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class="data">1</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-coauthors" data-broccoli-component="user-info.coauthors-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-coauthors"><p class="label">Co-author</p><p class="data">1</p></div></a><div class="js-mentions-count-container" style="display: none;"><a href="/NgaireWoods/mentions"><div class="stat-container"><p class="label">Mentions</p><p class="data"></p></div></a></div><span><div class="stat-container"><p class="label"><span class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div><div class="user-bio-container"><div class="profile-bio fake-truncate js-profile-about" style="margin: 0px;"><b>Address: </b>Oxford, England, United Kingdom<br /><div class="js-profile-less-about u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarker u-textDecorationUnderline u-displayNone">less</div></div></div><div class="suggested-academics-container"><div 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href="https://www.academia.edu/125926482/Global_economic_governance_after_the_2008_crisis_A_new_action_plan_for_the_reform_of_global_economic_governance"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Global economic governance after the 2008 crisis: A new action plan for the reform of global economic governance" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119884093/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926482/Global_economic_governance_after_the_2008_crisis_A_new_action_plan_for_the_reform_of_global_economic_governance">Global economic governance after the 2008 crisis: A new action plan for the reform of global economic governance</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The 2008 banking failures in the UK and the United States reshaped global economic governance. Th...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The 2008 banking failures in the UK and the United States reshaped global economic governance. The aftershocks of the financial crisis exposed the need for global agencies which could rapidly allocate resources to prevent countries collapsing. Equally highlighted was the need for more inclusive institutions, drawing in major emerging economies to provide resources and agree upon institutional reform.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="89df59a629ba47429b10825e6045b50f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119884093,"asset_id":125926482,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119884093/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125926482"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125926482"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125926482; 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Ngaire Woods Reviews the Response of Multilateral Groupings and International Financial Institutions to the Financial Crisis and Finds Troubling Shortcomings" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926481/Global_Crisis_Global_Response_Ngaire_Woods_Reviews_the_Response_of_Multilateral_Groupings_and_International_Financial_Institutions_to_the_Financial_Crisis_and_Finds_Troubling_Shortcomings">Global Crisis: Global Response? Ngaire Woods Reviews the Response of Multilateral Groupings and International Financial Institutions to the Financial Crisis and Finds Troubling Shortcomings</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>New Zealand International Review</span><span>, Nov 1, 2009</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125926481"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125926481"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125926481; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125926481]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125926481]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125926481; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='125926481']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=125926481]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":125926481,"title":"Global Crisis: Global Response? 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="125926480"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926480/Rethinking_aid_coordination"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Rethinking aid coordination" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119884092/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926480/Rethinking_aid_coordination">Rethinking aid coordination</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Prince, UN agencies and international NGOs had established "taskspecific cluster groups to improv...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Prince, UN agencies and international NGOs had established "taskspecific cluster groups to improve communication across operating agencies, discuss specific needs, and coordinate activities in order to avoid overlap and maximize outreach and coverage of a response." 9 There were daily discussions with the government but the government was very clearly not "in charge". 10 HAITI: Technical Meeting on Aid Coordination and Budget Support, Friday</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="aa0abbab5b2bfdd402c6379bf13977b3" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119884092,"asset_id":125926480,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119884092/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125926480"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125926480"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125926480; 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The G20 and Global Governance" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926476/14_The_G20_and_Global_Governance">14. The G20 and Global Governance</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Columbia University Press eBooks</span><span>, Dec 31, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125926476"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125926476"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125926476; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125926476]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125926476]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125926476; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='125926476']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=125926476]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":125926476,"title":"14. The G20 and Global Governance","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/125926476/14_The_G20_and_Global_Governance","owner_id":22951689,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":22951689,"first_name":"Ngaire","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Woods","page_name":"NgaireWoods","domain_name":"oxford","created_at":"2014-12-05T06:19:36.080-08:00","display_name":"Ngaire Woods","url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/NgaireWoods","email":"NFRrTXBhSk5zalpQWnA0QmNzYURaNU4zWjNJSCtJV2t6ZlYwYUFydmdUMlBCWlN3eDdCNzA1dU9vYkNHU3VWRS0tb0xTckdvUmxmdmVZWXhFczhvZUZUdz09--3885e62f07c26c25be757e5da63ff33fd7174717"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="125926473"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926473/Understanding_Pathways_Through_Financial_Crises_and_the_Impact_of_the_IMF_An_Introduction"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Understanding Pathways Through Financial Crises and the Impact of the IMF: An Introduction" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926473/Understanding_Pathways_Through_Financial_Crises_and_the_Impact_of_the_IMF_An_Introduction">Understanding Pathways Through Financial Crises and the Impact of the IMF: An Introduction</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations</span><span>, Aug 3, 2006</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">... of Russia), Gill Marcus (former deputy finance minister and deputy central bank governor of S...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">... of Russia), Gill Marcus (former deputy finance minister and deputy central bank governor of South Africa), and Rizal Ramli (former coordinating ... with the IMF can be useful for policymakers wish-ing to undertake unpopular decisions.12 Furthermore, there is some evi-dence that ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125926473"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125926473"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125926473; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="125926468"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926468/The_United_States_and_the_International_Financial_Institutions_Power_and_Influence_Within_the_World_Bank_and_the_IMF"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The United States and the International Financial Institutions: Power and Influence Within the World Bank and the IMF" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119884112/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926468/The_United_States_and_the_International_Financial_Institutions_Power_and_Influence_Within_the_World_Bank_and_the_IMF">The United States and the International Financial Institutions: Power and Influence Within the World Bank and the IMF</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Oxford University Press eBooks</span><span>, Feb 27, 2003</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The United States enjoys a special position in the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Worl...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The United States enjoys a special position in the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. When the institutions were created, their structure, location, and mandate were all pretty much determined by the United States. 1 The United States had just over a third of the voting power in each institution. 2 No drawing from the IMF was approved without US agreement first being made clear. 3 These observations suggest that the US was set to play a dominant role in the institutions. Yet neither the Fund nor the Bank can be cast as a mere instrument of US policy. To some extent the institutions were created in order to propound and enforce US-supported aims and policies around the world. It is also true that the Fund and the Bank exist because their 'neutral and apparently technical advice may be less offensive to national sentiments than direct intervention by the United States', in the case of the World Bank 'sparing the USA the unsavory epithets of. .. "aid with strings", "arm-twisting political pressures" etc.'. 4 However, if the organizations had absolutely no autonomy, they would be redundant, for they would have no greater legitimacy or mobilizing power than government agencies of the US. The very creation of multilateral organizations reflects the fact that, in order to propound a vision of the global economy, the participation of a large number of states in the world is required. Such participation in turn requires that a wide range of countries believe in the institutions' legitimacy: that they perceive the institutions to proffer a particular technical expertise as well as a certain degree of independence, a genuinely international character, and actions which are rule-based rather than reflecting US discretionary judgements. Susan Strange once described multilateral institutions serving either as 'instruments of the structural strategy and foreign policy of the dominant state or states' or to provide necessary public goods: 'allowing states to enjoy the political luxury of national autonomy</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="14bddd726d68d2f796c764e3eb60316c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119884112,"asset_id":125926468,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119884112/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125926468"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125926468"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125926468; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="125926464"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926464/Good_Governance_in_International_Organizations"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Good Governance in International Organizations" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119884105/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926464/Good_Governance_in_International_Organizations">Good Governance in International Organizations</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations</span><span>, Jul 19, 1999</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Since the early 1990s many international institutions have been urging governments to conform to ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Since the early 1990s many international institutions have been urging governments to conform to standards of `good governance'. Yet the same institutions have been rather slow in applying equivalent standards to their own structures and decision-making processes. In this paper I examine what this would mean. I argue that principles of participation, accountability, and fairness can be applied broadly to global civil society, but that they ought equally be applied to relations among states within international organizations. Using illustrations drawn from the experience of a number of institutions (the Inter-American and African Development Banks, the UN Security Council, the GATT/WTO, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the Global Environment Facility, and the European Union), I explore the tensions and trade-offs which arise in trying to ensure full participation and accountability. I conclude that neither formal structures of representation nor consensus decision-making necessarily enhance good governance. Rather, institutions need to focus on adequately representing different categories of stake-holders, and implementing voting and decision-making rules which better ensure transparency and accountability. GOOD GOVERNANCE IN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Good governance moved onto the agenda of many international organizations at the end of the Cold War when calls for democracy and better government became louder and as expectations were heightened as to what international organizations might do to further this aim. Many multilateral agencies took up the summons-from the United Nations, to multilateral development banks-and are now part of a chorus of voices urging governments across the world to heed higher standards of democratic representation, accountability and transparency. Much more slowly, multilateral organizations have begun to question what `good governance' means for the way in which they themselves are structured and make and implement decisions. They have been very slow to set down a standard for themselves-and indeed there is little precedent in the international system for doing so. To quote the former Secretary General of the United Nations: `democracy has not</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e971ed59f75b3cc5f4930ad053ff3a91" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119884105,"asset_id":125926464,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119884105/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125926464"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125926464"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125926464; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125926464]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125926464]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125926464; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='125926464']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e971ed59f75b3cc5f4930ad053ff3a91" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=125926464]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":125926464,"title":"Good Governance in International Organizations","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Lynne Rienner Publishers","ai_abstract":"This paper examines the concept of good governance in the context of international organizations, focusing particularly on the principles that guide relations among states (international governance) versus the broader interactions involving individuals and groups (global governance). It discusses the emergence of the good governance agenda since the late 1980s and its implications for enhancing institutional capacities within these organizations, while identifying examples of various institutions facing governance challenges. Ultimately, the findings highlight the necessity for improved governance structures to tackle contemporary global issues.","ai_title_tag":"Applying Good Governance to International Bodies","grobid_abstract":"Since the early 1990s many international institutions have been urging governments to conform to standards of `good governance'. Yet the same institutions have been rather slow in applying equivalent standards to their own structures and decision-making processes. In this paper I examine what this would mean. I argue that principles of participation, accountability, and fairness can be applied broadly to global civil society, but that they ought equally be applied to relations among states within international organizations. Using illustrations drawn from the experience of a number of institutions (the Inter-American and African Development Banks, the UN Security Council, the GATT/WTO, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the Global Environment Facility, and the European Union), I explore the tensions and trade-offs which arise in trying to ensure full participation and accountability. I conclude that neither formal structures of representation nor consensus decision-making necessarily enhance good governance. Rather, institutions need to focus on adequately representing different categories of stake-holders, and implementing voting and decision-making rules which better ensure transparency and accountability. GOOD GOVERNANCE IN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Good governance moved onto the agenda of many international organizations at the end of the Cold War when calls for democracy and better government became louder and as expectations were heightened as to what international organizations might do to further this aim. Many multilateral agencies took up the summons-from the United Nations, to multilateral development banks-and are now part of a chorus of voices urging governments across the world to heed higher standards of democratic representation, accountability and transparency. Much more slowly, multilateral organizations have begun to question what `good governance' means for the way in which they themselves are structured and make and implement decisions. They have been very slow to set down a standard for themselves-and indeed there is little precedent in the international system for doing so. To quote the former Secretary General of the United Nations: `democracy has not","publication_date":{"day":19,"month":7,"year":1999,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":119884105},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/125926464/Good_Governance_in_International_Organizations","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-11-28T23:28:44.188-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":22951689,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":119884105,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119884105/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"37f1b91e5a611f9e0bc38baf37b010a65d5f.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119884105/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Good_Governance_in_International_Organiz.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/119884105/37f1b91e5a611f9e0bc38baf37b010a65d5f-libre.pdf?1732870136=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGood_Governance_in_International_Organiz.pdf\u0026Expires=1738788176\u0026Signature=DjMqAJs6CyiErLvc5ISIqWJo~ZTIxU0z58~gqM8OLDf1MO6Va1wRcWXEkYGXOSYMMSKpExsBGGRZSWYzIN8uQ7FvLibUOXWbm13-ZkNQkt6fEgRwiJte0nq7~bt88YHcJf1YXELQOTtkoi-lMC3fLpupc0k8QH-K6CrK2zqrAM6V09uBVH9X6FO8OHxDfJEkbWqVViVC-DHOwPwgpPPplZ0G4OrN~milv2nGNfsHiYASZA-mkSW9y~tFBLKhUq42RLMH-YWtRpDNU7ZsRLrDYi1pnegOyJ6nNyJFOuDAX9BJljohBjmA1p2KwYU5-Ckwsw85rqCStxMehf66aUG9KQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Good_Governance_in_International_Organizations","translated_slug":"","page_count":23,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Since the early 1990s many international institutions have been urging governments to conform to standards of `good governance'. Yet the same institutions have been rather slow in applying equivalent standards to their own structures and decision-making processes. In this paper I examine what this would mean. I argue that principles of participation, accountability, and fairness can be applied broadly to global civil society, but that they ought equally be applied to relations among states within international organizations. Using illustrations drawn from the experience of a number of institutions (the Inter-American and African Development Banks, the UN Security Council, the GATT/WTO, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the Global Environment Facility, and the European Union), I explore the tensions and trade-offs which arise in trying to ensure full participation and accountability. I conclude that neither formal structures of representation nor consensus decision-making necessarily enhance good governance. Rather, institutions need to focus on adequately representing different categories of stake-holders, and implementing voting and decision-making rules which better ensure transparency and accountability. GOOD GOVERNANCE IN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Good governance moved onto the agenda of many international organizations at the end of the Cold War when calls for democracy and better government became louder and as expectations were heightened as to what international organizations might do to further this aim. Many multilateral agencies took up the summons-from the United Nations, to multilateral development banks-and are now part of a chorus of voices urging governments across the world to heed higher standards of democratic representation, accountability and transparency. Much more slowly, multilateral organizations have begun to question what `good governance' means for the way in which they themselves are structured and make and implement decisions. They have been very slow to set down a standard for themselves-and indeed there is little precedent in the international system for doing so. To quote the former Secretary General of the United Nations: `democracy has not","owner":{"id":22951689,"first_name":"Ngaire","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Woods","page_name":"NgaireWoods","domain_name":"oxford","created_at":"2014-12-05T06:19:36.080-08:00","display_name":"Ngaire Woods","url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/NgaireWoods"},"attachments":[{"id":119884105,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119884105/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"37f1b91e5a611f9e0bc38baf37b010a65d5f.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119884105/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Good_Governance_in_International_Organiz.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/119884105/37f1b91e5a611f9e0bc38baf37b010a65d5f-libre.pdf?1732870136=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGood_Governance_in_International_Organiz.pdf\u0026Expires=1738788176\u0026Signature=DjMqAJs6CyiErLvc5ISIqWJo~ZTIxU0z58~gqM8OLDf1MO6Va1wRcWXEkYGXOSYMMSKpExsBGGRZSWYzIN8uQ7FvLibUOXWbm13-ZkNQkt6fEgRwiJte0nq7~bt88YHcJf1YXELQOTtkoi-lMC3fLpupc0k8QH-K6CrK2zqrAM6V09uBVH9X6FO8OHxDfJEkbWqVViVC-DHOwPwgpPPplZ0G4OrN~milv2nGNfsHiYASZA-mkSW9y~tFBLKhUq42RLMH-YWtRpDNU7ZsRLrDYi1pnegOyJ6nNyJFOuDAX9BJljohBjmA1p2KwYU5-Ckwsw85rqCStxMehf66aUG9KQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business"},{"id":3660,"name":"Global Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Governance"},{"id":4167,"name":"Corporate Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corporate_Governance"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science"},{"id":73149,"name":"Business and Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_and_Management"},{"id":380315,"name":"Public Administration and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Administration_and_Policy"}],"urls":[{"id":45833579,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163/19426720-005-01-90000003"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="125926458"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926458/12_Governance_Matters_The_IMF_and_Sub_Saharan_Africa"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of 12 Governance Matters: The IMF and Sub‐Saharan Africa" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926458/12_Governance_Matters_The_IMF_and_Sub_Saharan_Africa">12 Governance Matters: The IMF and Sub‐Saharan Africa</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Oxford University Press eBooks</span><span>, Jun 25, 2009</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This chapter examines the IMF&amp;#39;s relationship with Sub-Saharan Africa, explaining the poli...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This chapter examines the IMF&amp;#39;s relationship with Sub-Saharan Africa, explaining the political pressures which have shaped the Fund&amp;#39;s engagement with countries on the continent. It explores the way powerful donor countries have affected this relationship from both within and from outside the IMF, as well as non-governmental organizations. Within these political forces, the IMF has struggled to shape economic programs for its borrowing members. Equally challenging for the institution has been negotiating politics within borrowing countries. As a result the institution faces two powerful ongoing challenges: reconciling greater ‘ownership’ by its low-income borrowers with the mission defined by its most powerful shareholders; and working out the relationship of its work to that of the World Bank and other institutions in an increasingly complex aid architecture.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125926458"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125926458"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125926458; 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="125926452"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926452/Holding_Intergovernmental_Institutions_to_Account"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Holding Intergovernmental Institutions to Account" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119884098/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926452/Holding_Intergovernmental_Institutions_to_Account">Holding Intergovernmental Institutions to Account</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Ethics & International Affairs</span><span>, Mar 1, 2003</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="963527696f3525b1e83ca77b0f6e6a62" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119884098,"asset_id":125926452,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119884098/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125926452"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125926452"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125926452; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125926452]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125926452]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125926452; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='125926452']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="125926448"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926448/Making_corporate_self_regulation_effective_in_developing_countries"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Making corporate self-regulation effective in developing countries" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119884061/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926448/Making_corporate_self_regulation_effective_in_developing_countries">Making corporate self-regulation effective in developing countries</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>World Development</span><span>, May 1, 2006</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">He is researching the social and environmental regulation of multinational corporations, focussin...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">He is researching the social and environmental regulation of multinational corporations, focussing on the role of the World Bank Group as a standard-setter for major extractive industries projects. David holds an MPhil in international relations and a BA with first class honours in Politics, Philosophy and Economics, both from the University of Oxford. He is Junior Dean of University College.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bbd26c5dca09a3545bdf1b0db5520cdf" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119884061,"asset_id":125926448,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119884061/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125926448"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125926448"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125926448; 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Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000, 320 pp</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Relations of the Asia-Pacific</span><span>, Feb 1, 2003</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125926440"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125926440"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125926440; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125926440]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125926440]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125926440; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='125926440']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=125926440]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":125926440,"title":"Ruling the World: Power Politics and the Rise of Supranational Institutions. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="117764658"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/117764658/Improving_health_aid_for_a_better_planet_The_planning_monitoring_and_evaluation_tool_PLANET_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Improving health aid for a better planet: The planning, monitoring and evaluation tool (PLANET)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113541753/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/117764658/Improving_health_aid_for_a_better_planet_The_planning_monitoring_and_evaluation_tool_PLANET_">Improving health aid for a better planet: The planning, monitoring and evaluation tool (PLANET)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Global Health</span><span>, Aug 19, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Background International development assistance for health (DAH) quadrupled between 1990 and 2012...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Background International development assistance for health (DAH) quadrupled between 1990 and 2012, from US$ 5.6 billion to US$ 28.1 billion. This generates an increasing need for transparent and replicable tools that could be used to set investment priorities, monitor the distribution of funding in real time, and evaluate the impact of those investments. Methods In this paper we present a methodology that addresses these three challenges. We call this approach PLANET, which stands for planning, monitoring and evaluation tool. Fundamentally, PLANET is based on crowdsourcing approach to obtaining information relevant to deployment of large-scale programs. Information is contributed in real time by a diverse group of participants involved in the program delivery. Findings PLANET relies on real-time information from three levels of participants in large-scale programs: funders, managers and recipients. At each level, information is solicited to assess five key risks that are most relevant to each level of operations. The risks at the level of funders involve systematic neglect of certain areas, focus on donor' s interests over that of program recipients, ineffective coordination between donors, questionable mechanisms of delivery and excessive loss of funding to "middle men". At the level of managers, the risks are corruption, lack of capacity and/or competence, lack of information and /or communication, undue avoidance of governmental structures / preference to non-governmental organizations and exclusion of local expertise. At the level of primary recipients, the risks are corruption, parallel operations / "verticalization", misalignment with local priorities and lack of community involvement, issues with ethics, equity and/or acceptability, and low likelihood of sustainability beyond the end of the program' s implementation. Interpretation PLANET is intended as an additional tool available to policy-makers to prioritize, monitor and evaluate large-scale development programs. In this, it should complement tools such as LiST (for health care/interventions), EQUIST (for health care/interventions) and CHNRI (for health research), which also rely on information from local experts and on local context to set priorities in a transparent, userfriendly, replicable, quantifiable and specific, algorithmic-like manner.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4a38ac9fcffa7f4d82415f9c64d3df1c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":113541753,"asset_id":117764658,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113541753/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="117764658"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="117764658"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 117764658; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=117764658]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=117764658]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 117764658; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='117764658']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "4a38ac9fcffa7f4d82415f9c64d3df1c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=117764658]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":117764658,"title":"Improving health aid for a better planet: The planning, monitoring and evaluation tool (PLANET)","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Edinburgh University Global Health Society","ai_title_tag":"PLANET: A Tool for Health Aid Evaluation","grobid_abstract":"Background International development assistance for health (DAH) quadrupled between 1990 and 2012, from US$ 5.6 billion to US$ 28.1 billion. This generates an increasing need for transparent and replicable tools that could be used to set investment priorities, monitor the distribution of funding in real time, and evaluate the impact of those investments. Methods In this paper we present a methodology that addresses these three challenges. We call this approach PLANET, which stands for planning, monitoring and evaluation tool. Fundamentally, PLANET is based on crowdsourcing approach to obtaining information relevant to deployment of large-scale programs. Information is contributed in real time by a diverse group of participants involved in the program delivery. Findings PLANET relies on real-time information from three levels of participants in large-scale programs: funders, managers and recipients. At each level, information is solicited to assess five key risks that are most relevant to each level of operations. The risks at the level of funders involve systematic neglect of certain areas, focus on donor' s interests over that of program recipients, ineffective coordination between donors, questionable mechanisms of delivery and excessive loss of funding to \"middle men\". At the level of managers, the risks are corruption, lack of capacity and/or competence, lack of information and /or communication, undue avoidance of governmental structures / preference to non-governmental organizations and exclusion of local expertise. At the level of primary recipients, the risks are corruption, parallel operations / \"verticalization\", misalignment with local priorities and lack of community involvement, issues with ethics, equity and/or acceptability, and low likelihood of sustainability beyond the end of the program' s implementation. Interpretation PLANET is intended as an additional tool available to policy-makers to prioritize, monitor and evaluate large-scale development programs. In this, it should complement tools such as LiST (for health care/interventions), EQUIST (for health care/interventions) and CHNRI (for health research), which also rely on information from local experts and on local context to set priorities in a transparent, userfriendly, replicable, quantifiable and specific, algorithmic-like manner.","publication_date":{"day":19,"month":8,"year":2015,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Global Health","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":113541753},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/117764658/Improving_health_aid_for_a_better_planet_The_planning_monitoring_and_evaluation_tool_PLANET_","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-04-20T01:05:00.554-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":22951689,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":113541753,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113541753/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"jogh.05.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113541753/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Improving_health_aid_for_a_better_planet.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/113541753/jogh.05-libre.pdf?1713616155=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DImproving_health_aid_for_a_better_planet.pdf\u0026Expires=1738788176\u0026Signature=YiHZwUigMYnTuletK~RexIyqRv2RhGZQR-9AHrAPDB4A3dAw20dqCm-u77EMCQiGr2T9HbQlAlbT03HaRn4c7ruTvqHbTap4XV~ItdmbGzbPSST49a-S5ag7xXPuc5hyWuTxv8omG2UVnUNQZjQX5Kcn0IMYJIvUVgxZHFlexcQhFVEuCrVnjIwrydtnlfrKlnZLOIR64iR3iJ5MJ6DkbHgdoV-aFBukg1H-L7XZkOk0pVQ~g-3a738ZA9rkIsHodG34pJLoFnBzlJsJEaZsjNnANKGkYZCyd1AGAysRBT9kvPLDUuK9dwPybuGuGQLCiVi-NgQv3pM7LHg1RAwR1Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Improving_health_aid_for_a_better_planet_The_planning_monitoring_and_evaluation_tool_PLANET_","translated_slug":"","page_count":12,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Background International development assistance for health (DAH) quadrupled between 1990 and 2012, from US$ 5.6 billion to US$ 28.1 billion. This generates an increasing need for transparent and replicable tools that could be used to set investment priorities, monitor the distribution of funding in real time, and evaluate the impact of those investments. Methods In this paper we present a methodology that addresses these three challenges. We call this approach PLANET, which stands for planning, monitoring and evaluation tool. Fundamentally, PLANET is based on crowdsourcing approach to obtaining information relevant to deployment of large-scale programs. Information is contributed in real time by a diverse group of participants involved in the program delivery. Findings PLANET relies on real-time information from three levels of participants in large-scale programs: funders, managers and recipients. At each level, information is solicited to assess five key risks that are most relevant to each level of operations. The risks at the level of funders involve systematic neglect of certain areas, focus on donor' s interests over that of program recipients, ineffective coordination between donors, questionable mechanisms of delivery and excessive loss of funding to \"middle men\". At the level of managers, the risks are corruption, lack of capacity and/or competence, lack of information and /or communication, undue avoidance of governmental structures / preference to non-governmental organizations and exclusion of local expertise. At the level of primary recipients, the risks are corruption, parallel operations / \"verticalization\", misalignment with local priorities and lack of community involvement, issues with ethics, equity and/or acceptability, and low likelihood of sustainability beyond the end of the program' s implementation. Interpretation PLANET is intended as an additional tool available to policy-makers to prioritize, monitor and evaluate large-scale development programs. In this, it should complement tools such as LiST (for health care/interventions), EQUIST (for health care/interventions) and CHNRI (for health research), which also rely on information from local experts and on local context to set priorities in a transparent, userfriendly, replicable, quantifiable and specific, algorithmic-like manner.","owner":{"id":22951689,"first_name":"Ngaire","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Woods","page_name":"NgaireWoods","domain_name":"oxford","created_at":"2014-12-05T06:19:36.080-08:00","display_name":"Ngaire Woods","url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/NgaireWoods"},"attachments":[{"id":113541753,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113541753/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"jogh.05.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113541753/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Improving_health_aid_for_a_better_planet.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/113541753/jogh.05-libre.pdf?1713616155=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DImproving_health_aid_for_a_better_planet.pdf\u0026Expires=1738788176\u0026Signature=YiHZwUigMYnTuletK~RexIyqRv2RhGZQR-9AHrAPDB4A3dAw20dqCm-u77EMCQiGr2T9HbQlAlbT03HaRn4c7ruTvqHbTap4XV~ItdmbGzbPSST49a-S5ag7xXPuc5hyWuTxv8omG2UVnUNQZjQX5Kcn0IMYJIvUVgxZHFlexcQhFVEuCrVnjIwrydtnlfrKlnZLOIR64iR3iJ5MJ6DkbHgdoV-aFBukg1H-L7XZkOk0pVQ~g-3a738ZA9rkIsHodG34pJLoFnBzlJsJEaZsjNnANKGkYZCyd1AGAysRBT9kvPLDUuK9dwPybuGuGQLCiVi-NgQv3pM7LHg1RAwR1Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":113541754,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113541754/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"jogh.05.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113541754/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Improving_health_aid_for_a_better_planet.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/113541754/jogh.05-libre.pdf?1713616156=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DImproving_health_aid_for_a_better_planet.pdf\u0026Expires=1738788176\u0026Signature=DWV8G156-b0tpj6ZySAV1qTIiOLCmXFTC7uYj8X2~HGfrim~4srxZ4iJzRBTWzDRvCXuLGDJXAUOct179UH18o2l~5YnCJu9UDtmDq8pepX6WT9vcwdwmIXVPngmHt7oo6Q3tyEaJrwont2CfoheFgQiZjCrlzYN1ghMVd3HZD4o21R8RrY7DVABaEVG5aGMnPP3JjvDX2YgWltqZb7ndEeFjRQejL0I1SanyLxXP1OAGr3-gfsl0lwEdu-zKeXlWZUW2j2EZrdBdhK~roG0cBC88J3oBzj3AknLVVqlwFGwO941-JmxaaGczBmucBKOaS5G~Z43BywpnTMWYqKAiA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4990,"name":"Global Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Health"},{"id":16288,"name":"Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"}],"urls":[{"id":41242347,"url":"https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.05.020404"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="117764657"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/117764657/Whose_aid_Whose_influence_China_emerging_donors_and_the_silent_revolution_in_development_assistance"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Whose aid? 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China, emerging donors and the silent revolution in development assistance</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Affairs</span><span>, Nov 1, 2008</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The world of development assistance is being shaken by the power shift occurring across the globa...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The world of development assistance is being shaken by the power shift occurring across the global economy. Emerging economies are quietly beginning to change the rules of the game. 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="125926482"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926482/Global_economic_governance_after_the_2008_crisis_A_new_action_plan_for_the_reform_of_global_economic_governance"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Global economic governance after the 2008 crisis: A new action plan for the reform of global economic governance" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119884093/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926482/Global_economic_governance_after_the_2008_crisis_A_new_action_plan_for_the_reform_of_global_economic_governance">Global economic governance after the 2008 crisis: A new action plan for the reform of global economic governance</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The 2008 banking failures in the UK and the United States reshaped global economic governance. Th...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The 2008 banking failures in the UK and the United States reshaped global economic governance. The aftershocks of the financial crisis exposed the need for global agencies which could rapidly allocate resources to prevent countries collapsing. Equally highlighted was the need for more inclusive institutions, drawing in major emerging economies to provide resources and agree upon institutional reform.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="89df59a629ba47429b10825e6045b50f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119884093,"asset_id":125926482,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119884093/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125926482"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125926482"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125926482; 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Ngaire Woods Reviews the Response of Multilateral Groupings and International Financial Institutions to the Financial Crisis and Finds Troubling Shortcomings" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926481/Global_Crisis_Global_Response_Ngaire_Woods_Reviews_the_Response_of_Multilateral_Groupings_and_International_Financial_Institutions_to_the_Financial_Crisis_and_Finds_Troubling_Shortcomings">Global Crisis: Global Response? Ngaire Woods Reviews the Response of Multilateral Groupings and International Financial Institutions to the Financial Crisis and Finds Troubling Shortcomings</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>New Zealand International Review</span><span>, Nov 1, 2009</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125926481"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125926481"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125926481; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125926481]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125926481]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125926481; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='125926481']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=125926481]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":125926481,"title":"Global Crisis: Global Response? 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="125926480"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926480/Rethinking_aid_coordination"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Rethinking aid coordination" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119884092/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926480/Rethinking_aid_coordination">Rethinking aid coordination</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Prince, UN agencies and international NGOs had established "taskspecific cluster groups to improv...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Prince, UN agencies and international NGOs had established "taskspecific cluster groups to improve communication across operating agencies, discuss specific needs, and coordinate activities in order to avoid overlap and maximize outreach and coverage of a response." 9 There were daily discussions with the government but the government was very clearly not "in charge". 10 HAITI: Technical Meeting on Aid Coordination and Budget Support, Friday</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="aa0abbab5b2bfdd402c6379bf13977b3" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119884092,"asset_id":125926480,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119884092/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125926480"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125926480"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125926480; 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The G20 and Global Governance","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/125926476/14_The_G20_and_Global_Governance","owner_id":22951689,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":22951689,"first_name":"Ngaire","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Woods","page_name":"NgaireWoods","domain_name":"oxford","created_at":"2014-12-05T06:19:36.080-08:00","display_name":"Ngaire Woods","url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/NgaireWoods","email":"NFRrTXBhSk5zalpQWnA0QmNzYURaNU4zWjNJSCtJV2t6ZlYwYUFydmdUMlBCWlN3eDdCNzA1dU9vYkNHU3VWRS0tb0xTckdvUmxmdmVZWXhFczhvZUZUdz09--3885e62f07c26c25be757e5da63ff33fd7174717"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="125926473"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926473/Understanding_Pathways_Through_Financial_Crises_and_the_Impact_of_the_IMF_An_Introduction"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Understanding Pathways Through Financial Crises and the Impact of the IMF: An Introduction" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926473/Understanding_Pathways_Through_Financial_Crises_and_the_Impact_of_the_IMF_An_Introduction">Understanding Pathways Through Financial Crises and the Impact of the IMF: An Introduction</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations</span><span>, Aug 3, 2006</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">... of Russia), Gill Marcus (former deputy finance minister and deputy central bank governor of S...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">... of Russia), Gill Marcus (former deputy finance minister and deputy central bank governor of South Africa), and Rizal Ramli (former coordinating ... with the IMF can be useful for policymakers wish-ing to undertake unpopular decisions.12 Furthermore, there is some evi-dence that ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125926473"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125926473"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125926473; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="125926468"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926468/The_United_States_and_the_International_Financial_Institutions_Power_and_Influence_Within_the_World_Bank_and_the_IMF"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The United States and the International Financial Institutions: Power and Influence Within the World Bank and the IMF" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119884112/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926468/The_United_States_and_the_International_Financial_Institutions_Power_and_Influence_Within_the_World_Bank_and_the_IMF">The United States and the International Financial Institutions: Power and Influence Within the World Bank and the IMF</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Oxford University Press eBooks</span><span>, Feb 27, 2003</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The United States enjoys a special position in the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Worl...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The United States enjoys a special position in the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. When the institutions were created, their structure, location, and mandate were all pretty much determined by the United States. 1 The United States had just over a third of the voting power in each institution. 2 No drawing from the IMF was approved without US agreement first being made clear. 3 These observations suggest that the US was set to play a dominant role in the institutions. Yet neither the Fund nor the Bank can be cast as a mere instrument of US policy. To some extent the institutions were created in order to propound and enforce US-supported aims and policies around the world. It is also true that the Fund and the Bank exist because their 'neutral and apparently technical advice may be less offensive to national sentiments than direct intervention by the United States', in the case of the World Bank 'sparing the USA the unsavory epithets of. .. "aid with strings", "arm-twisting political pressures" etc.'. 4 However, if the organizations had absolutely no autonomy, they would be redundant, for they would have no greater legitimacy or mobilizing power than government agencies of the US. The very creation of multilateral organizations reflects the fact that, in order to propound a vision of the global economy, the participation of a large number of states in the world is required. Such participation in turn requires that a wide range of countries believe in the institutions' legitimacy: that they perceive the institutions to proffer a particular technical expertise as well as a certain degree of independence, a genuinely international character, and actions which are rule-based rather than reflecting US discretionary judgements. Susan Strange once described multilateral institutions serving either as 'instruments of the structural strategy and foreign policy of the dominant state or states' or to provide necessary public goods: 'allowing states to enjoy the political luxury of national autonomy</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="14bddd726d68d2f796c764e3eb60316c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119884112,"asset_id":125926468,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119884112/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125926468"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125926468"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125926468; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="125926464"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926464/Good_Governance_in_International_Organizations"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Good Governance in International Organizations" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119884105/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926464/Good_Governance_in_International_Organizations">Good Governance in International Organizations</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations</span><span>, Jul 19, 1999</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Since the early 1990s many international institutions have been urging governments to conform to ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Since the early 1990s many international institutions have been urging governments to conform to standards of `good governance'. Yet the same institutions have been rather slow in applying equivalent standards to their own structures and decision-making processes. In this paper I examine what this would mean. I argue that principles of participation, accountability, and fairness can be applied broadly to global civil society, but that they ought equally be applied to relations among states within international organizations. Using illustrations drawn from the experience of a number of institutions (the Inter-American and African Development Banks, the UN Security Council, the GATT/WTO, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the Global Environment Facility, and the European Union), I explore the tensions and trade-offs which arise in trying to ensure full participation and accountability. I conclude that neither formal structures of representation nor consensus decision-making necessarily enhance good governance. Rather, institutions need to focus on adequately representing different categories of stake-holders, and implementing voting and decision-making rules which better ensure transparency and accountability. GOOD GOVERNANCE IN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Good governance moved onto the agenda of many international organizations at the end of the Cold War when calls for democracy and better government became louder and as expectations were heightened as to what international organizations might do to further this aim. Many multilateral agencies took up the summons-from the United Nations, to multilateral development banks-and are now part of a chorus of voices urging governments across the world to heed higher standards of democratic representation, accountability and transparency. Much more slowly, multilateral organizations have begun to question what `good governance' means for the way in which they themselves are structured and make and implement decisions. They have been very slow to set down a standard for themselves-and indeed there is little precedent in the international system for doing so. To quote the former Secretary General of the United Nations: `democracy has not</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e971ed59f75b3cc5f4930ad053ff3a91" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119884105,"asset_id":125926464,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119884105/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125926464"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125926464"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125926464; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125926464]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125926464]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125926464; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='125926464']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e971ed59f75b3cc5f4930ad053ff3a91" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=125926464]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":125926464,"title":"Good Governance in International Organizations","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Lynne Rienner Publishers","ai_abstract":"This paper examines the concept of good governance in the context of international organizations, focusing particularly on the principles that guide relations among states (international governance) versus the broader interactions involving individuals and groups (global governance). It discusses the emergence of the good governance agenda since the late 1980s and its implications for enhancing institutional capacities within these organizations, while identifying examples of various institutions facing governance challenges. Ultimately, the findings highlight the necessity for improved governance structures to tackle contemporary global issues.","ai_title_tag":"Applying Good Governance to International Bodies","grobid_abstract":"Since the early 1990s many international institutions have been urging governments to conform to standards of `good governance'. Yet the same institutions have been rather slow in applying equivalent standards to their own structures and decision-making processes. In this paper I examine what this would mean. I argue that principles of participation, accountability, and fairness can be applied broadly to global civil society, but that they ought equally be applied to relations among states within international organizations. 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GOOD GOVERNANCE IN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Good governance moved onto the agenda of many international organizations at the end of the Cold War when calls for democracy and better government became louder and as expectations were heightened as to what international organizations might do to further this aim. Many multilateral agencies took up the summons-from the United Nations, to multilateral development banks-and are now part of a chorus of voices urging governments across the world to heed higher standards of democratic representation, accountability and transparency. Much more slowly, multilateral organizations have begun to question what `good governance' means for the way in which they themselves are structured and make and implement decisions. They have been very slow to set down a standard for themselves-and indeed there is little precedent in the international system for doing so. To quote the former Secretary General of the United Nations: `democracy has not","publication_date":{"day":19,"month":7,"year":1999,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":119884105},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/125926464/Good_Governance_in_International_Organizations","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-11-28T23:28:44.188-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":22951689,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":119884105,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119884105/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"37f1b91e5a611f9e0bc38baf37b010a65d5f.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119884105/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Good_Governance_in_International_Organiz.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/119884105/37f1b91e5a611f9e0bc38baf37b010a65d5f-libre.pdf?1732870136=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGood_Governance_in_International_Organiz.pdf\u0026Expires=1738788176\u0026Signature=DjMqAJs6CyiErLvc5ISIqWJo~ZTIxU0z58~gqM8OLDf1MO6Va1wRcWXEkYGXOSYMMSKpExsBGGRZSWYzIN8uQ7FvLibUOXWbm13-ZkNQkt6fEgRwiJte0nq7~bt88YHcJf1YXELQOTtkoi-lMC3fLpupc0k8QH-K6CrK2zqrAM6V09uBVH9X6FO8OHxDfJEkbWqVViVC-DHOwPwgpPPplZ0G4OrN~milv2nGNfsHiYASZA-mkSW9y~tFBLKhUq42RLMH-YWtRpDNU7ZsRLrDYi1pnegOyJ6nNyJFOuDAX9BJljohBjmA1p2KwYU5-Ckwsw85rqCStxMehf66aUG9KQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Good_Governance_in_International_Organizations","translated_slug":"","page_count":23,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Since the early 1990s many international institutions have been urging governments to conform to standards of `good governance'. 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Rather, institutions need to focus on adequately representing different categories of stake-holders, and implementing voting and decision-making rules which better ensure transparency and accountability. GOOD GOVERNANCE IN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Good governance moved onto the agenda of many international organizations at the end of the Cold War when calls for democracy and better government became louder and as expectations were heightened as to what international organizations might do to further this aim. Many multilateral agencies took up the summons-from the United Nations, to multilateral development banks-and are now part of a chorus of voices urging governments across the world to heed higher standards of democratic representation, accountability and transparency. Much more slowly, multilateral organizations have begun to question what `good governance' means for the way in which they themselves are structured and make and implement decisions. They have been very slow to set down a standard for themselves-and indeed there is little precedent in the international system for doing so. To quote the former Secretary General of the United Nations: `democracy has not","owner":{"id":22951689,"first_name":"Ngaire","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Woods","page_name":"NgaireWoods","domain_name":"oxford","created_at":"2014-12-05T06:19:36.080-08:00","display_name":"Ngaire Woods","url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/NgaireWoods"},"attachments":[{"id":119884105,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119884105/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"37f1b91e5a611f9e0bc38baf37b010a65d5f.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119884105/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Good_Governance_in_International_Organiz.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/119884105/37f1b91e5a611f9e0bc38baf37b010a65d5f-libre.pdf?1732870136=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGood_Governance_in_International_Organiz.pdf\u0026Expires=1738788176\u0026Signature=DjMqAJs6CyiErLvc5ISIqWJo~ZTIxU0z58~gqM8OLDf1MO6Va1wRcWXEkYGXOSYMMSKpExsBGGRZSWYzIN8uQ7FvLibUOXWbm13-ZkNQkt6fEgRwiJte0nq7~bt88YHcJf1YXELQOTtkoi-lMC3fLpupc0k8QH-K6CrK2zqrAM6V09uBVH9X6FO8OHxDfJEkbWqVViVC-DHOwPwgpPPplZ0G4OrN~milv2nGNfsHiYASZA-mkSW9y~tFBLKhUq42RLMH-YWtRpDNU7ZsRLrDYi1pnegOyJ6nNyJFOuDAX9BJljohBjmA1p2KwYU5-Ckwsw85rqCStxMehf66aUG9KQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business"},{"id":3660,"name":"Global Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Governance"},{"id":4167,"name":"Corporate Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corporate_Governance"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science"},{"id":73149,"name":"Business and Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_and_Management"},{"id":380315,"name":"Public Administration and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Administration_and_Policy"}],"urls":[{"id":45833579,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163/19426720-005-01-90000003"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="125926458"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926458/12_Governance_Matters_The_IMF_and_Sub_Saharan_Africa"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of 12 Governance Matters: The IMF and Sub‐Saharan Africa" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926458/12_Governance_Matters_The_IMF_and_Sub_Saharan_Africa">12 Governance Matters: The IMF and Sub‐Saharan Africa</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Oxford University Press eBooks</span><span>, Jun 25, 2009</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This chapter examines the IMF&amp;#39;s relationship with Sub-Saharan Africa, explaining the poli...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This chapter examines the IMF&amp;#39;s relationship with Sub-Saharan Africa, explaining the political pressures which have shaped the Fund&amp;#39;s engagement with countries on the continent. It explores the way powerful donor countries have affected this relationship from both within and from outside the IMF, as well as non-governmental organizations. Within these political forces, the IMF has struggled to shape economic programs for its borrowing members. Equally challenging for the institution has been negotiating politics within borrowing countries. As a result the institution faces two powerful ongoing challenges: reconciling greater ‘ownership’ by its low-income borrowers with the mission defined by its most powerful shareholders; and working out the relationship of its work to that of the World Bank and other institutions in an increasingly complex aid architecture.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125926458"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125926458"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125926458; 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="125926452"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926452/Holding_Intergovernmental_Institutions_to_Account"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Holding Intergovernmental Institutions to Account" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119884098/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/125926452/Holding_Intergovernmental_Institutions_to_Account">Holding Intergovernmental Institutions to Account</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Ethics & International Affairs</span><span>, Mar 1, 2003</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="963527696f3525b1e83ca77b0f6e6a62" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119884098,"asset_id":125926452,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119884098/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125926452"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125926452"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125926452; 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David holds an MPhil in international relations and a BA with first class honours in Politics, Philosophy and Economics, both from the University of Oxford. He is Junior Dean of University College.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bbd26c5dca09a3545bdf1b0db5520cdf" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119884061,"asset_id":125926448,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119884061/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125926448"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125926448"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125926448; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="117764658"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/117764658/Improving_health_aid_for_a_better_planet_The_planning_monitoring_and_evaluation_tool_PLANET_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Improving health aid for a better planet: The planning, monitoring and evaluation tool (PLANET)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113541753/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/117764658/Improving_health_aid_for_a_better_planet_The_planning_monitoring_and_evaluation_tool_PLANET_">Improving health aid for a better planet: The planning, monitoring and evaluation tool (PLANET)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Global Health</span><span>, Aug 19, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Background International development assistance for health (DAH) quadrupled between 1990 and 2012...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Background International development assistance for health (DAH) quadrupled between 1990 and 2012, from US$ 5.6 billion to US$ 28.1 billion. This generates an increasing need for transparent and replicable tools that could be used to set investment priorities, monitor the distribution of funding in real time, and evaluate the impact of those investments. Methods In this paper we present a methodology that addresses these three challenges. We call this approach PLANET, which stands for planning, monitoring and evaluation tool. Fundamentally, PLANET is based on crowdsourcing approach to obtaining information relevant to deployment of large-scale programs. Information is contributed in real time by a diverse group of participants involved in the program delivery. Findings PLANET relies on real-time information from three levels of participants in large-scale programs: funders, managers and recipients. At each level, information is solicited to assess five key risks that are most relevant to each level of operations. The risks at the level of funders involve systematic neglect of certain areas, focus on donor' s interests over that of program recipients, ineffective coordination between donors, questionable mechanisms of delivery and excessive loss of funding to "middle men". At the level of managers, the risks are corruption, lack of capacity and/or competence, lack of information and /or communication, undue avoidance of governmental structures / preference to non-governmental organizations and exclusion of local expertise. At the level of primary recipients, the risks are corruption, parallel operations / "verticalization", misalignment with local priorities and lack of community involvement, issues with ethics, equity and/or acceptability, and low likelihood of sustainability beyond the end of the program' s implementation. Interpretation PLANET is intended as an additional tool available to policy-makers to prioritize, monitor and evaluate large-scale development programs. In this, it should complement tools such as LiST (for health care/interventions), EQUIST (for health care/interventions) and CHNRI (for health research), which also rely on information from local experts and on local context to set priorities in a transparent, userfriendly, replicable, quantifiable and specific, algorithmic-like manner.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4a38ac9fcffa7f4d82415f9c64d3df1c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":113541753,"asset_id":117764658,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113541753/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="117764658"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="117764658"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 117764658; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=117764658]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=117764658]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 117764658; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='117764658']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "4a38ac9fcffa7f4d82415f9c64d3df1c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=117764658]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":117764658,"title":"Improving health aid for a better planet: The planning, monitoring and evaluation tool (PLANET)","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Edinburgh University Global Health Society","ai_title_tag":"PLANET: A Tool for Health Aid Evaluation","grobid_abstract":"Background International development assistance for health (DAH) quadrupled between 1990 and 2012, from US$ 5.6 billion to US$ 28.1 billion. This generates an increasing need for transparent and replicable tools that could be used to set investment priorities, monitor the distribution of funding in real time, and evaluate the impact of those investments. Methods In this paper we present a methodology that addresses these three challenges. We call this approach PLANET, which stands for planning, monitoring and evaluation tool. Fundamentally, PLANET is based on crowdsourcing approach to obtaining information relevant to deployment of large-scale programs. Information is contributed in real time by a diverse group of participants involved in the program delivery. Findings PLANET relies on real-time information from three levels of participants in large-scale programs: funders, managers and recipients. At each level, information is solicited to assess five key risks that are most relevant to each level of operations. The risks at the level of funders involve systematic neglect of certain areas, focus on donor' s interests over that of program recipients, ineffective coordination between donors, questionable mechanisms of delivery and excessive loss of funding to \"middle men\". At the level of managers, the risks are corruption, lack of capacity and/or competence, lack of information and /or communication, undue avoidance of governmental structures / preference to non-governmental organizations and exclusion of local expertise. At the level of primary recipients, the risks are corruption, parallel operations / \"verticalization\", misalignment with local priorities and lack of community involvement, issues with ethics, equity and/or acceptability, and low likelihood of sustainability beyond the end of the program' s implementation. Interpretation PLANET is intended as an additional tool available to policy-makers to prioritize, monitor and evaluate large-scale development programs. In this, it should complement tools such as LiST (for health care/interventions), EQUIST (for health care/interventions) and CHNRI (for health research), which also rely on information from local experts and on local context to set priorities in a transparent, userfriendly, replicable, quantifiable and specific, algorithmic-like manner.","publication_date":{"day":19,"month":8,"year":2015,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Global Health","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":113541753},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/117764658/Improving_health_aid_for_a_better_planet_The_planning_monitoring_and_evaluation_tool_PLANET_","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-04-20T01:05:00.554-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":22951689,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":113541753,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113541753/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"jogh.05.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113541753/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Improving_health_aid_for_a_better_planet.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/113541753/jogh.05-libre.pdf?1713616155=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DImproving_health_aid_for_a_better_planet.pdf\u0026Expires=1738788176\u0026Signature=YiHZwUigMYnTuletK~RexIyqRv2RhGZQR-9AHrAPDB4A3dAw20dqCm-u77EMCQiGr2T9HbQlAlbT03HaRn4c7ruTvqHbTap4XV~ItdmbGzbPSST49a-S5ag7xXPuc5hyWuTxv8omG2UVnUNQZjQX5Kcn0IMYJIvUVgxZHFlexcQhFVEuCrVnjIwrydtnlfrKlnZLOIR64iR3iJ5MJ6DkbHgdoV-aFBukg1H-L7XZkOk0pVQ~g-3a738ZA9rkIsHodG34pJLoFnBzlJsJEaZsjNnANKGkYZCyd1AGAysRBT9kvPLDUuK9dwPybuGuGQLCiVi-NgQv3pM7LHg1RAwR1Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Improving_health_aid_for_a_better_planet_The_planning_monitoring_and_evaluation_tool_PLANET_","translated_slug":"","page_count":12,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Background International development assistance for health (DAH) quadrupled between 1990 and 2012, from US$ 5.6 billion to US$ 28.1 billion. This generates an increasing need for transparent and replicable tools that could be used to set investment priorities, monitor the distribution of funding in real time, and evaluate the impact of those investments. Methods In this paper we present a methodology that addresses these three challenges. We call this approach PLANET, which stands for planning, monitoring and evaluation tool. Fundamentally, PLANET is based on crowdsourcing approach to obtaining information relevant to deployment of large-scale programs. Information is contributed in real time by a diverse group of participants involved in the program delivery. Findings PLANET relies on real-time information from three levels of participants in large-scale programs: funders, managers and recipients. At each level, information is solicited to assess five key risks that are most relevant to each level of operations. The risks at the level of funders involve systematic neglect of certain areas, focus on donor' s interests over that of program recipients, ineffective coordination between donors, questionable mechanisms of delivery and excessive loss of funding to \"middle men\". At the level of managers, the risks are corruption, lack of capacity and/or competence, lack of information and /or communication, undue avoidance of governmental structures / preference to non-governmental organizations and exclusion of local expertise. At the level of primary recipients, the risks are corruption, parallel operations / \"verticalization\", misalignment with local priorities and lack of community involvement, issues with ethics, equity and/or acceptability, and low likelihood of sustainability beyond the end of the program' s implementation. Interpretation PLANET is intended as an additional tool available to policy-makers to prioritize, monitor and evaluate large-scale development programs. In this, it should complement tools such as LiST (for health care/interventions), EQUIST (for health care/interventions) and CHNRI (for health research), which also rely on information from local experts and on local context to set priorities in a transparent, userfriendly, replicable, quantifiable and specific, algorithmic-like manner.","owner":{"id":22951689,"first_name":"Ngaire","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Woods","page_name":"NgaireWoods","domain_name":"oxford","created_at":"2014-12-05T06:19:36.080-08:00","display_name":"Ngaire Woods","url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/NgaireWoods"},"attachments":[{"id":113541753,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113541753/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"jogh.05.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113541753/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Improving_health_aid_for_a_better_planet.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/113541753/jogh.05-libre.pdf?1713616155=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DImproving_health_aid_for_a_better_planet.pdf\u0026Expires=1738788176\u0026Signature=YiHZwUigMYnTuletK~RexIyqRv2RhGZQR-9AHrAPDB4A3dAw20dqCm-u77EMCQiGr2T9HbQlAlbT03HaRn4c7ruTvqHbTap4XV~ItdmbGzbPSST49a-S5ag7xXPuc5hyWuTxv8omG2UVnUNQZjQX5Kcn0IMYJIvUVgxZHFlexcQhFVEuCrVnjIwrydtnlfrKlnZLOIR64iR3iJ5MJ6DkbHgdoV-aFBukg1H-L7XZkOk0pVQ~g-3a738ZA9rkIsHodG34pJLoFnBzlJsJEaZsjNnANKGkYZCyd1AGAysRBT9kvPLDUuK9dwPybuGuGQLCiVi-NgQv3pM7LHg1RAwR1Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":113541754,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113541754/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"jogh.05.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113541754/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Improving_health_aid_for_a_better_planet.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/113541754/jogh.05-libre.pdf?1713616156=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DImproving_health_aid_for_a_better_planet.pdf\u0026Expires=1738788176\u0026Signature=DWV8G156-b0tpj6ZySAV1qTIiOLCmXFTC7uYj8X2~HGfrim~4srxZ4iJzRBTWzDRvCXuLGDJXAUOct179UH18o2l~5YnCJu9UDtmDq8pepX6WT9vcwdwmIXVPngmHt7oo6Q3tyEaJrwont2CfoheFgQiZjCrlzYN1ghMVd3HZD4o21R8RrY7DVABaEVG5aGMnPP3JjvDX2YgWltqZb7ndEeFjRQejL0I1SanyLxXP1OAGr3-gfsl0lwEdu-zKeXlWZUW2j2EZrdBdhK~roG0cBC88J3oBzj3AknLVVqlwFGwO941-JmxaaGczBmucBKOaS5G~Z43BywpnTMWYqKAiA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4990,"name":"Global Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Health"},{"id":16288,"name":"Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"}],"urls":[{"id":41242347,"url":"https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.05.020404"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="117764657"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/117764657/Whose_aid_Whose_influence_China_emerging_donors_and_the_silent_revolution_in_development_assistance"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Whose aid? Whose influence? China, emerging donors and the silent revolution in development assistance" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113541782/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/117764657/Whose_aid_Whose_influence_China_emerging_donors_and_the_silent_revolution_in_development_assistance">Whose aid? Whose influence? China, emerging donors and the silent revolution in development assistance</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Affairs</span><span>, Nov 1, 2008</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The world of development assistance is being shaken by the power shift occurring across the globa...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The world of development assistance is being shaken by the power shift occurring across the global economy. Emerging economies are quietly beginning to change the rules of the game. China,</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ecba8098d310e94ebd59380550f4a083" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":113541782,"asset_id":117764657,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113541782/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="117764657"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="117764657"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 117764657; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=117764657]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=117764657]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 117764657; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='117764657']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "ecba8098d310e94ebd59380550f4a083" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=117764657]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":117764657,"title":"Whose aid? 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China, emerging donors and the silent revolution in development assistance","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/117764657/Whose_aid_Whose_influence_China_emerging_donors_and_the_silent_revolution_in_development_assistance","owner_id":22951689,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":22951689,"first_name":"Ngaire","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Woods","page_name":"NgaireWoods","domain_name":"oxford","created_at":"2014-12-05T06:19:36.080-08:00","display_name":"Ngaire Woods","url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/NgaireWoods"},"attachments":[{"id":113541782,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113541782/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"China-emerging-donors-and-the-silent-revolution-in-development-assistance.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113541782/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Whose_aid_Whose_influence_China_emerging.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/113541782/China-emerging-donors-and-the-silent-revolution-in-development-assistance-libre.pdf?1713616133=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWhose_aid_Whose_influence_China_emerging.pdf\u0026Expires=1740533110\u0026Signature=GtYD0BT0d4p-UbG9brxdlLtOeg-AdugmXC4AWIeFQHgBTLOOzUjKEYDM7uTb4q-h7~HWd1rM18JJsEg5dTOOKkGvVND~QLh4W1lTuShASlJuAZ1FpTAQXksWyvsH8XbfindO9hMjYZKHM4uGlCOW99z~fbIMdRyyYejVK499A6vY0ublg5Di479cR19BdOnf5TKftEfQvc7oAGuD~qNs3itFbMlfACMI2uuqfJN80i-3FvJGS0CRI66BqQA4G3hs~wC6HZi63~6suWxzZ9UUF00u7l90baFCd7qKQuz12ce-5~zmGnS1L-71wqsamLAsWl1QrrcYdgLHdbJg~CopSQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="117764652"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/117764652/How_to_choose_the_world_s_top_health_diplomat"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of How to choose the world’s top health diplomat" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113541780/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/117764652/How_to_choose_the_world_s_top_health_diplomat">How to choose the world’s top health diplomat</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>BMJ</span><span>, Oct 28, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In May 2017 a new director general of the World Health Organization will be elected-one of the wo...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In May 2017 a new director general of the World Health Organization will be elected-one of the world's most critical appointments. The process is long and highly political. 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