An aquatic-vision-inspired camera based on a monocentric lens and a silicon nanorod photodiode array

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As a result, they are poorly suited to advanced mobile applications such as drones and autonomous vehicles. In nature, the eyes of aquatic animals consist of a single spherical lens and a highly sensitive hemispherical retina, an approach that could be beneficial in the development of synthetic wide-field-of-view imaging systems. Here, we report an aquatic-vision-inspired camera that consists of a single monocentric lens and a hemispherical silicon nanorod photodiode array. The imaging system features a wide field of view, miniaturized design, low optical aberration, deep depth of field and simple visual accommodation. Furthermore, under vignetting, the photodiode array enables high-quality panoramic imaging due to the enhanced photodetection properties of the silicon nanorod photodiodes. 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data-component="article-container" data-container-type="article"> <main class="c-article-main-column u-float-left js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <article lang="en"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-identifiers" data-test="article-identifier"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item" data-test="article-category">Article</li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item">Published: <time datetime="2020-06-22">22 June 2020</time></li> </ul> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">An aquatic-vision-inspired camera based on a monocentric lens and a silicon nanorod photodiode array</h1> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Minsung-Kim-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Minsung-Kim-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Kim, Minsung">Minsung Kim</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup><sup class="u-js-hide"> <a href="#na1">na1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Gil_Ju-Lee-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Gil_Ju-Lee-Aff3" data-author-search="Lee, Gil Ju">Gil Ju Lee</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2225-2738"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0003-2225-2738</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup><sup class="u-js-hide"> <a href="#na1">na1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Changsoon-Choi-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Changsoon-Choi-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Choi, Changsoon">Changsoon Choi</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup><sup class="u-js-hide"> <a href="#na1">na1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Min_Seok-Kim-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Min_Seok-Kim-Aff3" data-author-search="Kim, Min Seok">Min Seok Kim</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2614-9607"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0003-2614-9607</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup><sup class="u-js-hide"> <a href="#na1">na1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Mincheol-Lee-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Mincheol-Lee-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Lee, Mincheol">Mincheol Lee</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Siyi-Liu-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-Siyi-Liu-Aff4" data-author-search="Liu, Siyi">Siyi Liu</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff4">4</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Kyoung_Won-Cho-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Kyoung_Won-Cho-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Cho, Kyoung Won">Kyoung Won Cho</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Hyun_Myung-Kim-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Hyun_Myung-Kim-Aff3" data-author-search="Kim, Hyun Myung">Hyun Myung Kim</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Hyojin-Cho-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Hyojin-Cho-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Cho, Hyojin">Hyojin Cho</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Moon_Kee-Choi-Aff5" data-author-popup="auth-Moon_Kee-Choi-Aff5" data-author-search="Choi, Moon Kee">Moon Kee Choi</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff5">5</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Nanshu-Lu-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-Nanshu-Lu-Aff4" data-author-search="Lu, Nanshu">Nanshu Lu</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff4">4</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Young_Min-Song-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Young_Min-Song-Aff3" data-author-search="Song, Young Min" data-corresp-id="c1">Young Min Song<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4473-6883"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0002-4473-6883</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 13 authors for this article" title="Show all 13 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Dae_Hyeong-Kim-Aff1-Aff2-Aff6" data-author-popup="auth-Dae_Hyeong-Kim-Aff1-Aff2-Aff6" data-author-search="Kim, Dae-Hyeong" data-corresp-id="c2">Dae-Hyeong Kim<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4722-1893"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0002-4722-1893</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a>,<a href="#Aff6">6</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info"> <a data-test="journal-link" href="/natelectron" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Nature Electronics</i></a> <b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 3</b>, <span class="u-visually-hidden">pages </span>546–553 (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2020</span>)<a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">8648 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="altmetric-score"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">33 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/articles/s41928-020-0429-5/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics <span class="u-visually-hidden">details</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="u-js-hide" data-component="article-subject-links"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Subjects</h3> <ul class="c-article-subject-list"> <li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/engineering" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Engineering</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/materials-science" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Materials science</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mb-8 c-status-message c-status-message--boxed c-status-message--info"> <span class="c-status-message__icon"> <svg class="u-icon" width="18" height="18" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use> </svg> </span> <p class="u-mt-0">An <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-022-00807-w" class="relation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view linked article" data-track-label="link">Author Correction</a> to this article was published on 12 July 2022</p> </div> <div class="u-mb-8 c-status-message c-status-message--boxed c-status-message--info"> <span class="c-status-message__icon"> <svg class="u-icon" width="18" height="18" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use> </svg> </span> <p class="u-mt-0">This article has been <a href="#change-history">updated</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Conventional wide-field-of-view cameras consist of multi-lens optics and flat image sensor arrays, which makes them bulky and heavy. As a result, they are poorly suited to advanced mobile applications such as drones and autonomous vehicles. In nature, the eyes of aquatic animals consist of a single spherical lens and a highly sensitive hemispherical retina, an approach that could be beneficial in the development of synthetic wide-field-of-view imaging systems. Here, we report an aquatic-vision-inspired camera that consists of a single monocentric lens and a hemispherical silicon nanorod photodiode array. The imaging system features a wide field of view, miniaturized design, low optical aberration, deep depth of field and simple visual accommodation. 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js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="data-availability">Data availability</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="data-availability-content"> <p>The data that support the plots within this paper and other findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Code availability"><div class="c-article-section" id="code-availability-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="code-availability">Code availability</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="code-availability-content"> <p>The source codes for Matlab are available from the corresponding authors upon request.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Change history"><div class="c-article-section" id="change-history-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="change-history">Change history</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="change-history-content"><ul class="c-article-change-list"><li class="c-article-change-list__item u-mb-24" id="chg1"><ins datetime="2022-07-12"><h3 class="c-article-change-list__heading u-h3 u-pr-8 u-display-inline">12 July 2022</h3><div class="c-article-change-list__details"><p>A Correction to this paper has been published: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-022-00807-w">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-022-00807-w</a></p></div></ins></li></ul></div></div></section><div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ol class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li 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This research was also supported by the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea (2017M3D1A1039288/2018R1A4A1025623).</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><span class="c-article-author-information__subtitle u-visually-hidden" id="author-notes">Author notes</span><ol class="c-article-author-information__list"><li class="c-article-author-information__item" id="na1"><p>These authors contributed equally: Min Sung Kim, Gil Ju Lee, Changsoon Choi, Min Seok Kim.</p></li></ol><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Minsung Kim, Changsoon Choi, Mincheol Lee, Kyoung Won Cho, Hyojin Cho & Dae-Hyeong Kim</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Minsung Kim, Changsoon Choi, Mincheol Lee, Kyoung Won Cho, Hyojin Cho & Dae-Hyeong Kim</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Gil Ju Lee, Min Seok Kim, Hyun Myung Kim & Young Min Song</p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Center for Mechanics of Solids, Structures and Materials, Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Siyi Liu & Nanshu Lu</p></li><li id="Aff5"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Moon Kee Choi</p></li><li id="Aff6"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Dae-Hyeong Kim</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Minsung-Kim-Aff1-Aff2"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Minsung Kim</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Minsung%20Kim" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - 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M.S.K., C.C., M.L., H.C. and M.K.C. fabricated the photodiode array and performed characterization of individual devices. G.J.L., M.S.K. and H.M.K. performed theoretical analysis on optics. S.L. and N.L. performed theoretical analysis on mechanics. All authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding authors</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:ymsong@gist.ac.kr">Young Min Song</a> or <a id="corresp-c2" href="mailto:dkim98@snu.ac.kr">Dae-Hyeong Kim</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar1">Competing interests</h3> <p>The authors declare no competing interests.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Additional information"><div class="c-article-section" id="additional-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="additional-information">Additional information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="additional-information-content"><p><b>Publisher’s note</b> Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Supplementary information"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec10-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec10">Supplementary information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec10-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div id="figshareContainer" class="c-article-figshare-container" data-test="figshare-container"></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM1"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary information" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41928-020-0429-5/MediaObjects/41928_2020_429_MOESM1_ESM.pdf" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Information</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Supplementary Notes 1–6, Figs. 1–35 and Tables 1–6.</p></div></div></div></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"><p>Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</p><p class="c-article-rights"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?title=An%20aquatic-vision-inspired%20camera%20based%20on%20a%20monocentric%20lens%20and%20a%20silicon%20nanorod%20photodiode%20array&author=Minsung%20Kim%20et%20al&contentID=10.1038%2Fs41928-020-0429-5&copyright=The%20Author%28s%29%2C%20under%20exclusive%20licence%20to%20Springer%20Nature%20Limited&publication=2520-1131&publicationDate=2020-06-22&publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true">Reprints and permissions</a></p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="article-info" data-title="About this article"><div class="c-article-section" id="article-info-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="article-info">About this article</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="article-info-content"><div class="c-bibliographic-information"><div class="u-hide-print c-bibliographic-information__column c-bibliographic-information__column--border"><a data-crossmark="10.1038/s41928-020-0429-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1038/s41928-020-0429-5" data-track="click" data-track-action="Click Crossmark" data-track-label="link" data-test="crossmark"><img loading="lazy" width="57" height="81" alt="Check for updates. 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id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Kim, M., Lee, G.J., Choi, C. <i>et al.</i> An aquatic-vision-inspired camera based on a monocentric lens and a silicon nanorod photodiode array. <i>Nat Electron</i> <b>3</b>, 546–553 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-020-0429-5</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/s41928-020-0429-5?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li 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