مدغشقر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%DD%A3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ماداݣاسكار – Marokkaans Arabisch" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ماداݣاسكار" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Marokkaans Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مادجاسكار – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مادجاسكار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="মাদাগাস্কাৰ – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মাদাগাস্কাৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagasikara" title="Madagasikara – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Madagasikara" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madaqaskar" title="Madaqaskar – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Madaqaskar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ماداقاسکار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماداقاسکار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Balinees" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Beiers" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Beiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskars" title="Madagaskars – Samogitisch" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Madagaskars" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Bataviaans" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Bataviaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0" title="मेडागास्कर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मेडागास्कर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="মাদাগাস্কার – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাদাগাস্কার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="མ་ད་གཱ་སི་ཀར། – Tibetaans" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མ་ད་གཱ་སི་ཀར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="মাদাগাস্কার – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মাদাগাস্কার" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ماداگاسکار – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماداگاسکار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascara" title="Madagascara – Corsicaans" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Madagascara" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsicaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Krim-Tataars" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Krim-Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Kasjoebisch" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kasjoebisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Мадагаскар Республики – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мадагаскар Республики" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagasgar" title="Madagasgar – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Madagasgar" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagathkar" title="Madagathkar – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Madagathkar" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Nedersorbisch" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Nedersorbisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0" title="मडागास्कर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मडागास्कर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%91%DE%A6%DE%8E%DE%A6%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A6" title="މަޑަގަސްކަރަ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މަޑަގަސްކަރަ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasi" title="Malagasi – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Malagasi" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B7" title="Μαδαγασκάρη – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαδαγασκάρη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskaro" title="Madagaskaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Madagaskaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascal" title="Madagascal – Extremeens" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Madagascal" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ماداگاسکار – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماداگاسکار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaska" title="Madagaska – Fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Madagaska" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fulah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="aanbevolen artikel"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madaqasika" title="Madaqasika – Fijisch" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Madaqasika" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Faeröers" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faeröers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascart%C3%B2" title="Madagascartò – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Madagascartò" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagasc%C3%A2r" title="Madagascâr – Arpitaans" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Madagascâr" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Gagaoezisch" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagaoezisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Schots-Gaelisch" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Schots-Gaelisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandagaka" title="Mandagaka – Guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mandagaka" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ghanaian Pidgin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B0" title="મડાગાસ્કર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મડાગાસ્કર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Gurune" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Gurune" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Farefare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%92%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A8" title="מדגסקר – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדגסקר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0" title="मेडागास्कर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मेडागास्कर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Fijisch Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fijisch Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Oppersorbisch" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Oppersorbisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Haïtiaans Creools" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaszk%C3%A1r" title="Madagaszkár – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Madagaszkár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Մադագասկար – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մադագասկար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Մատակասքար – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մատակասքար" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%80%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB" title="マダガスカル – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マダガスカル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagiaska" title="Madagiaska – Jamaicaans Creools" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Madagiaska" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaicaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhagaskar" title="Madhagaskar – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Madhagaskar" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მადაგასკარი – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მადაგასკარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Karakalpaks" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Karakalpaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Kabylisch" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabylisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madakas%C9%A9kar%C9%A9" title="Madakasɩkarɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Madakasɩkarɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mada%CC%B1ga%CC%B1si%CC%B1ka" title="Mada̱ga̱si̱ka – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Mada̱ga̱si̱ka" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasi" title="Malagasi – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Malagasi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Gikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Gikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6" title="ម៉ាដាហ្កាស្កា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ម៉ាដាហ្កាស្កា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮಡಗಾಸ್ಕರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಡಗಾಸ್ಕರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%8B%A4%EA%B0%80%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4" title="마다가스카르 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마다가스카르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascaria" title="Madagascaria – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Madagascaria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagasicara" title="Madagasicara – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Madagasicara" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Luganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Luganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Ligurisch" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Lombardisch" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagasikari" title="Madagasikari – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Madagasikari" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskaras" title="Madagaskaras – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Madagaskaras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskars" title="Madagaskars – Letgaals" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Madagaskars" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Letgaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskara" title="Madagaskara – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Madagaskara" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Moksja" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagasikara" title="Madagasikara – Malagassisch" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Madagasikara" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagassisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marak%C4%81hia" title="Marakāhia – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Marakāhia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BC" title="മഡഗാസ്കർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മഡഗാസ്കർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%94" title="ꯃꯦꯗꯒꯥꯁ꯭ꯀꯔ – Meitei" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯦꯗꯒꯥꯁ꯭ꯀꯔ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Meitei" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0" title="मादागास्कर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मादागास्कर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – West-Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="West-Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Maltees" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB%E1%80%82%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="မဒါဂတ်စကားနိုင်ငံ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မဒါဂတ်စကားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ماداگاسکار – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ماداگاسکار" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Nederduits" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0" title="माडागास्कर – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="माडागास्कर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0" title="मादागास्कर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मादागास्कर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Noord-Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Noord-Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mag%C3%AD_Bitsee%CA%BC_Nood%C7%AB%CC%81z%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Magí Bitseeʼ Noodǫ́zí Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Magí Bitseeʼ Noodǫ́zí Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskaar" title="Madagaskaar – Afaan Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Madagaskaar" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Afaan Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Ossetisch" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0" title="ਮਾਦਾਗਾਸਕਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਦਾਗਾਸਕਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Papiaments" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiaments" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Picardisch" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Pennsylvania-Duits" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania-Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0" title="मडगास्कर – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="मडगास्कर" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Piëmontees" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piëmontees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%88%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="مڈغاسکر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مڈغاسکر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BD" title="Μαδαγασκάρην – Pontisch" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Μαδαγασκάρην" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="مادغاسکر – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مادغاسکر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madag%C3%A1scar" title="Madagáscar – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Madagáscar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathaqaskar" title="Mathaqaskar – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mathaqaskar" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagasikari" title="Madagasikari – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Madagasikari" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0" title="मडगास्कर – Sanskriet" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मडगास्कर" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskriet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Jakoets" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakoets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱜᱟᱥᱠᱟᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱜᱟᱥᱠᱟᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagasc%C3%A0r" title="Madagascàr – Sardijns" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Madagascàr" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardijns" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Siciliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Siciliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%8A%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%AA%D8%B1" title="مڊگاسڪر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مڊگاسڪر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Noord-Samisch" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Noord-Samisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagask%C3%A4ra" title="Madagaskära – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Madagaskära" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mada%C9%A3acqar" title="Madaɣacqar – Tashelhiyt" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Madaɣacqar" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tashelhiyt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%81%A2%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%90%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%81%A2%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%9E%E1%81%B5%E1%82%83%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းမၢတ်ႈတႃႇၵၢတ်ႈသၵႃႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းမၢတ်ႈတႃႇၵၢတ်ႈသၵႃႇ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="මැඩගස්කරය – Singalees" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මැඩගස්කරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Samoaans" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Inari-Samisch" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari-Samisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matagadzikwa" title="Matagadzikwa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Matagadzikwa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Somalisch" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskari" title="Madagaskari – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Madagaskari" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMadagasikha" title="IMadagasikha – Swazi" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IMadagasikha" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swazi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Zuid-Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Zuid-Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Saterfries" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterfries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Soendanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Soendanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaska" title="Madagaska – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Madagaska" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-syl mw-list-item"><a href="https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%9D%EA%A0%A3%EA%A0%96%EA%A0%A3%EA%A0%89%EA%A0%A3%EA%A0%A1%EA%A0%86%EA%A0%87%EA%A0%A3%EA%A0%9E" title="ꠝꠣꠖꠣꠉꠣꠡ꠆ꠇꠣꠞ – Sylheti" lang="syl" hreflang="syl" data-title="ꠝꠣꠖꠣꠉꠣꠡ꠆ꠇꠣꠞ" data-language-autonym="ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ" data-language-local-name="Sylheti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Silezisch" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silezisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="மடகாசுகர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மடகாசுகர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="మడగాస్కర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మడగాస్కర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ประเทศมาดากัสการ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศมาดากัสการ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%B3%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AD" title="ማዳጋስካር – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ማዳጋስካር" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Turkmeens" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matakasika" title="Matakasika – Tongaans" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Matakasika" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Toemboeka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Toemboeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matatatihata" title="Matatatihata – Tahitiaans" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Matatatihata" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Oedmoerts" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Oedmoerts" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ماداگاسكار – Oeigoers" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ماداگاسكار" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Oeigoers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%88%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="مڈغاسکر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مڈغاسکر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Venetiaans" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Wepsisch" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Wepsisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – West-Vlaams" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West-Vlaams" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagase%C3%A4n" title="Malagaseän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Malagaseän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Waals" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Waals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskaar" title="Madagaskaar – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Madagaskaar" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%94%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0" title="馬達加斯加 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="馬達加斯加" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მადაგასკარი – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მადაგასკარი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%93%D7%90%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8" title="מאדאגאסקאר – Jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאדאגאסקאר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madag%C3%A1s%C3%ADk%C3%A0" title="Madagásíkà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Madagásíkà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madahaskar" title="Madahaskar – Zeeuws" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Madahaskar" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B3%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B4%BD%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94" title="ⵎⴰⴷⴰⴳⴰⵙⴽⴰⵔ – Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵎⴰⴷⴰⴳⴰⵙⴽⴰⵔ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%BE%BE%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0" title="马达加斯加 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马达加斯加" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%94%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0" title="馬達加斯加 – Klassiek Chinees" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="馬達加斯加" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Klassiek Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%94%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0" title="馬達加斯加 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬達加斯加" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMadagasika" title="IMadagasika – Zoeloe" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IMadagasika" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zoeloe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1019#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimten"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Inhoudspagina bekijken [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Overleg:Madagaskar" 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cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:lightgrey; color:inherit; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" colspan="3">République de Madagascar<br />Repoblikan'i Madagasikara </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><div style="display:grid; grid-template-columns:auto 50%; align-items:center; text-align:center;"> <div><span class="mw-image-border noviewer notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Flag_of_Madagascar.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Madagaskar"><img alt="Vlag van Madagaskar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/250px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Seal_of_Madagascar.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zegel van Madagaskar"><img alt="Zegel van Madagaskar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Seal_of_Madagascar.svg/125px-Seal_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Seal_of_Madagascar.svg/188px-Seal_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Seal_of_Madagascar.svg/250px-Seal_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div><small>(<a href="/wiki/Vlag_van_Madagaskar" title="Vlag van Madagaskar">Details</a>)</small></div> <div><small>(<a href="/wiki/Zegel_van_Madagaskar" title="Zegel van Madagaskar">Details</a>)</small></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:LocationMadagascar.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaart"><img alt="Kaart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/LocationMadagascar.svg/266px-LocationMadagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="266" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/LocationMadagascar.svg/399px-LocationMadagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/LocationMadagascar.svg/532px-LocationMadagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:lightgrey; color:inherit; text-align:center;" colspan="3">Basisgegevens </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Offici%C3%ABle_taal" title="Officiële taal">Officiële taal</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Frans" title="Frans">Frans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merina_(dialect)" title="Merina (dialect)">Merina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malagasitalen" title="Malagasitalen">Malagassisch</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hoofdstad" title="Hoofdstad">Hoofdstad</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Antananarivo_(stad)" title="Antananarivo (stad)">Antananarivo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Regeringsvorm" title="Regeringsvorm">Regeringsvorm</a> </th> <td colspan="2">Republiek </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Staatshoofd" title="Staatshoofd">Staatshoofd</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_presidenten_van_Madagaskar" title="Lijst van presidenten van Madagaskar">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Andry_Rajoelina" title="Andry Rajoelina">Andry Rajoelina</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Regeringsleider" title="Regeringsleider">Regeringsleider</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_premiers_van_Madagaskar" title="Lijst van premiers van Madagaskar">Premier</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Ntsay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Ntsay (de pagina bestaat niet)">Christian Ntsay</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Religie" title="Religie">Religie</a> </th> <td colspan="2">Volksgeloof, <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">christendom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_landen_naar_oppervlakte" title="Lijst van landen naar oppervlakte">Oppervlakte</a> </th> <td colspan="2">587.295 km²<sup id="cite_ref-oppervlakte_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oppervlakte-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (0,9% water) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_landen_naar_inwonertal" title="Lijst van landen naar inwonertal">Inwoners</a> </th> <td colspan="2">12.238.914 (1993)<sup id="cite_ref-census_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 26.955.737 (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-schatting_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schatting-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span style="display: none;" class="sortkey">0000045898 </span><span class="sorttext">45,9/km² <small>(2020)</small></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bijvoeglijk_naamwoord" title="Bijvoeglijk naamwoord">Bijv. naamwoord</a> </th> <td colspan="2">Malagassisch/Madagassisch/ Madagaskisch </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Inwonersnaam" title="Inwonersnaam">Inwoneraanduiding</a> </th> <td colspan="2">Malagassiër (m./v.)<br />Malagassische (v.) </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:lightgrey; color:inherit;" colspan="3">Overige </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Volkslied_(nationaal_symbool)" title="Volkslied (nationaal symbool)">Volkslied</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ry_Tanindraza_nay_malala_%C3%B4" title="Ry Tanindraza nay malala ô">Ry Tanindraza nay malala ô</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">Munteenheid</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Malagassische_ariary" title="Malagassische ariary">Ariary</a> <code>(<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">MGA</a>)</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/UTC" title="UTC">UTC</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" title="UTC+3">+3</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Topleveldomein" title="Topleveldomein">Web</a> | <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">Code</a> | <a href="/wiki/Landnummer" class="mw-redirect" title="Landnummer">Tel.</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/.mg" title=".mg">.mg</a> | MDG | 261 </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:lightgrey; color:inherit;" colspan="3">Voorgaande staten </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"><span></span> <table style="width:100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr class="vatop"> <td class="ta-left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Flag_of_Madagascar.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Democratische Republiek Madagaskar"><img alt="Democratische Republiek Madagaskar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/40px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/60px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Democratische_Republiek_Madagaskar" title="Democratische Republiek Madagaskar">Democratische Republiek Madagaskar</a></td> <td class="ta-left"><b>1992</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" style="background-color:lightgrey; color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Madagaskar" title="Portaal:Madagaskar">Madagaskar</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:lightgrey; color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <div style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalpictogram"><img alt="Portaalpictogram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>  <a href="/wiki/Portaal:Landen_%26_Volken" title="Portaal:Landen & Volken">Landen & Volken</a></b></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Madagaskar</b> (uitspraak: <a href="/wiki/Internationaal_Fonetisch_Alfabet" title="Internationaal Fonetisch Alfabet">[madaˈɣɑskɑr]</a>), ook wel <b>Malagasië</b> genoemd, officieel de <b>Republiek Madagaskar</b>, is een <a href="/wiki/Eiland" title="Eiland">eiland</a> en een <a href="/wiki/Staat_(politiek)" title="Staat (politiek)">land</a> dat ten oosten van het vasteland van het <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a> <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a> ligt, ervan gescheiden door <a href="/wiki/Straat_van_Mozambique" title="Straat van Mozambique">Straat van Mozambique</a>. Het is het <a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_eilanden_naar_grootte" title="Lijst van eilanden naar grootte">op drie na grootste eiland ter wereld</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> na <a href="/wiki/Groenland" title="Groenland">Groenland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nieuw-Guinea" title="Nieuw-Guinea">Nieuw-Guinea</a> en <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschiedenis">Geschiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geschiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geschiedenis"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/20px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/40px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Madagaskar" title="Geschiedenis van Madagaskar">Geschiedenis van Madagaskar</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>Vermoed wordt dat de eerste mensen zich ongeveer rond het begin van de <a href="/wiki/Christelijke_jaartelling" title="Christelijke jaartelling">christelijke jaartelling</a> vestigden, komend vanuit de <a href="/wiki/Indonesi%C3%AB" title="Indonesië">Indonesische</a> archipel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Koninkrijk_Imerina"><a href="/wiki/Koninkrijk_Imerina" title="Koninkrijk Imerina">Koninkrijk Imerina</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Koninkrijk Imerina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Koninkrijk Imerina"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/1817" title="1817">1817</a> werd door het inheemse <a href="/wiki/Merina_(volk)" title="Merina (volk)">Merina-volk</a> het <a href="/wiki/Koninkrijk_Imerina" title="Koninkrijk Imerina">Koninkrijk Imerina</a> gevestigd in het <a href="/wiki/Centraal_Hoogland_(Madagaskar)" title="Centraal Hoogland (Madagaskar)">Centraal Hoogland</a>. In de loop der tijd wist dit koninkrijk grote delen van het eiland te veroveren. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frans-Madagaskar"><a href="/wiki/Frans-Madagaskar" title="Frans-Madagaskar">Frans-Madagaskar</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Frans-Madagaskar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Frans-Madagaskar"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1897 werd het <a href="/wiki/Monarchie" title="Monarchie">koninkrijk</a> Madagaskar, na reeds vanaf <a href="/wiki/1882" title="1882">1882</a>+ deels onderdeel geweest te zijn van het <a href="/wiki/Frankrijk" title="Frankrijk">Franse</a> <a href="/wiki/Protectoraat_Madagaskar" title="Protectoraat Madagaskar">Protectoraat Madagaskar</a>, door Franse troepen veroverd en ingelijfd bij Frankrijk als de <a href="/wiki/Kolonie_(staatkundig)" title="Kolonie (staatkundig)">kolonie</a> <a href="/wiki/Frans-Madagaskar" title="Frans-Madagaskar">Frans-Madagaskar</a>. In het <a href="/wiki/Interbellum" title="Interbellum">interbellum</a> en in het begin van de <a href="/wiki/Tweede_Wereldoorlog" title="Tweede Wereldoorlog">Tweede Wereldoorlog</a> werd het <a href="/wiki/Madagaskarplan" title="Madagaskarplan">Madagaskarplan</a> op haalbaarheid onderzocht. Het plan beoogde alle <a href="/wiki/Joden" title="Joden">joden</a> uit <a href="/wiki/West-Europa" title="West-Europa">West-Europa</a> te verschepen naar Madagaskar. Van 5 mei 1942 tot 6 november 1942 vond de <a href="/wiki/Slag_om_Madagaskar" title="Slag om Madagaskar">slag om Madagaskar</a> (<i>Operatie Ironclad</i>) plaats waarbij de geallieerden het door Vichy-Frankrijk bezette Madagaskar in handen kregen. In 1947 werd de <a href="/wiki/Malagassische_Opstand" title="Malagassische Opstand">Malagassische Opstand</a> uitgevochten tussen de <a href="/wiki/Frankrijk" title="Frankrijk">Fransen</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Malagassi%C3%ABrs" title="Malagassiërs">Malagassiërs</a>, waarbij de laatsten de opstand verloren. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republiek_Madagaskar">Republiek Madagaskar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Republiek Madagaskar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Republiek Madagaskar"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/1960" title="1960">1960</a> kreeg het land zijn onafhankelijkheid van <a href="/wiki/Frankrijk" title="Frankrijk">Frankrijk</a> als de <a href="/wiki/Malagassische_Republiek" title="Malagassische Republiek">Malagassische Republiek</a>. Eerste president werd <a href="/wiki/Philibert_Tsiranana" title="Philibert Tsiranana">Philibert Tsiranana</a>. Begin <a href="/wiki/1970-1979" title="1970-1979">jaren zeventig</a> namen militairen de macht over, met als doel om in Madagaskar een <a href="/wiki/Socialisme" title="Socialisme">socialistisch</a> systeem in te richten. De grote leider van de <i>Malagassische Revolutie</i> was de "Rode Admiraal" <a href="/wiki/Didier_Ratsiraka" title="Didier Ratsiraka">Didier Ratsiraka</a> die in 1975 de <a href="/wiki/Democratische_Republiek_Madagaskar" title="Democratische Republiek Madagaskar">Democratische Republiek Madagaskar</a> stichtte. De socialistische doelen werden echter niet verwezenlijkt.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De <a href="/wiki/Economie" title="Economie">economie</a> raakte daarna in het slop. </p><p><br /> In 1982 kreeg de overheid door het <a href="/wiki/Internationaal_Monetair_Fonds" title="Internationaal Monetair Fonds">Internationaal Monetair Fonds</a> een structureel financieel/economisch hervormingsprogramma opgelegd, in ruil voor financiële steun. In 1991 werd de <a href="/wiki/Democratie" title="Democratie">democratie</a> hersteld. Bij de verkiezingen van 1993 kwam <a href="/wiki/Albert_Zafy" title="Albert Zafy">Albert Zafy</a> aan de macht. In 1997 keerde Didier Ratsiraka terug als staatshoofd van Madagaskar - ditmaal als democratisch gekozen president. Zijn aanvankelijke populariteit daalde echter aan het begin van het nieuwe millennium omdat de economische situatie slecht bleef. Nadat <a href="/wiki/Marc_Ravalomanana" title="Marc Ravalomanana">Marc Ravalomanana</a> de verkiezingen had gewonnen brak tussen zijn aanhangers en die van Ratsiraka een <a href="/wiki/Burgeroorlog" title="Burgeroorlog">burgeroorlog</a> uit. Ratsiraka beschuldigde Ravalomanana van verkiezingsfraude. In de zomer van 2002 kwam de burgeroorlog tot een einde en kon Ravalomanana definitief aan zijn ambtsperiode beginnen. </p><p>Begin <a href="/wiki/2009" title="2009">2009</a> werd Ravalomanana's presidentschap uitgedaagd door <a href="/wiki/Andry_Rajoelina" title="Andry Rajoelina">Andry Rajoelina</a>, de 34-jarige burgemeester van <a href="/wiki/Antananarivo_(stad)" title="Antananarivo (stad)">Antananarivo</a>. Dit gebeurde te midden van grootschalige oppositionele protesten en onlusten in de stad. Rajoelina kwam in opstand vanwege de volgens hem autocratische en corrupte regeerstijl van de president. Hij verklaarde op 31 januari zelfs de macht over het land in handen te hebben. De week daarop werd hij door de regering 'ontslagen' en werd in zijn plaats een vertrouweling van de president naar voren geschoven. Na deze beslissing droeg president Ravalomanana de macht over aan de admiraal <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Ramaroson" title="Hippolyte Ramaroson">Hippolyte Ramaroson</a> om een militaire regering te vormen. Ramaroson schaarde zich echter alsnog achter Rajoelina en droeg de macht meteen aan hem over. Een dag later erkende het <i>Hooggerechtshof van Madagaskar</i> de legaliteit van de machtsoverdracht.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Madagaskar heeft een grondwet die voor het laatst aangepast is in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Onder grote internationale druk en sancties zijn in 2013 verkiezingen gehouden, waarbij zowel de ex-president als de toenmalige president werden uitgesloten van deelname. </p> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/20px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/40px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie ook de <a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_presidenten_en_premiers_van_Madagaskar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lijst van presidenten en premiers van Madagaskar">lijst van presidenten en premiers van Madagaskar</a></i></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografie">Geografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geografie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Noord-Madagascar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Noord-Madagascar.jpg/330px-Noord-Madagascar.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Noord-Madagascar.jpg/500px-Noord-Madagascar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Noord-Madagascar.jpg/960px-Noord-Madagascar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3129" /></a><figcaption>Satellietfoto Noord-Madagaskar</figcaption></figure> <p>De afstand van noord naar zuid is zo'n 1.580 <a href="/wiki/Kilometer" title="Kilometer">km</a> en van oost naar west zo'n 579 km. Het hoogste punt is de <a href="/wiki/Maromokotro" title="Maromokotro">Maromokotro</a> met een hoogte van 2.876 meter. </p><p>Het eiland kan in de volgende geografische gebieden worden verdeeld: </p> <ul><li>centraal: Het <a href="/wiki/Centraal_Hoogland_(Madagaskar)" title="Centraal Hoogland (Madagaskar)">Centrale Hoogland</a>: 800–1500 m hoog, steppegebied, hoogvlaktes: roodachtig, rotsformaties. Madagaskar wordt ook wel "Het Rode Eiland" genoemd.</li> <li>oost: opeenvolging: steile kusten met bomen, ontboste delen, klein struikgewas, moerassige delen die uiteenlopen in lagunes en uiteindelijk uitlopen in een smalle kuststrook van 50 km breed</li> <li>west: grote <a href="/wiki/Alluviaal" title="Alluviaal">alluviale vlaktes</a>, en veel <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sedimentaire vlaktes</a>, kalkplateau</li> <li>zuid: droge vlaktes (behalve de oostkust, die regen krijgt)</li></ul> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/20px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/40px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie ook de <a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_vulkanen_in_Madagaskar" title="Lijst van vulkanen in Madagaskar">Lijst van vulkanen in Madagaskar</a> en <a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_rivieren_in_Madagaskar" title="Lijst van rivieren in Madagaskar">Lijst van rivieren in Madagaskar</a></i></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleogeografie">Paleogeografie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Paleogeografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Paleogeografie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tot ca. 110 miljoen jaar geleden maakte Madagaskar deel uit van <a href="/wiki/Gondwanaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gondwanaland">Gondwanaland</a>. De westkant zat vast aan Afrika ter hoogte van de huidige <a href="/wiki/Somali%C3%AB" title="Somalië">Somalische</a> kust. De oostkust grensde aan <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Het brokstuk Madagaskar-Seychellen-India maakte zich daarna los van Afrika en dreef een eind naar het oosten. Daar bleef Madagaskar liggen, maar de <a href="/wiki/Seychellen" title="Seychellen">Seychellen</a> en India begonnen rond 90 miljoen jaar geleden aan een lange tocht naar het noordoosten, waar India sinds het <a href="/wiki/Mioceen" title="Mioceen">mioceen</a> aan <a href="/wiki/Azi%C3%AB" title="Azië">Azië</a> vast is komen te zitten. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bestuurlijke_indeling">Bestuurlijke indeling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Bestuurlijke indeling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Bestuurlijke indeling"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Madagascar_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Madagascar_map.png/260px-Madagascar_map.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="567" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Madagascar_map.png 1.5x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption>De grote steden van Madagaskar</figcaption></figure> <p>Madagaskar is sinds 4 oktober 2009 verdeeld in <a href="/wiki/Regio%27s_van_Madagaskar" title="Regio's van Madagaskar">22 regio's</a> (Malagassisch: <i>faritra</i>) die weer verder onderverdeeld zijn in <a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_districten_van_Madagaskar" title="Lijst van districten van Madagaskar">111 districten</a>. De regio's zijn weer verder onderverdeeld in districten en gemeenten.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voorheen was het eiland verdeeld in zes autonome <a href="/wiki/Historische_provincies_van_Madagaskar" title="Historische provincies van Madagaskar">provincies</a> (Malagassisch: <i>faritany mizakatena</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Madagaskar kent 6 steden waar, naar schatting, meer dan 100.000 inwoners wonen. De hoofdstad <a href="/wiki/Antananarivo_(stad)" title="Antananarivo (stad)">Antananarivo</a> is veruit de grootste stad wat aantal inwoners betreft. In onderstaand overzicht worden de 10 grootste steden weergegeven, met daarbij cijfers van de laatste officiële volkstelling in 1993 en daarnaast geschatte tellingen uit 2005: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Plaats </th> <th>1993<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2005<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antananarivo_(stad)" title="Antananarivo (stad)">Antananarivo</a></td> <td align="right">710.236</td> <td align="right">1.613.375 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Toamasina_(stad)" title="Toamasina (stad)">Toamasina</a></td> <td align="right">137.782</td> <td align="right">200.568 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antsirabe_(Vakinankaratra)" title="Antsirabe (Vakinankaratra)">Antsirabe</a></td> <td align="right">126.062</td> <td align="right">176.933 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fianarantsoa_(stad)" title="Fianarantsoa (stad)">Fianarantsoa</a></td> <td align="right">109.248</td> <td align="right">160.550 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahajanga_(stad)" title="Mahajanga (stad)">Mahajanga</a></td> <td align="right">106.780</td> <td align="right">149.863 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Toliara" title="Toliara">Toliara</a></td> <td align="right">80.826</td> <td align="right">113.014 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antsiranana_(stad)" title="Antsiranana (stad)">Antsiranana</a></td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">80.001 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antanifotsy_(stad)" title="Antanifotsy (stad)">Antanifotsy</a></td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">65.444 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ambovombe_(stad)" title="Ambovombe (stad)">Ambovombe</a></td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">63.032 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amparafaravola_(stad)" title="Amparafaravola (stad)">Amparafaravola</a></td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">48.284 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/20px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/40px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie ook <a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_steden_in_Madagaskar" title="Lijst van steden in Madagaskar">lijst van steden in Madagaskar</a> voor een compleet overzicht van alle steden</i></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_en_fauna"><a href="/wiki/Flora_en_fauna" title="Flora en fauna">Flora en fauna</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Flora en fauna" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Flora en fauna"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Eulemur_collaris_001_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Eulemur_collaris_001_edit.jpg/330px-Eulemur_collaris_001_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Eulemur_collaris_001_edit.jpg/500px-Eulemur_collaris_001_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Eulemur_collaris_001_edit.jpg/960px-Eulemur_collaris_001_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2280" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lemuren" title="Lemuren">Lemuren</a> komen alleen op Madagaskar voor.</figcaption></figure> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/20px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/40px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Flora_van_Madagaskar" title="Flora van Madagaskar">Flora van Madagaskar</a> en <a href="/wiki/Fauna_van_Madagaskar" title="Fauna van Madagaskar">Fauna van Madagaskar</a> voor de hoofdartikelen over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>Madagaskar heeft een unieke <a href="/wiki/Flora_(plantkunde)" title="Flora (plantkunde)">flora</a> en <a href="/wiki/Fauna_(biologie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna (biologie)">fauna</a> die zich grotendeels onafhankelijk hebben ontwikkeld van het vasteland van Afrika, als gevolg van de gedurende tientallen miljoenen jaren geïsoleerde ligging als eiland. De bekendste dierengroep is die van de <a href="/wiki/Lemuren" title="Lemuren">lemuren</a>, een gevarieerde groep <a href="/wiki/Halfapen" title="Halfapen">halfapen</a> die alleen op het eiland voorkomt. </p><p>Andere bekende dieren die alleen op Madagaskar leven zijn de <a href="/wiki/Madagaskardaggekko%27s" title="Madagaskardaggekko's">madagaskardaggekko's</a>, een geslacht van felgekleurde <a href="/wiki/Hagedissen" title="Hagedissen">hagedissen</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Komeetstaartvlinder" title="Komeetstaartvlinder">komeetstaartvlinder</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Steltrallen" title="Steltrallen">steltrallen</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Tenreks" title="Tenreks">tenreks</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Fretkat" title="Fretkat">fossa</a> of fretkat, het grootste inheemse roof-zoogdier (zie ook de <a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_zoogdieren_in_Madagaskar" title="Lijst van zoogdieren in Madagaskar">lijst van zoogdieren in Madagaskar</a>). Ook komt een groot aantal unieke soorten <a href="/wiki/Kameleons" title="Kameleons">kameleons</a> voor op het eiland. Soorten uit het geslacht <i><a href="/wiki/Furcifer" title="Furcifer">Furcifer</a></i> worden ook wel madagaskarkameleons genoemd. De nationale bomen van Madagaskar zijn de <a href="/wiki/Baobab" title="Baobab">baobab</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Reizigersboom" title="Reizigersboom">reizigersboom</a>. Een bekende boom uit Madagaskar die wereldwijd in de tropen wordt aangeplant, is de <a href="/wiki/Flamboyant_(plant)" title="Flamboyant (plant)">flamboyant</a>. Ook de bekende kamerplant <i><a href="/wiki/Dracaena_marginata" class="mw-redirect" title="Dracaena marginata">Dracaena marginata</a></i> komt oorspronkelijk uit Madagaskar. In 2008 werd de op Madagaskar <a href="/wiki/Endemie_(biogeografie)" title="Endemie (biogeografie)">endemische</a> palm <i><a href="/wiki/Tahina_spectabilis" title="Tahina spectabilis">Tahina spectabilis</a></i> voor het eerst beschreven. </p><p>Op Madagaskar leven ook een aantal unieke insectensoorten. Niet uniek, maar wel massaal aanwezig is de <a href="/wiki/Rode_treksprinkhaan" title="Rode treksprinkhaan">rode treksprinkhaan</a> die voor enorme <a href="/wiki/Sprinkhanenplaag" title="Sprinkhanenplaag">sprinkhanenplagen</a> zorgt (zie lager onder "<a href="#Economie">Economie</a>"). </p> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/20px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/40px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie ook de <a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_nationale_parken_in_Madagaskar" title="Lijst van nationale parken in Madagaskar">Lijst van nationale parken in Madagaskar</a></i></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bevolking">Bevolking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Bevolking" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=9" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Bevolking"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:VillageChilds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/VillageChilds.jpg/260px-VillageChilds.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/VillageChilds.jpg/390px-VillageChilds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/VillageChilds.jpg/520px-VillageChilds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Betsileo_(volk)" title="Betsileo (volk)">Betsileo</a>-kinderen</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Madagascar_popdens_2004.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Madagascar_popdens_2004.png/260px-Madagascar_popdens_2004.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Madagascar_popdens_2004.png/390px-Madagascar_popdens_2004.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Madagascar_popdens_2004.png/520px-Madagascar_popdens_2004.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption>Bevolkingsdichtheid Madagaskar in 2004</figcaption></figure> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/20px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/40px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Malagassi%C3%ABrs" title="Malagassiërs">Malagassiërs</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>De belangrijkste bevolkingsgroep zijn de <a href="/wiki/Malagassi%C3%ABrs" title="Malagassiërs">Malagassiërs</a>, komende vanuit <a href="/wiki/Zuidoost-Azi%C3%AB" title="Zuidoost-Azië">Zuidoost-Azië</a>. De belangrijkste etnische groepen of stammen hierbinnen zijn de <a href="/wiki/Merina_(volk)" title="Merina (volk)">Merina</a> rond de hoofdstad, de <a href="/wiki/Betsileo_(volk)" title="Betsileo (volk)">Betsileo</a> ten zuiden hiervan, de <a href="/wiki/Betsimisaraka_(volk)" title="Betsimisaraka (volk)">Betsimisaraka</a> in het noordoosten en de <a href="/wiki/Sakalava_(volk)" title="Sakalava (volk)">Sakalava</a> in het westen. In totaal zijn er ruim twintig etnische groepen, subgroepen en clans. Deze verdeling is echter vooral gebaseerd op de in het verleden gestichte koninkrijken en interne conflicten en wordt derhalve niet door alle wetenschappers erkend. </p><p>De geschatte levensverwachting voor 2015 is 64 jaar voor mannen en 67 jaar voor vrouwen.<sup id="cite_ref-fact_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vanuit etnologisch oogpunt kan de bevolking worden beschouwd als een mengsel van Maleise en Afrikaanse elementen. Later kwamen de <a href="/wiki/Arabieren" title="Arabieren">Arabische</a> handelaren die de <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a>, vooral in het noorden, invoerden. Op <a href="/wiki/Fysionomie" title="Fysionomie">fysionomisch</a> gebied is het overwicht van het Maleise element minder groot dan op taalkundig gebied. </p><p>Een klein deel van de bevolking wordt gevormd door nakomelingen van immigranten, zoals <a href="/wiki/Europeanen_in_Madagaskar" title="Europeanen in Madagaskar">Europeanen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indi%C3%ABrs_in_Madagaskar" title="Indiërs in Madagaskar">Indiërs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Creool_(persoon)" title="Creool (persoon)">Creolen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comorezen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comorezen (de pagina bestaat niet)">Comorezen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-fact_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Malagasi%C3%ABrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Malagasiërs">Chinezen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Madagaskar zit in fase 2 van het <a href="/wiki/Demografische_transitie" title="Demografische transitie">demografisch transitiemodel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Talen">Talen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Talen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=10" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Talen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Madagaskar worden in feite verschillende dialecten gesproken van eenzelfde taal, het <a href="/wiki/Malagasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Malagasi">Malagasi</a>. De officiële vorm van het Malagasi is het <a href="/wiki/Merina_(dialect)" title="Merina (dialect)">Merina</a>, een dialect van het <a href="/wiki/Plateaumalagasi" title="Plateaumalagasi">Plateaumalagasi</a>. De taal heeft een overduidelijke verwantschap met de <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesische_talen" title="Malayo-Polynesische talen">Malayo-Polynesische tak</a> van de <a href="/wiki/Austronesische_talen" title="Austronesische talen">Austronesische talen</a>; vooral met de taal van de <a href="/wiki/Ma%27anjan" title="Ma'anjan">Ma'anjan</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Dajaks" title="Dajaks">Dajaks</a> aan de midden- en bovenloop van de rivier <a href="/wiki/Barito" title="Barito">Barito</a> op <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, en behoort daar dan ook toe.<sup class="noprint nopopups"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bronvermelding#Bron_gevraagd" title="Wikipedia:Bronvermelding"><span title="Voor deze uitspraak is sinds 22 november 2010 een bronvermelding gewenst.">[bron?]</span></a></sup> Wel zijn er ook duidelijke invloeden van de <a href="/wiki/Bantoe-talen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantoe-talen">Bantoe-talen</a>. </p><p>Naast de tien <a href="/wiki/Malagasitalen" title="Malagasitalen">Malagasitalen</a> worden in Madagaskar nog de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar-Gebarentaal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madagaskar-Gebarentaal (de pagina bestaat niet)">Madagaskar-Gebarentaal</a>, het <a href="/wiki/Comorees" title="Comorees">Comorees</a> en het Frans als belangrijke talen gerekend. Hoewel het Frans een officiële taal is en tijdens de <a href="/wiki/Frans-Madagaskar" title="Frans-Madagaskar">Franse kolonisatie</a> een grote rol speelde, wordt deze Indo-Europese taal door slechts 1 à 2 procent van de bevolking gesproken, voornamelijk door de maatschappelijke bovenlaag. Aan de kust wordt het Frans het meest onderwezen, omdat de mensen daar het liefst de dominantie van de <a href="/wiki/Merina_(volk)" title="Merina (volk)">Merinacultuur</a> ontwijken. </p> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/20px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/40px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie ook de <a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_talen_in_Madagaskar" title="Lijst van talen in Madagaskar">Lijst van talen in Madagaskar</a></i></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gezondheid">Gezondheid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Gezondheid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=11" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Gezondheid"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het land kent veel ziektes, zoals <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Murine_typhus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murine typhus (de pagina bestaat niet)">Murine typhus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">hepatitis A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hondsdolheid" title="Hondsdolheid">hondsdolheid</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Pest_(ziekte)" title="Pest (ziekte)">pest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De kindersterfte is een op de tien en in de zuidelijke regio vier op de tien.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De gezondheidssector heeft zeer beperkte middelen en is door de politieke crisis en sancties nog op achteruitgegaan. De rijken en toeristen kunnen in particuliere ziekenhuizen verzorgd worden.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In de zomer van 2017 brak een zeer besmettelijke pestepidemie uit die zich in de luchtwegen verspreidt (<a href="/wiki/Longpest" title="Longpest">longpest</a>). De epidemie is verspreid vanuit een individu met de weinig besmettelijke <a href="/wiki/Builenpest" title="Builenpest">builenpest</a> waarvan de ziektevorm veranderde in de veel besmettelijkere longpest, die zich gemakkelijk via de lucht van mens tot mens kan verspreiden. Doordat de ongewone ziekteverspreiding pas laat herkend werd kon de ziekte zich wijd verspreiden. Elk jaar zijn er wel seizoensgebonden kleinere epidemieën, waardoor dit minder opviel.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van augustus tot laat oktober 2017 zijn er 127 doden gemeld en waren er ongeveer 1800 vermoedelijke besmettingen volgens de World Health Organization.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religie">Religie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Religie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=12" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Religie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De voornaamste religies zijn voor 52% <a href="/wiki/Animisme_(religie)" title="Animisme (religie)">animistische religies</a> (waaronder <a href="/wiki/Voorouderverering" title="Voorouderverering">voorouder-</a> en amuletaanbidding), voor 41% het <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">christendom</a> en voor 7% de <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fact_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veel christenen vereren ook de voorouders, hoewel deze verering door de eerste missionarissen fel werd bestreden. Er zijn veel <i><a href="/wiki/Fady" title="Fady">fady</a></i>, regels en gebruiken die per streek sterk verschillen. Het is bijvoorbeeld strikt verboden om graven te fotograferen, onwetende toeristen kunnen daardoor in de problemen komen. Nakomelingen van immigranten hangen vaak hun oorspronkelijke religies aan. Door sommige <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Malagasi%C3%ABrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Malagasiërs">Chinese Malagasiërs</a> wordt bijvoorbeeld nog de <a href="/wiki/Chinese_volksreligie" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese volksreligie">Chinese volksreligie</a> beleden en in de hoofdstad is een tempel van de Chinese generaal <a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu" title="Guan Yu">Guan Yu</a> te vinden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Behuizing">Behuizing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Behuizing" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=13" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Behuizing"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De woningen op het platteland zijn onverwarmd en gebouwd met lokale materialen. Wel is er een vuurhaard om te koken met hout, waarbij de rook langs een open venster ontsnapt. Er wordt altijd gekookt met een houtvuur, zelfs in de restaurants. Bij overnachtingsplaatsen voor toeristen en sommige andere gebouwen is er warm water afkomstig van <a href="/wiki/Zonnecollector" title="Zonnecollector">zonnecollectors</a> waar water wordt opgewarmd gedurende de (zonnige) dag. De meeste overnachtingsplaatsen zijn van <a href="/wiki/Klamboe" title="Klamboe">klamboes</a> voorzien. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Staatsinrichting">Staatsinrichting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Staatsinrichting" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=14" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Staatsinrichting"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Staatsvorm: <a href="/wiki/Semipresidentieel_systeem" title="Semipresidentieel systeem">Semipresidentiële republiek</a></li> <li>Staatshoofd: President <a href="/wiki/Andry_Rajoelina" title="Andry Rajoelina">Andry Rajoelina</a>, sinds 16 december 2023</li> <li>Regeringsleider: Premier <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Ntsay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Ntsay (de pagina bestaat niet)">Christian Ntsay</a>, sinds 6 juni 2018</li> <li>Volksvertegenwoordiging: <a href="/wiki/Parlement_van_Madagaskar" title="Parlement van Madagaskar">Parlement van Madagaskar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Vergadering_(Madagaskar)" title="Nationale Vergadering (Madagaskar)">Nationale Vergadering</a> - <a href="/wiki/Lagerhuis_(politiek)" title="Lagerhuis (politiek)">lagerhuis</a>, 151 leden;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senaat_(Madagaskar)" title="Senaat (Madagaskar)">Senaat</a> - <a href="/wiki/Hogerhuis_(politiek)" title="Hogerhuis (politiek)">hogerhuis</a>, 18 leden</li></ul></li> <li>Verkiezingen: Presidentiële verkiezingen (recent: 2018) en parlementsverkiezingen om de vijf jaar (lagerhuis, recent: 2019; hogerhuis, recent: 2020)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economie">Economie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Economie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=15" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Economie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Madagaskar is een van de armste landen ter wereld. Ongeveer 93% van de bevolking moet met minder dan twee <a href="/wiki/Amerikaanse_dollar" title="Amerikaanse dollar">dollar</a> per dag rondkomen.<sup id="cite_ref-IMFMAD_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFMAD-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De economische groei ligt al decennia onder de bevolkingsaanwas waardoor de bevolking alleen maar armer is geworden. In de periode 1960 - 2013 nam de bevolking met 2,9% per jaar toe terwijl de <a href="/wiki/Economie" title="Economie">economie</a> met slechts 1,8% groeide. De bevolking vervijfvoudigde van 5 miljoen in 1960 naar 23 miljoen in 2013 en de helft is jonger dan 20 jaar.<sup id="cite_ref-IMFMAD_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFMAD-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Het eiland kampt met moeilijke klimatologische omstandigheden, zoals cyclonen en droogte, en sprinkhanenplagen, maar ook met een overheid die niet goed functioneert.<sup id="cite_ref-IMFMAD_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFMAD-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Politieke instabiliteit, <a href="/wiki/Corruptie" title="Corruptie">corruptie</a> en de sterke focus op de korte termijn maken het land minder aantrekkelijk voor binnen- en buitenlandse investeerders. Het land staat onderaan op de 163e plaats, van 189 landen in totaal, op de lijst van meest concurrende landen.<sup id="cite_ref-IMFMAD_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFMAD-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naast de landbouw is de mijnbouw een belangrijke economische activiteit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landbouw,_industrie_en_handel"><span id="Landbouw.2C_industrie_en_handel"></span>Landbouw, industrie en handel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Landbouw, industrie en handel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=16" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Landbouw, industrie en handel"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Madagascar_-_rice_terraces_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Madagascar_-_rice_terraces_%282%29.jpg/330px-Madagascar_-_rice_terraces_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Madagascar_-_rice_terraces_%282%29.jpg/500px-Madagascar_-_rice_terraces_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Madagascar_-_rice_terraces_%282%29.jpg/960px-Madagascar_-_rice_terraces_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>Het landschap van het <a href="/wiki/Centraal_Hoogland_(Madagaskar)" title="Centraal Hoogland (Madagaskar)">Centraal Hoogland</a> wordt gekenmerkt door <a href="/wiki/Rijstterras" class="mw-redirect" title="Rijstterras">rijstterrassen</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Koffie_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Koffie (plant)">Koffiebonen</a> zijn de grootste inkomstenbron van Malagassische landbouwers, gevolgd door <a href="/wiki/Cassave" title="Cassave">cassave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanille_(aroma)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanille (aroma)">vanille</a> en <a href="/wiki/Rijst" title="Rijst">rijst</a>. De voornaamste exportproducten zijn koffie, vanille, <a href="/wiki/Schaaldieren" class="mw-redirect" title="Schaaldieren">schaaldieren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tafelsuiker" title="Tafelsuiker">suiker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katoen" title="Katoen">katoenstoffen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromiet" title="Chromiet">chromiet</a> en <a href="/wiki/Aardolie" title="Aardolie">aardolieproducten</a>. Het <a href="/wiki/Bruto_binnenlands_product" title="Bruto binnenlands product">bruto binnenlands product</a> per inwoner (<a href="/wiki/Koopkrachtpariteit" title="Koopkrachtpariteit">PPP</a>) bedraagt $ 1000 (schatting 2008).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vanilleoogst">Vanilleoogst</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Vanilleoogst" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=17" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Vanilleoogst"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In het noordoosten van Madagaskar wordt ongeveer 80% van de wereldoogst in vanille geproduceerd. Door de zeer hoge prijs van vanille (meer waard dan zilver), de armoede, de corrupte en slechte ordehandhaving maakt de oogst zeer aantrekkelijk voor dieven. Na de handmatige bevruchting worden de vanilleplanten streng bewaakt door de boeren en milities. Regelmatig wordt het recht in eigen hand genomen en worden gepakte vanilledieven door lokale milities vermoord.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sprinkhanenplagen">Sprinkhanenplagen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Sprinkhanenplagen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=18" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Sprinkhanenplagen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/20px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/40px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Sprinkhanenplaag" title="Sprinkhanenplaag">Sprinkhanenplaag</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>Reeds lang wordt Madagaskar bij regelmaat geteisterd door enorme sprinkhanenplagen. Het betreft plagen van de <a href="/wiki/Rode_treksprinkhaan" title="Rode treksprinkhaan">rode treksprinkhaan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> die tot 100 km per dag kunnen afleggen. Een plaag omvat miljarden dieren, die zich om de twee maanden voortplanten en kan zich over meerdere jaren doorzetten.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ieder insect kan dagelijks tot twee gram voedsel eten, waardoor de schade per dag 100.000 ton planten kan bedragen. Hierdoor kan 40 tot 100% van de oogst vernietigd worden. Een plaag vanaf de jaren 1950 duurde niet minder dan 17 jaar. In 1997 begon een vijf jaar durende plaag. De recentste plaag ontstond in 2010 en kende een hoogtepunt in 2013. Een kwart van het voedsel - 630.000 ton rijst - werd toen vernietigd. Deze plaag zette zich nog verder tot 2016. Onder meer door geldproblemen worden te weinig <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticiden</a> gebruikt, waardoor de bestrijding van de plaag onvoldoende is.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Drank">Drank</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Drank" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=19" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Drank"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Rhum_distillery_Madagascan_style_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rhum_distillery_Madagascan_style_I.jpg/260px-Rhum_distillery_Madagascan_style_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rhum_distillery_Madagascan_style_I.jpg/390px-Rhum_distillery_Madagascan_style_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rhum_distillery_Madagascan_style_I.jpg/520px-Rhum_distillery_Madagascan_style_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2416" /></a><figcaption>Illegale <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rumstokerij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rumstokerij (de pagina bestaat niet)">rumstokerij</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Een van de bijzondere bedrijven in Madagaskar is 'Brasseries Star'. Deze drankenproducent heeft in bijna elk dorp een kantoor en verkoopt allerlei dranken, waaronder mineraalwater onder de merknaam 'Eau Vive'.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Het water wordt uit het <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lohavohitramassief&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lohavohitramassief (de pagina bestaat niet)">Lohavohitramassief</a> gewonnen.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gezien het onbetrouwbare waterleidingwater, als dat er al is, wordt dit water door veel toeristen en de wat rijkere bevolking gedronken. De leeggedronken plastic flessen worden door de bevolking hergebruikt om honing en allerlei vloeistoffen op te bergen of voor creatieve doeleinden. Deze flessen hebben een marktwaarde en vaak benaderen Malagassiërs toeristen om lege flessen te vragen. Er zijn in het land veel illegale stokerijen waar onder primitieve omstandigheden <a href="/wiki/Rum_(drank)" title="Rum (drank)">rum</a> gedistilleerd wordt. Ondanks het verbod staan dergelijke stokerijen vaak langs de openbare weg en worden ze bezocht door veel toeristen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edelstenen">Edelstenen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Edelstenen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=20" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Edelstenen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:1szafir_Madagaskar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1szafir_Madagaskar.jpg/260px-1szafir_Madagaskar.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1szafir_Madagaskar.jpg/390px-1szafir_Madagaskar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1szafir_Madagaskar.jpg/520px-1szafir_Madagaskar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Een in Madagaskar gewonnen <a href="/wiki/Saffier" title="Saffier">saffier</a></figcaption></figure> <p>De edelstenen van Madagaskar zijn een belangrijk exportproduct en worden op diverse plekken gewonnen, waaronder de voormalige toeristische trekpleister <a href="/wiki/Andranondambo" title="Andranondambo">Andranondambo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Door de armoede, de vele illegale mijnen, de vele tussenpersonen heeft deze mijnindustrie in de loop der jaren een onveilige reputatie gekregen. De sfeer rond de belangrijke mijnsteden wordt vaak geassocieerd met de Amerikaanse <i><a href="/wiki/Goudkoorts" title="Goudkoorts">Gold rush</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conflicten over grondbezit zorgen vaak voor hevige conflicten tussen rivaliserende dorpen. In 2014 werd Andranondambo verwoest en uitgemoord door de bewoners van een naburig dorp.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zijde,_papier_en_ambachtswerk"><span id="Zijde.2C_papier_en_ambachtswerk"></span>Zijde, papier en ambachtswerk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zijde, papier en ambachtswerk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=21" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zijde, papier en ambachtswerk"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ambalavao_(stad)" title="Ambalavao (stad)">Ambalavao</a> en omgeving worden de cocons van de <a href="/wiki/Zijdevlinder" title="Zijdevlinder">Zijdevlinderrups</a> verwerkt in <a href="/wiki/Zijde_(textiel)" title="Zijde (textiel)">zijdevezels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madagaskar kent een lange traditie van zijdeproductie en heeft endemische zijdewormen, waaronder <i><a href="/wiki/Borocera_madagascariensis" title="Borocera madagascariensis">Borocera madagascariensis</a></i> en <i><a href="/wiki/Borocera_cajani" title="Borocera cajani">Borocera cajani</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daarnaast wordt in Ambalavao artisanaal papier<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en diverse producten van <a href="/wiki/Zeboe" title="Zeboe">zeboehoorns</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> handgeweven <a href="/wiki/Raffia_(materiaal)" title="Raffia (materiaal)">raffiavezels</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en metaal gemaakt.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Munt">Munt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Munt" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=22" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Munt"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:10_Ariary_1999_mint_side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/10_Ariary_1999_mint_side.jpg/260px-10_Ariary_1999_mint_side.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/10_Ariary_1999_mint_side.jpg/390px-10_Ariary_1999_mint_side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/10_Ariary_1999_mint_side.jpg/520px-10_Ariary_1999_mint_side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1259" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ariary" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariary">Ariary</a>-munten waren in 2013 al bijna verdwenen.</figcaption></figure> <p>De monetaire eenheid van Madagaskar is sinds 1 januari 2005 de <a href="/wiki/Ariary" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariary">Ariary</a> (MGA), daarvoor was het de <a href="/wiki/Malagassische_frank" title="Malagassische frank">Malagassische frank</a> (MGF). Door de grote inflatie hebben de bankbiljetten grote nominale waarden en zijn de munten nagenoeg verdwenen. De bankbiljetten worden meestal in bundels van tien gevouwen in het betalingsverkeer om het grote aantal biljetten hanteerbaar te houden. De munteenheid is niet verhandelbaar in het buitenland en het is verboden geld van Madagaskar te exporteren. Er zijn maar een beperkt aantal plaatsen waar geld omgewisseld kan worden. Bankautomaten waarbij met buitenlandse bankkaarten geld opgenomen kan worden, zijn zeer beperkt; sowieso zijn gewone bankautomaten al beperkt aanwezig in de grote steden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armoede">Armoede</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Armoede" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=23" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Armoede"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Roadside_souvenir_shop_on_N7_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roadside_souvenir_shop_on_N7_II.jpg/260px-Roadside_souvenir_shop_on_N7_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roadside_souvenir_shop_on_N7_II.jpg/390px-Roadside_souvenir_shop_on_N7_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roadside_souvenir_shop_on_N7_II.jpg/520px-Roadside_souvenir_shop_on_N7_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>Voorbeeld van creativiteit met het verkoop van in elkaar geknutselde houten modellen</figcaption></figure> <p>Volgens het <a href="/wiki/Ontwikkelingsprogramma_van_de_Verenigde_Naties" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontwikkelingsprogramma van de Verenigde Naties">Ontwikkelingsprogramma van de Verenigde Naties</a> leefde in Madagaskar 76,96% van de bevolking in <a href="/wiki/Armoede" title="Armoede">armoede</a> en 81,29% onder de <a href="/wiki/Armoedegrens" title="Armoedegrens">armoedegrens</a> van 1,25 dollar per dag (2008/09).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De armoede dwingt de mensen tot een grote creativiteit, hergebruiken en recycleren van allerlei voorwerpen/materialen en veel plantrekkerij. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Media" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=24" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Media"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Madagaskar heeft <a href="/wiki/Televisie" title="Televisie">staatstelevisie</a>, die voor een groot deel in handen is van de regering. Dat geldt ook voor een aantal lokale (privé)stations. Er komen echter regelmatig nieuwe, onafhankelijke stations bij, zowel voor radio als televisie. </p><p>De wetten betreffende de vrije meningsuiting en media staan in de grondwet, artikel 10 en 11.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Madagascar_2010?lang=en">[1]</a> </p><p>Madagaskar herbergde tot 2013 ook een <a href="/wiki/Kortegolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Kortegolf">kortegolf</a>-radiostation van de Nederlandse <a href="/wiki/Radio_Nederland_Wereldomroep" title="Radio Nederland Wereldomroep">Wereldomroep</a>, waarmee de internationale omroepuitzendingen vanuit Nederland opnieuw werden uitgezonden, bestemd voor ontvangst in Afrika, het Midden-Oosten en Zuid-Oost Azië. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Transport" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=25" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Transport"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wegennet">Wegennet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Wegennet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=26" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Wegennet"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Borne_routi%C3%A8re_Madagascar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Borne_routi%C3%A8re_Madagascar.jpg/330px-Borne_routi%C3%A8re_Madagascar.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Borne_routi%C3%A8re_Madagascar.jpg/500px-Borne_routi%C3%A8re_Madagascar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Borne_routi%C3%A8re_Madagascar.jpg/960px-Borne_routi%C3%A8re_Madagascar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>kilometerpaal op de RN7 in de Franse stijl</figcaption></figure> <p>Madagaskar kent één doorgaande weg over het eiland met enkele aftakkingen. Deze weg, opeenvolgend de N6, N4 en N7,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> loopt van de noordpunt van het eiland (<a href="/wiki/Antsiranana_(stad)" title="Antsiranana (stad)">Antsiranana</a>) via <a href="/wiki/Ambondromamy" title="Ambondromamy">Ambondromamy</a>, de hoofdstad <a href="/wiki/Antananarivo_(stad)" title="Antananarivo (stad)">Antananarivo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fianarantsoa_(stad)" title="Fianarantsoa (stad)">Fianarantsoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ihosy_(stad)" title="Ihosy (stad)">Ihosy</a> en Ambovome naar <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4lanaro_(stad)" title="Tôlanaro (stad)">Tôlanaro</a> nabij de zuidoostpunt. De belangrijkste aftakkingen zijn van Ambondromamy naar <a href="/wiki/Mahajanga_(stad)" title="Mahajanga (stad)">Mahajanga</a> aan de westkust, van de hoofdstad naar <a href="/wiki/Toamasina_(stad)" title="Toamasina (stad)">Toamasina</a> (Tamatave) aan de oostkust en van Ihosy naar <a href="/wiki/Toliara_(stad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Toliara (stad)">Toliara</a> aan de westkust. Alleen de hoofdweg en enkele belangrijke aftakkingen zijn geasfalteerd en in redelijke staat (met hier en daar wat gaten in het wegdek). De andere wegen zijn in slechte staat en alleen berijdbaar door 4×4-auto's en <a href="/wiki/Broussetaxi" title="Broussetaxi">broussetaxi</a>'s. Particuliere auto's rijden er bijna niet en het meeste personenvervoer vindt plaats met volgepropte minibussen. Lokaal vervoer is hoofdzakelijk te voet, fiets, ossenkarren, lokale buslijnen, handgeduwde karren en <a href="/wiki/Riksja" title="Riksja">riksja</a>'s. </p> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/20px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/40px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie ook de <a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_wegen_in_Madagaskar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lijst van wegen in Madagaskar">Lijst van wegen in Madagaskar</a></i></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spoorlijnen">Spoorlijnen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Spoorlijnen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=27" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Spoorlijnen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Andasibe_rail_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Andasibe_rail_01.JPG/260px-Andasibe_rail_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Andasibe_rail_01.JPG/390px-Andasibe_rail_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Andasibe_rail_01.JPG/520px-Andasibe_rail_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>Locomotief bij Station <a href="/wiki/Andasibe_(Moramanga)" title="Andasibe (Moramanga)">Andasibe</a> (vroeger Périnet)</figcaption></figure> <p>Madagaskar telt twee <a href="/wiki/Meterspoor" title="Meterspoor">metersporige</a> <a href="/wiki/Spoorweg" class="mw-redirect" title="Spoorweg">spoorwegnetten</a>. Een net van drie spoorlijnen verbindt Antananarivo met Toamasina, de belangrijkste haven van het land, en met Antsirabe en <a href="/wiki/Ambatosoratra" title="Ambatosoratra">Ambatosoratra</a>. Deze noordelijke lijnen worden beheerd door <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madarail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madarail (de pagina bestaat niet)">Madarail</a>, een dochteronderneming van het Frans-Zuid-Afrikaans-Belgische bedrijf <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comazar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comazar (de pagina bestaat niet)">Comazar</a>. Er is een reizigersdienst om slecht bereikbare streken in het oosten te ontsluiten: Ambatondrazaka - Moramanga - Toamasina.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In het zuiden is er een aparte spoorlijn van <a href="/wiki/Manakara_(stad)" title="Manakara (stad)">Manakara</a> aan de oostkust naar <a href="/wiki/Fianarantsoa_(stad)" title="Fianarantsoa (stad)">Fianarantsoa</a>; de <a href="/wiki/Spoorlijn_Fianarantsoa-C%C3%B4te_Est" title="Spoorlijn Fianarantsoa-Côte Est">spoorlijn Fianarantsoa-Côte Est</a> (FCE). Alleen deze spoorlijn heeft dagelijks reizigersvervoer, daar er geen parallelle wegen zijn op deze route. De bouw van deze spoorlijn startte in 1926 en de spoorlijn werd in dienst genomen in 1936. De voorziene verbindingsspoorlijn met het spoornet in het noorden, <a href="/wiki/Antsirabe_(Vakinankaratra)" title="Antsirabe (Vakinankaratra)">Antsirabe</a> - <a href="/wiki/Fianarantsoa_(stad)" title="Fianarantsoa (stad)">Fianarantsoa</a>, is nooit gebouwd.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In het Noordelijke spoornet rijden alleen goederentreinen, vooral tussen de hoofdstad Antsiranana en de haven aan de oostkust. Wel is er af en toe een excursie met een gerestaureerde <a href="/wiki/Micheline" title="Micheline">Micheline</a>, een vroegere <a href="/wiki/Railbus" title="Railbus">railbus</a> die op rubberen wielen reed, voor toeristen.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Een andere niet-gerestaureerde Micheline is eveneens te huur voor toeristen vanuit Fianantsoroa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Watertransport">Watertransport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Watertransport" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=28" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Watertransport"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Nosy_Varika_-_bridge_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nosy_Varika_-_bridge_%282%29.jpg/330px-Nosy_Varika_-_bridge_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nosy_Varika_-_bridge_%282%29.jpg/500px-Nosy_Varika_-_bridge_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nosy_Varika_-_bridge_%282%29.jpg/960px-Nosy_Varika_-_bridge_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Brug over het <a href="/wiki/Canal_des_Pangalanes" title="Canal des Pangalanes">Canal des Pangalanes</a> nabij <a href="/wiki/Nosy_Varika_(stad)" title="Nosy Varika (stad)">Nosy Varika</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tussen 1896 en 1904 is aan de oostkust het <a href="/wiki/Canal_des_Pangalanes" title="Canal des Pangalanes">Canal des Pangalanes</a> gecreëerd door de vele <a href="/wiki/Lagune" title="Lagune">lagunes</a> met elkaar te verbinden.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hiermee ontstond een beschermde vaarroute voor het transport van goederen van en naar de <a href="/wiki/Haven_van_Toamasina" title="Haven van Toamasina">haven van Toamasina</a>. Tegen 2011 is het kanaal alleen lokaal in gebruik, ondanks de renovaties in de jaren 80 van de vorige eeuw. Om gevolgen van de gebrekkige wegen langs de kust op te vangen heeft de <a href="/wiki/Wereldbank" title="Wereldbank">wereldbank</a> als een ontwikkelingsproject veel veerdiensten langs te kust opgezet.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><div style="margin-top:-16px"></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noten_en_verwijzingen">Noten en verwijzingen</h2></div> <div class="reflist" style="-moz-column-width:30em; -webkit-column-width:30em; column-width:30em; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-oppervlakte-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-oppervlakte_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2013/Table03.pdf">Verenigde Naties 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-census_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/UNSD/Demographic/products/vitstats/serATab2.pdf">Laatste census 1 augustus 1993 (via V.N.)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schatting-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-schatting_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201231150122/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/335rank.html">Niet-officiële schatting CIA Factbook juli 2020</a>, berekend door US Bureau of the Census (gearchiveerd)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">De definitie van wat een eiland is of een continent is arbitrair. Zo zouden Antarctica en Australië ook als eilanden beschouwd kunnen worden.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFFleuria2023"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Frans">(<span>fr</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Fleuria, REMBERT Nelly</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lechodusud.com/post/%C3%A9lection-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-%C3%A0-madagascar-les-ratsiraka-une-famille-divis%C3%A9e">Élection présidentielle à Madagascar: les Ratsiraka, une famille divisée</a>. <i>L'Écho du Sud</i> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2023-08-20">20 augustus 2023</span>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230826125907/https://www.lechodusud.com/post/%C3%A9lection-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-%C3%A0-madagascar-les-ratsiraka-une-famille-divis%C3%A9e">Gearchiveerd</a> op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2023-08-26">26 augustus 2023</span>. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2023-08-26">26 augustus 2023</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Trouw: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/wereld/article2057924.ece/Hof_Madagaskar_erkent_Rajoelina_.html">"Hof Madagaskar erkent Rajoelina"</a> (19 maart 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">De Engelstalige versie van deze laatste editie van de grondwet staat op <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Madagascar_2010?lang=en">deze website</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240325213018/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Madagascar_2010?lang=en">Gearchiveerd</a> op 25 maart 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> Geohive.com: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geohive.com/cntry/madagascar.aspx">Madagascar Administrative units</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221230125120/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/madagascar.aspx">Gearchiveerd</a> op 30 december 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Frans">(<span>fr</span>) </span> Institut National de la Statistique: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208003941/http://www.cite.mg/instat/Prod/Result/pop.htm">Madagascar</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130625185756/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1364587963&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&geo=-137&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&srt=1npan">World-gazetteer</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mongabay.com/igapo/2005_world_city_populations/Madagascar.html">City Population Madagascar</a> Mongabay.com. Geraadpleegd op 2 april 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fact-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-fact_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span>CIA World Factbook: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110817024007/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ma.html#People">Madagascar, people</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> Countrystudies: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://countrystudies.us/madagascar/15.htm">Minorities of Madagascar</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230506133206/https://countrystudies.us/madagascar/15.htm">Gearchiveerd</a> op 6 mei 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">L. M. Singhvi</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040029/http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter8.pdf"><i>Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora</i></a> (Ministry of External Affairs, 2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">A. Kathirasen</span>, New Straits Times (Singapore): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022025533/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-82613088.html">A vibrant minority</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/stage-1-dtm-countries">Stage 1 DTM Countries 2024</a>. <i>worldpopulationreview.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240224220632/https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/stage-1-dtm-countries">Gearchiveerd</a> op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2024-02-24">24 februari 2024</span>. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2024-02-24">24 februari 2024</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/2/14-0850">wwwnc.cdc.gov</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/20327526?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">www.jstor.org</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3366521/">www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&pg=PA245&lpg=PA245&dq=Madagascar+typhus&source=bl&ots=hQ4V6nX7vV&sig=F58gCXN7F_uKD6NNQjCSgupz_KU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjpw57D2rHLAhXIwA4KHQ13DPAQ6AEIMjAD#v=onepage&q=Madagascar%20typhus&f=false">books.google.nl</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907181704/https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/2/14-0850_article">Gearchiveerd</a> op 7 september 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/traveler/none/madagascar">Health Information for Travelers to Madagascar</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230604005112/https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/traveler/none/madagascar">Gearchiveerd</a> op 4 juni 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> African Projects: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150604131813/http://www.africanprojects.nl/madagaskar/">africanprojects.nl</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span>Irinnews.org: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report/95533/madagascar-a-decaying-health-sector">Madagascar a decaying health sector</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nos.nl/artikel/2198844-bijna-honderd-doden-door-de-pest-op-madagaskar.html">Bijna honderd doden door de pest op madagaskar, NOS website</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221201061416/https://nos.nl/artikel/2198844-bijna-honderd-doden-door-de-pest-op-madagaskar.html">Gearchiveerd</a> op 1 december 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/875250/the-plague-madagascar-black-death-2017-how-did-plague-start-origin-doctors-without-borders">how did plague start, www.express.co.uk</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423123456/https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/875250/the-plague-madagascar-black-death-2017-how-did-plague-start-origin-doctors-without-borders">Gearchiveerd</a> op 23 april 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/features/2017/madagascar-plague-risk/en/">WHO website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFMAD-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFMAD_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFMAD_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFMAD_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFMAD_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> IMF <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/cat/longres.aspx?sk=42675.0">Republic of Madagascar: Staff Report for the 2014 Article IV Consultation, 30 januari 2015</a>, geraadpleegd op 23 maart 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110817024007/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ma.html#Econ">CIA World Factbook: Madagascar, economy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The New York Times, Precious crop with a high cost, blad 1 en 4, september 1/2 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2013/05/08/plaag-in-madagaskar-ziet-het-zwart-van-de-rode-sprinkhanen-12654474-a200749">Plaag: In Madagaskar ziet het zwart van de rode sprinkhanen</a> nrc.nl, 8 mei 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221207110247/https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2013/05/08/plaag-in-madagaskar-ziet-het-zwart-van-de-rode-sprinkhanen-12654474-a200749">Gearchiveerd</a> op 7 december 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/mondiaalnieuws/docs/mo108">'Zij zullen het gezicht van het land bedekken'</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MO*" title="MO*">MO*</a></i>, oktober 2013, 17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230228132946/https://issuu.com/mondiaalnieuws/docs/mo108">Gearchiveerd</a> op 28 februari 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knack.be/nieuws/planet-earth/in-beeld-apocalyptische-sprinkhanenplaag-in-madagaskar/diaporama-normal-146623.html">In beeld: apocalyptische sprinkhanenplaag in Madagaskar</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Knack_(tijdschrift)" title="Knack (tijdschrift)">Knack</a></i>, 1 juni 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207213637/https://www.knack.be/nieuws/planet-earth/in-beeld-apocalyptische-sprinkhanenplaag-in-madagaskar/diaporama-normal-146623.html">Gearchiveerd</a> op 7 december 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Frans">(<span>fr</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150706033636/http://www.brasseries-star.com/">Les Brasseries STAR Madagascar</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Frans">(<span>fr</span>) </span> Madatana.com: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madatana.com/vtt-mahitsy-boisson-source-eau-vive-lohavohitra.php">Andranovelona : le massif Lohavohitra source de la boisson Eau Vive</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gggems.com/Madagascar_gem_safari_en.htm">Madagascar_gem_safari</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stoneworld.nl: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stoneworld.nl/stone-world/madagaskar/">Madagaskar</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Onbereikbare_externe_links" title="Wikipedia:Onbereikbare externe links">[dode link]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160518045953/http://www.uvm.edu/rsenr/gemecology/madagascar.html">Gems and the environment</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Lova Rakotomalala</span> in Global Voices: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalvoicesonline.org/2014/05/24/apocalyptic-scenes-in-andranondambo-madagascar-as-villages-fight-for-land-properties/">Apocalyptic Scenes in Andranondambo, Madagascar as Villages Fight Over Land</a> (24 mei 2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inserco.org/en/?q=statistics">statistieken silk productie</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230616042051/http://inserco.org/en/?q=statistics">Gearchiveerd</a> op 16 juni 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Ambalavao_silk_production_4.JPG" title="Bestand:Ambalavao silk production 4.JPG">Bestand:Ambalavao silk production 4.JPG</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://popups.ulg.ac.be/1780-4507/index.php?id=10044">Silk moths in Madagascar</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/docrep/013/am036f/am036f09.pdf">La soie sauvage naturelle – Valoriser la biodiversité à Madagascar</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-madagascar-ambalavao-antaimoro-avoha-hand-made-paper-gift-tags-with-53239882.html">www.alamy.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.nl/search?q=hand-made+paper+manufacturing+madagascar&biw=1711&bih=922&site=webhp&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiD_v6wi4HKAhWE9g4KHd-_AScQsAQIUg&dpr=1#tbm=isch&q=handmade+paper+manufacturing+madagascar">hand-made+paper+manufacturing+madagascar</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907182009/https://www.google.nl/search?q=hand-made+paper+manufacturing+madagascar&biw=1711&bih=922&site=webhp&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiD_v6wi4HKAhWE9g4KHd-_AScQsAQIUg&dpr=1#tbm=isch&q=handmade+paper+manufacturing+madagascar">Gearchiveerd</a> op 7 september 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Produits_en_corne_de_z%C3%A9bu.jpg" title="Bestand:Produits en corne de zébu.jpg">Bestand:Produits en corne de zébu.jpg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Rafia_Animals_(With_Shopkeeper),_Madagascar_(3953369659).jpg" title="Bestand:Rafia Animals (With Shopkeeper), Madagascar (3953369659).jpg">Bestand:Rafia Animals (With Shopkeeper), Madagascar (3953369659).jpg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Antsirabe_miniature_bicycle_maker.jpg" title="Bestand:Antsirabe miniature bicycle maker.jpg">Bestand:Antsirabe miniature bicycle maker.jpg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/MDG">Madagascar</a></i>. Human Development Reports, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Development Programme">UNDP</a>. (downloadbare gegevens met uitleg en meetjaren te vinden onder knop 'Download Country Explanatory Note'). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220517145621/https://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/MDG">Gearchiveerd</a> op 17 mei 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Duits">(<span>de</span>) </span> Wegenkaart 2013, Reise Know How Verlag, Bielefeld.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Frans">(<span>fr</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madarail.mg/voyages_train_voyageur.php">Website Madarail</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418134944/http://www.madarail.mg/voyages_train_voyageur.php">Gearchiveerd</a> op 18 april 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> Folder: The FCE, A Traveller's Guide</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Malagassisch">(<span>mg</span>) </span> uithangfolder in het station van Antsiranana, 2013<br />(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madarail.mg/voyages_trains_touristiques_micheline.php">website</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230603230511/http://www.madarail.mg/voyages_trains_touristiques_micheline.php">Gearchiveerd</a> op 3 juni 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> Travel Madagascar: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120711172036/http://www.travelmadagascar.org/CITIES/Pangalanes-Canal.html">Pangalanes Canal</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/0,,contentMDK:22724580~menuPK:258659~pagePK:2865106~piPK:2865128~theSitePK:258644,00.html">Wereldbank website</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141102193855/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/0,,contentMDK:22724580~menuPK:258659~pagePK:2865106~piPK:2865128~theSitePK:258644,00.html">Gearchiveerd</a> op 2 november 2014.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overige_bronnen">Overige bronnen</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> History of Nations: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012023/http://www.historyofnations.net/africa/madagascar.html">History of Madagascar</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> EveryCulture.com: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everyculture.com/Ja-Ma/Madagascar.html">Countries and their Cultures - Madagascar</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> Encyclopædia Britannica: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/355562/Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Sandra Evers</span>, <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Gwyn Campbell</span>, <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Michael Lambek</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.nl/books?id=UfyZAAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA29&dq=ethnic+madagascar&hl=nl&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q=ethnic+madagascar&f=false"><i>Contest for Land in Madagascar: Environment, Ancestors and Development</i></a> (BRILL, 2013)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320" /><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hilary Bradt</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.nl/books?id=vyNVb2q0RisC&pg=PA23&dq=madagascar+ethnic+group&hl=en&ei=giDzTKbNKYLQsAOO15HLCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=ethnic+madagascar&f=false"><i>Madagascar: The Bradt Travel Guide</i></a> (Bradt Travel Guides, 2007)</li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto 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decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> · <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Navigatie_volkeren_Madagaskar&action=edit" title="Sjabloon bewerken"><img alt="Sjabloon bewerken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="links" style=""><b>Inheems:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Antaifasy" title="Antaifasy">Antaifasy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Antaimoro" title="Antaimoro">Antaimoro</a> · <a href="/wiki/Antaisaka" title="Antaisaka">Antaisaka</a> · <a href="/wiki/Antambahoaka" title="Antambahoaka">Antambahoaka</a> · <a href="/wiki/Antandroy" title="Antandroy">Antandroy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Antankarana_(volk)" title="Antankarana (volk)">Antankarana</a> · <a href="/wiki/Antanosy" title="Antanosy">Antanosy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bara_(volk)" title="Bara (volk)">Bara</a> · <a href="/wiki/Betsileo_(volk)" title="Betsileo (volk)">Betsileo</a> · <a href="/wiki/Betsimisaraka_(volk)" title="Betsimisaraka (volk)">Betsimisaraka</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bezanozano_(volk)" title="Bezanozano (volk)">Bezanozano</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mahafaly_(volk)" title="Mahafaly (volk)">Mahafaly</a> · <a href="/wiki/Merina_(volk)" title="Merina (volk)">Merina</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mikea" title="Mikea">Mikea</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sakalava_(volk)" title="Sakalava (volk)">Sakalava</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sihanaka_(volk)" title="Sihanaka (volk)">Sihanaka</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tanala_(volk)" title="Tanala (volk)">Tanala</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tsimihety" title="Tsimihety">Tsimihety</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vezo" title="Vezo">Vezo</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zafimaniry" title="Zafimaniry">Zafimaniry</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zafisoro" title="Zafisoro">Zafisoro</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>Overig:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Indi%C3%ABrs_in_Madagaskar" title="Indiërs in Madagaskar">Karana (Indiërs)</a> · <a href="/wiki/Makoa" title="Makoa">Makoa (Mozambikanen)</a> · <a href="/wiki/Chinezen_in_Madagaskar" title="Chinezen in Madagaskar">Sinoa (Chinezen)</a> · <a href="/wiki/Europeanen_in_Madagaskar" title="Europeanen in Madagaskar">Vazaha (Europeanen)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67837862" /> <div class="navigatie" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Afrikaanse_Unie"> <div class="navigatie-afb-links noviewer"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/53px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/70px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="navigatie-bewerken show-autoconfirmed nomobile"><span class="nowrap skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Navigatie_Afrikaanse_Unie" title="Sjabloon:Navigatie Afrikaanse Unie"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> · <span class="ui-state-disabled" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Overleg sjabloon (de pagina bestaat niet)"><img alt="Overleg sjabloon (de pagina bestaat niet)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> · <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Navigatie_Afrikaanse_Unie&action=edit" title="Sjabloon bewerken"><img alt="Sjabloon bewerken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Afrikaanse_Unie" class="navigatie-titel"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaanse_Unie" title="Afrikaanse Unie">Afrikaanse Unie</a></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67785531" /><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="links" style=""><b>Lidstaten:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Algerije" title="Algerije">Algerije</a> · <a href="/wiki/Angola_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Angola (hoofdbetekenis)">Angola</a> · <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> · <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> · <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> · <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Centraal-Afrikaanse_Republiek" title="Centraal-Afrikaanse Republiek">Centraal-Afrikaanse Republiek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Comoren_(land)" title="Comoren (land)">Comoren</a> · <a href="/wiki/Congo-Brazzaville" title="Congo-Brazzaville">Congo-Brazzaville</a> · <a href="/wiki/Congo-Kinshasa" title="Congo-Kinshasa">Congo-Kinshasa</a> · <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(land)" title="Djibouti (land)">Djibouti</a> · <a href="/wiki/Egypte_(land)" title="Egypte (land)">Egypte</a> · <a href="/wiki/Equatoriaal-Guinea" title="Equatoriaal-Guinea">Equatoriaal-Guinea</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ethiopi%C3%AB" title="Ethiopië">Ethiopië</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gambia_(land)" title="Gambia (land)">Gambia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> · <a href="/wiki/Guinee" title="Guinee">Guinee</a> · <a href="/wiki/Guinee-Bissau" title="Guinee-Bissau">Guinee-Bissau</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ivoorkust" title="Ivoorkust">Ivoorkust</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kaapverdi%C3%AB" title="Kaapverdië">Kaapverdië</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kameroen" title="Kameroen">Kameroen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia">Kenia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> · <a href="/wiki/Liberia_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberia (hoofdbetekenis)">Liberia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Libi%C3%AB" title="Libië">Libië</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madagaskar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> · <a href="/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko">Marokko</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mauritani%C3%AB" title="Mauritanië">Mauritanië</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mauritius_(land)" title="Mauritius (land)">Mauritius</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> · <a href="/wiki/Namibi%C3%AB" title="Namibië">Namibië</a> · <a href="/wiki/Niger_(land)" title="Niger (land)">Niger</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nigeria_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigeria (hoofdbetekenis)">Nigeria</a> · <a href="/wiki/Oeganda" title="Oeganda">Oeganda</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arabische_Democratische_Republiek" title="Sahrawi Arabische Democratische Republiek">Sahrawi Arabische Democratische Republiek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sao_Tom%C3%A9_en_Principe" title="Sao Tomé en Principe">Sao Tomé en Principe</a> · <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Seychellen" title="Seychellen">Seychellen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> · <a href="/wiki/Somali%C3%AB" title="Somalië">Somalië</a> · <a href="/wiki/Soedan_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soedan (hoofdbetekenis)">Soedan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Swaziland" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad">Tsjaad</a> · <a href="/wiki/Togo_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Togo (hoofdbetekenis)">Togo</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tunesi%C3%AB" title="Tunesië">Tunesië</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zuid-Afrika" title="Zuid-Afrika">Zuid-Afrika</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zuid-Soedan" title="Zuid-Soedan">Zuid-Soedan</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>Organen:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Afrikaans_Parlement" title="Pan-Afrikaans Parlement">Parlement</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>REG's:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Unie_van_de_Arabische_Maghreb" title="Unie van de Arabische Maghreb">AMU</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gemeenschappelijke_Markt_voor_Oostelijk_en_Zuidelijk_Afrika" title="Gemeenschappelijke Markt voor Oostelijk en Zuidelijk Afrika">COMESA</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemeenschap_van_Sahel-Saharastaten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gemeenschap van Sahel-Saharastaten (de pagina bestaat niet)">CEN-SAD</a> · <a href="/wiki/Oost-Afrikaanse_Gemeenschap" title="Oost-Afrikaanse Gemeenschap">EAC</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economische_Gemeenschap_van_Centraal-Afrikaanse_Staten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economische Gemeenschap van Centraal-Afrikaanse Staten (de pagina bestaat niet)">ECCAS</a> · <a href="/wiki/Economische_Gemeenschap_van_West-Afrikaanse_Staten" title="Economische Gemeenschap van West-Afrikaanse Staten">ECOWAS</a> · <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Authority_on_Development" title="Intergovernmental Authority on Development">IGAD</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ontwikkelingsgemeenschap_van_Zuidelijk_Afrika" title="Ontwikkelingsgemeenschap van Zuidelijk Afrika">SADC</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>Economie:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Afrikaanse_Vrijhandelszone" title="Pan-Afrikaanse Vrijhandelszone">AfCFTA</a> · <a href="/wiki/Afrikaanse_Ontwikkelingsbank" title="Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsbank">AOB</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development (de pagina bestaat niet)">NEPAD</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67837862" /> <div class="navigatie" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Landen_in_Afrika"> <div class="navigatie-afb-links noviewer"><div class="navigatie-bewerken show-autoconfirmed nomobile"><span class="nowrap skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Navigatie_landen_Afrika" title="Sjabloon:Navigatie landen Afrika"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> · <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nl:Overleg_sjabloon:Navigatie_landen_Afrika" title="Overleg sjabloon"><img alt="Overleg sjabloon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> · <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Navigatie_landen_Afrika&action=edit" title="Sjabloon bewerken"><img alt="Sjabloon bewerken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Landen_in_Afrika" class="navigatie-titel">Landen in <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud"> <p><a href="/wiki/Algerije" title="Algerije">Algerije</a> · <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> · <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> · <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> · <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> · <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Centraal-Afrikaanse_Republiek" title="Centraal-Afrikaanse Republiek">Centraal-Afrikaanse Republiek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Comoren_(land)" title="Comoren (land)">Comoren</a> · <a href="/wiki/Congo-Brazzaville" title="Congo-Brazzaville">Congo-Brazzaville</a> · <a href="/wiki/Congo-Kinshasa" title="Congo-Kinshasa">Congo-Kinshasa</a> · <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(land)" title="Djibouti (land)">Djibouti</a> · <a href="/wiki/Egypte_(land)" title="Egypte (land)">Egypte</a> · <a href="/wiki/Equatoriaal-Guinea" title="Equatoriaal-Guinea">Equatoriaal-Guinea</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ethiopi%C3%AB" title="Ethiopië">Ethiopië</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gambia_(land)" title="Gambia (land)">Gambia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> · <a href="/wiki/Guinee" title="Guinee">Guinee</a> · <a href="/wiki/Guinee-Bissau" title="Guinee-Bissau">Guinee-Bissau</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ivoorkust" title="Ivoorkust">Ivoorkust</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kaapverdi%C3%AB" title="Kaapverdië">Kaapverdië</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kameroen" title="Kameroen">Kameroen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia">Kenia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> · <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Libi%C3%AB" title="Libië">Libië</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madagaskar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> · <a href="/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko">Marokko</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mauritani%C3%AB" title="Mauritanië">Mauritanië</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mauritius_(land)" title="Mauritius (land)">Mauritius</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> · <a href="/wiki/Namibi%C3%AB" title="Namibië">Namibië</a> · <a href="/wiki/Niger_(land)" title="Niger (land)">Niger</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> · <a href="/wiki/Oeganda" title="Oeganda">Oeganda</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sao_Tom%C3%A9_en_Principe" title="Sao Tomé en Principe">Sao Tomé en Principe</a> · <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Seychellen" title="Seychellen">Seychellen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> · <a href="/wiki/Soedan" title="Soedan">Soedan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Somali%C3%AB" title="Somalië">Somalië</a> · <a href="/wiki/Swaziland" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> · <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad">Tsjaad</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tunesi%C3%AB" title="Tunesië">Tunesië</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zuid-Afrika" title="Zuid-Afrika">Zuid-Afrika</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zuid-Soedan" title="Zuid-Soedan">Zuid-Soedan</a> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67785531" /><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="links" style=""><b>Frans overzees departement:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> · <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>Overzees gebied van het Verenigd Koninkrijk:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Sint-Helena,_Ascension_en_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Sint-Helena, Ascension en Tristan da Cunha">Sint-Helena, Ascension en Tristan da Cunha</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>Overige gebieden:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Westelijke_Sahara" title="Westelijke Sahara">Westelijke Sahara</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Madagascar#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" 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