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id="toc-Anglo-American_Relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglo-American_Relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Anglo-American Relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglo-American_Relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Casablanca_Conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casablanca_Conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Casablanca Conference </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casablanca_Conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 British Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plans_for_intervention_in_the_Winter_War_against_USSR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plans_for_intervention_in_the_Winter_War_against_USSR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Plans for intervention in the Winter War against USSR </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plans_for_intervention_in_the_Winter_War_against_USSR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_invasion_1940" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_invasion_1940"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 German invasion 1940 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_invasion_1940-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain_and_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.3 Britain and the Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain_and_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.4 Middle East </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.4.1 Iraq </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran_(Persia)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran_(Persia)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.4.2 Iran (Persia) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran_(Persia)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.5 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Commonwealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Commonwealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.6 British Commonwealth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Commonwealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.6.1 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.6.2 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.6.3 New Zealand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.6.4 South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1941_and_1942" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1941_and_1942"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.1 1941 and 1942 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1941_and_1942-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wartime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wartime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.1 Wartime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wartime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cairo_Conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cairo_Conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.2 Cairo Conference </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cairo_Conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.3 Post war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.1 French Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vichy_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vichy_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.2 Vichy France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vichy_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationships_with_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_with_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.2.1 Relationships with Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships_with_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_fleet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_fleet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.2.2 French fleet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_fleet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.2.3 North Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.3 Free France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Axis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Axis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Axis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Axis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hitler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hitler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Hitler </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hitler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_labour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_labour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Forced labour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_labour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threatening_Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threatening_Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Threatening Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threatening_Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Holocaust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Holocaust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 The Holocaust </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Holocaust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balkans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Balkans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yugoslavia_and_Croatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yugoslavia_and_Croatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Yugoslavia and Croatia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yugoslavia_and_Croatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imperial_conquests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_conquests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Imperial conquests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_conquests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Imperial rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puppet_states_in_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puppet_states_in_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 Puppet states in China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puppet_states_in_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_defeats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_defeats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.4 Military defeats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_defeats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.5 Deaths </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Finland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Hungary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Romania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neutrals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutrals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Neutrals </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Neutrals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Neutrals subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Neutrals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Latin America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Argentina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baltic_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baltic_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Baltic states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baltic_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Portugal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Sweden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Switzerland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governments_in_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governments_in_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Governments in exile </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governments_in_exile-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Governments in exile subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Governments_in_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poland:_in_exile_and_underground" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland:_in_exile_and_underground"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Poland: in exile and underground </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland:_in_exile_and_underground-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Norway </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Netherlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czechoslovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czechoslovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Czechoslovakia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czechoslovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Belgium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yugoslavia_in_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yugoslavia_in_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Yugoslavia in exile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yugoslavia_in_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_all_war_declarations_and_other_outbreaks_of_hostilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_all_war_declarations_and_other_outbreaks_of_hostilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 List of all war declarations and other outbreaks of hostilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_all_war_declarations_and_other_outbreaks_of_hostilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Allies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Allies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 The Allies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Allies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governments_in_exile_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governments_in_exile_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Governments in exile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governments_in_exile_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axis_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axis_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Axis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axis_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Espionage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Espionage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Espionage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Espionage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div 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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="التاريخ الدبلوماسي للحرب العالمية الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التاريخ الدبلوماسي للحرب العالمية الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_diplom%C3%A1tica_de_la_Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Historia diplomática de la Segunda Guerra Mundial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia diplomática de la Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C2%EC%B0%A8_%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EB%8C%80%EC%A0%84%EC%9D%98_%EC%99%B8%EA%B5%90%EC%82%AC" title="제2차 세계 대전의 외교사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제2차 세계 대전의 외교사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_diplomatica_della_seconda_guerra_mondiale" title="Storia diplomatica della seconda guerra mondiale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia diplomatica della seconda guerra mondiale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%90_%D9%86%DA%93%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%90_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%DB%90_%D8%AF_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8D_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DA%86%D9%87" title="د دویمې نړیوالې جګړې د دیپلماسۍ تاریخچه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د دویمې نړیوالې جګړې د دیپلماسۍ تاریخچه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_diplom%C3%A1tica_da_Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="História diplomática da Segunda Guerra Mundial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História diplomática da Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timelines of World War II</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Chronological</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_preceding_World_War_II" title="Timeline of events preceding World War II">Prelude</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">in Europe</a>)</li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945 onwards</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By topic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_Battles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World War II Battles">Battles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By theatre</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">Battle of Europe air operations</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Eastern_Front_of_World_War_II" title="Timeline of the Eastern Front of World War II">Eastern Front</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Manhattan_Project" title="Timeline of the Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Timeline of the United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_surrender_of_Axis_forces_at_the_end_of_World_War_II" title="Timeline of the surrender of Axis forces at the end of World War II">Surrender of the Axis armies</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:WWII_timelines" title="Template:WWII timelines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:WWII_timelines" title="Template talk:WWII timelines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWII_timelines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:WWII timelines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The diplomatic history of World War II includes the major <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policies">foreign policies</a> and interactions inside the opposing coalitions, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies of World War II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>, between 1939 and 1945. High-level diplomacy began as soon as the war started in 1939. British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> forged close ties with France and sought close ties with the United States, especially through his relationship with President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> joined the war in June 1941, the Grand Alliance expanded to a three-way relationship among Churchill, Roosevelt, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a>. American diplomacy stepped up after it entered the war in December 1941 and was bolstered by large quantities of financial and economic assistance, especially after the <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a> programme began to attain full strength during 1943. The Soviet Union's main diplomatic goal at first was to win support to defend against the massive German invasion. With victory in sight by 1944, Moscow began creating satellite states, first of all in Poland and East Germany. The main British goals were to defeat the German threat, maintain British roles in Central and Eastern Europe, and preserve the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. The British <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a> and India contributed significantly to warfighting but did not have a voice in major Allied decisions. Roosevelt was hostile to the idea of the British, French, and other empires, but was forced by Churchill to postpone interference in India. Roosevelt's main goal by 1943 was the creation of a postwar <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Big_Three_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Three (World War II)">Big Three</a>, with major roles also for China and France. However, China and France had only small roles in wartime diplomacy. Roosevelt was increasingly troubled by Moscow's aggressive intentions late in the war but decided that with the United Nations in place, and his own persuasive personal relationship with Stalin, problems could be resolved after the war. For the Axis powers diplomacy was a minor factor. The alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan was always informal, with minimal assistance or coordination. Hitler had full control of German diplomatic policies and imposed his will on his allies in Eastern Europe, and with the puppet regime in northern Italy after 1943. Japan's diplomats had a minor role in the war, as the military was in full control. A dramatic failure was the inability of Tokyo to obtain the formulas for <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_oil" title="Synthetic oil">synthetic oil</a> from Germany until it was too late to overcome the fatal shortage of fuel for the Japanese war machine. Practically all the neutral countries broke with Germany before the end of the war and thereby were enabled to join the new United Nations. The <a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">military history</a> of the war is covered at <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The prewar diplomacy is covered in <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Causes of World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="International relations (1919–1939)">International relations (1919–1939)</a>. After the war, diplomacy revolved around the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allies">Allies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Allies">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies of World War II</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies of World War II</a> began to form in September 1939 when Poland was invaded and Britain and France declared war on <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. Except for Ireland, which <a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">remained neutral throughout the war</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Dominions" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Dominions">Commonwealth Dominions</a> (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa) all declared war alongside Great Britain but no other nations joined their cause. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Supreme_War_Council" title="Anglo-French Supreme War Council">Anglo-French Supreme War Council</a> (SWC), established at the outset, coordinated a joint military strategy. It operated until the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a> concluded with a successful German invasion in June 1940, after which France surrendered and <a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">Britain and its Empire continued the war</a> against Germany. The <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_St_James%27s_Palace" title="Declaration of St James's Palace">First Inter-Allied Conference</a> took place in London in early June 1941 between the United Kingdom, the four co-belligerent British Dominions (Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa), the eight <a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">governments in exile</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belgian_government_in_exile" title="Belgian government in exile">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile" title="Czechoslovak government-in-exile">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_government-in-exile" title="Greek government-in-exile">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_government_in_exile" title="Luxembourg government in exile">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_government-in-exile" title="Dutch government-in-exile">the Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nygaardsvold%27s_Cabinet" title="Nygaardsvold's Cabinet">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_government-in-exile" title="Yugoslav government-in-exile">Yugoslavia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> developed a secret plan, should it enter the war, to coordinate military objectives and action with the British at a <a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93British_Staff_Conference_(ABC%E2%80%931)" title="U.S.–British Staff Conference (ABC–1)">military staff conference</a> in early 1941. Through the <a href="/wiki/Lend-lease_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Lend-lease Act">Lend-Lease Act</a> in March 1941, the US moved away from a position of <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrality (international relations)">neutrality</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism" title="United States non-interventionism">non-interventionism</a>, adopting a policy to provide war <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">materiel</a> to the Allies. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, having first <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">cooperated with Germany</a> in <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">invading Poland</a> whilst remaining neutral in the Allied-Axis conflict, entered an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_Agreement" title="Anglo-Soviet Agreement">alliance with Britain</a> in July 1941 after being <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invaded by Germany</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Conference">Atlantic Conference</a> in August, the U.S. and Britain proposed a <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1941)" title="Moscow Conference (1941)">Soviet aid conference</a> and set out principles for the post-war world in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a>, to which the other Allies, now including the Soviet Union, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter#Acceptance_by_Inter-Allied_Council_and_United_Nations" title="Atlantic Charter">agreed to adhere in September</a>. After the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Consequences_of_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor">joined the war</a> in December 1941. <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a> had already been in a <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">prolonged war</a> with Japan since the <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo Bridge Incident">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a> of 1937, and joined the Allies during December 1941. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Navigation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Campaigns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Equipment</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Lists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_II" title="Historiography of World War II">Historiography</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TopicTOC-World_War_II" title="Template:TopicTOC-World War II"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TopicTOC-World_War_II" title="Template talk:TopicTOC-World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TopicTOC-World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TopicTOC-World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Grand_Alliance">The Grand Alliance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Grand Alliance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II#Formation_of_the_"Grand_Alliance"" title="Allies of World War II">Allies of World War II § Formation of the "Grand Alliance"</a></div>The United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union formed the "<a href="/wiki/Big_Three_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Three (World War II)">Big Three</a>" Allied powers.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> They were in frequent contact through ambassadors, top generals, foreign ministers and special emissaries such as the American <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Harry Hopkins</a>. Relations between the three resulted in the major decisions that shaped the war effort and planned for the postwar world.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Cooperation between the United Kingdom and the United States was <a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">especially close</a> and included forming a <a href="/wiki/Combined_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Combined Chiefs of Staff">Combined Chiefs of Staff</a>. There were numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">high-level conferences</a>; Churchill attended 14 meetings, Roosevelt 12, and Stalin 5. Most visible were the three summit conferences that brought together the three top leaders.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The Allied policy toward Germany and Japan evolved and developed at these three conferences.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1942_UN_vs_Axis_War_Production.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/1942_UN_vs_Axis_War_Production.jpg/350px-1942_UN_vs_Axis_War_Production.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/1942_UN_vs_Axis_War_Production.jpg/525px-1942_UN_vs_Axis_War_Production.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/1942_UN_vs_Axis_War_Production.jpg 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption> UN vs Axis War Production, near equality of strength in 1942</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe_first">Europe first</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Europe first">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Europe_first" title="Europe first">Europe first</a></div> At the December 1941 <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Conference" title="Arcadia Conference">Arcadia Conference</a> US President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> and British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> met in Washington, shortly after the United States entered the war.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> They agreed on the key elements of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">grand strategy</a>. The United States and the United Kingdom would use the preponderance of their resources to subdue <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in Europe first. Simultaneously, they would fight a holding action and limited offensive against <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> in the Pacific, using fewer resources. After the defeat of Germany—considered the greatest threat to the UK and the Soviet Union—all Allied forces could be concentrated against Japan.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Europe_first" title="Europe first">Europe first</a> policy remained in effect throughout the war, however, the terms "holding action" and "limited offensive" in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> were subject to interpretation and modification at Allied leaders' conferences and by US senior military commanders. At Arcadia, the US agreed to send bombers to bases in England and the British agreed to strengthen their forces in the Pacific. The British rejected American proposals for a "suicidal" invasion of northern Europe in 1942.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Churchill pressed instead for a landing in French North Africa during 1942. With Roosevelt's support,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> in July 1942 <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a> was scheduled for later that year.<a href="#cite_note-:02-12">[12]</a> Nonetheless, it was the strategic situation in the Pacific and related logistical requirements that dominated the United States' actions after it entered into the war and led to an initial focus on the Pacific. By 1944 and 1945, the balance of US resources shifted heavily towards the <a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">European Theatre</a> as Europe's first strategy became a reality rather than just a stated objective. Even in these later stages of the war, there was intense competition for resources as operations in both regions were scaled up.<a href="#cite_note-:02-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gray-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tehran_Conference">Tehran Conference</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tehran Conference">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a></div> Following preparation at the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1943)" title="Moscow Conference (1943)">Moscow Conference</a> in October–November 1943, the first meeting of the Big Three, Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill, came at the <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a> in Iran from 28 November to 1 December 1943. It agreed on an invasion of France in 1944 (the "Second Front") and dealt with <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia" title="Democratic Federal Yugoslavia">provisional Yugoslavia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">war against Japan</a> as well as the postwar settlement.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yalta_Conference">Yalta Conference</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Yalta Conference">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> met in the Crimea 4–11 February 1945. It focused on postwar plans for European boundaries. The Soviets already controlled Poland. The new boundaries shifted Poland westward. Stalin was promised control of western <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belorussia</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. Poland was to gain parts of Germany. Stalin promised free elections in Poland under the auspices of a government he controlled. At Roosevelt's strong urging, Stalin agreed to enter the war against Japan three months after the defeat of Germany. It was agreed the USSR would be a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>, with a veto, and Ukraine and Belorussia would be UN members, but not the other 12 Soviet republics. Germany was to be divided into three zones of occupation, and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> was also to get a zone. In a decision that became highly controversial, all civilians would be repatriated.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_C-1860_(26246410746).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/USA_C-1860_%2826246410746%29.jpg/220px-USA_C-1860_%2826246410746%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/USA_C-1860_%2826246410746%29.jpg/330px-USA_C-1860_%2826246410746%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/USA_C-1860_%2826246410746%29.jpg/440px-USA_C-1860_%2826246410746%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5728" data-file-height="4454" /></a><figcaption>Clement Attlee, Harry Truman and Joseph Stalin at the Potsdam Conference, c.28 July – 1 August 1945</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Potsdam_Conference">Potsdam Conference</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Potsdam Conference">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a> was held from 17 July to 2 August 1945, at <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Germany</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. Stalin met with the new US President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> and two British prime ministers in succession—Winston Churchill and <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>. It demanded "unconditional surrender" from Japan, and finalized arrangements for Germany to be occupied and controlled by the Allied Control Commission. The status of other occupied countries was discussed in line with the basic agreements made earlier at Yalta.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_United_Nations">The United Nations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The United Nations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Nations" title="History of the United Nations">History of the United Nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Four_Policemen" title="Four Policemen">Four Policemen</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a> formalized the Allies in January 1942. The <a href="/wiki/Four_Policemen" title="Four Policemen">Big Four</a> (the United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and China) were joined by numerous other Allied countries who had signed the Declaration and declared war on the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>. Under Roosevelt's leadership, this "United Nations" alliance in 1945 became a new organization to replace the defunct League of Nations.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dumbarton_Oaks_Conference">Dumbarton Oaks Conference</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dumbarton Oaks Conference">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Conference" title="Dumbarton Oaks Conference">Dumbarton Oaks Conference</a></div> At the <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Conference" title="Dumbarton Oaks Conference">Dumbarton Oaks Conference</a> or, more formally, the Washington Conversations on International Peace and Security Organization, delegations from the United States and the United Kingdom met first with the delegation from the Soviet Union and then with the delegation from the Republic of China. They deliberated over proposals for the establishment of an organization to maintain peace and security in the world to replace the ineffective <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>. The conference was held at <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks" title="Dumbarton Oaks">Dumbarton Oaks</a> from 21 August 1944 to 7 October 1944. Delegates from other nations participated in the consideration and formulation of these principles.<a href="#cite_note-:1-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="San_Francisco_Conference">San Francisco Conference</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: San Francisco Conference">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization" title="United Nations Conference on International Organization">United Nations Conference on International Organization</a></div> The San Francisco Conference was a convention of delegates from 50 <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied nations</a> that took place from 25 April 1945 to 26 June 1945 in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The four sponsoring countries (the United States, Britain, the Soviet Union, and China) invited the other nations and the heads of their four delegations took turns as chairmen of the plenary meetings. At this convention, the delegates reviewed and rewrote the Dumbarton Oaks agreements.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The convention resulted in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Charter">United Nations Charter</a>, which was opened for signature on 26 June.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglo-American_Relations">Anglo-American Relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anglo-American Relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations_in_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom–United States relations in World War II">United Kingdom–United States relations in World War II</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Destroyers_for_Bases_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Destroyers for Bases Agreement">Destroyers for Bases Agreement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></div> Though most Americans favored Britain in the war, there was widespread opposition to American military intervention in European affairs. President Roosevelt's policy of <a href="/wiki/Cash_and_carry_(World_War_II)" title="Cash and carry (World War II)">cash-and-carry</a> still allowed Britain and France to purchase munitions from the United States and carry them home. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_of_Wales-5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Prince_of_Wales-5.jpg/220px-Prince_of_Wales-5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Prince_of_Wales-5.jpg/330px-Prince_of_Wales-5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Prince_of_Wales-5.jpg/440px-Prince_of_Wales-5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>Roosevelt and Churchill drafted the Atlantic Charter in August 1941.</figcaption></figure> Churchill, who had long warned against Germany, and demanded rearmament, became prime minister after Chamberlain's policy of appeasement had collapsed and Britain was unable to reverse the <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="German invasion of Norway">German invasion of Norway</a> in April 1940. After the fall of France, Roosevelt gave Britain all aid short of war. The <a href="/wiki/Destroyers_for_Bases_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Destroyers for Bases Agreement">Destroyers for Bases Agreement</a> of September 1940, gave the United States a ninety-nine-year lease on strategically located bases in the Atlantic in exchange for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> receiving fifty old destroyers to use against German <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>. Roosevelt also sold (for cash) munitions that were carried away in British ships, including over half a million rifles, 85,000 machine guns, 25,000 automatic rifles, mortars, and hundreds of field guns, with supplies of the necessary ammunition. The British needed these munitions to reequip the soldiers who lost all their arms when Dunkirk was evacuated in June 1940.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Beginning in March 1941, the United States enacted <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a> sending tanks, warplanes, munitions, ammunition, food, and medical supplies. Britain received $31.4 billion out of a total of $50.1 billion of supplies sent to the Allies. In sharp contrast to the First World War, these were not loans, and no repayment was involved.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Millions of American servicemen were based in Britain during the war, which led to a certain amount of friction with British men and intermarriage with British women. This animosity was explored in art and film, most particularly <a href="/wiki/A_Matter_of_Life_and_Death_(film)#Anglo-American_relations" title="A Matter of Life and Death (film)">A Matter of Life and Death</a> and <a href="/wiki/A_Canterbury_Tale#Anglo-American_(mis)understandings" title="A Canterbury Tale">A Canterbury Tale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In 1945 Churchill sent the <a href="/wiki/British_Pacific_Fleet" title="British Pacific Fleet">British Pacific Fleet</a> to help the United States attack and invade Japan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Casablanca_Conference">Casablanca Conference</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Casablanca Conference">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Conference" title="Casablanca Conference">Casablanca Conference</a></div> From January 14–24, 1943 Roosevelt, Churchill, and the Combined Staff met in <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>, Morocco. They decided on the major Allied strategy for 1943 in Europe. The main decisions made were to invade Sicily and Italy before Europe, launch strategic bombing against Germany, and approve a U.S. Navy plan to advance on Japan through the Pacific Islands. The invasion of Sicily was an important decision that Churchill pushed for, hoping to defer the Americans' determination to open a second front in France in 1943 to avoid severe Allied casualties. They agreed on a policy of "<a href="/wiki/Unconditional_surrender#World_War_II" title="Unconditional surrender">unconditional surrender</a>". This policy uplifted Allied morale, but it also stiffened the Nazis' resolve to fight to the bitter end.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Empire">British Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: British Empire">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Churchill_war_ministry" title="Churchill war ministry">Churchill war ministry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_in_the_Second_World_War" title="Winston Churchill in the Second World War">Winston Churchill in the Second World War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II</a></div> Having signed the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Polish_military_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Polish military alliance">Anglo-Polish military alliance</a> in August 1939, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1939)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war on Germany (1939)">Britain declared war against Germany</a> after its <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> in September 1939. This declaration included the <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colonies</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a>, which Britain directly controlled. The <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a> were independent in foreign policy, though all entered a state of war with Germany either immediately after the British declaration of war or in the days after the declaration was made. Although Britain and France declared war, there was little they could or did do to help Poland. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Supreme_War_Council" title="Anglo-French Supreme War Council">Anglo-French Supreme War Council</a> (SWC) was established to oversee joint military strategy. After the French defeat in June 1940, Britain and its empire stood alone in combat against Germany, until June 1941. The United States gave strong diplomatic, financial, and material support, starting in 1940, especially through <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a>, which began in 1941. In August 1941, Churchill and Roosevelt met and agreed on the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a>, which proclaimed "the rights of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they live" should be respected. This wording was ambiguous and would be interpreted differently by the British, Americans, and nationalist movements. Starting in December 1941, Japan overran <a href="/wiki/British_possessions" class="mw-redirect" title="British possessions">British possessions</a> in Asia, including <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a>, and especially the key base at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Singapore</a>, and marched into <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a>, headed toward <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a>. Churchill's reaction to the entry of the United States into the war was that Britain was now assured of victory and the future of the empire was safe, but the rapid defeats irreversibly harmed Britain's standing and prestige as an <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">imperial power</a>. The realisation that Britain could not defend them pushed <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> into permanent close ties with the United States.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plans_for_intervention_in_the_Winter_War_against_USSR">Plans for intervention in the Winter War against USSR</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Plans for intervention in the Winter War against USSR">edit</a>]</div> The USSR launched the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> against <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> in November 1939. The Finns made a remarkable defense against the much larger Soviet forces. The unprovoked invasion excited widespread outrage at popular and elite levels in support of Finland not only in wartime Britain and France but also in the neutral United States.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The League of Nations declared the USSR was the aggressor and expelled it. "American opinion makers treated the attack on Finland as dastardly aggression worthy of daily headlines, which thereafter exacerbated attitudes toward Russia."<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Elite opinion in Britain and France swung in favor of military intervention. <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, as head of the Royal Navy, and French Premier <a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Paul Reynaud</a> were the chief advocates. It came when there was a military stalemate on the continent called the "<a href="/wiki/Phony_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Phony War">Phony War</a>". Months of planning at the highest civilian, military, and diplomatic levels in London and Paris, saw multiple reversals and deep divisions.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Finally the British and French agreed on a plan that involved uninvited invasions of neutral <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>, with the goals chiefly of damaging the German war economy and also assisting Finland in its war with the Soviet Union. An allied war against the Soviet Union was part of the plan.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The actual Allied goal was not to help Finland but to engage in economic warfare against Germany by cutting off <a href="/wiki/Swedish_iron-ore_mining_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish iron-ore mining during World War II">shipments of Swedish iron ore</a>, which they calculated would seriously weaken the German war industry. The British <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Economic_Warfare" title="Minister of Economic Warfare">Ministry of Economic Warfare</a> stated that the project against Norway would be likely to cause "An extremely serious repercussion on German industrial output ... and would in any case have a profound effect on the duration of the war."<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The idea was to shift forces away from doing little on the static Western Front into an active role on a new front. The British military leadership by December became enthusiastic supporters when they realized that their first choice, an attack on German oil supplies, would not get approval but this plan would win strong support. The poor performance of the Soviet army against the Finns strengthened the confidence of the Allies that the invasion, and the resulting war with the Soviet Union, would be worthwhile. However, the civilian leadership of <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a>'s government in London drew back and postponed invasion plans. The neutrals refused to cooperate. Meanwhile, Finland was overwhelmed and gave in to Moscow on 13 March 1940 and the plan was postponed. War plans against the USSR were dropped and the new goal was to mine the Norwegian coast to prevent the passage of ships carrying iron ore from northern Norway. There were more delays and when mining operations finally started on 9 April it was too late—the Germans hours before had invaded Norway and had the upper hand in the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Campaign">Norwegian Campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German_invasion_1940">German invasion 1940</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: German invasion 1940">edit</a>]</div> When Germany began its attack on France in May 1940, British troops and French troops again fought side by side, but defeat came quickly. The Royal Navy evacuated 198,000 British and 140,000 French soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a> in late May/early June 1940. Tens of thousands of tanks, trucks, and artillery guns were left behind, as well as countless radios, machine guns, rifles, tents, spare parts, and other gear. The new British Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, pledged that the United Kingdom would continue to fight for France's freedom—even if it must do so without France.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir" title="Attack on Mers-el-Kébir">Mers el Kebir</a>, Britain recognized <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a> as both its ally and the only legitimate French government. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Churchill_De_Gaulle_HU_60057.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Churchill_De_Gaulle_HU_60057.jpg/170px-Churchill_De_Gaulle_HU_60057.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Churchill_De_Gaulle_HU_60057.jpg/255px-Churchill_De_Gaulle_HU_60057.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Churchill_De_Gaulle_HU_60057.jpg/340px-Churchill_De_Gaulle_HU_60057.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister Churchill and General de Gaulle at <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>, January 1944</figcaption></figure> In contrast, the United States formally recognized and established diplomatic relations with <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> (until late 1942) and avoided formal relations with the exiled government of de Gaulle and its claim to be the only legitimate government of France. Churchill, caught between the US and de Gaulle, tried to find a compromise.<a href="#cite_note-Milton_Viorst_1967-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-David_G._Haglund_2007-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Britain_and_the_Soviet_Union">Britain and the Soviet Union</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Britain and the Soviet Union">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_Agreement" title="Anglo-Soviet Agreement">Anglo-Soviet Agreement</a> was signed in July 1941 allying with the two countries. This was broadened to a political alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_Treaty_of_1942" title="Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942">Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942</a>. In October 1944 Churchill and his Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a> met in Moscow with Stalin and his foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a>. They planned <a href="/wiki/Percentages_agreement" title="Percentages agreement">who would control what in postwar Eastern Europe</a>. They agreed to give 90% of the influence in Greece to Britain and 90% in Romania to the USSR. USSR gained an 80%/20% division in Bulgaria and Hungary. There was a 50/50 division in Yugoslavia and no Soviet share in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Middle East">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Iraq">Iraq</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Iraq">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Legionnaires_guards_gladiators.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Legionnaires_guards_gladiators.jpg/220px-Legionnaires_guards_gladiators.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Legionnaires_guards_gladiators.jpg/330px-Legionnaires_guards_gladiators.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Legionnaires_guards_gladiators.jpg/440px-Legionnaires_guards_gladiators.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Gloster Gladiators of British RAF refuel in Iraq, 1941</figcaption></figure> Iraq was an independent country in 1939, with a strong British presence, especially in the oil fields. Iraq broke relations with Germany but there was a strong pro-Italian element. The regime of Regent <a href="/wiki/%27Abd_al-Ilah" class="mw-redirect" title="'Abd al-Ilah">'Abd al-Ilah</a> was <a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">overthrown in 1941</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Square_(Iraq)" title="Golden Square (Iraq)">Golden Square</a> pro-Italian army officers, headed by <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid Ali">Rashid Ali</a>. The short-living pro-Nazi government was overpowered in May 1941 by British forces in <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">a quick campaign</a> and the Regent returned to power. Iraq was later used as a base for allied attacks on Vichy-French held <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandate of Syria">Mandate of Syria</a> and support for the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Iran_(Persia)">Iran (Persia)</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Iran (Persia)">edit</a>]</div> In 1939 the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Iran</a> was <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah</a>. He was a modernizer who had little use for traditional religion but collaborated with the Germans. Iran proclaimed neutrality when the war began in 1939. British and Soviet forces <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">occupied Iran in August 1941</a>, deposed the Shah, and installed his son <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi</a>. Iran, with a largely rural population of 13 million, had oil wells and became a major route for shipping military supplies from the US to the Soviet Union. At the <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a> of 1943, Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill issued the <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Declaration" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehran Declaration">Tehran Declaration</a> that guaranteed the postwar independence and boundaries of Iran. However, when the war ended, Soviet troops stationed in northwestern Iran not only refused to withdraw but backed revolts that established short-lived, pro-Soviet separatist national states in the northern regions of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_People%27s_Government" title="Azerbaijan People's Government">Azerbaijan People's Government</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Kurdistan">Republic of Kurdistan</a> respectively, in late 1945. Soviet troops did not withdraw from Iran proper until May 1946 after receiving a promise of oil concessions. The Soviet republics in the north were soon <a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">overthrown</a> and the oil concessions were revoked.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> Serious tension erupted over American demands that <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> be given independence, a proposition Churchill vehemently rejected. For years Roosevelt had encouraged Britain's disengagement from India. The American position was based on principled opposition to colonialism, practical concern for the outcome of the war, and the expectation of a large American role in a post-colonial era. However, in 1942 when the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress Party</a> launched a <a href="/wiki/Quit_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Quit India">Quit India</a> movement, the British authorities immediately arrested tens of thousands of activists, including <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, and imprisoned them until 1945. Meanwhile, India became the main American staging base for aid to China. Churchill threatened to resign if Roosevelt pushed too hard regarding independence, so Roosevelt backed down.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_Commonwealth">British Commonwealth</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: British Commonwealth">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg/220px-CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg/330px-CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg/440px-CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>The prime ministers of five members of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> at the 1944 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting" title="Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting">Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference</a>.</figcaption></figure> As the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster 1931</a> was not yet ratified by the parliaments of Australia and New Zealand when the King <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1939)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war on Germany (1939)">declared war against Germany</a> on 3 September 1939, the declaration also applied to them. As the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a> was already in effect in Canada and South Africa, they issued their declarations of war against Germany in September 1939. South Africa issued a formal declaration of war against Germany on 6 September, following debates in the South African parliament between the pro-British faction, led by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a>, and supporters of neutrality, led by Albert Hertzog.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_declaration_of_war_on_Germany" title="Canadian declaration of war on Germany">Canadian declaration of war on Germany</a> was issued on 10 September. However, as opposed to South Africa, there was little debate over the issue. Shortly after the British declaration of war on 3 September, the Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> made a radio address to the Canadian public, stating that he stands with Britain, and would recommend for a declaration of war to the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Canadian Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The parliamentary vote on the declaration was delayed by Mackenzie King, partly as a symbolic statement of the dominion having an autonomous foreign policy,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> but also to give Canada time to purchase arms from the U.S. These sales were otherwise barred to belligerents until Congress relaxed the <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_Acts_of_the_1930s" title="Neutrality Acts of the 1930s">Neutrality Act</a> in November. Britain generally handled the diplomatic relations of the Commonwealth nations. Canada hosted top-level meetings between Britain and the US (the <a href="/wiki/First_Quebec_Conference" title="First Quebec Conference">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Quebec_Conference" title="Second Quebec Conference">Second Quebec Conference</a>), although Canadian representatives only participated in limited bilateral discussions during those summits.<a href="#cite_note-canad-44">[44]</a> As opposed to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the British government, and the governments in the dominions did not form an <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Cabinet" title="Imperial War Cabinet">Imperial War Cabinet</a>, although the establishment of one was proposed by the Australian government in 1941.<a href="#cite_note-canad-44">[44]</a> The proposal was rejected by both Churchill, and Mackenzie King; the former was unwilling to share powers with the dominions, and the latter wanted to maintain the appearance that the dominions have an autonomous foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-canad-44">[44]</a> Mackenzie King also viewed the formal establishment of an Imperial War Cabinet as unnecessary, believing that contemporary methods of communication and the appointment of <a href="/wiki/High_commissioner_(Commonwealth)" title="High commissioner (Commonwealth)">high commissioners</a> to the other realms, had already provided the governments with an "invisible imperial cabinet".<a href="#cite_note-canad-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Australia">Australia</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Military history of Australia during World War II</a></div> During the war, Australia felt abandoned by London and moved to a close relationship with the US, playing a support role in the American war against Japan. Australian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">John Curtin</a> stated, "I make it clear that Australia looks to America, free of any pangs as to our traditional links or kinship with the United Kingdom."<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> US President Roosevelt ordered General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> to move the American base from the Philippines to <a href="/wiki/Brisbane,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brisbane, Australia">Brisbane, Australia</a>. By September 1943, more than 120,000 American soldiers were in Australia. The Americans were warmly welcomed but there were some tensions, including the so-called <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brisbane" title="Battle of Brisbane">Battle of Brisbane</a>. MacArthur worked very closely with the Australian government and took command of its combat operations. Fighting continued throughout Southeast Asia for the next two years. MacArthur promoted a policy of "<a href="/wiki/Leapfrogging_(strategy)" title="Leapfrogging (strategy)">island hopping</a>" for his American troops while he suggested that the Australian troops should continue clearing and rounding up the Japanese from <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Island" title="Bougainville Island">Bougainville</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Pact" title="Canberra Pact">Canberra Pact</a> of 1944 between Australia and New Zealand was criticized in the United States. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Canada">Canada</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Canada during World War II">Military history of Canada during World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Military history of Newfoundland during World War II</a></div> Canada's declaration of war drew criticism from some <a href="/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism" title="United States non-interventionism">American isolationists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ameriisocan-47">[47]</a> with noted American isolationist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> attacking Canada for drawing the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a> "into a European war simply because they prefer the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">Crown of England</a>", to the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ameriisocan-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> However, most American isolationists who were critical of Roosevelt's for assisting the British, were unable to levy the same criticism for assisting Canada.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">fall of France</a>, concerns that the British may be defeated grew in North America, prompting military meetings between Canada and the United States in July 1940.<a href="#cite_note-canad-44">[44]</a> On 16 August 1940, the two countries entered into the <a href="/wiki/Ogdensburg_Agreement" title="Ogdensburg Agreement">Ogdensburg Agreement</a>, which outlined plans for the mutual defense of North America, as well as the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Joint_Board_on_Defense" title="Permanent Joint Board on Defense">Permanent Joint Board on Defense</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canad-44">[44]</a> Initially, the plans for mutual defense included the Americans assuming command of Canadian forces in the event of an invasion; however, as the situation improved for the British in 1941, revised defense plans saw the Canadian government refuse to defer command of its forces to the Americans.<a href="#cite_note-canad-44">[44]</a> The need to develop necessary facilities in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">northern Canada</a> saw 33,000 American soldiers and civilians working in that region during the war, to build the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Highway" title="Alaska Highway">Alaska Highway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canol_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Canol pipeline">Canol pipeline</a>, and military airstrips for aircraft flying to/from the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-canad-44">[44]</a> The large American presence in northern Canada raised concerns for the <a href="/wiki/British_High_Commissioner_to_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="British High Commissioner to Canada">British High Commissioner to Canada</a>, who notified Mackenzie King of the potential implications the American presence could have on its sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-canad-44">[44]</a> A special commissioner was appointed by the Canadian government in May 1943, to monitor American activities in northern Canada, and report it back to <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>. In December 1943, the Canadian government stated it would purchase all military installations constructed by the Americans in Canada during the war, to prevent the Americans from retaining the properties.<a href="#cite_note-canad-44">[44]</a> As opposed to the United Kingdom, and the other dominions of the British Empire, Canada maintained relations with <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> until November 1942.<a href="#cite_note-canad-44">[44]</a> Relations were maintained with Vichy France as the British wanted to maintain an open channel of communication with its government.<a href="#cite_note-canad-44">[44]</a> The Canadian government was involved in a brief diplomatic incident between the Free French, and the United States after Charles de Gaulle <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">captured Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a> from the local Vichy regime.<a href="#cite_note-canad-44">[44]</a> As the territory was nearby <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>, the American government demanded that Canada remove the Free French from the islands, although the Canadians made no efforts to do so.<a href="#cite_note-canad-44">[44]</a> However, the Canadian government did not formally recognize Free France as the legitimate French government until October 1944, during de Gaulle's visit to <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canad-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: New Zealand">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">Military history of New Zealand during World War II</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Diplomatic history of World War II">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (December 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/First_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="First Labour Government of New Zealand">Labour Government</a> had been critical of the fascist powers, voicing opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Abyssinian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Italo-Abyssinian War">second Italian invasion of Abyssinia</a> in 1935. During the war, New Zealand assumed responsibility for the defense of some British colonies in the Pacific on behalf of Britain. The <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Pact" title="Canberra Pact">Canberra Pact</a> of 1944 between Australia and New Zealand was criticized in the United States. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: South Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">Military history of South Africa during World War II</a></div>At the outset of the war in September 1939, the fears in London that <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> would take the advice of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/J._B._M._Hertzog" title="J. B. M. Hertzog">J. B. M. Hertzog</a> and remain neutral were relieved when the <a href="/wiki/South_African_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="South African parliament">South African Parliament</a> voted 80 to 67 for war, and Hertzog resigned.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration">Foreign policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt#Third_and_fourth_terms_(1941–1945)" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt § Third and fourth terms (1941–1945)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">Military history of the United States during World War II</a></div> President Roosevelt tried to avoid repeating what he saw as Woodrow Wilson's mistakes in World War I.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Wilson called for neutrality in thought and deed, while Roosevelt made it clear his administration strongly favored Britain and China. Unlike the loans in World War I, the United States made large-scale grants of military and economic aid to the Allies through <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a>, with little expectation of repayment. Wilson did not greatly expand war production before the declaration of war; Roosevelt did. After Japan attacked <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Wake Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">the Philippines</a> on December 7, 1941, Congress declared war on Japan the following day, December 8, 1941. Roosevelt often mentioned his role in the Wilson administration, but added that he had profited more from Wilson's errors than from his successes.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_(8020913157).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Picture of UN building in New York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg/220px-67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg/330px-67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg/440px-67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>The major long-term goal of Roosevelt's foreign policy during the war was creating a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> to resolve all world problems</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1941_and_1942">1941 and 1942</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 1941 and 1942">edit</a>]</div> After Pearl Harbor, antiwar sentiment in the United States evaporated overnight; The nation was now united on foreign policy. On December 11, 1941, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States, which responded in kind. Roosevelt and his military advisers implemented a war strategy with the objectives of halting the German advances in the Soviet Union and in North Africa; launching an invasion of Western Europe with the aim of crushing Nazi Germany between two fronts; and saving China and defeating Japan. Public opinion, however, gave priority to the destruction of Japan, so American forces were sent chiefly to the Pacific in 1942.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In the opening weeks of the war, Japan had conquered the Philippines, and the British and Dutch colonies in Southeast Asia, capturing <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> in February 1942. Furthermore, Japan cut off the overland supply route to China. The United States flew supplies to China "over the hump" (the Himalayan Mountains) at enormous cost until a road could be opened in 1945. Roosevelt met with Churchill in late December and planned a broad informal alliance among the US, Britain, China, and the Soviet Union. This included Churchill's initial plan to invade North Africa (called <a href="/wiki/Operation_Gymnast" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Gymnast">Operation Gymnast</a>) and the primary plan of the US generals for a Western Europe invasion, focused directly on Germany (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Sledgehammer" title="Operation Sledgehammer">Operation Sledgehammer</a>). An agreement was also reached for a centralized command and offensive in the Pacific Theatre called <a href="/wiki/ABDA" class="mw-redirect" title="ABDA">ABDA</a> (American, British, Dutch, Australian) to save China and defeat Japan. Nevertheless, the <a href="/wiki/Europe_first" title="Europe first">Atlantic First</a> strategy was intact, to Churchill's great satisfaction. On New Year's Day 1942, Churchill and Roosevelt issued the "<a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a>", representing 26 countries in opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a> of Germany, Italy, and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></div> In 1931, Japan took advantage of China's very weak central government in the <a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">Warlord Era</a> and fabricated the <a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a> to set up the puppet state of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>. <a href="/wiki/Puyi" title="Puyi">Puyi</a>, who had been the last <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">emperor of China</a>, became "emperor" of China again; he was a Japanese puppet. In 1937, the <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo Bridge Incident">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a> triggered the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>. The invasion was launched by the bombing of many cities such as <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai" title="Battle of Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>. The latest, which began on 22 and 23 September 1937, called forth widespread protests culminating in a resolution by the Far Eastern Advisory Committee of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> captured the Chinese capital city of <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, and committed <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">war crimes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a>. The war tied down large numbers of Chinese soldiers, so Japan set up three different Chinese puppet states to enlist some Chinese support.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The United States was a strong supporter of China after Japan invaded in 1937. Even the isolationists who opposed war in Europe supported a hard line against Japan. The outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> in 1937 saw aid flow into the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> American public sympathy for the Chinese was aroused by reports from missionaries, novelists such as <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Buck" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl Buck">Pearl Buck</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine of Japanese brutality in China, including reports surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a>, also known as the "Rape of Nanjing". Japanese-American relations were further soured by the <a href="/wiki/USS_Panay_incident" title="USS Panay incident">USS Panay incident</a> during the bombing of <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>. Roosevelt demanded an apology from the Japanese, which was received, but relations between the two countries continued to deteriorate. By early 1941 the US was preparing to send American planes flown by American pilots under American command, but wearing Chinese uniforms, to fight the Japanese invaders and even to bomb Japanese cities. The "<a href="/wiki/Flying_Tigers" title="Flying Tigers">Flying Tigers</a>" under <a href="/wiki/Claire_Chennault" class="mw-redirect" title="Claire Chennault">Claire Chennault</a> arrived just as the US entered the war.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Chennault had developed an ambitious plan for a sneak attack on Japanese bases. The US military was opposed to his scheme, and kept raising obstacles, but it was adopted by top civilian officials including <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Henry Morgenthau Jr.</a> (the Secretary of the Treasury who financed China) and especially President Roosevelt himself, who made it a high priority to keep China alive.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> By October 1941, bombers and crews were on their way to China. However the American attack never took place. The bombers and crews arrived after Pearl Harbor and were used for the war in Burma, for they lacked the range to reach China.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> To augment Chennault's 100 <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk" title="Curtiss P-40 Warhawk">P-40Bs</a>, in May 1941 Washington decided to send 144 <a href="/wiki/Vultee_P-66_Vanguard" title="Vultee P-66 Vanguard">Vultee P-48s</a>, 125 <a href="/wiki/Republic_P-43_Lancer" title="Republic P-43 Lancer">P-43s</a> and 66 Lockheed and Douglas medium bombers. The goal was to give China by early 1942, a respectable air force, judged by Far Eastern standards, sufficient to "(a) protect strategic points, (b) permit local army offensive action, (c) permit the bombing of Japanese air bases and supply dumps in China and Indo-China, and the bombing of coastal and river transport, and (d) permit occasional incendiary bombing of Japan."<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wartime">Wartime</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Wartime">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo_Conference_Participants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cairo_Conference_Participants.jpg/220px-Cairo_Conference_Participants.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cairo_Conference_Participants.jpg/330px-Cairo_Conference_Participants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cairo_Conference_Participants.jpg/440px-Cairo_Conference_Participants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2280" data-file-height="1535" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill meeting at the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Conference_(1943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo Conference (1943)">Cairo Conference</a> in 1943</figcaption></figure> After the formal declaration of war in December 1941, the US stepped up the flow of aid, but it had to be routed through India and over the Himalayan Mountains because Japan blocked the other routes. Chiang's beleaguered government was now headquartered in remote <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>. <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Madame Chiang Kai-shek</a>,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> who had been educated in the United States, addressed the US Congress and toured the country to rally support for China. Congress amended the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a> and Roosevelt moved to end the <a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaties" title="Unequal treaties">unequal treaties</a>. However, the perception that Chiang's government, with his poorly equipped and ill-fed troops was unable to effectively fight the Japanese or that he preferred to focus more on defeating the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communists</a> grew.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/China_Hands" title="China Hands">China Hands</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stilwell" title="Joseph Stilwell">Joseph Stilwell</a> argued that it was in American interest to establish communication with the Communists to prepare for a land-based counteroffensive invasion of Japan. The <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Mission" title="Dixie Mission">Dixie Mission</a>, which began in 1943, was the first official American contact with the Communists. Other Americans, such as <a href="/wiki/Claire_Chennault" class="mw-redirect" title="Claire Chennault">Claire Chennault</a>, argued for air power. In 1944, Generalissimo Chiang acceded to Roosevelt's request that an American general take charge of all forces in the area, but demanded that Stilwell be recalled. General <a href="/wiki/Albert_Wedemeyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Wedemeyer">Albert Wedemeyer</a> replaced Stilwell, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hurley" title="Patrick J. Hurley">Patrick Hurley</a> became ambassador, and US–Chinese relations became much smoother. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cairo_Conference">Cairo Conference</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cairo Conference">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Conference" title="Cairo Conference">Cairo Conference</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo_conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cairo_conference.jpg/220px-Cairo_conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cairo_conference.jpg/330px-Cairo_conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cairo_conference.jpg/440px-Cairo_conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2005" data-file-height="1551" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> of China with Roosevelt and Churchill at the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Conference" title="Cairo Conference">Cairo Conference</a> in 1943.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Conference" title="Cairo Conference">Cairo Conference</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a>, November 23–26, 1943, outlined the Allied position against Japan during World War II and made decisions about postwar Asia. The meeting was attended by President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill, and Generalissimo <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> of the Republic of China. Soviet General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> did not attend the conference because his meeting with Chiang could have caused friction between the Soviet Union and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post_war">Post war</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Post war">edit</a>]</div> After World War II ended in 1945, the showdown came between the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalists</a> and the Communists in a full-scale <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">civil war</a>. American general <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a> tried to broker a truce but he failed. The <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (Nationalist) military position steadily worsened and by 1949, the Communists were victorious and drove the Nationalists from the mainland onto the island of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and other islands. <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> established the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> (PRC) in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>, while the Republic of China remains in Taiwan to this day.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Soviet Union">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Molotov_with_Ribbentrop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Molotov_with_Ribbentrop.jpg/200px-Molotov_with_Ribbentrop.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Molotov_with_Ribbentrop.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="258" /></a><figcaption>Soviet foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a> (left) meets with German foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a> at the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">German–Soviet non-aggression pact</a> on 23 August 1939</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin#World_War_II" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> controlled the foreign policy of the Soviet Union, with <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a> as his foreign minister.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Their policy was hostility to Nazi Germany until August 1939. The Soviet military had conversations in Moscow with a high level military delegation from Britain and France that led nowhere. The Soviets demanded an agreement from Poland to allow Soviet troops to enter that country to defend it against Germany, but Poland refused.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> On August 21, Hitler made friendly proposals to Stalin that led to the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop nonaggression pact</a> on August 23. It stunned the world. The Soviets achieved <a href="/wiki/Axis-Soviet_partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis-Soviet partnership">friendly relations with Germany</a> in order to carve up key elements of Eastern Europe, especially Poland and the Baltic states. Following the pact, Germany invaded and quickly defeated Poland; then the Soviets invaded and took control of its preassigned areas of eastern Poland. Both invaders systematically decimated the Polish elite. In the 1940 <a href="/wiki/Katyn_massacre" title="Katyn massacre">Katyn massacre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> (Soviet secret police) executed 22,000 Polish military and police officers and civilian intelligentsia.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> For the next two years, the USSR supplied Germany with oil and grain. Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a> ordered communist parties around the world to denounce the imperialistic war waged by Britain and France against Germany. For example, B. Farnborough says, "During the entire period up to the fall of France the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">British Communist Party</a> functioned as a propaganda agency for Hitler."<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> After he ignored repeated warnings, Stalin was stunned when Hitler invaded in June 1941. Stalin eventually came to terms with Britain and the United States, cemented through a series of summit meetings. The US and Britain supplied war materials through <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> There was some coordination of military action, especially in summer 1944. At war's end it was doubtful whether Stalin would allow free elections in eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The central diplomatic issue was future of Allies, and as it turned out this Soviet-Western alliance was not a permanent one. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of France during World War II">Military history of France during World War II</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French_Republic">French Republic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: French Republic">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Franco-Polish_alliance_(1921)" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Polish alliance (1921)">Franco-Polish alliance</a> was signed in 1921. France and Britain collaborated closely in 1939, and together declared war against Germany two days after it invaded Poland. Apart from the British Dominions (Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa), no independent nation joined their cause. Britain and France took a defensive posture, fearing German air attacks on cities. France hoped the <a href="/wiki/Maginot_Line" title="Maginot Line">Maginot Line</a> would protect it from an invasion. There was little fighting between the fall of Poland in mid-September and the following spring; it was the <a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a> in Britain or Drôle de guerre—the funny sort of war—in France. Britain tried several peace feelers, but Hitler did not respond. When Germany had its hands free for an attack in the west, it launched its <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a> against Denmark and Norway, easily pushing the British out. Then it invaded the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> and tricked Britain and France into sending its best combat units deep into the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, where they became trapped in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a> in May 1940. The Royal Navy rescued over 300,000 British and French soldiers from Dunkirk, but left behind all the equipment.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vichy_France">Vichy France</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Vichy France">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Vichy_France" title="Foreign relations of Vichy France">Foreign relations of Vichy France</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Relationships_with_Germany">Relationships with Germany</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Relationships with Germany">edit</a>]</div> Paris fell to the Germans on 14 June 1940, and the government surrendered in the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_22_June_1940" title="Armistice of 22 June 1940">Armistice of 22 June 1940</a> with new leader Marshal <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> (1856–1951). His Vichy regime was <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism">paternal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-semitic</a>. His charisma and popularity from his heroic role in the First World War strengthened his authority, although he was increasingly too old to pay attention to details. After Germany seized all of Vichy in October 1942, it installed <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> as its puppet leaving Pétain as a helpless figurehead.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The armistice included numerous provisions that weakened France, all largely guaranteed by the German policy of keeping 2 million French prisoners of war and workers in Germany as hostages. Vichy France was nominally a neutral country. It never declared war on the Soviet Union or Britain, and was recognized diplomatically by the United States until 1942. Although Vichy France was nominally in control of all of France—apart from Alsace-Lorraine—in practice the Germans controlled three-fifths of the country, including the northern and western coasts, the industrial northeast, and the Paris region. The Petain government relocated to the resort town of in Vichy and controlled the rest. From the start, Germany wanted food, minerals, and industrial productions, as well as volunteers to work in German factories. Vichy was allowed to control its foreign colonies—to the extent it could defend them against the Free French—as well as its fleet, to the extent it could defend it against British naval attacks. In October 1942, Germany took it all over; the Vichy regime became entirely a puppet of the German occupiers. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25217,_Henry_Philippe_Petain_und_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25217%2C_Henry_Philippe_Petain_und_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25217%2C_Henry_Philippe_Petain_und_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25217%2C_Henry_Philippe_Petain_und_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25217%2C_Henry_Philippe_Petain_und_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25217%2C_Henry_Philippe_Petain_und_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25217%2C_Henry_Philippe_Petain_und_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Marshal Pétain, left, head of Vichy France, shaking hands with Hitler on October 24, 1940.</figcaption></figure> The small town of <a href="/wiki/Montoire-sur-le-Loir" title="Montoire-sur-le-Loir">Montoire-sur-le-Loir</a> was the scene of two meetings. On October 22, 1940, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> met with Hitler to set up a meeting on October 24 between Hitler and Pétain. It ended in a much-publicized handshake between the two, but in fact their discussions had been entirely general and no decisions had been made. Hitler was impressed with Petain's commitment to defending the French Empire. False rumours abounded that France had made major concessions regarding colonies and German control of French ports and the French fleet.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Germany controlled the entire French economy, and demanded huge reparations in gold and food. However nearly 2 million French soldiers became prisoners of war in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> They served as hostages and forced laborers in German factories. Vichy was intensely <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a>, but it was practically helpless. Vichy finally collapsed when the Germans fled in summer 1944.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The United States granted Vichy full diplomatic recognition, sending Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_D._Leahy" title="William D. Leahy">William D. Leahy</a> to Paris as American ambassador. President Roosevelt hoped to use American influence to encourage those elements in the Vichy government opposed to military collaboration with Germany. Vichy still controlled its overseas colonies and Washington encouraged Vichy to resist German demands such as for air bases in Syria or to move war supplies through <a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a>. The essential American position was that France should take no action not explicitly required by the armistice terms that could adversely affect Allied efforts in the war. When Germany took full control, the US and Canada cut their ties with Vichy.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> By 1942, Germany was demanding that Vichy turnover the Jews for deportation to German concentration camps. Reluctantly at first, then more enthusiastically, Vichy complied. They turned over 80,000 of the 330,000 French and foreign Jews living in Vichy; the Germans killed 77,000. When Germany tried to seize the French fleet at <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a> in November, 1942, the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> scuttled all its ships. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="French_fleet">French fleet</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: French fleet">edit</a>]</div> Britain feared that the powerful French Navy could end up in German hands and be used against its own naval forces, which were so vital to maintaining north Atlantic shipping and communications. Under the armistice, France had been allowed to retain the French Navy, the Marine Nationale, under strict conditions. Vichy pledged that the fleet would never fall into the hands of Germany, but refused to send the fleet beyond Germany's reach by sending it to Britain or to far away territories of the French empire such as the <a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">West Indies</a>. Shortly after France gave up it attacked a large French naval contingent in <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_French_Fleet_at_Mers-el-Kebir" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kebir">Mers-el-Kebir</a>, killing 1,297 French military personnel. Vichy severed diplomatic relations but did not declare war on Britain. Churchill also ordered French ships in British ports to be seized by the Royal Navy. The French squadron at <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria, Egypt</a>, under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Emile_Godfroy" class="mw-redirect" title="René-Emile Godfroy">René-Emile Godfroy</a>, was effectively interned until 1943. The American position towards Vichy France and Free France was inconsistent. President Roosevelt disliked and distrusted de Gaulle, and agreed with Ambassador Leahy's view that he was an "apprentice dictator".<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="North_Africa">North Africa</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: North Africa">edit</a>]</div> Preparing for a landing in North Africa in late 1942, the US looked for a top French ally. It turned to <a href="/wiki/Henri_Giraud" title="Henri Giraud">Henri Giraud</a> shortly before the landing on 8 November 1942, but he had little local support. By hapstance the Vichy leader Admiral <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">François Darlan</a> was captured and supported the Americans. The Allies, with General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> in charge, signed a deal with Admiral Darlan on 22 November 1942 in which the Allies recognized Darlan as high commissioner for North Africa and West Africa.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The Allied world was stunned at giving a high command to man who days before had been collaborating with the Nazis; Roosevelt and Churchill supported Eisenhower, for he was following a plan that had been worked out in London and had been approved by Roosevelt and Churchill. Darlan was assassinated on 24 December 1942, so Washington turned again towards Giraud, who was made High Commissioner of French North and <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">West Africa</a>. Giraud failed to build a political base and was displaced by the last man with any standing, de Gaulle.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Free_France">Free France</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Free France">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Free_French_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Forces">Free French Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De-gaulle-radio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0c/De-gaulle-radio.jpg/220px-De-gaulle-radio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0c/De-gaulle-radio.jpg/330px-De-gaulle-radio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0c/De-gaulle-radio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption>General de Gaulle speaking on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio" title="BBC Radio">BBC Radio</a> during the war</figcaption></figure> Free France was the insurgent French government based in London and the overseas French colonies and led by charismatic general <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>. De Gaulle had been a <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state" title="Secretary of state">Secretary of state</a> in the last <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">consistutional</a> government in the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a>. From London on 18 June 1940 he gave an impassioned radio address <a href="/wiki/Appeal_of_18_June" title="Appeal of 18 June">exhorting the patriotic French people to resist Nazi Germany</a><a href="#cite_note-Berthon-87">[87]</a> He organized the <a href="/wiki/Free_French_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Forces">Free French Forces</a> from soldiers that had escaped with the British at Dunkirk. With British military support the Free French gradually gained control of all French colonies except <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">Indochina</a>, which the Japanese controlled. The US, Britain and Canada wanted Vichy to keep nominal control of the small islands of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">St. Pierre and Miquelon</a> for reasons of prestige, but de Gaulle seized them anyway in late 1941.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> When the British and Americans landed in France in June 1944 de Gaulle headed a government in exile based in London, but he continued to create diplomatic problems for the US and Britain. He refused to allow French soldiers to land on <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">D-Day</a>, and insisted that France be treated as a great power by the other Allies, and that he himself was the only representative of France. Churchill, caught between the US and de Gaulle, tried to find a compromise.<a href="#cite_note-Milton_Viorst_1967-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-David_G._Haglund_2007-34">[34]</a> The US and Britain allowed de Gaulle the honor of being the first to march into Paris at the head of his army after the Germans had fled.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Axis">Axis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Axis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_world_war_europe_animation_small.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Second_world_war_europe_animation_small.gif" decoding="async" width="247" height="257" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="257" /></a><figcaption>Animation of the European Theatre</figcaption></figure> The dictators of Germany and Italy, Hitler and Mussolini, had numerous conferences. Neither ever met with top Japanese leaders. The Japanese ambassador to Germany handled many of the negotiations between Germany and Japan, but his coded messages home were intercepted and decrypted by the United States starting in 1941. The US shared them with Britain. They revealed important German plans.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> Germany's foreign policy during the war involved the creation of friendly governments under direct or indirect control from Berlin. A main goal was obtaining soldiers from the senior allies, such as Italy and Hungary, and millions of workers and ample food supplies from subservient allies such as <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> By the fall of 1942, there were 24 divisions from Romania on the Eastern Front, 10 from Italy and 10 from Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> When a country was no longer dependable, Germany would assume full control, as it did with France in 1942, Italy in 1943, and Hungary in 1944. Full control allowed the Nazis to achieve their high priority of mass murdering all Jewish population. Although Japan was officially a powerful ally, the relationship was distant and there was little coordination or cooperation, such as Germany's refusal to share the secret formula for making synthetic oil from coal until late in the war.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10460,_Adolf_Hitler,_Rednerposen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10460%2C_Adolf_Hitler%2C_Rednerposen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10460%2C_Adolf_Hitler%2C_Rednerposen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10460%2C_Adolf_Hitler%2C_Rednerposen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10460%2C_Adolf_Hitler%2C_Rednerposen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10460%2C_Adolf_Hitler%2C_Rednerposen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10460%2C_Adolf_Hitler%2C_Rednerposen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>Hitler in action</figcaption></figure> DiNardo argues that in Europe Germany's foreign-policy was dysfunctional during the war, as Hitler treated each ally separately, and refused to create any sort of combined staff that would synchronize policies, armaments, and strategies. Italy, Finland, Romania, and Hungary each dealt with Berlin separately, and never coordinated their activities. Germany was reluctant to share its powerful weapons systems, or to train Axis officers. There were some exceptions, such as the close collaboration between the German and Italian forces in North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hitler">Hitler</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Hitler">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> devoted most of his attention during the war to military and diplomatic affairs. He frequently met with foreign leaders, such as the January 10, 1943, he met with Romanian Premier Marshal <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a> at German field headquarters, with top-ranking generals on both sides. On 9 August 1943, Hitler summoned Tsar <a href="/wiki/Boris_III_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris III of Bulgaria">Boris III of Bulgaria</a> to a stormy meeting at field headquarters, and demanded he declare war on the Soviet Union. The tsar refused, but did agree to declare war on far-away Britain. American news reports stated that Hitler tried to hit him and the tsar suffered a heart attack at the meeting; he died three weeks later.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Forced_labour">Forced labour</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Forced labour">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Forced labour under German rule during World War II</a></div> German policy was not to use or build factories in occupied Eastern Europe but to move millions of workers into German factories and farms.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Some were forced, some went voluntarily (going in search of food), and others were prisoners of war. They were closely watched, had poor food and housing, and were harshly treated. Their morale and levels of output were mediocre or poor.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> At the peak the forced labourers comprised 20% of the German work force. Counting deaths and turnover, about 15 million individuals were forced labourers at one point or another during the war. Most came from Poland, the Soviet Union and other Eastern areas; all were repatriated at war's end.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Vichy France was one of the few countries that was able to have much influence on German policies, as it tried to protect the nearly two million French soldiers held as POWs inside Germany. Vichy arranged a deal whereby Germany would release one POW for every three Frenchmen who volunteered to work in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Threatening_Poland">Threatening Poland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Threatening Poland">edit</a>]</div> Before coming to power, Hitler on his part denounced the right of Poland to independence writing that <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> are a "rabble not worth a penny more than the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> or China. How can they demand the rights of independent states?",<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> and demanding a new partition of Poland with nationalist Russia. Referring to the restoration of the Polish state, Hitler stated "the creation of the Polish state was the greatest crime ever committed against the German nation".<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In January 1934 Germany signed a <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_Non-Aggression_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact">non aggression pact with Poland</a> followed by trade later in the year, while secretly organizing preparations in the following years for invasion of Poland and mass murder of Polish population<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> By the spring Hitler was openly pondering what inducements he might have to offer to obtain a military alliance with Poland.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Between 1919 and 1939 Poland pursued a policy of balance between Soviet Union and Nazi Germany and obtained non-aggression treaties with the former.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In early 1939 Hitler wanted Poland to join the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a> as a junior partner to help with the German invasion of the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Steiner states that Hitler "wanted to broker an agreement with <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Beck" title="Józef Beck">Colonel Beck</a>, Poland's all-powerful foreign minister, which would bring <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Danzig</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Corridor" title="Polish Corridor">Polish Corridor</a> back into the Reich but keep Poland as a friend."<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Hitler offered Poland a new non-aggression pact and recognition of its current frontiers if it agreed to permit the German-inhabited city of Danzig to return to Germany as well as allow an extraterritorial highway connecting Germany proper with Danzig and <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> going through Polish territory. This would mean effectively annexing Polish territory while cutting off Poland from the sea and its main trade route. The Polish administration distrusted Hitler and saw the plan as a threat to Polish sovereignty, practically subordinating Poland to the Axis and the Anti-Comintern Bloc while reducing the country to a state of near-servitude as its entire trade would be dependent on Germany.<a href="#cite_note-yale.edu-109">[109]</a> <a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coulondre" title="Robert Coulondre">Robert Coulondre</a>, the French ambassador in Berlin in a dispatch to the Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bonnet" title="Georges Bonnet">Georges Bonnet</a> wrote on 30 April 1939 that Hitler sought: <blockquote>a mortgage on Polish foreign policy, while itself retaining complete liberty of action allowing the conclusion of political agreements with other countries. In these circumstances, the new settlement proposed by Germany, which would link the questions of Danzig and of the passage across the Corridor with counterbalancing questions of a political nature, would only serve to aggravate this mortgage and practically subordinate Poland to the Axis and the Anti-Comintern Bloc. Warsaw refused this in order to retain its independence.<a href="#cite_note-yale.edu-109">[109]</a> By March Hitler had given up on the Poles and in April began planning an invasion.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Hitler's offers are described by Max Domarus as an attempt to buy time before going against Poland.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></blockquote> Poland had few friends in the international arena.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Two critical developments caught Poland by surprise. At the end of March 1939 Britain and France announced that if Germany invaded Poland they would declare war. In terms of helping Poland militarily in an actual war, everyone realized very little could be done because the British and French military thought that if Germany invaded "Polish resistance would collapse in the early stages of fighting." Neither "was thinking of any major offensive action in the West."<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Their hope was that the threat of a two-front war would deter Germany. Hitler believed that Britain and France were bluffing, but he handled the Soviet problem in late August, by an alliance agreement with Stalin, which included secret provisions to partition Poland—and indeed divide up much of eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The British and French offer was not a bluff—they did indeed declare war on Germany when it invaded Poland on 1 September, but neither was in a position to provide serious help. Poland had a million-man army, but fell far short in terms of leadership, training, and equipment. The Polish military budget was about 2% of Germany's; its commanding general, Marshal <a href="/wiki/Edward_Rydz-%C5%9Amig%C5%82y" title="Edward Rydz-Śmigły">Smigly-Rydz</a> was not well prepared for the challenge.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> then <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">invaded Poland</a> without a formal declaration of war on 17 September 1939, immediately after the undeclared war between the Soviet Union and the Japan at the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a> (Nomonhan) in the Far East had ended. Poland was then partitioned between Germany and the Soviet Union. During the war, Nazi Germany cultivated relationships with fascist and extreme right groups in neutral and Allied-controlled territory such as the <a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaner</a> paramilitary organisation based on the Nazi Party. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Holocaust">The Holocaust</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: The Holocaust">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">International response to the Holocaust</a></div> The Holocaust was the <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">European Jews</a> during the war. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany, <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust#Collaboration" title="The Holocaust">aided by non-German collaborators</a> systematically murdered some six million <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> across <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a>, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. Germany implemented the persecution in escalating stages. As the invasions took place, the Nazis set up <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">new ghettos</a> and thousands of camps and other detention sites. Finally in Berlin in January 1942 a policy was decided called the <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Question">Jewish Question</a>. Under the coordination of the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a>, with directions from the highest leadership of the Nazi Party, killings were committed within Germany itself, throughout occupied Europe, and within territories controlled by Germany's allies. Paramilitary <a href="/wiki/Death_squads" class="mw-redirect" title="Death squads">death squads</a> called <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a>, in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="German Army (1935–1945)">German Army</a> and local collaborators, murdered around 1.3 million Jews in mass shootings and pogroms between 1941 and 1945. By mid-1942, victims were being deported from ghettos across Europe in sealed <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">freight trains</a> to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, they were gassed, worked or beaten to death, or killed by disease, medical experiments, or during <a href="/wiki/Death_marches_(Holocaust)" class="mw-redirect" title="Death marches (Holocaust)">death marches</a>. The killing continued until the war ended in May 1945.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The European Jews were targeted for extermination as part of a larger policy in which Germany and its collaborators persecuted and murdered <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust#Other_victims_of_Nazi_persecution" title="The Holocaust">millions of others</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">ethnic Poles</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union#Civilian_losses" title="World War II casualties of the Soviet Union">Soviet civilians</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_mistreatment_of_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet prisoners of war</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Roma</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">disabled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">political dissidents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">gay men</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_black_people_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of black people in Nazi Germany">Black Germans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> There were numerous prominent individuals in Britain who tried to get the Churchill government to make stopping the Holocaust a priority. That never happened and the government did not publicize the information it did have about ongoing atrocities.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Holocaust" title="United States and the Holocaust">United States and the Holocaust</a></div> In Washington President Roosevelt, sensitive to the importance of his Jewish constituency, consulted with Jewish leaders. He followed their advice to not emphasize the Holocaust for fear of inciting anti-semitism in the US. Historians argue that after Pearl Harbor: <blockquote>Roosevelt and his military and diplomatic advisers sought to unite the nation and blunt Nazi propaganda by avoiding the appearance of fighting a war for the Jews. They tolerated no potentially divisive initiatives or any diversion from their campaign to win the war as quickly and decisively as possible. ... Success on the battlefield, Roosevelt and his advisers believed, was the only sure way to save the surviving Jews of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></blockquote> Swedish diplomat <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Wallenberg" title="Raoul Wallenberg">Raoul Wallenberg</a> used his diplomatic immunity to rescue many of Budapest's Jews by issuing protective passports in 1944. Although these documents had no standing in international law, they did impress those who inspected them and helped about 80,000 Jews escape.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Pope Pius XII</a> opposed the Holocaust but the Vatican made only half-hearted ineffective efforts that Berlin easily ignored.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Turkish diplomat <a href="/wiki/Selahattin_%C3%9Clk%C3%BCmen" title="Selahattin Ülkümen">Selahattin Ülkümen</a>, in Rhodes, took advantage of being a neutral country to the war and saved the Jews on the island from genocide by granting them Turkish citizenship. In 1945, when Turkey broke its neutrality against Germany, this consulate building was the first Turkish territory bombed by the Nazis, as if out of a desire for revenge, and the consul's pregnant wife was one of the Turks who died in this attack.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History of Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></div> Allied policy was to be friendly with <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, the Fascist dictator of Italy, in the hopes he would either remain neutral or moderate Hitler's expansion plans.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> However, in May 1939, he joined the Axis with Germany, signing the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a>. When France was in the last stages of collapse Mussolini entered the war and gained some spoils. He brought along a powerful navy that could challenge the British for control of the Mediterranean. Roosevelt denounced the move: "On this 10th day of June, 1940, the hand that held the dagger has struck it into the back of its neighbor."<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_social_republic_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Italian_social_republic_map.png/220px-Italian_social_republic_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Italian_social_republic_map.png/330px-Italian_social_republic_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Italian_social_republic_map.png/440px-Italian_social_republic_map.png 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Italian Social Republic (RSI) as of 1943</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  German military operational zones (<a href="/wiki/OZAV" class="mw-redirect" title="OZAV">OZAV</a>/<a href="/wiki/OZAK" class="mw-redirect" title="OZAK">OZAK</a>) under direct German administration</div></figcaption></figure> Italy was poorly prepared for war and increasingly fell under Nazi dictation.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> After initial success in <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a>, Egypt, the Balkans (despite the initial defeat against Greece), and eastern fronts, Italian military efforts failed in North and East Africa,<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> and Germany had to intervene to rescue its neighbor. After the Allies invaded and took Sicily and southern Italy in 1943, the regime collapsed. Mussolini was arrested and the King appointed General <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Pietro Badoglio</a> as new Prime Minister. They later signed the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">armistice of Cassibile</a> and banned the Fascist Party. However Germany moved in, with the Fascists' help, occupying Italy north of Naples. <a href="/wiki/Fallschirmj%C3%A4ger" title="Fallschirmjäger">German paratroopers</a> rescued Mussolini and Hitler set him up as head of a puppet government the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>, often called the Salò Republic; a <a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">civil war resulted</a>. The Germans gave way slowly, for mountainous Italy offered many defensive opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Britain by 1944 feared that Italy would become a communist state under Soviet influence. It abandoned its original concept of British hegemony in Italy and substituted for it a policy of support for an independent Italy with a high degree of American influence.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balkans">Balkans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Balkans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Balkans_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkans Campaign (World War II)">Balkans Campaign (World War II)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia#World_War_II" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia § World War II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hungary#World_War_II_1941–1945" title="Hungary">Hungary § World War II 1941–1945</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkan_boundary_changes_1938_to_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Balkan_boundary_changes_1938_to_1941.jpg/300px-Balkan_boundary_changes_1938_to_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Balkan_boundary_changes_1938_to_1941.jpg/450px-Balkan_boundary_changes_1938_to_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Balkan_boundary_changes_1938_to_1941.jpg/600px-Balkan_boundary_changes_1938_to_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Hitler, preparing to invade the Soviet Union, diverted attention to make sure the southern or Balkan flank was secure. Romania was under heavy pressure, and had to cede 40,000 square miles of territory with 4 million people to the USSR, Hungary and Bulgaria; German troops came in to protect the vital oil fields (Germany's only source of oil besides the USSR). Romania signed the Axis Pact and became a German ally (November 1940).<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> So too did Hungary (November 1940) and Bulgaria (March, 1941).<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greece">Greece</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Greece">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece#World_War_II" title="History of Greece">History of Greece § World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Military history of Greece during World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Resistance">Greek Resistance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Greece">Battle of Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Contre-Offens_Gr%C3%A8ce_Italie_es.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Contre-Offens_Gr%C3%A8ce_Italie_es.svg/220px-Contre-Offens_Gr%C3%A8ce_Italie_es.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Contre-Offens_Gr%C3%A8ce_Italie_es.svg/330px-Contre-Offens_Gr%C3%A8ce_Italie_es.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Contre-Offens_Gr%C3%A8ce_Italie_es.svg/440px-Contre-Offens_Gr%C3%A8ce_Italie_es.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption>Greek counteroffensive against Italian-controlled Albania, late 1940.</figcaption></figure> In spring 1939, <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italy occupied and annexed Albania</a>. Britain tried to deter an invasion by guaranteeing Greece's frontiers. Greece, under the dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Ioannis Metaxas</a>, to support the Allies' interests <a href="/wiki/Ohi_Day" title="Ohi Day">rejected Italian demands</a>. Italy invaded Greece on 28 October 1940, but Greeks repelled the invaders after a bitter struggle (see <a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Greco-Italian War</a>). By mid-December, 1940, the Greeks occupied nearly a quarter of Albania, tying down 530,000 Italian troops. Metaxas tended to favor Germany but after he died in January 1941 Greece accepted British troops and supplies. In March 1941, a major Italian counterattack failed, humiliating Italian military pretensions.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Germany needed to secure its strategic southern flank in preparation for an invasion of the USSR, Hitler reluctantly launched the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Greece">Battle of Greece</a> in April 1941. Axis troops successfully invaded through Yugoslavia, quickly overcoming Greek and, British defenders. Greece was partitioned under German, Italian, and Bulgarian occupation. A Greek government-in-exile was formed in Cairo (it moved to London), and Germany set up a puppet government in Athens. The latter attracted numerous anti-communist elements. Wartime conditions were severe for civilians; famine was rampant as grain production plunged and Germany seized food supplies for its own needs. <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a> became epidemic. The Germans retaliated brutally for sabotage by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Resistance">Greek Resistance</a>. Multiple resistance groups organized, but they often opposed each other. They included the <a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Greek_League" class="mw-redirect" title="National Republican Greek League">National Republican Greek League</a> (EDES), the <a href="/wiki/National_and_Social_Liberation" title="National and Social Liberation">National and Social Liberation</a> (EKKA). Strongest of all was the communist <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Greece)" title="National Liberation Front (Greece)">National Liberation Front</a> (EAM); its military arm, the <a href="/wiki/ELAS" title="ELAS">National Popular Liberation Army</a> (ELAS) had 50,000 soldiers. The rivalries set the stage for a civil war after the Germans left in September 1944.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yugoslavia_and_Croatia">Yugoslavia and Croatia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Yugoslavia and Croatia">edit</a>]</div> Yugoslavia signed on as a German ally in March 1941, but within days an anti-Nazi coup, led by Serbians with British help, overthrew the prince regent, repudiated the Nazis, and installed the 17-year-old heir as <a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Yugoslavia" title="Peter II of Yugoslavia">King Peter II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mussolini_and_Pavelic_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f4/Mussolini_and_Pavelic_1941.jpg/220px-Mussolini_and_Pavelic_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f4/Mussolini_and_Pavelic_1941.jpg/330px-Mussolini_and_Pavelic_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f4/Mussolini_and_Pavelic_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="258" /></a><figcaption>Croatia's dictator <a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Ante Pavelić</a> (left) with Mussolini in 1941; Independent State of Croatia (not to be confused with the present-day Republic of Croatia) was a new Axis state</figcaption></figure> Germany immediately bombarded the capital <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> and invaded in force on April 6. Within days the Germans were in full control; the new king fled as did many party leaders. However some prominent politicians supported the Germans, and others were passive. The German invasion set off an extremely bloody, long civil war that killed over a million people. Germany dismembered Yugoslavia, with slices going to Germany and Italy. <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> was given to <a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania (then under Italian control)</a>. <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Macedonia</a> went to Bulgaria and <a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%8Dka" title="Bačka">Bačka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baranya_(region)" title="Baranya (region)">Baranja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91imurje" class="mw-redirect" title="Međimurje">Međimurje</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prekmurje" title="Prekmurje">Prekmurje</a> was given over to Hungary. <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> became a <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation" title="Government of National Salvation">German puppet state</a> and was the cockpit of the resistance. In <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, Germans deported <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a> to Serbia, enrolled them in the German army, or deported them to Germany to work in war factories and labor camps. In Serbia the Germans set up General <a href="/wiki/Milan_Nedi%C4%87" title="Milan Nedić">Milan Nedić</a> in charge of a "government of national salvation" but did not permit it to maintain a regular army or foreign affairs ministry.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> What was left of Yugoslavia became the new <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> (NDH) under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Ante Pavelić</a> and his fascist <a href="/wiki/Ustashe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ustashe">Ustashe</a> party. It became an Axis ally and controlled <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_(region)" title="Bosnia (region)">Bosnia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina" title="Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a>. The Ustaše murdered around 90,000 people (mostly <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, along with 37,000 <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>), expelled 250,000, and forced another 200,000 to convert to Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Two major anti-German anti-fascist guerrilla movements emerged, the first in Europe self-organised anti-fascist movement (started in Croatia) partisans led by a Croat <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> had the initial support from the Kremlin. The <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a> led by the Serbian chetnik Colonel <a href="/wiki/Dra%C5%BEa_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Draža Mihailović">Draža Mihailović</a> was loyal to the royal government in exile based in London. Tito's movement won out in 1945, executed its enemies, and reunited Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">History of Japanese foreign relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolf_Hitler_meets_with_the_Japanese_ambassador_Hiroshi_Oshima_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Adolf_Hitler_meets_with_the_Japanese_ambassador_Hiroshi_Oshima_1942.jpg/220px-Adolf_Hitler_meets_with_the_Japanese_ambassador_Hiroshi_Oshima_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Adolf_Hitler_meets_with_the_Japanese_ambassador_Hiroshi_Oshima_1942.jpg/330px-Adolf_Hitler_meets_with_the_Japanese_ambassador_Hiroshi_Oshima_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Adolf_Hitler_meets_with_the_Japanese_ambassador_Hiroshi_Oshima_1942.jpg/440px-Adolf_Hitler_meets_with_the_Japanese_ambassador_Hiroshi_Oshima_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> meeting Japanese ambassador to Germany <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_%C5%8Cshima" title="Hiroshi Ōshima">Hiroshi Ōshima</a>, 1942</figcaption></figure> Japan had conquered all of Manchuria and most of China by 1939 in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, but the Allies refused to recognize the conquests.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Japan joined the Axis with Germany, but shared little information. Japan depended on imports from the Allies for 90% of its oil, and the cutoff of oil shipments in mid-1941 left Japan with supplies for only a year or two of serious combat by its warships and warplanes unless it came to terms regarding China, or seized oil fields controlled by Britain and the Netherlands. The latter course meant war, and was urged by army officials who had been bloodied in <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">border conflicts</a> and were reluctant to engage the Soviets. Some admirals and many civilians, including Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Konoe_Fumimaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Konoe Fumimaro">Konoe Fumimaro</a>, believed that a war with the US would end in defeat. The alternative was loss of honor and power. Diplomats proposed political compromises in the form of the "Amau Doctrine", dubbed the "Japanese Monroe Doctrine" which would have given the Japanese free rein with regard to China. These proposals were rejected by the US; the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> now demanded a military solution.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Imperial_conquests">Imperial conquests</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Imperial conquests">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Empire_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in 1942.</figcaption></figure> Japan launched its own blitzkriegs in East Asia. In 1937, the Japanese Army invaded and captured most of the coastal Chinese cities such as Shanghai. Japan took over <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>), <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>) as well as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>). <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> managed to stay independent by becoming a satellite state of Japan. In December 1941 to May 1942, Japan sank major elements of the American, British and Dutch fleets, captured <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>,<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Singapore, the Philippines and the Dutch East Indies, and reached the borders of India and began bombing Australia. Japan suddenly had achieved its goal of ruling the <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Imperial_rule">Imperial rule</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Imperial rule">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchukuo011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Manchukuo011.jpg/220px-Manchukuo011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Manchukuo011.jpg/330px-Manchukuo011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Manchukuo011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>1935 poster of the puppet state of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> promoting harmony among peoples. The caption reads: "With the help of Japan, China, and Manchukuo, the world can be in peace."</figcaption></figure> The ideology of Japan's colonial empire, as it expanded dramatically during the war, contained two contradictory impulses. On the one hand, it preached the unity of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a>, a coalition of Asian races, directed by Japan, against <a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">Western imperialism</a>. This approach celebrated the spiritual values of the East in opposition to the "crass" materialism of the West.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> In practice, it was a euphemistic title for grabbing land and acquiring essential natural resources.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> The Japanese installed organizationally-minded bureaucrats and engineers to run their new empire, and they believed in ideals of efficiency, modernization, and engineering solutions to social problems. It was <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> based on technology, and rejected Western norms of democracy. After 1945, the engineers and bureaucrats took over, and turned the wartime <a href="/wiki/Techno-fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno-fascism">techno-fascism</a> into entrepreneurial management skills.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> The Japanese government established puppet regimes in Manchuria ("<a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>") and China; proper; they vanished at the end of the war. The Japanese Army operated ruthless governments in most of the conquered areas, but paid more favorable attention to the Dutch East Indies. The main goal was to obtain oil, but Japan sponsored an Indonesian nationalist movement under <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Sukarno finally came to power in the late 1940s after several years of battling the Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> The Dutch destroyed their oil wells but the Japanese reopened them. However most of the tankers taking oil to Japan were sunk by American submarines, so Japan's oil shortage became increasingly acute.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Puppet_states_in_China">Puppet states in China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Puppet states in China">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reorganized_National_Government_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Reorganized National Government of China">Reorganized National Government of China</a></div> Japan set up puppet regimes in Manchuria ("<a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>") and China; proper; they vanished at the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Showa_Steel_Works.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Showa_Steel_Works.JPG/220px-Showa_Steel_Works.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Showa_Steel_Works.JPG/330px-Showa_Steel_Works.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Showa_Steel_Works.JPG/440px-Showa_Steel_Works.JPG 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Shōwa Steel Works was a mainstay of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Manchukuo" title="Economy of Manchukuo">Economy of Manchukuo</a></figcaption></figure> Manchuria, the historic homeland of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, had an ambiguous character after 1912. It was run by local warlords. The Japanese Army seized control in 1931, and set up a puppet state of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> in 1932 for the 34,000,000 inhabitants. Other areas were added, and over 800,000 Japanese moved in as administrators. The nominal ruler was <a href="/wiki/Puyi" title="Puyi">Puyi</a>, who as a small child had been the last <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor of China</a>. He was deposed during the <a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">revolution of 1911</a>, and now the Japanese brought him back in a powerless role. Manchukuo was recognized mainly by Axis countries. The United States in 1932 announced the <a href="/wiki/Stimson_Doctrine" title="Stimson Doctrine">Stimson Doctrine</a> stating that it would never recognize Japanese sovereignty. Japan modernized the economy and operated it as a satellite to the Japanese economy. It was out of range of American bombers, so its factories continued their output to the end. Manchukuo was returned to China in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> When Japan seized control of China proper in 1937–38, the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Central_China_Expeditionary_Army" title="Central China Expeditionary Army">Central China Expeditionary Army</a> set up the <a href="/wiki/Reorganized_National_Government_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Reorganized National Government of China">Reorganized National Government of China</a>, a puppet state, under the nominal leadership of <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Ching-wei</a> (1883–1944). It was based in Nanjing. The Japanese were in full control; the puppet state declared war on the Allies in 1943. Wang was allowed to administer the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_International_Settlement" title="Shanghai International Settlement">International Settlement in Shanghai</a>. The puppet state had an army of 900,000 soldiers, and was positioned against the Nationalist army under <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>. It did little fighting.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_defeats">Military defeats</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Military defeats">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> initially appeared to be a major success that knocked out the American battle fleet—but it missed the aircraft carriers that were at sea and ignored vital shore facilities whose destruction could have crippled US Pacific operations. Ultimately, the attack proved a long-term strategic disaster that actually inflicted relatively little significant long-term damage while provoking the United States to seek revenge in an all-out <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a> in which no terms short of <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_surrender" title="Unconditional surrender">unconditional surrender</a> would be entertained. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg/170px-Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg/255px-Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg/340px-Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2498" data-file-height="2943" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic cloud over Hiroshima</a>, 1945</figcaption></figure> However, as Admiral <a href="/wiki/Isoroku_Yamamoto" title="Isoroku Yamamoto">Isoroku Yamamoto</a> warned, Japan's six-month window of military advantage following Pearl Harbor ended with the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>'s offensive ability being crippled at the hands of the American Navy in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a>. As the war became one of mass production and logistics, the US built a far stronger navy with more numerous warplanes, and a superior communications and logistics system. The Japanese had stretched too far and were unable to supply their forward bases—many soldiers died of starvation. Japan built warplanes in large quantity but the quality plunged, and the performance of poorly trained pilots spiraled downward.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> The Imperial Navy lost a series of major battles, from Midway (1942) to the Philippine Sea (1944) and Leyte Gulf (1945), which put American long-range B-29 bombers in range. A series of massive raids burned out much of Tokyo and 64 major industrial cities beginning in March 1945 while <a href="/wiki/Operation_Starvation" title="Operation Starvation">Operation Starvation</a> seriously disrupted the nation's vital internal shipping lanes. Regardless of how the war was becoming hopeless, the circle around the Emperor held fast and refused to open negotiations. Finally in August, two atomic bombs and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria demonstrated the cause was futile, and <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a> authorized a surrender whereby he kept his throne.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deaths">Deaths</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Deaths">edit</a>]</div> Total Japanese military fatalities between 1937 and 1945 were 2.1 million; most came in the last year of the war. Starvation or malnutrition-related illness accounted for roughly 80 percent of Japanese military deaths in the Philippines, and 50 percent of military fatalities in China. The aerial bombing of a total of 65 Japanese cities appears to have taken a minimum of 400,000 and possibly closer to 600,000 civilian lives (over 100,000 in Tokyo alone, over 200,000 in Hiroshima and Nagasaki combined, and 80,000–150,000 civilian deaths in the battle of Okinawa). Civilian death among settlers who died attempting to return to Japan from Manchuria in the winter of 1945 were probably around 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Finland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Finland_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Finland during World War II">Military history of Finland during World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hitler_Mannerheim_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Hitler_Mannerheim_2.jpg/170px-Hitler_Mannerheim_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Hitler_Mannerheim_2.jpg/255px-Hitler_Mannerheim_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Hitler_Mannerheim_2.jpg/340px-Hitler_Mannerheim_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="1571" /></a><figcaption>Hitler and Finnish commander-in-chief <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Field Marshal Mannerheim</a> (right)</figcaption></figure> Finland <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Finland_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Finland during World War II">fought against the USSR twice</a>, first when <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">the USSR invaded in 1939</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">from 1941 through 1944</a> when Finland teamed with Germany to recapture Karelia. As per the Soviet armistice in late summer of 1944, they successfully drove German forces out of <a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland at the end of 1944</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> The August 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union contained a secret protocol dividing much of eastern Europe and assigning Finland to the Soviet sphere of influence. Finland before 1918 had been a Grand Duchy <a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> of Russia, and many Finnish speakers lived in neighboring parts of the Soviet Union. After unsuccessfully attempting to force territorial and other concessions on the Finns, the Soviet Union invaded Finland in November 1939 starting the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a>. Finland won very wide popular support in Britain and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Soviet success in Finland would threaten Germany's iron-ore supplies and offered the prospect of Allied interference in the region. The Soviets overwhelmed the Finnish resistance in the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a>, and a peace treaty was signed in March 1940. It ceded some Finnish territory to the Soviet Union, including the <a href="/wiki/Karelian_Isthmus" title="Karelian Isthmus">Karelian Isthmus</a>, containing Finland's second-largest city, <a href="/wiki/Vyborg" title="Vyborg">Viipuri</a>, and the critical defensive structure of the <a href="/wiki/Mannerheim_Line" title="Mannerheim Line">Mannerheim Line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> After the Winter War, Finland sought protection and support from the Britain and Sweden without success. Finland drew closer to Germany, first with the intent of enlisting German support as a counterweight to thwart continuing Soviet pressure, and later to help regain lost territories. Finland declared war against the Soviet Union on 25 June 1941 in what is called the "<a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a>" in Finnish historiography.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> To meet Stalin's demands, Britain reluctantly declared war on Finland on 6 December 1941, although no other military operations followed. War was never declared between Finland and the United States, though relations were severed between the two countries in 1944 as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Ryti%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Agreement" title="Ryti–Ribbentrop Agreement">Ryti–Ribbentrop Agreement</a>. The arms-length collaboration with Germany stemmed from a precarious balance struck by the Finns in order to avoid antagonizing Britain and the United States. In the end Britain declared war to satisfy the needs of its Soviet policy, but did not engage in combat against Finland. Finland concluded armistice negotiations with the USSR under strong German pressure to continue the war, while British and American acted in accord with their own alliances with the Soviets.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Finland maintained command of its armed forces and pursued war objectives independently of Germany. Germans and Finns did work closely together during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Silverfox" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Silverfox">Operation Silverfox</a>, a joint offensive against Murmansk.<a href="#cite_note-MannJörgensen2003-167">[167]</a> Finland refused German requests to participate actively in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a>, and also granted asylum to Jews, while Jewish soldiers continued to serve in its army. After Soviet offensives were fought to a standstill, in 1944 Ryti's successor as president, Marshall <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim</a>, opened negotiations with the Soviets, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Armistice" title="Moscow Armistice">Moscow Armistice</a> on 19 September 1944. Under its terms Finland was obliged to remove or intern any remaining German troops on Finnish territory past September 15. This resulted in a military campaign to expel German forces in <a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland in the final months of 1944</a>. Finland signed a <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947" title="Paris Peace Treaties, 1947">peace treaty</a> with the Allied powers in 1947. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Hungary">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary in World War II</a></div> Hungary was a reluctant ally of Germany in the war.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-Montgomery-169">[169]</a> In the 1930s, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary</a> relied on increased trade with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Fascist Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> to pull itself out of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. Hungarian politics and foreign policy had become more stridently nationalistic by 1938, and Hungary adopted an irredentist policy, attempting to recover control over ethnic Hungarian areas in neighboring countries. Hungary benefited territorially from its relationship with the Axis. Settlements were negotiated regarding territorial disputes with the <a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovak Republic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a>. In 1940, Hungary signed the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a>. The following year, Hungarian forces participated in the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">invasion of Yugoslavia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invasion of the Soviet Union</a>. Their participation was noted by German observers for its particular cruelty, with occupied peoples subjected to arbitrary violence. Hungarian volunteers were sometimes referred to as engaging in "murder tourism".<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> While waging war against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_K%C3%A1llay" title="Miklós Kállay">Miklós Kállay</a> engaged in peace negotiations with the United States and the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Berlin was already suspicious of the Kállay government. As early as September 1943 the German General Staff had made plans to invade and occupy Hungary. The Kállay government took no preventive measures. Resistance would not have been hopeless. In March 1944, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Margarethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Margarethe">German forces occupied Hungary</a>. When Soviet forces began threatening Hungary, Regent <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a> announced he asked for an armistice and ordered to cease military operations as Hungary jumped out of the war. Soon afterward, Horthy's son was kidnapped by German commandos and Horthy was forced to revoke his statements. The Regent was then deposed from power, while Hungarian fascist leader <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Ferenc Szálasi</a> established a new government, with German backing. In 1945, Hungarian and German forces in Hungary were defeated by advancing Soviet armies.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Romania">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania in World War II</a></div> Following the start of the war on 1 September 1939, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a> under <a href="/wiki/King_Carol_II_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="King Carol II of Romania">King Carol II</a> officially adopted a position of neutrality. However, the rapidly changing situation in Europe during 1940, as well as domestic political upheaval, undermined this stance. Fascist political forces such as the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a> rose in popularity and power, urging an alliance with Germany and Italy. As the military fortunes of Romania's two main guarantors of territorial integrity—France and Britain—crumbled in spring 1940, the government of Romania turned to Germany in hopes of a similar guarantee. Romania was unaware that Berlin had already secretly split Eastern Europe with Moscow in a secret protocol of the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>. In summer 1940 a series of territorial disputes were diplomatically resolved unfavorably to Romania, resulting in the loss of most of the territory gained in the wake of World War I. This caused the popularity of Romania's government to plummet, further reinforcing the fascist and military factions, who eventually staged a coup that turned the country into a dictatorship under <a href="/wiki/Mare%C8%99al_(Romania)" title="Mareșal (Romania)">Mareșal</a> <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a>. The new regime, the <a href="/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">National Legionary State</a>, officially joined the Axis powers on 23 November 1940. Romania sent troops into the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of the Soviet Union">invasion of the Soviet Union</a> on 22 June 1941, sold equipment and oil to Germany. It committed more troops to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> than all the other allies of Germany combined. Romanian forces played a large role during fighting in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine#Ukraine_during_World_War_II" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a> and elsewhere. Romanian troops were responsible for the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">persecution and massacre</a> of up to 260,000 Jews in Romanian-controlled territories, though most Jews living within Romania survived the harsh conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Study-173">[173]</a> According to historian and author Mark Axworthy, the second Axis army in Europe, arguably, belonged to Romania, though, this is disputed since many would agree that this position goes to the Italian army.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> After the tide of war turned against Germany Romania was <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Romania in World War II">bombed by the Allies</a> from 1943 onwards and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romania" title="Battle of Romania">invaded by advancing Soviet armies in 1944</a>. Popular support for Romania's war plunged as German-Romanian fronts collapsed. King <a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael of Romania">Michael of Romania</a> <a href="/wiki/King_Michael%27s_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="King Michael's Coup">led a coup d'état</a> that deposed the Antonescu regime and put Romania on the side of the Allies for the remainder of the war; Antonescu was executed in June 1946. Despite this late association with the winning side, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a> was largely dismantled, losing territory to Bulgaria and the Soviet Union, but regaining <a href="/wiki/Northern_Transylvania" title="Northern Transylvania">Northern Transylvania</a> from Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neutrals">Neutrals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Neutrals">edit</a>]</div> The main neutrals were <a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a>, Portugal, Spain, <a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a>, Switzerland and Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> The Soviet Union was officially neutral until June 1941 in Europe, and until August 1945 in Asia, when it attacked Japan in cooperation with the US. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Latin America">edit</a>]</div> The US believed, falsely, that Germany had a master plan to subvert and take control of the economy of much of South America. Washington made anti-Nazi activity a high priority in the region. By July 1941, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt authorized the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Coordinator_of_Inter-American_Affairs" title="Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs">Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs</a> (OCIAA) in response to perceived propaganda efforts in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> by Germany and Italy. Through the use of news, film and radio broadcast media in the United States, Roosevelt sought to enhance his <a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor policy</a>, promote <a href="/wiki/Pan-Americanism" title="Pan-Americanism">Pan-Americanism</a> and forestall military hostility in Latin America through the use of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy" title="Cultural diplomacy">cultural diplomacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Three countries actively joined the war effort, while others passively broke relations or nominally declared war.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> declared war in December 1941 and actively helped in the defence of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>. It did not send forces to Europe. <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> declared war on Germany in 1942 after U-boats sank Mexican tankers carrying crude oil to the United States. It sent a 300-man <a href="/wiki/Escuadr%C3%B3n_201" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuadrón 201">fighter squadron</a> to the war against Japan in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> declared war against Germany and Italy on 22 August 1942 and sent a <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Brazilian Expeditionary Force">25,700-man infantry force</a> that fought mainly on the <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italian Front</a>, from September 1944 to May 1945. Its <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Navy" title="Brazilian Navy">Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Air_Force" title="Brazilian Air Force">Air Force</a> acted in the Atlantic Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Argentina">Argentina</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Argentina">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Argentina_during_World_War_II" title="Argentina during World War II">Argentina during World War II</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> hosted a strong, very well-organized pro-Nazi element before the war that was controlled by German ambassadors. Brazil, Chile and Mexico had smaller movements.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> American foreign-policy worked to unite all of Latin America in a coalition against Germany. Argentina proved recalcitrant, and the US worked to undermine the Argentine government. The American policy backfired when the <a href="/wiki/1943_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1943 Argentine coup d'état">military seized power in a coup in 1943</a>. Relationships grew worse to the point that Washington seriously considered economic and diplomatic isolation of Argentina and tried unsuccessfully to keep it out of the United Nations in 1945. Historians now agree that the supposed affinity between Argentina and Germany was greatly exaggerated.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> The Argentine government remained neutral until the last days of the war but quietly tolerated entry of Nazi leaders fleeing Germany, Belgium and Vichy France in 1945. Indeed, a <a href="/wiki/ODESSA" title="ODESSA">conspiracy theory</a> grew up after the war that greatly exaggerated the Nazi numbers and amount of gold they brought. Historians have shown there was little gold and probably not many Nazis, but the myths live on.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baltic_states">Baltic states</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Baltic states">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></div> Despite declaring neutrality the Baltic states were secretly assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_sphere_of_influence" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet sphere of influence">Soviet sphere of influence</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> and subsequently occupied by the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Legations_(1940%E2%80%9391)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Legations (1940–91)">Diplomatic legations</a> continued to represent the Baltic states throughout the period. The United States never recognized control by Germans or USSR. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Ireland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Irish neutrality during World War II</a></div> Ireland tried to be strictly neutral during the war, and refused to allow Britain to use bases. However it had large sales of exports to Britain, and tens of thousands joined the British armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Portugal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationAzores.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/LocationAzores.png" decoding="async" width="178" height="112" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="112" /></a><figcaption>Location of the Azores Islands</figcaption></figure> Portugal controlled strategically vital <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> islands in the Atlantic, and Britain and the US made plans called <a href="/wiki/Operation_Alacrity" title="Operation Alacrity">Operation Alacrity</a> to invade them if necessary. Portugal although it had an alliance with Britain was officially neutral; its highest goal was to avoid a German invasion. Its dictator <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a> collaborated with the British and sold them rubber and <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> ("wolfram").<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> In late 1943 he allowed the Allies to establish air bases in the Azores to fight U-boats. He helped Spain avoid German control. <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> was a major product, and he sold to Germany; he stopped in June 1944, when the threat of a German invasion of Portugal was no longer possible.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> He worked to regain control of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">East Timor</a> after the Japanese seized it.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> He admitted several thousand Jewish refugees. Lisbon maintained air connections with Britain and the US. <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> was a hotbed of spies and served as the base for the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Red Cross</a> in its distribution of relief supplies to POWs held by Germany. The Quakers and other peace groups used it as a base for their aid to refugees.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Spain">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Spain_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain in World War II">Spain in World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibraltar in World War II">Gibraltar in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L15327,_Spanien,_Heinrich_Himmler_bei_Franco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L15327%2C_Spanien%2C_Heinrich_Himmler_bei_Franco.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L15327%2C_Spanien%2C_Heinrich_Himmler_bei_Franco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L15327%2C_Spanien%2C_Heinrich_Himmler_bei_Franco.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L15327%2C_Spanien%2C_Heinrich_Himmler_bei_Franco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L15327%2C_Spanien%2C_Heinrich_Himmler_bei_Franco.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L15327%2C_Spanien%2C_Heinrich_Himmler_bei_Franco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>Nazi leaders (from left) <a href="/wiki/Karl_Wolff" title="Karl Wolff">Karl Wolff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> meet with Spanish dictator <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> and his Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Serrano_S%C3%BA%C3%B1er" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramón Serrano Súñer">Serrano Súñer</a> in Madrid, October 1940.</figcaption></figure> Nazi leaders spent much of the war attempting to persuade the <a href="/wiki/Franco_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco regime">Franco regime</a> to enter the war and allow a German army to march on <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>. The overtures proved futile. Franco was sympathetic but remained emphatically neutral. However, Spain did need to pay off its heavy debt to Germany. Therefore, Franco did provide various kinds of support to Italy and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> It sold Germany supplies, especially wolfram, the hard-to-find tungsten ore. It formed 45,000 volunteers into the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Division" title="Blue Division">Blue Division</a>, which fought exclusively on the Eastern Front. Spain was neutral and traded as well with the Allies. Germany had an interest in seizing the key fortress of Gibraltar, but Franco stationed his army at the French border to dissuade Germany from occupying the Iberian Peninsula. Franco displayed pragmatism and his determination to act principally in Spanish interests, in the face of Allied economic pressure, Axis military demands, and Spain's geographic isolation. As the war progressed he became more hard-line toward Germany and more accommodating to the Allies.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Sweden">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden during World War II</a></div> At the outbreak of war between Germany and Poland, Britain and France in September 1939, Sweden declared neutrality. At outbreak of war in November between Finland and the Soviet Union, Sweden declared "<a href="/wiki/Non-belligerent" title="Non-belligerent">Non-belligerent</a>" to make it possible to support Finland with arms and <a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">volunteers</a> in the Winter War. From 13 December to the end of the war, a <a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">national unity government</a> under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Per_Albin_Hansson" title="Per Albin Hansson">Per Albin Hansson</a> and Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Christian_G%C3%BCnther" title="Christian Günther">Christian Günther</a> was formed that included all major parties in the Riksdag. From April 1940 Sweden and Finland was encircled between Nazi Germany and the Soviet union and subject to both British and German <a href="/wiki/Blockades" class="mw-redirect" title="Blockades">blockades</a>. In spring-summer 1940 the United States stopped delivery of fighter aircraft to Sweden. Sweden made concessions to both Allies and Germany. It held that that neutrality and cooperation with Germany were necessary for survival, for Germany was vastly more powerful, concessions were limited and were only made where the threat was too great; neutrality was bent but not broken; national unity was paramount; and in any case Sweden had the neutral right to trade with Germany. Germany needed Swedish iron and had nothing to gain—and much iron to lose—by an invasion.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> As a free country, Sweden took in refugees from Finland, Norway, Denmark and the Baltic states. During the last part of the war, it was possible to save some victims from German <a href="/wiki/White_Buses" title="White Buses">concentration camps</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Switzerland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland during the World Wars</a></div> Switzerland was neutral and did business with both sides. It mobilized its army to defend itself against any invasion. The <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tannenbaum" title="Operation Tannenbaum">Germans did make plans</a>, but never invaded.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Cut off from the Allies, Swiss trade was mostly with Germany, with <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Switzerland" title="Banking in Switzerland">Swiss banks</a> a favourite place for Nazis to store their loot. The Swiss depended on German permission to import its food and fuel. Smuggling high precision tools and weapons (such as <a href="/wiki/Jewel_bearing" title="Jewel bearing">jewel bearings</a>, diamond dies, and <a href="/wiki/Chronograph" title="Chronograph">chronographs</a>) to Britain took place on a large scale.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Switzerland became a convenient center for spies and espionage.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Swiss banks paid Germany 1.3 billion Swiss Francs for gold; Germany used the Francs to buy supplies on the world market. However much of the gold was looted and the Allies warned Switzerland during the war. In 1947 Switzerland paid 250 million francs in exchange for the dropping of claims relating to the Swiss role in the gold transactions.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Switzerland took in 48,000 refugees during the war, of whom 20,000 were Jewish. They also turned away about 40,000 applicants for refugee status.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Switzerland's role regarding Nazi Germany became highly controversial in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Wylie says, "Switzerland has been widely condemned for its part in the war. It has been accused of abetting genocide, by refusing to offer sanctuary to Hitler's victims, bankrolling the Nazi war economy, and callously profiting from Hitler's murderous actions by seizing the assets of those who perished in the death camps."<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> On the other hand, Churchill told his foreign minister in late 1944: <blockquote>Of all the neutrals, Switzerland has the great right to distinction. She has been the sole international force linking the hideous-sundered nations and ourselves. What does it matter whether she has been able to give us the commercial advantages we desire or has given too many to the German, to keep herself alive? She has been a democratic state, standing for freedom in self defence among her mountains, and in thought, despite of race, largely on our side.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Turkey">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#Post-Atatürk_era_(1938–1945)" title="History of the Republic of Turkey">History of the Republic of Turkey § Post-Atatürk era (1938–1945)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roosevelt_In%C3%B6n%C3%BC_and_Churchill_in_Cairo_cph.3b15312.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Roosevelt_In%C3%B6n%C3%BC_and_Churchill_in_Cairo_cph.3b15312.jpg/220px-Roosevelt_In%C3%B6n%C3%BC_and_Churchill_in_Cairo_cph.3b15312.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Roosevelt_In%C3%B6n%C3%BC_and_Churchill_in_Cairo_cph.3b15312.jpg/330px-Roosevelt_In%C3%B6n%C3%BC_and_Churchill_in_Cairo_cph.3b15312.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Roosevelt_In%C3%B6n%C3%BC_and_Churchill_in_Cairo_cph.3b15312.jpg/440px-Roosevelt_In%C3%B6n%C3%BC_and_Churchill_in_Cairo_cph.3b15312.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1209" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İnönü</a> of Turkey and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a> at the Second Cairo Conference which was held between December 4–6, 1943.</figcaption></figure> Turkey was neutral in the war, but signed a treaty with Britain and France in October 1939 that said the Allies would defend Turkey if Germany attacked it. The deal was enhanced with loans of £41 million. An invasion was threatened in 1941 but did not happen and <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> refused German requests to allow troops to cross its borders into Syria or into the USSR. Germany had been its largest trading partner before the war, and Turkey continued to do business with both sides. It purchased arms from both sides. The Allies tried to stop German purchases of chrome (used in making better steel). Starting in 1942 the Allies provided military aid and pressed for a declaration of war. Turkey's president conferred with Roosevelt and Churchill at the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Conference" title="Cairo Conference">Cairo Conference</a> in November, 1943, and promised to enter the war when it was fully armed. By August 1944, with Germany nearing defeat, Turkey broke off relations. In February 1945, it declared war on Germany and Japan, a symbolic move that allowed Turkey to join the future United Nations. Meanwhile, relations with Moscow worsened, setting stage for the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a> of 1947 and the start of the Cold War.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governments_in_exile">Governments in exile</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Governments in exile">edit</a>]</div> Britain welcomed governments in exile to set up their headquarters in London<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> whilst others were set up in neutral or other allied territory. Recognition for these bodies would vary and change over time. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland:_in_exile_and_underground">Poland: in exile and underground</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Poland: in exile and underground">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mass_Extermination_of_Jews_in_German_Occupied.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_Mass_Extermination_of_Jews_in_German_Occupied.pdf/page1-220px-The_Mass_Extermination_of_Jews_in_German_Occupied.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_Mass_Extermination_of_Jews_in_German_Occupied.pdf/page1-330px-The_Mass_Extermination_of_Jews_in_German_Occupied.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_Mass_Extermination_of_Jews_in_German_Occupied.pdf/page1-440px-The_Mass_Extermination_of_Jews_in_German_Occupied.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="1281" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/The_Mass_Extermination_of_Jews_in_German_Occupied_Poland" title="The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland">The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland</a>", note of <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a> addressed to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_WWII" class="mw-redirect" title="Allies of WWII">wartime allies</a> of the then-<a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">United Nations</a>, 1942</figcaption></figure> When the Polish forces were demolished by Germany in the first three weeks of September 1939, the government vanished and most Polish leaders <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Bridgehead" title="Romanian Bridgehead">fled to Romania</a>, where they were interred. Other leaders escaped to France, and later to London, where the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a> was set up by <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski" title="Władysław Sikorski">General Sikorski</a>. It was recognized by the Allies until 1944.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">underground resistance movement</a> formed inside Poland; it nominally reported to the government in exile. During the war about 400,000 Poles joined the underground <a href="/wiki/Polish_Home_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Home Army">Polish Home Army</a>, about 200,000 went into <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_West" title="Polish Armed Forces in the West">combat on western fronts</a> in units loyal to the Polish government in exile, and about 300,000 <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_East#Berling_Army:_1943-1945" title="Polish Armed Forces in the East">fought under Soviet command</a> in the last stages of the war.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> Since the start of the war the body protested on the international stage against the German occupation of their territory and the treatment of their civilian population. In 1940 the Polish Ministry of Information produced a list of those it believed had been murdered by the Nazis. On 10 December 1942, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a> published a 16-page report addressed to the Allied governments, titled The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland.<a href="#cite_note-210">[note 1]</a> The report contained eight pages of <a href="/wiki/Raczy%C5%84ski%27s_Note" title="Raczyński's Note">Raczyński's Note</a>, which was sent to foreign ministers of 26 governments who signed the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a> on 1 January 1942.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Norway">edit</a>]</div> After Germany swept to control in April 1940, the <a href="/wiki/Nygaardsvold%27s_Cabinet" title="Nygaardsvold's Cabinet">government in exile</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_royal_family" title="Norwegian royal family">royal family</a>, was based in London. Politics were suspended and the government coordinated action with the Allies, retained control of a worldwide diplomatic and consular service, and operated the huge Norwegian merchant marine. It organized and supervised the resistance within Norway. One long-term impact was the abandonment of a traditional Scandinavian policy of neutrality; Norway became a founding member of NATO in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> Norway at the start of the war had the world's fourth largest merchant fleet, at 4.8 million tons, including a fifth of the world's oil tankers. The Germans captured about 20% of the fleet but the remainder, about 1000 ships, were taken over by the government. Although half the ships were sunk, the earnings paid the expenses of the government.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Netherlands">edit</a>]</div> The government in 1940 fled to London, where it had command of some colonies as well as the Dutch navy and merchant marine.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> When they arrived in London the Government in exile considered itself still neutral but found its desire for the liberation of the Netherlands coinciding with the war aims of the Allies.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> After the fall of France the Dutch Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Jan_de_Geer" title="Dirk Jan de Geer">Dirk Jan de Geer</a> advocated negotiating a separate peace between the Netherlands and the Third Reich. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands" title="Wilhelmina of the Netherlands">Queen Wilhelmina</a>, fearing that the loss of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> to Japan would be a term of any treaty, vetoed any agreement. On 3 September 1940 the Queen dismissed her prime minister and replaced him with <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Sjoerds_Gerbrandy" title="Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy">Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy</a>, who worked with Churchill and Roosevelt on ways to smooth the path for an American entry. <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a> together with <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, the then world-class exporting oil refineries, were the main suppliers of refined products to the Allies. Aruba became a British protectorate from 1940 to 1942 and a US protectorate from 1942 to 1945. On November 23, 1941, under an agreement with the Netherlands government-in-exile, the United States occupied <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Dutch Guiana</a> to protect the bauxite mines.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Czechoslovakia">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile" title="Czechoslovak government-in-exile">Czechoslovak government-in-exile</a> was an informal title given to the Czechoslovak National Liberation Committee originally created by the former Czechoslovak President, <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Bene%C5%A1" title="Edvard Beneš">Edvard Beneš</a> in Paris in October 1939.<a href="#cite_note-Crampton-218">[217]</a> Unsuccessful negotiations with <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> for diplomatic status, as well as the impending <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_France_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of France by Nazi Germany">Nazi occupation of France</a>, forced the Committee to withdraw to London in 1940. The body was eventually considered, by those countries that recognized it, as the legal continuation of the <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="First Republic of Czechoslovakia">First Republic of Czechoslovakia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Belgium">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium in World War II</a></div> The German invasion lasted only 18 days in 1940 before the Belgian army surrendered. The king remained behind, but the government escaped to France and then to England in 1940. Belgium was liberated in late 1944.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> Belgium had two holdings in Africa, the very large colony of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> and the mandate of <a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a>. The Belgian Congo was not occupied and remained loyal to the Allies as a useful economic asset. The government in exile sold 3.4 million pounds of <a href="/wiki/Uranium_ore" title="Uranium ore">uranium ore</a> from the Congo to the US for the atomic bomb.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> Troops from the Belgian Congo participated in the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East African Campaign</a> against the Italians. The colonial <a href="/wiki/Force_Publique" title="Force Publique">Force Publique</a> also served in other theatres alongside British forces. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yugoslavia_in_exile">Yugoslavia in exile</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Yugoslavia in exile">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II in Yugoslavia</a></div> Yugoslavia had a weak government in exile based in London that included <a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Yugoslavia" title="Peter II of Yugoslavia">King Peter</a>. However, power inside the country was divided three ways between the Germans and their allies, and two Serbian resistance groups. The royalist anti-communist <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a> under <a href="/wiki/Dra%C5%BEa_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Draža Mihailović">Draža Mihailović</a>, was nominally under the control of the government in exile. Chetniks were Serbians opposed to the Nazis but sometimes did collaborate with the Germans and Ustaša in their fierce guerrilla battles with the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Liberation Army (Yugoslavia)">National Liberation Army</a>, a communist-controlled resistance headed by <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>. Tito's strength grew in 1943, and Mihailović and the monarchists fell far behind. Churchill reversed course in December 1943, ended his support for the forces of Mihailović, and backed instead Tito. The government in exile followed suite and supported Tito.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> Tito drove out the Germans in 1945, repudiated the government in exile, liquidated the Mihailovic forces. This allowed the formation of a communist state of Yugoslavia that was independent of Moscow, with Tito in full control.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korea">Korea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Korea">edit</a>]</div> Based in the Chinese city of <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea</a> acted as the Korean government-in-exile from 13 April 1919 until the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Korea">Republic of Korea</a> was established in 1948. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_all_war_declarations_and_other_outbreaks_of_hostilities">List of all war declarations and other outbreaks of hostilities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: List of all war declarations and other outbreaks of hostilities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war during World War II</a></div> Regarding type of war outbreak (fourth column): <ul><li>A : Attack without a declaration of war</li> <li>U : State of war emerged through ultimatum</li> <li>WD : State of war emerged after formal declaration of war</li> <li>D : Diplomatic breakdown leading to a state of war. In some cases a diplomatic breakdown later led to a state of war. Such cases are mentioned in the comments.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="65px">Date </th> <th>Attacking Nation(s) </th> <th>Attacked Nation(s) </th> <th>Type </th> <th width="400px">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td>1939-09-01</td> <td>Germany</td> <td>Poland</td> <td>A</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1939-09-03</td> <td>United Kingdom, France</td> <td>Germany</td> <td>U</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1939)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war on Germany (1939)">United Kingdom declaration of war on Germany (1939)</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1939)" title="French declaration of war on Germany (1939)">French declaration of war on Germany (1939)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1939-09-03</td> <td>Australia, New Zealand</td> <td>Germany</td> <td>WD</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1939-09-06</td> <td>South Africa</td> <td>Germany</td> <td>WD</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1939-09-10</td> <td>Canada</td> <td>Germany</td> <td>WD</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1939-09-17</td> <td>Soviet Union</td> <td>Poland</td> <td>A</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1939-11-30</td> <td>Soviet Union</td> <td>Finland</td> <td>A</td> <td>Diplomatic breakdown day before </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940-04-09</td> <td>Germany</td> <td>Denmark, Norway</td> <td>A</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940-05-15</td> <td>Germany</td> <td>Belgium, Netherlands</td> <td>WD</td> <td>The German offensive in western Europe </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940-06-10</td> <td>Italy</td> <td>France, United Kingdom</td> <td>WD</td> <td>At a time when France already was about to fall </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940-06-10</td> <td>Canada</td> <td>Italy</td> <td>WD</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940-06-11</td> <td>South Africa, Australia, New Zealand</td> <td>Italy</td> <td>WD</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940-06-12</td> <td>Egypt</td> <td>Italy</td> <td>D</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940-07-04</td> <td>United Kingdom</td> <td>France*</td> <td>A</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> Navy and colonies were attacked by UK, but no war was declared </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940-10-28</td> <td>Italy</td> <td>Greece</td> <td>U</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941-04-06</td> <td>Germany</td> <td>Greece</td> <td>WD</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941-04-06</td> <td>Germany, Bulgaria</td> <td>Yugoslavia</td> <td>A</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941-04-06</td> <td>Italy</td> <td>Yugoslavia</td> <td>WD</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941-04-23</td> <td>Greece</td> <td>Bulgaria</td> <td>D</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941-06-22</td> <td>Germany*, Italy, Romania</td> <td>Soviet Union</td> <td>WD</td> <td>*The German declaration of war was given at the time of the attack<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941-06-24</td> <td>Denmark</td> <td>Soviet Union</td> <td>D</td> <td>Denmark was occupied by Germany </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941-06-25</td> <td>Finland</td> <td>Soviet Union</td> <td>A</td> <td>Second war between these nations </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941-06-27</td> <td>Hungary</td> <td>Soviet Union</td> <td>D</td> <td>Diplomatic breakdown 1941-06-24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941-06-30</td> <td>France</td> <td>Soviet Union</td> <td>D</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941-12-07</td> <td>United Kingdom</td> <td>Romania, Hungary, Finland</td> <td>U</td> <td>Diplomatic breakdowns 1941-02-11,1941-04-07 and 1941-08-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941-12-07</td> <td>Japan</td> <td>Thailand, British Empire, United States</td> <td>A</td> <td>WD came the day after </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941-12-08</td> <td>Japan</td> <td>United States, British Empire</td> <td>WD</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Japanese_declaration_of_war_on_the_United_States_and_the_British_Empire" title="Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire">Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941-12-08 </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>Japan </td> <td>WD </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_on_Japan" title="United Kingdom declaration of war on Japan">United Kingdom declaration of war on Japan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941-12-08 </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Japan </td> <td>WD </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Japan" title="United States declaration of war on Japan">United States declaration of war on Japan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941-12-08</td> <td>Canada, the Netherlands, South Africa</td> <td>Japan</td> <td>WD</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941-12-09</td> <td>China</td> <td>Germany*, Italy*, Japan</td> <td>WD</td> <td>*Diplomatic breakdown 1941-07-02 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941-12-09</td> <td>Australia, New Zealand</td> <td>Japan</td> <td>WD</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941-12-11</td> <td>Germany, Italy</td> <td>United States</td> <td>WD</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/German_declaration_of_war_against_the_United_States" title="German declaration of war against the United States">German declaration of war against the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_declaration_of_war_on_the_United_States" title="Italian declaration of war on the United States">Italian declaration of war on the United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941-12-11 </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Germany, Italy </td> <td>WD </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1941)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States declaration of war upon Germany (1941)">United States declaration of war upon Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_upon_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="United States declaration of war upon Italy">United States declaration of war upon Italy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941-12-12</td> <td>Romania</td> <td>United States</td> <td>WD</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941-12-13</td> <td>Bulgaria</td> <td>United Kingdom, United States</td> <td>WD</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941-12-15</td> <td>Hungary</td> <td>United States</td> <td>WD</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1942-01-24</td> <td>United States</td> <td>Denmark</td> <td>D</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1942-05-28</td> <td>Mexico</td> <td>Germany, Italy, Japan</td> <td>WD</td> <td>Diplomatic breakdowns in all three cases 1941 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1942-08-22</td> <td>Brazil</td> <td>Germany, Italy</td> <td>WD</td> <td>Diplomatic breakdowns 1942-01-20 and 1942-01-28 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1942-11-09</td> <td>France</td> <td>United States</td> <td>D</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1943-01-20</td> <td>Chile</td> <td>Germany, Japan, Italy</td> <td>D</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1943-09-09</td> <td>Iran</td> <td>Germany</td> <td>WD</td> <td>Diplomatic breakdown in 1941 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1943-10-13</td> <td>Italy</td> <td>Germany</td> <td>WD</td> <td>After the fall of Mussolini, Italy changed side </td></tr> <tr> <td>1944-01-10</td> <td>Argentina</td> <td>Germany, Japan</td> <td>D</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1944-06-30</td> <td>United States</td> <td>Finland</td> <td>D</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1944-08-04</td> <td>Turkey</td> <td>Germany</td> <td>D</td> <td>Turkey declared war on Germany on 23 Feb. 1945; a state of war against Germany existed from this date </td></tr> <tr> <td>1944-08-23</td> <td>Romania</td> <td>Germany</td> <td>WD</td> <td>Like Italy, Romania also changed side. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1944-09-05</td> <td>Soviet Union</td> <td>Bulgaria</td> <td>WD</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1944-09-07</td> <td>Bulgaria</td> <td>Germany</td> <td>D</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945-02-24</td> <td>Egypt</td> <td>Germany*, Japan</td> <td>WD</td> <td>*Diplomatic breakdown already 1939 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945</td> <td>Argentina, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela, Uruguay, Syria, and Saudi Arabia</td> <td>Germany</td> <td>WD</td> <td>Needed a declaration to be eligible to join United Nations </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945-04-03</td> <td>Finland</td> <td>Germany</td> <td>WD</td> <td>Diplomatic breakdown in 1944, last outbreak in Europe </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945-07-06</td> <td>Brazil</td> <td>Japan</td> <td>WD</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945-07-17</td> <td>Italy</td> <td>Japan</td> <td>WD</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945-08-08</td> <td>Soviet Union</td> <td>Japan</td> <td>WD</td> <td>Last outbreak of war during the Second World War </td></tr> </tbody></table> Main source: Swedish encyklopedia "Bonniers Lexikon" 15 volumes from the 1960s, article "Andra Världskriget" ("The Second World War"), volume 1 of 15, table in columns 461–462. (Each page are in two columns, numbering of columns only) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Causes of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomatic history of World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_foreign_policy_of_the_Neville_Chamberlain_government" class="mw-redirect" title="European foreign policy of the Neville Chamberlain government">European foreign policy of the Neville Chamberlain government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration">Foreign policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations_before_1941" class="mw-redirect" title="Germany–Soviet Union relations before 1941">Germany–Soviet Union relations before 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="International relations (1919–1939)">International relations (1919–1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production during World War II</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> See: Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (10 December 1942), <a href="/wiki/File:The_Mass_Extermination_of_Jews_in_German_Occupied.pdf" title="File:The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied.pdf">The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland</a>, note to the governments of the United Nations. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2010" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Mike (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p4R6AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">Leaders of World War II</a>. ABDO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61787-205-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61787-205-1"><bdi>978-1-61787-205-1</bdi></a>. <q>the most important of the Allied leaders during the first half of World War II</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leaders+of+World+War+II&rft.pub=ABDO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61787-205-1&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp4R6AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/big-three">"The Big Three"</a>. The National WWII Museum | New Orleans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423231615/https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/big-three">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-23. Retrieved 2021-04-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+WWII+Museum+%7C+New+Orleans&rft.atitle=The+Big+Three&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalww2museum.org%2Fwar%2Farticles%2Fbig-three&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSainsbury1986" class="citation book cs1">Sainsbury, Keith (1986). 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Shortal, Code Name Arcadia: The First Wartime Conference of Churchill and Roosevelt (Texas A&M University Press, 2021). </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoler" class="citation web cs1">Stoler, Mark A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marshallfoundation.org/marshall/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2014/04/EDStoler.pdf">"George C. Marshall and the "Europe-First" Strategy, 1939–1951: A Study in Diplomatic as well as Military History"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160401035700/http://marshallfoundation.org/marshall/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2014/04/EDStoler.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 1, 2016. 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Routledge. pp. 54–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317864714" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317864714"><bdi>978-1317864714</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723050515/https://books.google.com/books?id=GsUFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA55">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-23. 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Garland Pub. p. 1270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824070298" title="Special:BookSources/9780824070298"><bdi>9780824070298</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723050516/https://books.google.com/books?id=gYDN-UfehEEC&pg=PA1270">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-23. 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Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385353069" title="Special:BookSources/978-0385353069"><bdi>978-0385353069</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723050545/https://books.google.com/books?id=V73CAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA402">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-23. 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Retrieved 2020-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.un.org&rft.atitle=1944-1945%3A+Dumbarton+Oaks+and+Yalta&rft.date=2015-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fsections%2Fhistory-united-nations-charter%2F1944-1945-dumbarton-oaks-and-yalta%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_Of_State._The_Office_of_Electronic_Information" class="citation web cs1">Department Of State. 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Continuum. p. 295. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781852855970" title="Special:BookSources/9781852855970"><bdi>9781852855970</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604021629/https://books.google.com/books?id=zosKzAoocu8C&pg=PA295">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-04. Retrieved 2015-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Greatest+Defeat%3A+Singapore+1942&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781852855970&rft.au=Alan+Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzosKzAoocu8C%26pg%3DPA295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Gordon F. 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Butler, History of Second World War: Grand strategy, volume 2: September 1939 – June 1941 (1957) pp 91–150. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grandstrategy02butl">online free</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Butler, p 97 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Erin Redihan, "Neville Chamberlain and Norway: The Trouble with 'A Man of Peace' in a Time of War", New England Journal of History (2013) 69#1/2 pp 1–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Gerhard L. 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Retrieved 8 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=South+Africa%3A+World+War+II&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Inc.&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSouth-Africa%2FWorld-War-II&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818052249/https://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/mackenzie-king-addresses-canadians-as-britain-declares-war-on-germany">"Mackenzie King addresses Canadians as Britain declares war on Germany"</a>. CBC Archives. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/mackenzie-king-addresses-canadians-as-britain-declares-war-on-germany">the original</a> on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+Archives&rft.atitle=Mackenzie+King+addresses+Canadians+as+Britain+declares+war+on+Germany&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Farchives%2Fentry%2Fmackenzie-king-addresses-canadians-as-britain-declares-war-on-germany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillip_Alfred_Buckner2008" class="citation book cs1">Phillip Alfred Buckner (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KmXnLGX7FvEC&pg=PA105">Canada and the British Empire</a>. Oxford U.P. pp. 105–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199271641" title="Special:BookSources/9780199271641"><bdi>9780199271641</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160421044834/https://books.google.com/books?id=KmXnLGX7FvEC&pg=PA105">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-21. Retrieved 2015-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+and+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=105-6&rft.pub=Oxford+U.P.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780199271641&rft.au=Phillip+Alfred+Buckner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKmXnLGX7FvEC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-canad-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canad_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canad_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canad_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canad_44-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canad_44-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canad_44-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canad_44-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canad_44-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canad_44-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canad_44-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canad_44-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canad_44-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canad_44-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canad_44-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canad_44-14">o</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/206/301/faitc-aecic/history/2013-05-03/www.international.gc.ca/history-histoire/world-monde/1939-1945-1.aspx@lang=eng">"1939-1945: The World at War"</a>. Canada and the World: A History. Global Affairs Canada. 5 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190513123529/http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/206/301/faitc-aecic/history/2013-05-03/www.international.gc.ca/history-histoire/world-monde/1939-1945-1.aspx@lang=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canada+and+the+World%3A+A+History&rft.atitle=1939-1945%3A+The+World+at+War&rft.date=2013-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepe.lac-bac.gc.ca%2F100%2F206%2F301%2Ffaitc-aecic%2Fhistory%2F2013-05-03%2Fwww.international.gc.ca%2Fhistory-histoire%2Fworld-monde%2F1939-1945-1.aspx%40lang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Morgan2012" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth Morgan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gz6BI-4jl_oC&pg=PA90">Australia: A Very Short Introduction</a>. Oxford U.P. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199589937" title="Special:BookSources/9780199589937"><bdi>9780199589937</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504190739/https://books.google.com/books?id=gz6BI-4jl_oC&pg=PA90">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-04. Retrieved 2015-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Oxford+U.P.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780199589937&rft.au=Kenneth+Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgz6BI-4jl_oC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Dean2013" class="citation book cs1">Peter Dean (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_VUCAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA27">Australia 1943: The Liberation of New Guinea</a>. Cambridge UP. pp. 26–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107470880" title="Special:BookSources/9781107470880"><bdi>9781107470880</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513065006/https://books.google.com/books?id=_VUCAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA27">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-13. Retrieved 2015-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia+1943%3A+The+Liberation+of+New+Guinea&rft.pages=26-43&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781107470880&rft.au=Peter+Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_VUCAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ameriisocan-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ameriisocan_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ameriisocan_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoenecke2003" class="citation book cs1">Doenecke, Justus D. (2003). Storm on the Horizon: The Challenge to American Intervention, 1939-1941. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-0785-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-0785-8"><bdi>0-7425-0785-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storm+on+the+Horizon%3A+The+Challenge+to+American+Intervention%2C+1939-1941&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7425-0785-8&rft.aulast=Doenecke&rft.aufirst=Justus+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaynor2011" class="citation book cs1">Raynor, William (2011). Canada on the Doorstep: 1939. Dundurn. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5548-8992-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5548-8992-1"><bdi>978-1-5548-8992-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+on+the+Doorstep%3A+1939&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-5548-8992-1&rft.aulast=Raynor&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFehrenbach1967" class="citation book cs1">Fehrenbach, T. R. (1967). F. D. R.'s Undeclared War, 1939-1941. D. McKay Co. p. 103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=F.+D.+R.%27s+Undeclared+War%2C+1939-1941&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=D.+McKay+Co.&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Fehrenbach&rft.aufirst=T.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDziuban1959" class="citation book cs1">Dziuban, Stanley W. (1959). "Chapter 1, Chautauqua to Ogdensburg". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/catalog/pubs/11/11-5.html">Military Relations Between the United States and Canada, 1939-1945</a>. Washington DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. pp. 2–3, 18. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/59-60001">59-60001</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190507094239/https://history.army.mil/catalog/pubs/11/11-5.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-07. Retrieved 2019-12-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%2C+Chautauqua+to+Ogdensburg&rft.btitle=Military+Relations+Between+the+United+States+and+Canada%2C+1939-1945&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=2-3%2C+18&rft.pub=Center+of+Military+History%2C+United+States+Army&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F59-60001&rft.aulast=Dziuban&rft.aufirst=Stanley+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fcatalog%2Fpubs%2F11%2F11-5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Andrew Stewart, "The British Government and the South African Neutrality Crisis, 1938–39", <a href="/wiki/The_English_Historical_Review" title="The English Historical Review">The English Historical Review</a> (2008) 23# 503, pp 947–972 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_A._Pastor1999" class="citation book cs1">Robert A. Pastor (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nqGJvW-zqocC&pg=PA218">A Century's Journey: How the Great Powers Shape the World</a>. Basic Books. p. 218ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465054763" title="Special:BookSources/9780465054763"><bdi>9780465054763</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170306002634/https://books.google.com/books?id=nqGJvW-zqocC&pg=PA218">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-06. Retrieved 2015-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Century%27s+Journey%3A+How+the+Great+Powers+Shape+the+World&rft.pages=218ff&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780465054763&rft.au=Robert+A.+Pastor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnqGJvW-zqocC%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_E._Leuchtenburg2015" class="citation book cs1">William E. Leuchtenburg (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k0Y9BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA314">In the Shadow of FDR: From Harry Truman to Barack Obama</a>. Cornell UP. p. 314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801462573" title="Special:BookSources/9780801462573"><bdi>9780801462573</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170306003647/https://books.google.com/books?id=k0Y9BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA314">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-06. Retrieved 2015-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+FDR%3A+From+Harry+Truman+to+Barack+Obama&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=Cornell+UP&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780801462573&rft.au=William+E.+Leuchtenburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk0Y9BwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Robert Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American foreign policy, 1932-1945 (1995) pp 232, 319, 373 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorbjørn_L._Knutsen1999" class="citation book cs1">Torbjørn L. Knutsen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYn_f1jxNDoC&pg=PA184">The Rise and Fall of World Orders</a>. Manchester UP. p. 184ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719040580" title="Special:BookSources/9780719040580"><bdi>9780719040580</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170306021008/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYn_f1jxNDoC&pg=PA184">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-06. Retrieved 2015-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+World+Orders&rft.pages=184ff&rft.pub=Manchester+UP&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780719040580&rft.au=Torbj%C3%B8rn+L.+Knutsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZYn_f1jxNDoC%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolnerKimballReynolds2008" class="citation cs2">Woolner, David B.; et al., eds. (2008), FDR's world: war, peace, and legacies, p. 77</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FDR%27s+world%3A+war%2C+peace%2C+and+legacies&rft.pages=77&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom (1970) pp 180–85 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> David M. Gordon, "The China–Japan War, 1931–1945", The Journal of Military History (2006) v 70#1, pp 137–82. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_military_history/v070/70.1gordon.html">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200314211033/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/191940">Archived</a> 2020-03-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Michael Schaller, U.S. Crusade in China, 1938–1945 (1979) </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Martha Byrd, Chennault: Giving Wings to the Tiger (2003) </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> The official Army history notes that 23 July 1941 Roosevelt "approved a Joint Board paper which recommended that the United States equip, man, and maintain the 500-plane Chinese Air Force proposed by Currie. The paper suggested that this force embark on a vigorous program to be climaxed by the bombing of Japan in November 1941." Lauchlin Currie was the White House official dealing with China. Charles F. Romanus and Riley Sunderland, U.S. Army in World War II: China-Burma-India Theater: Stillwell's Mission to China (1953) p. 23 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-CBI-Mission/USA-CBI-Mission-1.html">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130629221950/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-CBI-Mission/USA-CBI-Mission-1.html">Archived</a> 2013-06-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaller1976" class="citation journal cs1">Schaller, Michael (1976). "American Air Strategy in China, 1939-1941: The Origins of Clandestine Air Warfare". American Quarterly. 28 (1): 3–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2712474">10.2307/2712474</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2712474">2712474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=American+Air+Strategy+in+China%2C+1939-1941%3A+The+Origins+of+Clandestine+Air+Warfare&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-19&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2712474&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2712474%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schaller&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Alan Armstrong, Preemptive Strike: The Secret Plan That Would Have Prevented the Attack on Pearl Harbor (2006) is a popular version </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Romanus and Sunderland. Stilwell's Mission to China (1953), chapter 1 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-CBI-Mission/USA-CBI-Mission-1.html">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130629221950/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-CBI-Mission/USA-CBI-Mission-1.html">Archived</a> 2013-06-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Romanus and Sunderland. Stilwell's Mission to China p. 20 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-CBI-Mission/USA-CBI-Mission-1.html">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130629221950/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-CBI-Mission/USA-CBI-Mission-1.html">Archived</a> 2013-06-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> See Laura Tyson Li, Madame Chiang Kai-Shek: China's Eternal First Lady (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2006). </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2014" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, Richard (2014). China 1945 : Mao's revolution and America's fateful choice (First ed.). New York. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307595881" title="Special:BookSources/9780307595881"><bdi>9780307595881</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+1945+%3A+Mao%27s+revolution+and+America%27s+fateful+choice&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=24&rft.edition=First&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780307595881&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeiferman2011" class="citation book cs1">Heiferman, Ronald Ian (2011). The Cairo Conference of 1943: Roosevelt, Churchill, Chiang Kai-shek and Madame Chiang. <a href="/wiki/Jefferson,_NC" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson, NC">Jefferson, NC</a>: <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cairo+Conference+of+1943%3A+Roosevelt%2C+Churchill%2C+Chiang+Kai-shek+and+Madame+Chiang&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Heiferman&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Odd Arne Westad, Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950 (2003) </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Robert Service, Stalin: A Biography (2004) </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Geoffrey Roberts, Molotov: Stalin's Cold Warrior (2012) </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Erickson2013" class="citation book cs1">John Erickson (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dvXdi7jZy5YC&pg=PA525">The Soviet High Command: a Military-political History, 1918–1941: A Military Political History, 1918–1941</a>. Routledge. pp. 525–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136339523" title="Special:BookSources/9781136339523"><bdi>9781136339523</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507060510/https://books.google.com/books?id=dvXdi7jZy5YC&pg=PA525">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-07. Retrieved 2015-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+High+Command%3A+a+Military-political+History%2C+1918%E2%80%931941%3A+A+Military+Political+History%2C+1918%E2%80%931941&rft.pages=525-30&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136339523&rft.au=John+Erickson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdvXdi7jZy5YC%26pg%3DPA525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Anna M. Cienciala et al. eds. Katyn: A Crime Without Punishment (Yale University Press, 2008). </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> B. Farnborough, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/pearce/1959/04/ww2.htm">"Marxists in the Second World War", Labour Review, Vol. 4 No. 1, April–May 1959, pp. 25–28</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150921070510/https://www.marxists.org/archive/pearce/1959/04/ww2.htm">Archived</a> 2015-09-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunting1984" class="citation journal cs1">Munting, Roger (1984). "Lend-Lease and the Soviet War Effort". Journal of Contemporary History. 19 (3): 495–510. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200948401900305">10.1177/002200948401900305</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260606">260606</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159466422">159466422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Lend-Lease+and+the+Soviet+War+Effort&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=495-510&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159466422%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F260606%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200948401900305&rft.aulast=Munting&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> William Hardy McNeill, America, Britain, and Russia: their co-operation and conflict, 1941–1946 (1953) </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Richard J. Overy, The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia (2004) </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Joel Blatt (ed), The French Defeat of 1940 (Oxford, 1998) </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Marc Olivier Baruch, "Charisma and Hybrid Legitimacy in Pétain's État français (1940‐44)", Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 7.2 (2006): 215–224. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> William L. Langer, Our Vichy Gamble (1947) pp 89–98. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheck2010" class="citation journal cs1">Scheck, Raffael (2010). "The Prisoner of War Question and the Beginnings of Collaboration: The Franco-German Agreement of 16 November 1940". Journal of Contemporary History. 45 (2): 364–388. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022009409356911">10.1177/0022009409356911</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20753591">20753591</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162269165">162269165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=The+Prisoner+of+War+Question+and+the+Beginnings+of+Collaboration%3A+The+Franco-German+Agreement+of+16+November+1940&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=364-388&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162269165%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20753591%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022009409356911&rft.aulast=Scheck&rft.aufirst=Raffael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Peter Jackson and Simon Kitson, "The paradoxes of foreign policy in Vichy France", in Jonathan Adelman, ed., Hitler and His Allies in World War Two. (Routledge, 2007) pp 79–115 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415321679" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415321679">978-0415321679</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> William Langer, Our Vichy gamble (1947) </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Mayers2012" class="citation book cs1">David Mayers (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wjLKYL3xbmAC&pg=PA160">FDR's Ambassadors and the Diplomacy of Crisis: From the Rise of Hitler to the End of World War II</a>. Cambridge U.P. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107031265" title="Special:BookSources/9781107031265"><bdi>9781107031265</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201012001539/https://books.google.com/books?id=wjLKYL3xbmAC&pg=PA160%2F">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-12. Retrieved 2015-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FDR%27s+Ambassadors+and+the+Diplomacy+of+Crisis%3A+From+the+Rise+of+Hitler+to+the+End+of+World+War+II&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Cambridge+U.P.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781107031265&rft.au=David+Mayers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwjLKYL3xbmAC%26pg%3DPA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunk1973" class="citation journal cs1">Funk, Arthur L. (1973). "Negotiating the 'Deal with Darlan'". Journal of Contemporary History. 8 (2): 81–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200947300800205">10.1177/002200947300800205</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/259995">259995</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159589846">159589846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Negotiating+the+%27Deal+with+Darlan%27&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=81-117&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159589846%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F259995%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200947300800205&rft.aulast=Funk&rft.aufirst=Arthur+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Martin Thomas, "The Discarded Leader: General Henri Giraud and the Foundation of the French Committee of National Liberation", French History (1996) 10#12 pp 86–111 </li> <li id="cite_note-Berthon-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Berthon_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerthon2001" class="citation book cs1">Berthon, Simon (2001). Allies at War: The Bitter Rivalry among Churchill, Roosevelt, and de Gaulle. London: Collins. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-711622-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-711622-5"><bdi>978-0-00-711622-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allies+at+War%3A+The+Bitter+Rivalry+among+Churchill%2C+Roosevelt%2C+and+de+Gaulle&rft.place=London&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-00-711622-5&rft.aulast=Berthon&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Martin Thomas, "Deferring to Vichy in the Western Hemisphere: The St. Pierre and Miquelon Affair of 1941", International History Review (1997) 19#4 pp 809–835.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.1997.9640805#.UcdqXJyDnsg">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904124838/http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.1997.9640805#.UcdqXJyDnsg">Archived</a> 2015-09-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Jean Lacouture, DeGaulle: The Rebel, 1890–1944 (1990) pp 515–27 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Carl Boyd, Hitler's Japanese Confidant: General Oshima Hiroshi and Magic Intelligence, 1941–1945 (2002) </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Mark Mazower, Hitler's Empire: How the Nazis Ruled Europe (2009) ch 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Gerhard L. Weinberg, A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II (2005) p 414 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernd_Martin2005" class="citation book cs1">Bernd Martin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7_jBOpYASMQC&pg=PA280">Japan and Germany in the Modern World</a>. Berghahn Books. pp. 279–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845450472" title="Special:BookSources/9781845450472"><bdi>9781845450472</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101013933/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_jBOpYASMQC&pg=PA280">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-01. Retrieved 2015-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+and+Germany+in+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=279-80&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781845450472&rft.au=Bernd+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7_jBOpYASMQC%26pg%3DPA280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Richard L. DiNardo, "The dysfunctional coalition: The axis powers and the eastern front in World War II", The Journal of Military History (1996) 60#4 pp 711–730 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Richard L. DiNardo, Germany and the Axis Powers: From Coalition to Collapse (2005) </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Facts on File World News Digest (August 31, 1943) </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Mark Mazower, Hitler's Empire: How the Nazis Ruled Europe (2008) ch 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Ulrich Herbert, Hitler's Foreign Workers: Enforced Foreign Labour in Germany Under the Third Reich (1997) </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanayi2005" class="citation journal cs1">Panayi, Panikos (2005). "Exploitation, Criminality, Resistance. The Everyday Life of Foreign Workers and Prisoners of War in the German Town of Osnabrck, 1939-49". Journal of Contemporary History. 40 (3): 483–502. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022009405054568">10.1177/0022009405054568</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30036339">30036339</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159846665">159846665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Exploitation%2C+Criminality%2C+Resistance.+The+Everyday+Life+of+Foreign+Workers+and+Prisoners+of+War+in+the+German+Town+of+Osnabrck%2C+1939-49&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=483-502&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159846665%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30036339%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022009405054568&rft.aulast=Panayi&rft.aufirst=Panikos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Tooze" title="Adam Tooze">Adam Tooze</a>, The Wages of Destruction (2007) pp. 476–85, 538–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Curtis2002" class="citation book cs1">Michael Curtis (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a_1YIAcVKqkC&pg=PT141">Verdict on Vichy: Power and Prejudice in the Vichy France Regime</a>. Skyhorse. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611456479" title="Special:BookSources/9781611456479"><bdi>9781611456479</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424142440/https://books.google.com/books?id=a_1YIAcVKqkC&pg=PT141">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-24. 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Snyder, Bloodlands, Europe between Hitler and Stalin, Vintage, (2011). p. 65 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCienciala2011" class="citation journal cs1">Cienciala, Anna M. (2011). "The Foreign Policy of Józef Piłsudski and Józef Beck, 1926-1939: Misconceptions and Interpretations". The Polish Review. 56 (1/2): 111–151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F41549951">10.2307/41549951</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1808%2F10043">1808/10043</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41549951">41549951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Polish+Review&rft.atitle=The+Foreign+Policy+of+J%C3%B3zef+Pi%C5%82sudski+and+J%C3%B3zef+Beck%2C+1926-1939%3A+Misconceptions+and+Interpretations&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=111-151&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1808%2F10043&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41549951%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F41549951&rft.aulast=Cienciala&rft.aufirst=Anna+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> John Lukacs, The Last European War: September 1939 – December 1941 p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZara_Steiner2011" class="citation book cs1">Zara Steiner (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nKOhFJFPI54C&pg=PR6-IA26">The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933–1939</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 690–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191613555" title="Special:BookSources/9780191613555"><bdi>9780191613555</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729062833/https://books.google.com/books?id=nKOhFJFPI54C&pg=PR6-IA26">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-07-29. Retrieved 2015-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+the+Dark%3A+European+International+History+1933%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=690-92&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780191613555&rft.au=Zara+Steiner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnKOhFJFPI54C%26pg%3DPR6-IA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yale.edu-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yale.edu_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yale.edu_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820020504/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wwii/yellow/ylbk113.htm">"Avalon Project: The French Yellow Book: No. 113 – M. Coulondre, French Ambassador in Berlin, to M. Georges Bonnet, Minister for Foreign Affairs. Berlin, April 30, 1939"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wwii/yellow/ylbk113.htm">the original</a> on August 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Avalon+Project%3A+The+French+Yellow+Book%3A+No.+113+%E2%80%93+M.+Coulondre%2C+French+Ambassador+in+Berlin%2C+to+M.+Georges+Bonnet%2C+Minister+for+Foreign+Affairs.+Berlin%2C+April+30%2C+1939&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Flawweb%2Favalon%2Fwwii%2Fyellow%2Fylbk113.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrażmowska2004" class="citation book cs1">Prażmowska, Anita J. 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W W Norton. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393322521" title="Special:BookSources/9780393322521"><bdi>9780393322521</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603012218/https://books.google.com/books?id=B5fJYMxufVcC&pg=PA190">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-03. 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Every major American Jewish leader and organization that he respected remained silent on the matter, as did all influential members of Congress and opinion-makers in the mainstream media." p. 321. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Bengt Jangfeldt, The Hero of Budapest: The Triumph and Tragedy of Raoul Wallenberg (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Hero-Budapest-Triumph-Tragedy-Wallenberg/dp/1780766823/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723050520/https://www.amazon.com/Hero-Budapest-Triumph-Tragedy-Wallenberg/dp/1780766823/">Archived</a> 2021-07-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Béla Bodó, "Caught between Independence and Irredentism: The 'Jewish Question' in the Foreign Policy of the Kállay Government, 1942-1944", Hungarian Studies Review 43.1-2 (2016): 83-126. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoppa2013" class="citation journal cs1">Coppa, Frank J. 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The Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 20 (1): 81–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13518040701205480">10.1080/13518040701205480</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1351-8046">1351-8046</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143248398">143248398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Slavic+Military+Studies&rft.atitle=Hungarian+Occupation+Forces+in+the+Ukraine+1941%E2%80%931942%3A+The+Historiographical+Context&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=81-120&rft.date=2007-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143248398%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1351-8046&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13518040701205480&rft.aulast=Ungv%C3%A1ry&rft.aufirst=Kriszti%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuhász1980" class="citation journal cs1">Juhász, Gy (1980). "The Hungarian Peace-Feelers and the Allies in 1943". Acta Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 26 (3/4): 345–377. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42555310">42555310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Historica+Academiae+Scientiarum+Hungaricae&rft.atitle=The+Hungarian+Peace-Feelers+and+the+Allies+in+1943&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=345-377&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42555310%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Juh%C3%A1sz&rft.aufirst=Gy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRánki1965" class="citation journal cs1">Ránki, Gy (1965). "The German Occupation of Hungary". Acta Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 11 (1/4): 261–283. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42554767">42554767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Historica+Academiae+Scientiarum+Hungaricae&rft.atitle=The+German+Occupation+of+Hungary&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=261-283&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42554767%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=R%C3%A1nki&rft.aufirst=Gy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Study-173"><a href="#cite_ref-Study_173-0">^</a> U.S. government <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/romania/22.htm">Country study: Romania</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514002855/http://countrystudies.us/romania/22.htm">Archived</a> 2011-05-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, c. 1990. <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Mark Axworthy, Cornel Scafeş and Cristian Crăciunoiu, Third Axis Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945, page 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Liliana Saiu, Great Powers & Rumania, 1944-1946: A Study of the Early Cold War Era (HIA Book Collection, 1992). </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Neville Wylie, European Neutrals and Non-Belligerents During the Second World War (2002). </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Media Sound & Culture in Latin America. Editors: Bronfman, Alejanda & Wood, Andrew Grant. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 2012, Pgs. 41–54 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-6187-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-6187-1">978-0-8229-6187-1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ehN4sM0Xy_UC&dq=Alfredo+Antonini+Elsa+Miranda&pg=PA49">books.google.com See Pgs. 41–54</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony1973" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Anthony, Edwin D. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/files/research/foreign-policy/related-records/rg-229-inter-american-affairs.pdf#page=9">Records of the Office of Inter-American Affairs</a> (PDF). Vol. Inventory of Record Group 229. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Record Services - General Services Administration. pp. 1–8. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/73-600146">73-600146</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202004731/https://www.archives.gov/files/research/foreign-policy/related-records/rg-229-inter-american-affairs.pdf#page=9">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-11-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Office+of+Inter-American+Affairs&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=1-8&rft.pub=National+Archives+and+Record+Services+-+General+Services+Administration&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F73-600146&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=Edwin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Ffiles%2Fresearch%2Fforeign-policy%2Frelated-records%2Frg-229-inter-american-affairs.pdf%23page%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Errol D. Jones, "World War II and Latin America", in Loyd Lee, ed. World War II in Europe, Africa, and the Americas, with General Sources: A Handbook of Literature and Research (1997) pp 415–37 </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Thomas M. Leonard, and John F. Bratzel, eds. Latin America During World War II (2007) </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_D._McCann" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank D. McCann">Frank D. McCann</a>, "Brazil, the United States, and World War II", Diplomatic History (1979) 3#1 pp 59–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Jürgen Müller, Nationalsozialismus in Lateinamerika: Die Auslandsorganisation der NSDAP in Argentinien, Brasilien, Chile und Mexiko, 1931–1945 (1997) 567pp. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods1974" class="citation journal cs1">Woods, Randall B. (1974). "Hull and Argentina: Wilsonian Diplomacy in the Age of Roosevelt". Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 16 (3): 350–371. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F174890">10.2307/174890</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/174890">174890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Interamerican+Studies+and+World+Affairs&rft.atitle=Hull+and+Argentina%3A+Wilsonian+Diplomacy+in+the+Age+of+Roosevelt&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=350-371&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F174890&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F174890%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Randall+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Ronald C. Newton, The "Nazi Menace" in Argentina, 1931–1947 (Stanford U.P., 1992) </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Daniel Stahl, "Odessa und das 'Nazigold' in Südamerika: Mythen und ihre Bedeutungen' ["Odessa and "Nazi Gold" in South America: Myths and Their Meanings"] Jahrbuch fuer Geschichte Lateinamerikas (2011), Vol. 48, pp 333–360. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Robert Fisk, In Time of War: Ireland, Ulster and the Price of Neutrality 1939–1945 (1996) </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> William Gervase Clarence-Smith, "The Portuguese Empire and the 'Battle for Rubber' in the Second World War", Portuguese Studies Review (2011), 19#1 pp 177–196 </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Douglas L. Wheeler, "The Price of Neutrality: Portugal, the Wolfram Question, and World War II", Luso-Brazilian Review (1986) 23#1 pp 107–127 and 23#2 pp 97–111 </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Donald G. Stevens, "World War II Economic Warfare: The United States, Britain, and Portuguese Wolfram", Historian 61.3 (1999): 539–556. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Sonny B. Davis, "Salazar, Timor, and Portuguese Neutrality in World War II", Portuguese Studies Review (2005) 13#1 pp 449–476. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> William Howard Wriggins, Picking up the Pieces from Portugal to Palestine: Quaker Refugee Relief in World War II (2004). </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Michael Mazower, Hitler's Empire, Nazi rule in Occupied Europe (2009) pp. 114–5, 320 </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Stanley G. Payne, Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World War II (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Franco-Hitler-Spain-Germany-World/dp/0300151225/">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160316122532/http://www.amazon.com/Franco-Hitler-Spain-Germany-World/dp/0300151225">Archived</a> 2016-03-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> John Gilmour, Sweden, the Swastika, and Stalin: The Swedish Experience in the Second World War (2011) pp 270–71 </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Klaus Urner, Let's Swallow Switzerland: Hitler's Plans against the Swiss Confederation (2001) </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWylie2005" class="citation journal cs1">Wylie, Neville (2005). "British Smuggling Operations from Switzerland, 1940-1944". The Historical Journal. 48 (4): 1077–1102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X05004929">10.1017/S0018246X05004929</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4091649">4091649</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159802339">159802339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=British+Smuggling+Operations+from+Switzerland%2C+1940-1944&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1077-1102&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159802339%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4091649%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X05004929&rft.aulast=Wylie&rft.aufirst=Neville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Stephen Halbrook, Swiss and the Nazis: How the Alpine Republic Survived in the Shadow of the Third Reich (2010) ch 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Z._Slany1997" class="citation book cs1">William Z. Slany (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1dRKMeIM6EcC&pg=PA100">US and Allied Efforts to Recover and Restore Gold and Other Assets Stolen Or Hidden by Germany During World War II</a>. Diane Publishing. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780788145360" title="Special:BookSources/9780788145360"><bdi>9780788145360</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513072903/https://books.google.com/books?id=1dRKMeIM6EcC&pg=PA100">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-13. Retrieved 2015-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=US+and+Allied+Efforts+to+Recover+and+Restore+Gold+and+Other+Assets+Stolen+Or+Hidden+by+Germany+During+World+War+II&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Diane+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780788145360&rft.au=William+Z.+Slany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1dRKMeIM6EcC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorg_Kreis2013" class="citation book cs1">Georg Kreis (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qe92SCpUBM8C&pg=PT132">Switzerland and the Second World War</a>. Routledge. pp. 132–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136756702" title="Special:BookSources/9781136756702"><bdi>9781136756702</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160502181304/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qe92SCpUBM8C&pg=PT132">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-02. Retrieved 2015-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Switzerland+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=132-33&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136756702&rft.au=Georg+Kreis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQe92SCpUBM8C%26pg%3DPT132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Halbrook, Swiss and the Nazis ch 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Angelo M. Codevilla, Between the Alps and a Hard Place: Switzerland in World War II and the Rewriting of History, (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Between-Alps-Hard-Place-ebook/dp/B00BY6TRB2/">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729064808/http://www.amazon.com/Between-Alps-Hard-Place-ebook/dp/B00BY6TRB2">Archived</a> 2013-07-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeville_Wylie2003" class="citation book cs1">Neville Wylie (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XoZ75_E3fpMC&pg=PA2">Britain, Switzerland, and the Second World War</a>. Oxford U.P. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198206903" title="Special:BookSources/9780198206903"><bdi>9780198206903</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160609215115/https://books.google.com/books?id=XoZ75_E3fpMC&pg=PA2">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-09. Retrieved 2015-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%2C+Switzerland%2C+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Oxford+U.P.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780198206903&rft.au=Neville+Wylie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXoZ75_E3fpMC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> A recent example of the expose literature is Adam LeBor, Tower of Basel: The Shadowy History of the Secret Bank that Runs the World (2013) </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_Leitz2000" class="citation book cs1">Christian Leitz (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=147g760AE9cC&pg=PA175">Nazi Germany and Neutral Europe: During the Second World War</a>. Manchester U.P. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719050695" title="Special:BookSources/9780719050695"><bdi>9780719050695</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160529080028/https://books.google.com/books?id=147g760AE9cC&pg=PA175">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-29. Retrieved 2015-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Germany+and+Neutral+Europe%3A+During+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Manchester+U.P&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780719050695&rft.au=Christian+Leitz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D147g760AE9cC%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1946" class="citation journal cs1">Edwards, A. C. (1946). "The Impact of the War on Turkey". International Affairs. 22 (3): 389–400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3017044">10.2307/3017044</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3017044">3017044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+the+War+on+Turkey&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=389-400&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3017044&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3017044%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=A.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_ConwayJosé_Gotovitch2001" class="citation book cs1">Martin Conway; José Gotovitch, eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cxN5K9pAG1gC">Europe in Exile: European Exile Communities in Britain, 1940–1945</a>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781571815033" title="Special:BookSources/9781571815033"><bdi>9781571815033</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160511131346/https://books.google.com/books?id=cxN5K9pAG1gC">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-11. Retrieved 2015-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+in+Exile%3A+European+Exile+Communities+in+Britain%2C+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781571815033&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcxN5K9pAG1gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Bernadeta Tendyra, The Polish Government in Exile, 1939–45 (2013) </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Halik Kochanski, The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War (2014), ch .11–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki, A Concise History of Poland (2006) pp. 264–265. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Engel (2014) </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Erik J. Friis, "The Norwegian Government-In-Exile, 1940–45" in Scandinavian Studies. Essays Presented to Dr. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Goddard_Leach" title="Henry Goddard Leach">Henry Goddard Leach</a> on the Occasion of his Eighty-fifth Birthday (1965), p422-444. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Dear and Foot, Oxford Companion (1995) pp 818–21 </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> Johs Andenaes, Norway and the Second World War (1966) </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> John H. Woodruff, Relations between the Netherlands Government-in-Exile and occupied Holland during World War II (1964) </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> van Panhuys, HF (1978) International Law in the Netherlands, Volume 1, T.M.C. Asser Instituut P99 </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605110034/http://faculty.virginia.edu/setear/students/fdrneutr/Home.html">"World War II Timeline"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.virginia.edu/setear/students/fdrneutr/Home.html">the original</a> on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2013-07-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+War+II+Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.virginia.edu%2Fsetear%2Fstudents%2Ffdrneutr%2FHome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crampton-218"><a href="#cite_ref-Crampton_218-0">^</a> Crampton, R. J. Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century — and after. Routledge. 1997. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Eliezer Yapou, Governments in Exile, 1939–1945: Leadership from London and Resistance at Home (1998) ch 4 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://governmentsinexile.com/yapoubelgium.html">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180531110033/http://governmentsinexile.com/yapoubelgium.html">Archived</a> 2018-05-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_E._Helmreich1998" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan E. Helmreich (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wvsynDQxpekC&pg=PA54">United States Relations with Belgium and the Congo, 1940–1960</a>. U. of Delaware Press. pp. 43–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780874136531" title="Special:BookSources/9780874136531"><bdi>9780874136531</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160426102920/https://books.google.com/books?id=wvsynDQxpekC&pg=PA54">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-26. Retrieved 2015-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+Relations+with+Belgium+and+the+Congo%2C+1940%E2%80%931960&rft.pages=43-55&rft.pub=U.+of+Delaware+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780874136531&rft.au=Jonathan+E.+Helmreich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwvsynDQxpekC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Winston Churchill, Closing the Ring (vol. 5 of The Second World War) (1952) ch 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Walter R. Roberts, Tito, Mihailović, and the Allies, 1941–1945 (1987). </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> Willian L Shirer, "Rise and Fall of the third Reich" </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Bosworth, Richard, and Joseph Maiolo, eds. The Cambridge History of the Second World War: Volume 2, Politics and Ideology (Cambridge University Press, 2015) summary of Alliwed diplomacy on pp 301–323.</li> <li>Craig, Gordon A. "Diplomats and Diplomacy During the Second World War", in The Diplomats, 1939-1979 (Princeton University Press, 2019) pp. 11–37. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv8pz9nc.6">10.2307/j.ctv8pz9nc.6</a></li> <li>Dear, Ian C. B. and Michael Foot, eds. The Oxford Companion to World War II (2005); encyclopedic coverage by experts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Companion-World-War-II/dp/B003ZWD54I/">excerpt</a>; also published as The Oxford Companion to the Second World War</li> <li>Overy, Richard J. The Origins of the Second World War (3rd ed. 2008)</li> <li>Overy, Richard J. Blood and Ruins: The Last Imperial War, 1931-1945 (2022), a standard one-volume history of all aspects of WWII <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Blood-Ruins-Last-Imperial-1931-1945/dp/067002516X/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Polmar, Norman and Thomas B. Allen. World War II: The Encyclopedia of the War Years, 1941–1945 (1996; reprints have slightly different titles.)</li> <li>Rothwell, Victor. War Aims in the Second World War: The War Aims of the Key Belligerents 1939–1945 (2006)</li> <li>Steiner, Zara. The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933–1939 (Oxford History of Modern Europe) (2011) 1248pp; comprehensive coverage of Europe heading to war <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Triumph-Dark-European-International-1933-1939/dp/0199212007/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Watt, Donald Cameron. How War Came: The Immediate Origins of the Second World War 1938–1939 (1990) highly detailed coverage; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwarcameimmedi00dona">online</a></li> <li>Weinberg, Gerhard L. A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II (1994) comprehensive coverage of the war with emphasis on diplomacy <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/World-Arms-Global-History-War/dp/0521618266/">excerpt and text search</a> also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba00wein">complete text online</a></li> <li>Wheeler-Bennett, John. The Semblance Of Peace: The Political Settlement After The Second World War (1972) thorough diplomatic coverage 1939–1952</li> <li>Woodward, Llewelyn. "The Diplomatic History of the Second World War" in C. L. Mowat, ed. The New Cambridge Modern History: Vol. XII: The Shifting Balance of World Forces 1898–1945 (2nd ed. 1968) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/iB_CMH/12#page/n3/mode/1up">online free</a> pp 798–818.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Allies">The Allies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: The Allies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration">Foreign policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Barker" title="Elisabeth Barker">Barker, Elisabeth</a>. Churchill & Eden at War (1979) 346p</li> <li>Beitzell, Robert. The uneasy alliance; America, Britain, and Russia, 1941-1943 (1972) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/uneasyallianceam00beit">online</a></li> <li>Beschloss, Michael. The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman, and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941–1945 (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780743244541">online</a></li> <li>Burns, James. Roosevelt: the Soldier of Freedom (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%22Roosevelt%3A%20the%20Soldier%20of%20Freedom%22%29">online</a></li> <li>Butler, Susan. Roosevelt and Stalin: Portrait of a Partnership (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Roosevelt-Stalin-Partnership-Susan-Butler/dp/0307741818/">online</a></li> <li>Churchill, Winston. The Second World War (6 vol 1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Charmley" title="John Charmley">Charmley, John</a>. Churchill's Grand Alliance: The Anglo-American Special Relationship 1940–57 (1996)</li> <li>Dallek, Robert. Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945 (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%27%27Franklin%20D.%20Roosevelt%20and%20American%20Foreign%20Policy%2C%201932%E2%80%931945%27%27%29">online</a></li> <li>Dutton, David. Anthony Eden: A Life and Reputation (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anthonyedenbiogr00carlrich">Online free</a></li> <li>Feis, Herbert. Churchill Roosevelt Stalin: The War They Waged and the Peace They Sought: A Diplomatic History of World War II (1957), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/churchillrooseve00feis">online</a> by a senior official of the U.S. State Department</li> <li>Feis, Herbert. China Tangle: American Effort in China from Pearl Harbor to the Marshall Mission (1953) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/churchillrooseve00feis">online</a></li> <li>Fenby, Jonathan. Alliance: The Inside Story of How Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill Won One War and Began Another (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Alliance-Inside-Roosevelt-Churchill-Another/dp/1596922532/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Fenby, Jonathan. Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chiangkaishekchi00fenb">online</a></li> <li>Gibson, Robert. Best of Enemies (2nd ed. 2011). Britain and France</li> <li>Glantz, Mary E. FDR and the Soviet Union: The President's Battles over Foreign Policy (2005)</li> <li>Langer, William and S. Everett Gleason. The Challenge to Isolation, 1937–1940 (1952); and The Undeclared War, 1940–1941 (1953) highly influential, wide-ranging two-volume semi-official American diplomatic history <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/challengetoisola02lang">online</a></li> <li>Louis, William Roger; Imperialism at Bay: The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire, 1941–1945 (1978)</li> <li>McNeill, William Hardy. America, Britain, & Russia: Their Co-Operation and Conflict, 1941–1946 (1953), 820pp; comprehensive overview</li> <li>May, Ernest R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strangevictoryhi0000maye_l5e7">Strange Victory: Hitler's Conquest of France</a> (2000).</li> <li>Nasaw, David. The Patriarch: The Remarkable Life and Turbulent Times of Joseph P. Kennedy (2012), US ambassador to Britain, 1937–40; pp 281–486</li> <li>Rasor, Eugene L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/winstonschurchil00rasoonline">Winston S. Churchill, 1874–1965: A Comprehensive Historiography and Annotated Bibliography</a> (2000) 712 pp.</li> <li>Reynolds, David. "The diplomacy of the Grand Alliance" in The Cambridge History of the Second World War: vol. 2 (2015) pp 276–300, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHO9781139524377.015">10.1017/CHO9781139524377.015</a></li> <li>Reynolds, David, ed. Allies at War: the Soviet, American and British Experience 1939–1945 (1994)</li> <li>Reynolds, David. From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s (2007)</li> <li>Roberts, Geoffrey. Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953 (2006).</li> <li>Sainsbury, Keith. Turning Point: Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill & Chiang-Kai-Shek, 1943: The Moscow, Cairo & Teheran Conferences (1985) 373pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turningpoint00keit">online</a></li> <li>Smith, Bradley F. The War's Long Shadow: The Second World War and Its Aftermath: China, Russia, Britain, America (1986) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warslongshadowse0000smit">online</a></li> <li>Smith, Gaddis. American Diplomacy During the Second World War, 1941-1945 (1965) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.118212">online</a></li> <li>Taylor, Jay. The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China (2009).</li> <li>de Ven, Hans van, Diana Lary, Stephen MacKinnon, eds. Negotiating China's Destiny in World War II (Stanford University Press, 2014) 336 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=42871">online review</a></li> <li>Woods, Randall Bennett. Changing of the Guard: Anglo-American Relations, 1941–1946 (1990)</li> <li>Woodward, Llewellyn. British Foreign Policy in the Second World War (1962); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/BritishForeignPoliceInTheSecondWorldWar">online free</a>; this is a summary of his 5-volume highly detailed history--<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%22%27%27British%20Foreign%20Policy%20in%20the%20Second%20World%20War%27%27%20%22%29">online 5 volumes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Maisky" title="Ivan Maisky">Maisky, Ivan.</a> The Maisky Diaries: The Wartime Revelations of Stalin's Ambassador in London edited by <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a>, (Yale UP, 2016); highly revealing commentary 1934–43; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0300180675/">excerpts</a>; abridged from 3 volume Yale edition; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jan/20/the-miasky-diaries-review">online review</a></li> <li>Reynolds, David, and Vladimir Pechatnov, eds. The Kremlin Letters: Stalin's Wartime Correspondence with Churchill and Roosevelt (2019)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalinscorrespon010909mbp">Stalin's Correspondence With Churchill Attlee Roosevelt and Truman 1941-45</a> (1958)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governments_in_exile_2">Governments in exile</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: Governments in exile">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Auty, Phyllis and Richard Clogg, eds. British Policy towards Wartime Resistance in Yugoslavia and Greece (1975).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngel2014" class="citation book cs1">Engel, David (2014). In the Shadow of Auschwitz: The Polish Government-in-exile and the Jews, 1939–1942. UNC Press Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781469619576" title="Special:BookSources/9781469619576"><bdi>9781469619576</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+Auschwitz%3A+The+Polish+Government-in-exile+and+the+Jews%2C+1939%E2%80%931942&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781469619576&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Glees, Anthony. Exile Politics During the Second World War (1982)</li> <li>Lanicek, Jan, et al. Governments-in-Exile and the Jews during the Second World War (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Governments---Exile-during-Second-World/dp/0853038759/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>McGilvray, Evan. A Military Government in Exile: The Polish Government in Exile 1939–1945, A Study of Discontent (2012)</li> <li>Pabico, Rufino C. The Exiled Government: The Philippine Commonwealth in the United States During the Second World War (2006)</li> <li>Tendyra, Bernadeta. The Polish Government in Exile, 1939–45 (2013)</li> <li>Toynbee, Arnold, ed. Survey Of International Affairs: Hitler's Europe 1939–1946 (1954) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84095">online</a></li> <li>Yapou, Eliezer. Governments in Exile, 1939–1945: Leadership from London and Resistance at Home (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://governmentsinexile.com/yapoucontents.html">online</a>, comprehensive coverage</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axis_2">Axis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: Axis">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bix,_Herbert_P." class="mw-redirect" title="Bix, Herbert P.">Bix, Herbert P.</a> <a href="/wiki/Hirohito_and_the_Making_of_Modern_Japan" title="Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan">Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan</a> (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Hirohito-Making-Modern-Japan-Herbert/dp/0060931302/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>DiNardo, Richard L. "The dysfunctional coalition: The Axis Powers and the Eastern Front in World War II", The Journal of Military History (1996) 60#4 pp 711–730</li> <li>DiNardo, Richard L. Germany and the Axis Powers: From Coalition to Collapse (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Germany-Axis-Powers-Coalition-Collapse/dp/0700614125/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Evans, Richard J. The Third Reich at War (2010), a comprehensive history <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Third-Reich-at-War/dp/0143116711/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Feis, Herbert. The Road to Pearl Harbor: The Coming of the War Between the United States and Japan (1950). classic history by senior American official. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28The%20Road%20to%20Pearl%20Harbor%29%20AND%20creator%3A%28feis%29">online</a></li> <li>Gigliotti, Simone. and Hilary Earl, eds. A Companion to the Holocaust (John Wiley & Sons, 2020).</li> <li>Gilbert, Martin. The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust (3rd ed. 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlasofholocaust00mart">online</a></li> <li>Gilbert, Martin. The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War (1985) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holocausthistory0000gilb">online</a></li> <li>Goda, Norman J. W. "The diplomacy of the Axis, 1940–1945" in The Cambridge History of The Second World War: vol. 2 (2015) pp 275– 300. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHO9781139524377.014">10.1017/CHO9781139524377.014</a></li> <li>Kertesz, Stephen D. Diplomacy in a Whirlpool: Hungary Between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia (U of Notre Dame Press, 1953).</li> <li>Kershaw, Ian. Hitler: 1936–1945 Nemesis (2001), 1168pp; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Hitler-1936-1945-Nemesis-Ian-Kershaw/dp/0393322521/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Knox, MacGregor. Hitler's Italian Allies: Royal Armed Forces, Fascist Regime, and the War of 1940–1943 (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlersitalianal00knox">online</a></li> <li>Leitz, Christian. Nazi Foreign Policy, 1933–1941: The Road to Global War (2004) 201pp</li> <li>Mallett, Robert. Mussolini and the Origins of the Second World War, 1933–1940 (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Mussolini-Origins-Second-World-1933/dp/0333748158/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Martin, Bernd. Japan and Germany in the Modern World (1995)</li> <li>Mazower, Mark. Hitler's Empire: How the Nazis Ruled Europe (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Hitlers-Empire-Nazis-Ruled-Europe/dp/014311610X/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Mazower, Mark. Inside Hitler's Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941–44 (2001).</li> <li>Nekrich, Aleksandr Moiseevich. Pariahs, Partners, Predators: German-Soviet relations, 1922-1941 (Columbia University Press, 1997).</li> <li>Noakes, Jeremy and Geoffrey Pridham, eds. Nazism 1919–1945, vol. 3: Foreign Policy, War and Racial Extermination (1991), primary sources</li> <li>Sipos, Péter et al. "The Policy of the United States towards Hungary during the Second World War" Acta Historica Academiae Scientiarum (1983) 29#1 pp 79–110 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42555415">online</a>.</li> <li>Thorne, Christopher G. The Issue of War: States, Societies, and the Coming of the Far Eastern Conflict of 1941–1945 (1985) sophisticated analysis of each major power facing Japan</li> <li>Tooze, Adam. The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy (2008), 848pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/The-Wages-Destruction-Breaking-Economy/dp/0143113208/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Toynbee, Arnold, ed. Survey Of International Affairs: Hitler's Europe 1939–1946 (1954) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84095">online</a>; 760pp; Highly detailed coverage of Germany, Italy and conquered territories.</li> <li>Weinberg, Gerhard L. Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933–1939: The Road to World War II (2005)</li> <li>Wright, Jonathan. Germany and the Origins of the Second World War (2007) 223pp</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Espionage">Espionage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=85" title="Edit section: Espionage">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Andrew, Christopher M. Defend the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 (2009).</li> <li>Breuer, William B. The Secret War with Germany: Deception, Espionage, and Dirty Tricks, 1939–1945 (Presidio Press, 1988).</li> <li>Crowdy, Terry. Deceiving Hitler: Double Cross and Deception in World War II (Osprey, 2008).</li> <li>De Jong, Louis. The German Fifth Column in the Second World War (1953) covers activities in all major countries. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.507487/page/n3">online</a></li> <li>Drea, Edward J. MacArthur's ULTRA: Codebreaking and the War against Japan, 1942–1945 (1992).</li> <li>Haufler, Hervie. Codebreakers' Victory: How the Allied Cryptographers Won World War II (2014).</li> <li>Hinsley, F. H., et al. British Intelligence in the Second World War (6 vol. 1979).</li> <li>Jörgensen, Christer. Spying for the Fuhrer: Hitler's Espionage Machine (2014).</li> <li>Kahn, David. "The intelligence failure of Pearl Harbor", Foreign Affairs 70.5 (1991): 138–152. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20045008">online</a></li> <li>Katz, Barry M. Foreign Intelligence: Research and Analysis in the Office of Strategic Services, 1942–1945 (1989). U.S.A.</li> <li>Lewin, Ronald. The American Magic: Codes, Ciphers, and the Defeat of Japan (1984).</li> <li>Paine, Lauran. German Military Intelligence in World War II: The Abwehr (1984).</li> <li>Persico, Joseph E. Roosevelt's Secret War: FDR and World War II Espionage (2001)</li> <li>Smith, Bradley F. The Shadow Warriors: OSS and the Origins of the CIA (1983) for U.S.A.</li> <li>Stephan, Robert W. Stalin's Secret War: Soviet Counterintelligence Against the Nazis, 1941–1945 (2004).</li> <li>Waller, Douglas. Wild Bill Donovan: The Spymaster Who Created the OSS and Modern American Espionage (2011).</li> <li>Wohlstetter, Roberta. Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision (1962) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ils.unc.edu/courses/2013_spring/inls285_001/materials/Wohlstetter.1962.Pearl_Harbor.Warning_and_decision.pdf">excerpt</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=86" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Clifford, J. Garry. "Both Ends of the Telescope: New Perspectives on FDR and American Entry into World War II," Diplomatic History 13#2 (1989) pp 213–30 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/24911816">online</a></li> <li>Doenecke, Justus D. "US Policy and the European War, 1939–1941." Diplomatic History 19.4 (1995): 669–698. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24912332">online</a></li> <li>Lee, Loyd, ed. World War II in Europe, Africa, and the Americas, with General Sources: A Handbook of Literature and Research (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Europe-Africa-Americas-General-Sources/dp/0313293252/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Lee, Loyd, ed. World War II in Asia and the Pacific and the War's Aftermath, with General Themes: A Handbook of Literature and Research (1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/World-Pacific-Aftermath-General-Themes/dp/0313293260/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Pederson, William D. ed. A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt (2011) pp 480–689, covers American diplomacy worldwide in WW II</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=87" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516033238/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/confer.html">Conferences of the Allied Grand Strategy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived May 16, 2008) by Steven Schoenherr</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100312214224/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/start.html">World War II Timeline</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived March 12, 2010) by Steven Schoenherr</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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Conference (ABC–1)">U.S.–British Staff Conference</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_St_James%27s_Palace" title="Declaration of St James's Palace">First Inter-Allied Conference</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Conference</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter#Acceptance_by_Inter-Allied_Council_and_United_Nations" title="Atlantic Charter">Second Inter-Allied Conference</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1941)" title="Moscow Conference (1941)">First Moscow Conference</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Conference" title="Arcadia Conference">Arcadia Conference</a> (1941– 1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punishment_for_War_Crimes" title="Punishment for War Crimes">Third Inter-Allied Conference</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Washington_Conference" title="Second Washington Conference">Second Washington Conference</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1942)" title="Moscow Conference (1942)">Second Moscow Conference</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Conference" title="Casablanca Conference">Casablanca Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Conference" title="Adana Conference">Adana Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Conference_(1943)" title="Washington Conference (1943)">Third Washington Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Quebec_Conference" title="First Quebec Conference">First Quebec Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1943)" title="Moscow Conference (1943)">Third Moscow Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Conference" title="Cairo Conference">Cairo Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Conference" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cairo_Conference" title="Second Cairo Conference">Second Cairo Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Commonwealth_Prime_Ministers%27_Conference" title="1944 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference">Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_Conference" title="Bretton Woods Conference">Bretton Woods Conference</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Conference" title="Dumbarton Oaks Conference">Dumbarton Oaks Conference</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Quebec_Conference" title="Second Quebec Conference">Second Quebec Conference</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1944)" title="Moscow Conference (1944)">Fourth Moscow Conference</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Conference_(1945)" title="Malta Conference (1945)">Malta Conference</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization" title="United Nations Conference on International Organization">United Nations Conference on International Organization</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations and treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Thai_Non-Aggression_Pact" title="Anglo-Thai Non-Aggression Pact">Anglo-Thai Non-Aggression Pact</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyers-for-bases_deal" title="Destroyers-for-bases deal">Destroyers-for-bases deal</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian_Armistice" title="Franco-Italian Armistice">Franco-Italian Armistice</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Peace_Treaty" title="Moscow Peace Treaty">Moscow Peace Treaty</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_St_James%27s_Palace" title="Declaration of St James's Palace">Declaration of St James's Palace</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_Agreement" title="Anglo-Soviet Agreement">Anglo-Soviet Agreement</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Saint_Jean_d%27Acre" title="Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre">Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Turkish_Treaty_of_Friendship" title="German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship">German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Protocols" title="Paris Protocols">Paris Protocols</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punishment_for_War_Crimes" title="Punishment for War Crimes">Punishment for War Crimes</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_Treaty_of_1942" title="Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942">Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Cairo_Declaration" title="1943 Cairo Declaration">Cairo Declaration</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Declarations" title="Moscow Declarations">Moscow Declarations</a> (1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Four_Nations" title="Declaration of the Four Nations">Declaration of the Four Nations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_between_the_United_States_and_China_for_the_Relinquishment_of_Extraterritorial_Rights_in_China" title="Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China">Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Treaty_for_the_Relinquishment_of_Extra-Territorial_Rights_in_China" title="Sino-British Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China">Sino-British Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Armistice" title="Moscow Armistice">Moscow Armistice</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Charter">Nuremberg Charter</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">United Nations Charter</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947" title="Paris Peace Treaties, 1947">Paris Peace Treaties</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">Treaty of San Francisco</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_State_Treaty" title="Austrian State Treaty">Austrian State Treaty</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a> (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Supreme_War_Council" title="Anglo-French Supreme War Council">Anglo-French Supreme War Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-American_Cooperative_Organization" title="Sino-American Cooperative Organization">Sino-American Cooperative Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Advisory_Commission" title="European Advisory Commission">European Advisory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Foreign_Ministers" title="Council of Foreign Ministers">Council of Foreign Ministers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">German Instrument of Surrender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">Japanese Instrument of Surrender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_relations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_relations" title="Template:International relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_relations" title="Template talk:International relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_international_relations_terms" title="Glossary of international relations terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court (ICC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations (UN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1648%E2%80%931814)" title="International relations (1648–1814)">1648–1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">1814–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="International relations (1919–1939)">1919–1939</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diplomatic history of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_since_1989" title="International relations since 1989">International relations since 1989</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance" title="Alliance">Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entente_(alliance)" title="Entente (alliance)">Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance">Military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-belligerence" title="Co-belligerence">Co-belligerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_security" title="Collective security">Collective security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis" title="Crisis">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_in_international_relations" title="Idealism in international relations">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">International community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internationality" title="Internationality">Internationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_institutionalism" title="Liberal institutionalism">Liberal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">Interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">Isolationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_interest" title="National interest">National interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">Neutral country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-belligerent" title="Non-belligerent">Non-belligerent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-state_actor" title="Non-state actor">Non-state actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_treaty" title="Bilateral treaty">Bilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_friendship" title="Treaty of friendship">Friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateral_treaty" title="Multilateral treaty">Multilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_pact" title="Non-aggression pact">Non-aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">Peace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-of-society" title="Whole-of-society">Whole-of-society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(international_relations)" title="Constructivism (international relations)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_school_of_international_relations_theory" title="English school of international relations theory">English school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_(international_relations)" title="Liberalism (international relations)">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_international_relations_theory" title="Marxist international relations theory">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_international_relations" title="Postcolonial international relations">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields and subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_analysis" title="Foreign policy analysis">Foreign policy analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_political_economy" title="International political economy">International political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_political_sociology" title="International political sociology">International political sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">Peace and conflict studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_studies" title="Security studies">Security studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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