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Blobs - AT Protocol
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Considerations</span></a></li><li><a class="flex justify-between gap-2 py-1 pr-3 text-sm transition pl-7 text-zinc-600 hover:text-zinc-900 dark:text-zinc-400 dark:hover:text-white" href="/specs/blob#possible-future-changes"><span class="truncate">Possible Future Changes</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="relative"><a class="flex justify-between gap-2 py-1 pr-3 text-sm transition pl-4 text-zinc-600 hover:text-zinc-900 dark:text-zinc-400 dark:hover:text-white" href="/specs/label"><span class="truncate">Labels</span></a></li><li class="relative"><a class="flex justify-between gap-2 py-1 pr-3 text-sm transition pl-4 text-zinc-600 hover:text-zinc-900 dark:text-zinc-400 dark:hover:text-white" href="/specs/xrpc"><span class="truncate">HTTP API (XRPC)</span></a></li><li class="relative"><a class="flex justify-between gap-2 py-1 pr-3 text-sm transition pl-4 text-zinc-600 hover:text-zinc-900 dark:text-zinc-400 dark:hover:text-white" href="/specs/oauth"><span class="truncate">OAuth</span></a></li><li class="relative"><a class="flex justify-between gap-2 py-1 pr-3 text-sm transition pl-4 text-zinc-600 hover:text-zinc-900 dark:text-zinc-400 dark:hover:text-white" href="/specs/event-stream"><span class="truncate">Event Stream</span></a></li><li class="relative"><a class="flex justify-between gap-2 py-1 pr-3 text-sm transition pl-4 text-zinc-600 hover:text-zinc-900 dark:text-zinc-400 dark:hover:text-white" href="/specs/sync"><span class="truncate">Sync</span></a></li><li class="relative"><a class="flex justify-between gap-2 py-1 pr-3 text-sm transition pl-4 text-zinc-600 hover:text-zinc-900 dark:text-zinc-400 dark:hover:text-white" href="/specs/did"><span class="truncate">DID</span></a></li><li class="relative"><a class="flex justify-between gap-2 py-1 pr-3 text-sm transition pl-4 text-zinc-600 hover:text-zinc-900 dark:text-zinc-400 dark:hover:text-white" href="/specs/handle"><span class="truncate">Handle</span></a></li><li class="relative"><a class="flex justify-between gap-2 py-1 pr-3 text-sm transition pl-4 text-zinc-600 hover:text-zinc-900 dark:text-zinc-400 dark:hover:text-white" href="/specs/nsid"><span class="truncate">NSID</span></a></li><li class="relative"><a class="flex justify-between gap-2 py-1 pr-3 text-sm transition pl-4 text-zinc-600 hover:text-zinc-900 dark:text-zinc-400 dark:hover:text-white" href="/specs/tid"><span class="truncate">TID</span></a></li><li class="relative"><a class="flex justify-between gap-2 py-1 pr-3 text-sm transition pl-4 text-zinc-600 hover:text-zinc-900 dark:text-zinc-400 dark:hover:text-white" href="/specs/record-key"><span class="truncate">Record Key</span></a></li><li class="relative"><a class="flex justify-between gap-2 py-1 pr-3 text-sm transition pl-4 text-zinc-600 hover:text-zinc-900 dark:text-zinc-400 dark:hover:text-white" href="/specs/at-uri-scheme"><span class="truncate">URI Scheme</span></a></li></ul></div></li></ul></nav></div></header><div class="relative flex h-full flex-col px-4 pt-14 sm:px-6 lg:px-8"><main class="flex-auto"><article class="flex h-full flex-col pb-24 pt-16"><div class="flex-auto prose dark:prose-invert [html_:where(&>*)]:mx-auto [html_:where(&>*)]:max-w-2xl [html_:where(&>*)]:lg:mx-[calc(50%-min(50%,theme(maxWidth.lg)))] [html_:where(&>*)]:lg:max-w-3xl"><h1>Blobs</h1> <p>"Blobs" are media files stored alongside an account's repository. They include images, video, and audio, but could also include any other file format. Blobs are referenced by individual records by the <code>blob</code> lexicon datatype, which includes a content hash (CID) for the blob.</p> <p>Blob files are uploaded and distributed separately from records. Blobs are authoritatively stored by the account's PDS instance, but views are commonly served by CDNs associated with individual applications ("AppViews"), to reduce traffic on the PDS. CDNs may serve transformed (resized, transcoded, etc) versions of the original blob.</p> <p>While blobs are universally content addressed (by CID), they are always referenced and managed in the context of an individual account (DID).</p> <p>The empty blob (zero bytes) is valid in general, though it may be disallowed by individual Lexicons/applications.</p> <h2 class="scroll-mt-24" id="blob-metadata"><a class="group text-inherit no-underline hover:text-inherit" href="#blob-metadata">Blob Metadata</a></h2> <p>Currently, the only "blessed" CID type for blobs is similar to that for repository records, but with the <code>raw</code> multicodec:</p> <ul> <li>CIDv1</li> <li>Multibase: binary serialization within DAG-CBOR (or <code>base32</code> for JSON mappings)</li> <li>Multicodec: <code>raw</code> (0x55)</li> <li>Multihash: <code>sha-256</code> with 256 bits (0x12)</li> </ul> <p>An example blob CID, in base32 string encoding: <code>bafkreibjfgx2gprinfvicegelk5kosd6y2frmqpqzwqkg7usac74l3t2v4</code></p> <p>Blob metadata also includes the size of the blob (in bytes), and the MIME type. The size and CID are deterministic and must be valid and consistent. The MIME type is somewhat more subjective: it is possible for the same bytes to be valid for multiple MIME types.</p> <h2 class="scroll-mt-24" id="blob-lifecycle"><a class="group text-inherit no-underline hover:text-inherit" href="#blob-lifecycle">Blob Lifecycle</a></h2> <p>Blobs must be uploaded to the PDS before a record can be created referencing that blob. Note that the server does not know the intended Lexicon when receiving an upload, so can only apply generic blob limits and restrictions at initial upload time, and then enforce Lexicon-defined limits later when the record is created.</p> <p>Clients use the <code>com.atproto.repo.uploadBlob</code> endpoint on their PDS, which will return verified metadata in the form of a Lexicon blob object. Clients "should" set the HTTP <code>Content-Type</code> header and "should" set the <code>Content-Length</code> headers on the upload request. Chunked transfer encoding may also be permitted for uploads. Servers may sniff the blob mimetype to validate against the declared <code>Content-Type</code> header, and either return a modified mimetype in the response, or reject the upload. See "Security Considerations" below. If the actual blob upload size differs from the <code>Content-Length</code> header, the server should reject the upload.</p> <p>After a successful upload, blobs are placed in temporary storage. They are not accessible for download or distribution while in this state. Servers should "garbage collect" (delete) un-referenced temporary blobs after an appropriate time span (see implementation guidelines below). Blobs which are in temporary storage should not be included in the <code>listBlobs</code> output.</p> <p>The upload blob can now be referenced from records by including the returned blob metadata in a record. When processing record creation, the server extracts the set of all referenced blobs, and checks that they are either already referenced, or are in temporary storage. Once the record creation succeeds, the server makes the blob publicly accessible.</p> <p>The same blob can be referenced by multiple records in the same repository. Re-uploading a blob which has already been stored and referenced results in no change to the existing blobs or records.</p> <p>When a record referencing blobs is deleted, the server checks if any other current records from the same repository reference the blob. If not, the blob is deleted along with the record.</p> <p>When an account is deleted, all the hosted blobs are deleted, within some reasonable time frame. When an account is deactivated, takendown, or suspended, blobs should not be publicly accessible.</p> <p>Servers may decide to make individual blobs inaccessible, separately from any account takedown or other account lifecycle events.</p> <p>Creation of new individual records which reference a blob which does not exist should be rejected at the time of creation (or update). However, it is possible for servers to host repository records which reference blobs which are not available locally. For example, during a bulk repository import or account migration; data loss; or content deletion/removal for policy reasons.</p> <p>Original blobs can be fetched from the PDS using the <code>com.atproto.sync.getBlob</code> endpoint. The server should return appropriate <code>Content-Type</code> and <code>Content-Length</code> HTTP headers. It is not a recommended or required pattern to serve media directly from the PDS to end-user browsers, and servers do not need to support or facilitate this use case. See "Security Considerations" below for more.</p> <h2 class="scroll-mt-24" id="usage-and-implementation-guidelines"><a class="group text-inherit no-underline hover:text-inherit" href="#usage-and-implementation-guidelines">Usage and Implementation Guidelines</a></h2> <p>Servers may have their own generic limits and policies for blobs, separate from any Lexicon-defined constraints. They might implement account-wide quotas on data storage; maximum blob sizes; content policies; etc. Any of these restrictions might be enforced at the initial upload. Server operators should be aware that limits and other restrictions may impact functionality with existing and future applications. To maximize interoperability, operators are recommended to prefer limits on overall account resource consumption (eg, "total blob size" quota, not "per blob" size limits).</p> <p>Some applications may have a long delay between blob upload and reference from a record. To maximize interoperability, server implementations and operators are recommended to allow several hours of grace time before "garbage collecting", with at least one hour a firm lower bound.</p> <h2 class="scroll-mt-24" id="security-considerations"><a class="group text-inherit no-underline hover:text-inherit" href="#security-considerations">Security Considerations</a></h2> <p>Serving arbitrary user-uploaded files from a web server raises many content security issues. For example, cross-site scripting (XSS) of scripts or SVG content form the same "origin" as other web pages. It is effectively mandatory to enable a Content Security Policy (LINK: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CSP">https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CSP</a>) for the <code>getBlob</code> endpoint. It is effectively not supported to dynamically serve assets directly out of blob storage (the <code>getBlob</code> endpoint) directly to browsers and web applications. Applications must proxy blobs, files, and assets through an independent CDN, proxy, or other web service before serving to browsers and web agents, and such services are expected to implement security precautions.</p> <p>An example set of content security headers for this endpoint is:</p> <div class="my-6 overflow-hidden rounded-2xl bg-zinc-50 dark:bg-zinc-900 dark:ring-1 dark:ring-white/10"><div class="not-prose"><div class="group dark:bg-white/2.5"><div class="relative"><pre class="overflow-x-auto p-4 text-xs text-black dark:text-white"><code>Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'none'; sandbox X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff </code></pre><button type="button" class="group/button absolute right-4 top-3.5 overflow-hidden rounded-full py-1 pl-2 pr-3 text-2xs font-medium opacity-0 backdrop-blur transition focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100 bg-white/5 hover:bg-white/7.5 dark:bg-white/2.5 dark:hover:bg-white/5"><span aria-hidden="false" class="pointer-events-none flex items-center gap-0.5 text-zinc-400 transition duration-300"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true" class="h-5 w-5 fill-zinc-500/20 stroke-zinc-500 transition-colors group-hover/button:stroke-zinc-400"><path stroke-width="0" d="M5.5 13.5v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2l.447-.894A2 2 0 0 1 9.737 4.5h.527a2 2 0 0 1 1.789 1.106l.447.894a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2Z"></path><path fill="none" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M12.5 6.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2m5 0-.447-.894a2 2 0 0 0-1.79-1.106h-.527a2 2 0 0 0-1.789 1.106L7.5 6.5m5 0-1 1h-3l-1-1"></path></svg>Copy</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 flex items-center justify-center text-blue-400 transition duration-300 translate-y-1.5 opacity-0">Copied!</span></button></div></div></div></div> <p>Some media types may contain sensitive metadata. For example, EXIF metadata in JPEG image files may contain GPS coordinates. Servers might take steps to prevent accidental leakage of such metadata, for example by blocking upload of blobs containing them. See note in "Future Changes" section.</p> <p>Parsing of media files is a notorious source of memory safety bugs and security vulnerabilities. Even content type detection (or "sniffing") can be a source of exploits. Servers are strongly recommended against parsing media files (image, video, audio, or any other non-trivial formats) directly, without the use of strong sandboxing mechanisms. In particular, PDS instances themselves should not directly implement media resizing or transcoding.</p> <p>Richer media types raise the stakes for abusive and illegal content. Services should implement appropriate mechanisms to takedown such content when it is detected and reported.</p> <p>Servers may need to take measures to prevent malicious resource consumption. For example, intentional exhaustion of disk space, network congestion, bandwidth utilization, etc. Rate-limits, size limits, and quotas are recommended.</p> <h2 class="scroll-mt-24" id="possible-future-changes"><a class="group text-inherit no-underline hover:text-inherit" href="#possible-future-changes">Possible Future Changes</a></h2> <p>The allowed CID type is expected to evolve over time. There has been interest in <code>blake3</code> for larger file types.</p> <p>More specific mitigation of metadata leakage (eg, EXIF metadata stripping) should be recommended and/or enabled via API changes. There is a tension between providing default safety, and always intervening to manipulate "original" uploaded user data. Additionally, parsing and manipulating uploaded media files raises other categories of security concerns.</p></div></article></main><footer class="mx-auto w-full max-w-2xl space-y-10 pb-16 lg:max-w-5xl"><div class="flex"><div class="flex flex-col items-start gap-3"><a class="inline-flex gap-0.5 justify-center overflow-hidden text-sm font-medium transition rounded-full bg-zinc-100 py-1 px-3 text-zinc-900 hover:bg-zinc-200 dark:bg-zinc-800/40 dark:text-zinc-400 dark:ring-1 dark:ring-inset dark:ring-zinc-800 dark:hover:bg-zinc-800 dark:hover:text-zinc-300" aria-label="Previous: Repository" href="/specs/repository"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" aria-hidden="true" class="mt-0.5 h-5 w-5 -ml-1 rotate-180"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="m11.5 6.5 3 3.5m0 0-3 3.5m3-3.5h-9"></path></svg>Previous</a><a tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="text-base font-semibold text-zinc-900 transition hover:text-zinc-600 dark:text-white dark:hover:text-zinc-300" href="/specs/repository">Repository</a></div><div class="ml-auto flex flex-col items-end gap-3"><a class="inline-flex gap-0.5 justify-center overflow-hidden text-sm font-medium transition rounded-full bg-zinc-100 py-1 px-3 text-zinc-900 hover:bg-zinc-200 dark:bg-zinc-800/40 dark:text-zinc-400 dark:ring-1 dark:ring-inset dark:ring-zinc-800 dark:hover:bg-zinc-800 dark:hover:text-zinc-300" aria-label="Next: Labels" href="/specs/label">Next<svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" aria-hidden="true" class="mt-0.5 h-5 w-5 -mr-1"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="m11.5 6.5 3 3.5m0 0-3 3.5m3-3.5h-9"></path></svg></a><a tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="text-base font-semibold text-zinc-900 transition hover:text-zinc-600 dark:text-white dark:hover:text-zinc-300" href="/specs/label">Labels</a></div></div><div class="flex flex-col items-center justify-between gap-5 border-t border-zinc-900/5 pt-8 sm:flex-row dark:border-white/5"><p class="text-xs text-zinc-600 dark:text-zinc-400">© Copyright <!-- -->2025<!-- -->. 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They include images, video, and audio, but could also include any other file format. Blobs are referenced by individual records by the \",[\"$\",\"$L4\",null,{\"children\":\"blob\"}],\" lexicon datatype, which includes a content hash (CID) for the blob.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"Blob files are uploaded and distributed separately from records. Blobs are authoritatively stored by the account's PDS instance, but views are commonly served by CDNs associated with individual applications (\\\"AppViews\\\"), to reduce traffic on the PDS. CDNs may serve transformed (resized, transcoded, etc) versions of the original blob.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"While blobs are universally content addressed (by CID), they are always referenced and managed in the context of an individual account (DID).\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"The empty blob (zero bytes) is valid in general, though it may be disallowed by individual Lexicons/applications.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L5\",null,{\"level\":2,\"id\":\"blob-metadata\",\"children\":\"Blob Metadata\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":[\"Currently, the only \\\"blessed\\\" CID type for blobs is similar to that for repository records, but with the \",[\"$\",\"$L4\",null,{\"children\":\"raw\"}],\" multicodec:\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"ul\",null,{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":\"CIDv1\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[\"Multibase: binary serialization within DAG-CBOR (or \",[\"$\",\"$L4\",null,{\"children\":\"base32\"}],\" for JSON mappings)\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[\"Multicodec: \",[\"$\",\"$L4\",null,{\"children\":\"raw\"}],\" (0x55)\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[\"Multihash: \",[\"$\",\"$L4\",null,{\"children\":\"sha-256\"}],\" with 256 bits (0x12)\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":[\"An example blob CID, in base32 string encoding: \",[\"$\",\"$L4\",null,{\"children\":\"bafkreibjfgx2gprinfvicegelk5kosd6y2frmqpqzwqkg7usac74l3t2v4\"}]]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"Blob metadata also includes the size of the blob (in bytes), and the MIME type. The size and CID are deterministic and must be valid and consistent. The MIME type is somewhat more subjective: it is possible for the same bytes to be valid for multiple MIME types.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L5\",null,{\"level\":2,\"id\":\"blob-lifecycle\",\"children\":\"Blob Lifecycle\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"Blobs must be uploaded to the PDS before a record can be created referencing that blob. Note that the server does not know the intended Lexicon when receiving an upload, so can only apply generic blob limits and restrictions at initial upload time, and then enforce Lexicon-defined limits later when the record is created.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":[\"Clients use the \",[\"$\",\"$L4\",null,{\"children\":\"com.atproto.repo.uploadBlob\"}],\" endpoint on their PDS, which will return verified metadata in the form of a Lexicon blob object. Clients \\\"should\\\" set the HTTP \",[\"$\",\"$L4\",null,{\"children\":\"Content-Type\"}],\" header and \\\"should\\\" set the \",[\"$\",\"$L4\",null,{\"children\":\"Content-Length\"}],\" headers on the upload request. Chunked transfer encoding may also be permitted for uploads. Servers may sniff the blob mimetype to validate against the declared \",[\"$\",\"$L4\",null,{\"children\":\"Content-Type\"}],\" header, and either return a modified mimetype in the response, or reject the upload. See \\\"Security Considerations\\\" below. If the actual blob upload size differs from the \",[\"$\",\"$L4\",null,{\"children\":\"Content-Length\"}],\" header, the server should reject the upload.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":[\"After a successful upload, blobs are placed in temporary storage. They are not accessible for download or distribution while in this state. Servers should \\\"garbage collect\\\" (delete) un-referenced temporary blobs after an appropriate time span (see implementation guidelines below). Blobs which are in temporary storage should not be included in the \",[\"$\",\"$L4\",null,{\"children\":\"listBlobs\"}],\" output.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"The upload blob can now be referenced from records by including the returned blob metadata in a record. When processing record creation, the server extracts the set of all referenced blobs, and checks that they are either already referenced, or are in temporary storage. Once the record creation succeeds, the server makes the blob publicly accessible.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"The same blob can be referenced by multiple records in the same repository. Re-uploading a blob which has already been stored and referenced results in no change to the existing blobs or records.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"When a record referencing blobs is deleted, the server checks if any other current records from the same repository reference the blob. If not, the blob is deleted along with the record.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"When an account is deleted, all the hosted blobs are deleted, within some reasonable time frame. When an account is deactivated, takendown, or suspended, blobs should not be publicly accessible.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"Servers may decide to make individual blobs inaccessible, separately from any account takedown or other account lifecycle events.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"Creation of new individual records which reference a blob which does not exist should be rejected at the time of creation (or update). However, it is possible for servers to host repository records which reference blobs which are not available locally. For example, during a bulk repository import or account migration; data loss; or content deletion/removal for policy reasons.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":[\"Original blobs can be fetched from the PDS using the \",[\"$\",\"$L4\",null,{\"children\":\"com.atproto.sync.getBlob\"}],\" endpoint. The server should return appropriate \",[\"$\",\"$L4\",null,{\"children\":\"Content-Type\"}],\" and \",[\"$\",\"$L4\",null,{\"children\":\"Content-Length\"}],\" HTTP headers. It is not a recommended or required pattern to serve media directly from the PDS to end-user browsers, and servers do not need to support or facilitate this use case. See \\\"Security Considerations\\\" below for more.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L5\",null,{\"level\":2,\"id\":\"usage-and-implementation-guidelines\",\"children\":\"Usage and Implementation Guidelines\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"Servers may have their own generic limits and policies for blobs, separate from any Lexicon-defined constraints. They might implement account-wide quotas on data storage; maximum blob sizes; content policies; etc. Any of these restrictions might be enforced at the initial upload. Server operators should be aware that limits and other restrictions may impact functionality with existing and future applications. To maximize interoperability, operators are recommended to prefer limits on overall account resource consumption (eg, \\\"total blob size\\\" quota, not \\\"per blob\\\" size limits).\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"Some applications may have a long delay between blob upload and reference from a record. To maximize interoperability, server implementations and operators are recommended to allow several hours of grace time before \\\"garbage collecting\\\", with at least one hour a firm lower bound.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L5\",null,{\"level\":2,\"id\":\"security-considerations\",\"children\":\"Security Considerations\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":[\"Serving arbitrary user-uploaded files from a web server raises many content security issues. For example, cross-site scripting (XSS) of scripts or SVG content form the same \\\"origin\\\" as other web pages. It is effectively mandatory to enable a Content Security Policy (LINK: \",[\"$\",\"$L6\",null,{\"href\":\"https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CSP\",\"children\":\"https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CSP\"}],\") for the \",[\"$\",\"$L4\",null,{\"children\":\"getBlob\"}],\" endpoint. It is effectively not supported to dynamically serve assets directly out of blob storage (the \",[\"$\",\"$L4\",null,{\"children\":\"getBlob\"}],\" endpoint) directly to browsers and web applications. Applications must proxy blobs, files, and assets through an independent CDN, proxy, or other web service before serving to browsers and web agents, and such services are expected to implement security precautions.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"An example set of content security headers for this endpoint is:\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L7\",null,{\"code\":\"Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'none'; sandbox\\nX-Content-Type-Options: nosniff\\n\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4\",null,{\"children\":\"Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'none'; sandbox\\nX-Content-Type-Options: nosniff\\n\"}]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"Some media types may contain sensitive metadata. For example, EXIF metadata in JPEG image files may contain GPS coordinates. Servers might take steps to prevent accidental leakage of such metadata, for example by blocking upload of blobs containing them. See note in \\\"Future Changes\\\" section.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"Parsing of media files is a notorious source of memory safety bugs and security vulnerabilities. Even content type detection (or \\\"sniffing\\\") can be a source of exploits. Servers are strongly recommended against parsing media files (image, video, audio, or any other non-trivial formats) directly, without the use of strong sandboxing mechanisms. In particular, PDS instances themselves should not directly implement media resizing or transcoding.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"Richer media types raise the stakes for abusive and illegal content. 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