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Structure, content, and style subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure,_content,_and_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Internet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-News_broadcasting_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#News_broadcasting_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>News broadcasting by country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-News_broadcasting_by_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle News broadcasting by country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-News_broadcasting_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terrestrial_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrestrial_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Terrestrial television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrestrial_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialty_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialty_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Specialty television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialty_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Broadcast_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadcast_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Broadcast television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadcast_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local_newscasts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_newscasts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.1</span> <span>Local newscasts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_newscasts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Network_world_news_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Network_world_news_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.2</span> <span>Network world news programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Network_world_news_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cable_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cable_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Cable television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cable_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="نشرة الأخبار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نشرة الأخبار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova%C4%B5elsendo" title="Novaĵelsendo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Novaĵelsendo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="روزنامه تلویزیونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روزنامه تلویزیونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9vis%C3%A9" title="Journal télévisé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Journal télévisé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%89%B4%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B0%A9%EC%86%A1" title="뉴스 방송 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뉴스 방송" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berita_televisi" title="Berita televisi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Berita televisi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegiornale" title="Telegiornale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Telegiornale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naujien%C5%B3_transliacijos" title="Naujienų transliacijos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Naujienų transliacijos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Емитување вести – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Емитување вести" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyiaran_berita" title="Penyiaran berita – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyiaran berita" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%80%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Мэдээний нэвтрүүлэг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мэдээний нэвтрүүлэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journaal_(televisie)" title="Journaal (televisie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Journaal (televisie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telejornalismo" title="Telejornalismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Telejornalismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98tirea_de_radio" title="Știrea de radio – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Știrea de radio" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="ප්‍රවෘත්ති ප්‍රචාරය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රවෘත්ති ප්‍රචාරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A1t_s%C3%B3ng_tin_t%E1%BB%A9c" title="Phát sóng tin tức – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phát sóng tin tức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noveles_al_t%C3%A9v%C3%A9" title="Noveles al tévé – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Noveles al tévé" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medium of broadcasting news events</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#efefef;padding:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Source_(journalism)" title="Source (journalism)">Attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_independence" title="Editorial independence">Editorial independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_school" title="Journalism school">Journalism school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_journalism_articles" title="Index of journalism articles">Index of journalism articles</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_journalism" title="Arts journalism">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_journalism" title="Business journalism">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_journalism" title="Entertainment journalism">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_journalism" title="Fashion journalism">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_journalism" title="Medical journalism">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_journalism" title="Political journalism">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_journalism" title="Science journalism">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_journalism" title="Technology journalism">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_reporting" title="Traffic reporting">Traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_journalism" title="Video game journalism">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_correspondent" title="War correspondent">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_news" title="World news">World</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adversarial_journalism" title="Adversarial journalism">Adversarial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_journalism" title="Advocacy journalism">Advocacy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Journalistic_interventionism" title="Journalistic interventionism">Interventionism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_journalism" title="Analytic journalism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_journalism" title="Broadcast journalism">Broadcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churnalism" title="Churnalism">Churnalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_journalism" title="Civic journalism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_journalism" title="Collaborative journalism">Collaborative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_journalism" title="Comics journalism">Comics-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_journalism" title="Community journalism">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_journalism" title="Database journalism">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_journalism" title="Digital journalism">Digital/Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_journalism" title="Explanatory journalism">Explanatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking">Fact-checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzo_journalism" title="Gonzo journalism">Gonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-interest_story" title="Human-interest story">Human-interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_journalism" title="Immersion journalism">Immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretive_journalism" title="Interpretive journalism">Interpretive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">Investigative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_journalism" title="Multimedia journalism">Multimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_journalism" title="Narrative journalism">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Journalism" title="New Journalism">New Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-profit_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit journalism">Non-profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_journalism" title="Opinion journalism">Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_release" title="Press release">Press release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensor_journalism" title="Sensor journalism">Sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_press" title="Underground press">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_journalism" title="Video journalism">Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_journalism" title="Visual journalism">Visual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchdog_journalism" title="Watchdog journalism">Watchdog</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Social impact</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Estate" title="Fourth Estate">Fourth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Estate" title="Fifth Estate">Fifth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_race_journalism" title="Horse race journalism">Horse race journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a> (<a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-slime_journalism" title="Pink-slime journalism">Pink-slime journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">Newspapers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newspaper_of_record" title="Newspaper of record">Newspaper of record</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">TV and radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_newspaper" title="Online newspaper">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">News agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Roles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">Journalists (reporters)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">Columnist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_editing" title="Copy editing">Copy editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">Meteorologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_presenter" title="News presenter">News presenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundit" title="Pundit">Pundit / commentator</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/16px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/24px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/32px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Journalism" title="Portal:Journalism">Journalism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Journalism" title="Category:Journalism">Category: Journalism</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Journalism_sidebar" title="Template:Journalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Journalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Journalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>News broadcasting</b> is the medium of <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a> various <a href="/wiki/News" title="News">news</a> events and other information via television, radio, or the internet in the field of <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_journalism" title="Broadcast journalism">broadcast journalism</a>. The content is usually either <a href="/wiki/Video_production" title="Video production">produced</a> <a href="/wiki/Local_programming" title="Local programming">locally</a> in a radio studio or television studio <a href="/wiki/Newsroom" title="Newsroom">newsroom</a>, or by a <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_network" title="Broadcast network">broadcast network</a>. A news broadcast may include material such as sports coverage, <a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">weather forecasts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traffic_reporting" title="Traffic reporting">traffic reports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_criticism" title="Political criticism">political commentary</a>, expert opinions, editorial content, and other material that the broadcaster feels is relevant to their audience. An individual news program is typically reported in a series of individual stories that are presented by one or more <a href="/wiki/News_presenter" title="News presenter">anchors</a>. A frequent inclusion is live or recorded interviews by field <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">reporters</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure,_content,_and_style"><span id="Structure.2C_content.2C_and_style"></span>Structure, content, and style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=News_broadcasting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure, content, and style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/News_broadcasting" title="Special:EditPage/News broadcasting">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22News+broadcasting%22">"News broadcasting"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22News+broadcasting%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22News+broadcasting%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22News+broadcasting%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22News+broadcasting%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22News+broadcasting%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=News_broadcasting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">Television</a> news programs inform and discuss current events via the medium of television. A "news bulletin" or a "<a href="/wiki/Newscaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Newscaster">newscast</a>" are television programs lasting from seconds to hours that provide updates on events. Programs can vary their focus; some newscasts discuss largely international or national matters, while others will focus on regional and local news events.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Example providers of generalist broadcast news shows focusing on national and international matters include <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>, <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News Channel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Channel_NewsAsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel NewsAsia">CNA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a>. In addition to general news outlets, there are many specialized news outlets. <a href="/wiki/ESPNews" title="ESPNews">ESPNews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_Sports" title="Fox Sports">Fox Sports</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eurosport_News" title="Eurosport News">Eurosport News</a> cover <a href="/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">sports journalism</a> topics; <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Television" title="Bloomberg Television">Bloomberg Television</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business Network</a> are examples that cover <a href="/wiki/Business_news" class="mw-redirect" title="Business news">business news</a>. <a href="/wiki/Local_programming" title="Local programming">Local programming</a> covers the many examples of smaller stations with a regional focus.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Newscasts, also known as bulletins or news program(me)s, differ in content, tone, and presentation style depending on the format of the channel/station on which they appear, and their timeslot. In most parts of the world, national television networks will have bulletins featuring national and international news. The top-rated shows will often air in the evening during "prime time", but there are also <a href="/wiki/Breakfast_television" title="Breakfast television">morning newscasts</a> of two to three hours in length. Rolling news channels broadcast news content 24 hours a day. The advent of the internet has allowed the regular 24-hour-a-day presentation of many video and audio news reports, which are updated when additional information becomes available; many television broadcasters provide content originally provided on-air as well as exclusive or supplementary news content on their websites. Local news may be presented by standalone local television stations, stations affiliated with national networks or by local studios which "opt-out" of national network programming at specified points. Different news programming may be aimed at different audiences, depending on age, socio-economic group, or those from particular sections of society. "Magazine-style" television shows (or <a href="/wiki/Newsmagazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsmagazine">newsmagazines</a>) may mix news coverage with topical lifestyle issues, debates, or entertainment content. <a href="/wiki/Public_affairs_(broadcasting)" title="Public affairs (broadcasting)">Public affairs programs</a> provide analysis of and interviews about political, social, and economic issues.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>News programs feature one or two (sometimes, three) <a href="/wiki/News_presenter" title="News presenter">anchors (or presenters, the terminology varies around the world)</a> segueing into news stories filed by a <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">reporter (or correspondent)</a> by describing the story to be shown; however, some stories within the broadcast are read by the presenter themselves; in the former case, the anchor "tosses" to the reporter to introduce the featured story; likewise, the reporter "tosses" back to the anchor once the taped report has concluded and the reporter provides additional information. Often in situations necessitating long-form reporting on a story (usually during breaking news situations), the reporter is interviewed by the anchor, known as a 'two-way', or a guest involved in or offering analysis on the story is interviewed by a reporter or anchor. There may also be breaking news stories which will present live rolling coverage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Television news organizations employ several anchors and reporters to provide reports (as many as ten anchors, and up to 20 reporters for local news operations or up to 30 for national news organizations). They may also employ specialty reporters that focus on reporting certain types of news content (such as <a href="/wiki/Traffic_reporting" title="Traffic reporting">traffic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_journalism" title="Entertainment journalism">entertainment</a>), <a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">meteorologists</a> or weather anchors (the latter term often refers to weather presenters that do not have degrees in meteorology earned at an <a href="/wiki/Educational_institution" title="Educational institution">educational institution</a>) who provide weather forecasts – more common in local news and on network morning programs – and sports presenters that report on ongoing, concluded, or upcoming Packages will usually be filmed at a relevant location and edited in an editing suite in a newsroom or a remote contribution edit suite in a location some distance from the newsroom. They may also be edited in mobile editing vans, or satellite vans or trucks (such as <a href="/wiki/Electronic_news_gathering" title="Electronic news gathering">electronic news gathering</a> vehicles), and transmitted back to the newsroom. Live coverage will be broadcast from a relevant location and sent back to the newsroom via fixed cable links, <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> radio, <a href="/wiki/Production_truck" title="Production truck">production truck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_truck" title="Satellite truck">satellite truck</a>, or via online streaming. Roles associated with television news include a <a href="/wiki/Technical_director" title="Technical director">technical director</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floor_director" class="mw-redirect" title="Floor director">floor director</a> <a href="/wiki/Audio_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio technician">audio technician</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Television_crew" title="Television crew">television crew</a> of <a href="/wiki/Operator_(profession)" title="Operator (profession)">operators</a> running <a href="/wiki/Character_graphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Character graphic">character graphics</a> (CG), <a href="/wiki/Teleprompter" title="Teleprompter">teleprompters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Professional_video_camera" title="Professional video camera">professional video cameras</a>. Most news shows are broadcast live.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=News_broadcasting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radio news is transmitted through the medium of <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, meaning it is audio-only. It was a dominant form of information dissemination to households from the 1910s–1940s before home televisions became cheap and common. Radio news has persisted, often with short updates at certain intervals on the hour, although the medium of radio has generally shifted toward people doing something else such as driving, working or waking up, compared to television. </p><p>Radio news broadcasts can range from as little as one minute to as much as the station's entire schedule, such as the case of <a href="/wiki/All-news_radio" title="All-news radio">all-news radio</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">talk radio</a>. Stations that use a "wheel" format tend to keep to a set schedule of certain programming at certain specific minutes on the hour, and one of these segments is frequently a news bulletin. These short bulletins will provide overviews of any breaking news of interest, and may include local concerns such as weather forecasts or traffic reports.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet">Internet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=News_broadcasting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vast majority of professionally produced video or audio news on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> tends to be attached to existing news organizations. Radio stations will upload their news reports as streamable <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">podcasts</a> and television networks will sometimes make their broadcasts available over Internet video. Print newspapers will sometimes feature video on their websites for breaking news events and for long-form video journalism. The usual focus on the Internet tends to be a la carte, however – rather than a recap show of the issues of the day like a TV or radio show, Internet news sites will usually allow the browser to find the one story they are interested in and watch a video strictly on that, even if said video might have been a segment of a larger show. Internet native news shows do exist such as <a href="/wiki/Vice_News" title="Vice News">Vice News</a>, but they tend to seep elsewhere: Vice News ran a broadcast on <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> for a few years despite starting as a <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> channel, for example, eventually transferring the show to their own network called Viceland and later Vice On TV.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside the realm of traditional news organizations with paid journalists are <a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">citizen journalists</a>, independents who report on their own and use sites such as YouTube to display their content. Independents also heavily cover commentary on news: while most independents cannot originally report on anything other than local issues due to budgetary concerns, opinions are cheaper. As such, Internet journalism has many video broadcasts & podcasts of opinion closer to the talk radio model. Hyper-local news is also more feasible on the Internet: issues such as school board meetings streamed on video, town parades, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=News_broadcasting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pentagon_News_Sample.ogv/220px--Pentagon_News_Sample.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="61" data-mwtitle="Pentagon_News_Sample.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Pentagon_News_Sample.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Pentagon_News_Sample.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Pentagon_News_Sample.ogv/Pentagon_News_Sample.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Pentagon_News_Sample.ogv/Pentagon_News_Sample.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Pentagon_News_Sample.ogv/Pentagon_News_Sample.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>A sample section of a news broadcast by <a href="/wiki/Pentagon_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentagon News">Pentagon News</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Silent news films were shown in cinemas from the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Fielding_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fielding-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1909 <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9" title="Pathé">Pathé</a> started producing weekly <a href="/wiki/Newsreel" title="Newsreel">newsreels</a> in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Fielding_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fielding-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pathé began producing newsreels for the UK in 1910 and the US in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-Fielding_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fielding-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>News broadcasts in the United States were initially transmitted over the radio. <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> began broadcasts in November 1926, with CBS entering production on September 25, 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both initially discussed similar topics, such as election results, presidential inaugurations, and other matters of concern to the general public. However, NBC soon emerged as the dominant force for entertainment talent. In response, CBS President <a href="/wiki/William_S._Paley" title="William S. Paley">William S Paley</a> focused on giving CBS Radio an upscale reputation with better news as well as commentary programs with well-regarded hosts such as <a href="/wiki/Lowell_Thomas" title="Lowell Thomas">Lowell Thomas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonce_de_Leon201523–25_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonce_de_Leon201523–25-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both broadcasters faced stiff competition from the newspapers. The outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> led to a great increase in the quantity of news programming, consuming as much as 20% of the schedules of the major networks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonce_de_Leon201523–25_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonce_de_Leon201523–25-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chief among these reporters was <a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow" title="Edward R. Murrow">Edward Roscoe Murrow</a>, whose reports from London kept the American public focused on a war far from home.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the eventual "big three" were complete in 1945; the FCC forced a sale of NBC Blue due to anti-trust concerns, and the newly independent unit was renamed <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> (American Broadcasting Company). </p><p>A general shift over time happened in the style of the evening newscasts in most countries. In the 1950s, television was novel enough that it was considered entertainment. In the 1960s and 70s, television newscasts tended to be unusually "serious" by later standards, featuring more "hard news" and less light entertainment mixed in.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonce_de_Leon20157–12_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonce_de_Leon20157–12-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_Evening_News" title="CBS Evening News">CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite</a></i> is one famous example, although similar styles took place on the BBC in the United Kingdom, on shows in the Eastern Bloc, and so on, with high viewership concentrated in just a few prestige newscasts. This was something of an artifact of both technology and media culture: few channels were available, and those that did tended to take news casting seriously, even if lighter news could potentially have gotten more viewers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonce_de_Leon20157–12_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonce_de_Leon20157–12-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government regulation also affected the news landscape: in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> forced networks to abide by strict public-interest requirements that required broadcasting news, while <a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Television in the Soviet Union">television in the Soviet Union</a> was strictly regulated by the government which looked on frivolous topics with disfavor. In the 1980s and 90s, this tended to fall away as a consequence of cable and satellite technology allowing a more fragmented market and government reluctance to interfere as closely. Increased choice in channels led to viewers declining to watch overly serious newscasts; successful network news shows tended to be ones that either focused on entertainment or at least mixed it in, such as morning talk shows or <a href="/wiki/News_magazine" title="News magazine">news magazines</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Today_(American_TV_program)" title="Today (American TV program)">Today</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonce_de_Leon201512–14_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonce_de_Leon201512–14-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Audiences that prefer more serious news have migrated to news-focused stations such as <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a> for American examples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonce_de_Leon201512–14_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonce_de_Leon201512–14-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These changes have been criticized as having effects on larger society. An example from <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">television in Italy</a> is a study of <a href="/wiki/Mediaset" title="Mediaset">Mediaset</a>'s rollout in Italy in the 1980s found that Mediaset's programming was slanted against news and educational content than its competitor <a href="/wiki/RAI" title="RAI">RAI</a> (<i>Radiotelevisione italiana</i>). A study in 2019 found that individuals in regions with an earlier rollout of Mediaset were more susceptible to populist appeals and less interested in "sophisticated" political arguments.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study said the effect included populist parties in general that offered simple slogans and easy cure-alls, including non-Berlusconi populist parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Five_Star_Movement" title="Five Star Movement">Five Star Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2000 to 2010, overall viewership of television broadcast news continued to decline. Some news-adjacent cable programs gained fame and success in this era (such as the comedy-focused <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Show" title="The Daily Show">The Daily Show With Jon Stewart</a></i> and the commentary-focused <i><a href="/wiki/The_O%27Reilly_Factor" title="The O'Reilly Factor">The O'Reilly Factor</a></i>). However, their gains did not offset the continuing steep decline in viewership of mainline network news.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonce_de_Leon2015259–263_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonce_de_Leon2015259–263-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This era saw diversification and fragmentation proceed even further as new niche networks gained prominence such as the business-focused <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Television" title="Bloomberg Television">Bloomberg Television</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a>. Instead, people used the Internet for news rather than television broadcasts, both in mainline sites such as ones runs by newspapers as well as independent <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blogs</a> and message boards with other Internet-users sharing opinions and news<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonce_de_Leon2015259–263_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonce_de_Leon2015259–263-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Internet news, while a competitor, tended not to use live broadcast as a style, except when streaming existing television programs. Another change in news broadcasts in the 2000s, at least in the United States, was a rediscovered interest in health news and consumer news – areas of special interest to women that had traditionally been written off as too minor for the evening newscasts, but proved to be steady sources of viewer curiosity and ratings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonce_de_Leon2015259–263_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonce_de_Leon2015259–263-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="News_broadcasting_by_country">News broadcasting by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=News_broadcasting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: News broadcasting by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>deal primarily with North America and Israel and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=News_broadcasting&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:News_broadcasting" title="Talk:News broadcasting">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=News_broadcasting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Terrestrial_television">Terrestrial television</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=News_broadcasting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Terrestrial television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike in the United States, most Canadian television stations have license requirements (enforced by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Radio-Television_and_Telecommunications_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission">Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission</a>) to offer locally produced newscasts (or any local programming, for that matter) in some form. Educational television stations are exempt from these requirements as are <a href="/wiki/Multicultural_media_in_Canada" title="Multicultural media in Canada">multicultural</a> television stations, however some stations licensed as multicultural outlets do produce local newscasts in varied languages (such as the <a href="/wiki/Omni_Television" title="Omni Television">Omni Television</a> station group). Canadian television stations normally broadcast newscasts between two and four times a day: usually at noon, 5:00, 5:30, and 6:00, and 11:00 p.m. (there are some variations to this: stations affiliated with <a href="/wiki/CTV_Television_Network" title="CTV Television Network">CTV</a> usually air their late evening newscasts at 11:30 pm, due to the scheduling of the network's national evening news program <i><a href="/wiki/CTV_National_News" title="CTV National News">CTV National News</a></i> at 11:00 p.m. in all time zones; most <a href="/wiki/CBC_Television" title="CBC Television">CBC Television</a>-owned stations formerly carried a 10-minute newscast at 10:55 pm, following <i><a href="/wiki/The_National_(CBC)" class="mw-redirect" title="The National (CBC)">The National</a></i>, these were expanded to a half-hour and moved to 11:00 p.m. during the fall of 2012).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some stations carry morning newscasts (usually starting at 5:30 or 6:00 am, and ending at 9:00 am). Unlike in the United States, primetime newscasts in the 10:00 p.m. timeslot are relatively uncommon (three <a href="/wiki/Global_Television_Network" title="Global Television Network">Global</a> owned-and-operated stations in <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> – <a href="/wiki/CKND-DT" title="CKND-DT">CKND-DT</a>, <a href="/wiki/CFSK-DT" title="CFSK-DT">CFSK-DT</a>, and <a href="/wiki/CFRE-DT" title="CFRE-DT">CFRE-DT</a> – and <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria, British Columbia</a> independent station <a href="/wiki/CHEK-DT" title="CHEK-DT">CHEK-DT</a> are the only television stations in the country carrying a primetime newscast); conversely, pre-5:00 a.m. local newscasts do not exist in Canada.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Like with U.S. television, many stations use varied titles for their newscasts; this is particularly true with owned-and-operated stations of Global and <a href="/wiki/City_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="City (TV network)">City</a> (Global's stations use titles based on daypart such as <i>News Hour</i> for the noon and early evening newscasts and <i>News Final</i> for 11:00 p.m. newscasts, while all six City-owned broadcast stations produce morning news/talk programs under the umbrella title <i><a href="/wiki/Breakfast_Television" title="Breakfast Television">Breakfast Television</a></i> and its <a href="/wiki/Flagship_(broadcasting)" title="Flagship (broadcasting)">flagship station</a> <a href="/wiki/CITY-DT" title="CITY-DT">CITY-DT</a>/<a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>'s evening newscasts are titled <i><a href="/wiki/CityNews" title="CityNews">CityNews</a></i>). Overall umbrella titles for news programming use the titling schemes "<i>(Network or system name) News</i>" for network-owned stations or "<i>(Callsign) News</i>" for affiliates not directly owned by a network or <a href="/wiki/Television_system" title="Television system">television system</a> (although the latter title scheme was used on some network-owned stations prior to the early 2000s).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>CBC Television, Global, and CTV each produce national evening newscasts (<i>The National</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Global_National" title="Global National">Global National</a></i> and <i>CTV National News</i>, respectively), which unlike the American network newscasts do not compete with one another in a common timeslot; while <i>Global National</i> airs at the same early evening time slot as the American evening network newscasts, <i>The National</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s 10:00 p.m. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern Time</a> slot competes against primetime entertainment programming on the private broadcast networks, while <i>CTV National News</i> airs against locally produced 11:00 p.m. newscasts on other stations. <i>The National</i>, which has aired on CBC Television since 1954, is the longest-running national network newscast in Canada. All three networks also produce weekly <a href="/wiki/Newsmagazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsmagazine">newsmagazines</a>: CBC's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Estate_(TV)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fifth Estate (TV)">The Fifth Estate</a></i> (aired since 1975), Global's <i><a href="/wiki/16x9_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="16x9 (TV series)">16x9</a></i> (aired since 2008), and CTV's <i><a href="/wiki/W5_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="W5 (TV series)">W5</a></i> (aired since 1966 and currently the longest-running network newsmagazine in Canada).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>CTV's <i><a href="/wiki/Your_Morning" title="Your Morning">Your Morning</a></i> is the sole national morning news program on broadcast television in Canada, and replaced <i><a href="/wiki/Canada_AM" title="Canada AM">Canada AM</a></i>, which aired since 1975. Most CTV <a href="/wiki/Owned-and-operated_station" title="Owned-and-operated station">owned-and-operated stations</a> west of the Ontario-Manitoba border dropped the program during the summer and fall of 2011 in favor of locally produced morning newscasts. The <a href="/wiki/Sunday_morning_talk_show" title="Sunday morning talk show">Sunday morning talk show</a> is relatively uncommon on Canadian television; for many years, the closest program having similarities to the format was CTV's news and interview series <i><a href="/wiki/Question_Period_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Question Period (TV series)">Question Period</a></i>; Global would eventually debut the political affairs show <i><a href="/wiki/The_West_Block" title="The West Block">The West Block</a></i> in November 2011. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Specialty_television">Specialty television</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=News_broadcasting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Specialty television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canada is host to several 24-hour news channels on specialty television, including <a href="/wiki/CBC_News_Network" title="CBC News Network">CBC News Network</a> and <a href="/wiki/CTV_News_Channel_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="CTV News Channel (Canada)">CTV News Channel</a> in English, and <a href="/wiki/Ici_RDI" title="Ici RDI">Ici RDI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Le_Canal_Nouvelles" title="Le Canal Nouvelles">Le Canal Nouvelles</a> (LCN) in French. <a href="/wiki/BNN_Bloomberg" title="BNN Bloomberg">BNN Bloomberg</a> operates as a financial news channel, while <a href="/wiki/Sun_News_Network" title="Sun News Network">Sun News Network</a> briefly operated from 2011 to 2015 as a <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">conservative</a>-leaning competitor to the other national news channels. There are also a handful of regional news channels, such as <a href="/wiki/CP24" title="CP24">CP24</a> (which covers the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Greater Toronto Area</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Global_News:_BC_1" title="Global News: BC 1">Global News: BC 1</a>, which covers Vancouver. <a href="/wiki/CityNews_Channel" title="CityNews Channel">CityNews Channel</a> formerly operated as a competitor to CP24, although that channel shut down after a year and a half of operation in May 2013 </p><p>The U.S. CNN, Fox News, HLN, and MSNBC, as well as a number of other international news channels (such as, most commonly, <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera English</a> and <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_News" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC World News">BBC World News</a>) are <a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_television_channels_available_in_Canada" title="List of foreign television channels available in Canada">authorized for distribution</a> by Canadian television providers by the <a href="/wiki/CRTC" class="mw-redirect" title="CRTC">CRTC</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=News_broadcasting&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Broadcast_television">Broadcast television</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=News_broadcasting&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Broadcast television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Television_news_in_the_United_States" title="Television news in the United States">Television news in the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Local_newscasts">Local newscasts</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=News_broadcasting&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Local newscasts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Local TV stations in the United States normally broadcast local news three to four times a day on average: commonly airing at 4:30, 5:00, 5:30, or 6:00 a.m.; noon; 5:00 and 6:00 p.m. in the early evening; and 10:00 or 11:00 p.m. Some stations carry morning newscasts at 4:00, 7:00, 8:00, or 9:00 a.m., midday newscasts at 11:00 or 11:30 a.m., late afternoon newscasts at 4:00 or 4:30 p.m., or early evening newscasts at 5:00 or 6:00 p.m. Many <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a> affiliates, affiliates of minor networks (such as <a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">The CW</a> and <a href="/wiki/MyNetworkTV" title="MyNetworkTV">MyNetworkTV</a>), and independent stations air newscasts in the final hour of primetime (i.e., 10:00 p.m. in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Time_Zone" title="Pacific Time Zone">Pacific</a> time zones or 9:00 p.m. in the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Time_Zone" title="Mountain Time Zone">Mountain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone" title="Central Time Zone">Central</a> time zones in the U.S.). Stations that produce local newscasts typically broadcast as little as one to as much over twelve hours of local news on weekdays and as little as one hour to as much as seven hours on weekends; news programming on weekends are typically limited to morning and evening newscasts as the variable scheduling of network sports programming (if a station is affiliated with a network with a sports division) usually prevents most stations from carrying midday newscasts (however a few stations located in the Eastern and Pacific time zones do produce weekend midday newscasts).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>From the 1940s to the 1960s, broadcast television stations typically provided local news programs only one to two times each evening for 15 minutes (the normal length for many locally produced programs at the time); usually these programs aired as supplements to network-supplied evening news programs or leadouts for primetime programming. Reports featured on local and national television newscasts during this time were generally provided via film or still photography; eventually, <a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">videotape</a> began to be used to provide live coverage of news events. The 1950s also saw the first use of airborne newsgathering; most notably, in 1958, Los Angeles television station <a href="/wiki/KTLA" title="KTLA">KTLA</a> began operating the "<a href="/wiki/Telecopter" title="Telecopter">Telecopter</a>", a <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a> equipped for newsgathering use that was the most advanced airborne television broadcast device of its time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The modern-day coverage of major breaking news events came to fruition following the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">assassination of John F. Kennedy</a> on November 22, 1963; the news of Kennedy's death was first announced by <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Barker" title="Eddie Barker">Eddie Barker</a>, the <a href="/wiki/News_director" title="News director">news director</a> at KRLD-TV (now <a href="/wiki/KDFW" title="KDFW">KDFW</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, who passed along word from an official at <a href="/wiki/Parkland_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkland Hospital">Parkland Hospital</a>; Barker's scoop appeared live simultaneously on CBS and ABC as a result of a local press pool arrangement. Many local and national news organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a> station <a href="/wiki/WFAA-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="WFAA-TV">WFAA-TV</a> and CBS News provided continuous coverage of the events and aftermath for five days. The November 24, 1963, assassination of Kennedy's accused killer <a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Ruby" title="Jack Ruby">Jack Ruby</a> was fed to NBC by a remote unit on loan to its Dallas affiliate WBAP-TV (now <a href="/wiki/KXAS-TV" title="KXAS-TV">KXAS-TV</a>) from competitor <a href="/wiki/KTVT" title="KTVT">KTVT</a>, and was the first murder to have been witnessed live on U.S. network television. The coverage provided by the local stations eventually led to further investments and technological developments to provide real-time news; newsgathering vehicles equipped with satellites began to be used on the local and national levels beginning in the 1970s. During the 1960s and 1970s, many stations began to provide additional news programming, beginning with midday news programs; in the late 1970s, the first local morning news programs debuted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Additional changes in local news content came during the 1980s and 1990s; in January 1989, <a href="/wiki/WSVN" title="WSVN">WSVN</a> in Miami became the first to adopt a news-intensive programming format; rather than fill its schedule with syndicated content as other <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a> stations did at the time it joined that network, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ansin" title="Edmund Ansin">Ed Ansin</a> (owner of WSVN parent <a href="/wiki/Sunbeam_Television" title="Sunbeam Television">Sunbeam Television</a>) chose instead to heavily invest in the station's news department, and replace national newscasts and late-prime time network programs vacated as a result of losing its NBC affiliation (the byproduct of an affiliation switch caused by CBS and WSVN's former network partner NBC buying <a href="/wiki/WFOR-TV" title="WFOR-TV">other</a> <a href="/wiki/WTVJ" title="WTVJ">stations</a> in the market) with additional newscasts. This model was eventually replicated by many other stations affiliated with the post-1986 television networks as well as some news-producing independent stations (beginning with Fox's 1994 deals with <a href="/wiki/New_World_Communications#New_World_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Communications">New World Communications</a> and <a href="/wiki/SF_Broadcasting" title="SF Broadcasting">SF Broadcasting</a> that saw several major network stations change their affiliations), and also resulted in even NBC, CBS, and ABC affiliates adopting similar scheduling formats (tweaked to account for the larger amount of network programming that those networks carry). In 1990, <a href="/wiki/WEWS-TV" title="WEWS-TV">WEWS-TV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a> conceived a concept known as the "24-Hour News Source" (which has its origins in a news format used by short-lived <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> <a href="/wiki/Independent_station_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent station (North America)">independent station</a> <a href="/wiki/WXPO-TV" title="WXPO-TV">WXPO-TV</a> when it signed on in 1969), in which supplementary 30-second long news updates were produced at or near the top of each hour outside regular long-form newscasts during local commercial break inserts shown within network and syndicated programming. The format spread to other U.S. television stations (most notably, <a href="/wiki/WISH-TV" title="WISH-TV">WISH-TV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, one of the few remaining users of the concept), most of which eventually disposed of the hourly update format by the early 2000s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since the early 1990s, independent stations and stations affiliated with a non-<a href="/wiki/Big_three_television_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Big three television networks">Big Three network</a> have entered into "news share agreements", in which news production is outsourced to a major network station (usually an affiliate of ABC, NBC, or CBS), often to avoid shouldering the cost of starting a news department from scratch or because of a lack of studio space. These commonly involve Fox, CW, and MyNetworkTV affiliates (and previously affiliate stations of the now-defunct predecessors of the latter two networks, <a href="/wiki/The_WB" title="The WB">The WB</a> and <a href="/wiki/UPN" title="UPN">UPN</a>) and in some cases, independent stations; however such agreements exist in certain markets between two co-owned/co-managed Big Three affiliates. News share agreements are most common with stations <a href="/wiki/Duopoly_(broadcasting)" title="Duopoly (broadcasting)">co-owned</a> with a larger network affiliate or whose operations are jointly managed through a <a href="/wiki/Shared_services" title="Shared services">shared service</a> or <a href="/wiki/Local_marketing_agreement" title="Local marketing agreement">local marketing agreement</a>. In cases where a station with an existing news department enters into a news share agreement, it will result either the two departments merging or the outright conversion of newscast production from in-house to outsourced production. Minor network affiliates involved in news share agreements will often carry far fewer hours of local newscasts than would be conceivable with an in-house news department to avoid competition with the outsourcing partner's own newscasts, as a result, minor network affiliates involved in these NSAs often will carry a morning newscast from 7:00 to 9:00 a.m. (in competition with the national network newscasts instead of airing competing with the Big Three affiliates' newscasts) or a primetime newscast at 10:00 pm. Eastern and Pacific or 9:00 pm. Central and Mountain Time, with limited to no newscasts in other traditional news time periods (midday, late afternoon, or early evening).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Because of the increased presence of duopolies and outsourcing agreements since the early 2000s, the number of minor network affiliates and independent stations that produce their own newscasts has markedly decreased compared to when duopolies were barred under <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> rules prior to 2000 (as of 2013, there are at least 15 minor network affiliates or independent stations that produce their own local newscasts, most are located within the 20 largest U.S. media markets). Duopolies and outsourcing agreements have also affected Fox stations in a similar manner; although Fox is considered to be a major network on the same level as NBC, ABC, and CBS and has urged its affiliates since the early 1990s to broadcast local news, about half of its stations broadcast local news programming through news share agreements with many of the remainder operating their own news departments. Several stations affiliated with Spanish-language networks (such as <a href="/wiki/Univision" title="Univision">Univision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telemundo" title="Telemundo">Telemundo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/UniM%C3%A1s" title="UniMás">UniMás</a>) or also broadcast their own newscasts, these stations often produce a substantially lower weekly newscast output compared to its English-language counterparts (usually limited to half-hour broadcasts in the evening, and often airing only on weeknights).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Unlike international broadcast stations which tend to brand under uniform newscast titles based solely on network affiliation, U.S. television stations tend to use varying umbrella titles for their newscasts; some title their newscasts using the station's on-air branding (such as combining the network affiliation and channel number with the word "News"), others use franchised brand names (like <i><a href="/wiki/Eyewitness_News" title="Eyewitness News">Eyewitness News</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Action_News" title="Action News">Action News</a></i> and <i>NewsChannel</i>) for their news programming. Conversely, the naming conventions for a station's newscast are sometimes used as a universal on-air branding for the station itself, and may be used for general promotional purposes, even used in promoting syndicated and network programming (such as <a href="/wiki/KFOR-TV" title="KFOR-TV">KFOR-TV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a>, Oklahoma, which uses the uniform news and general branding <i>NewsChannel 4</i>). Many stations title their newscasts with catchy names like <i>Daybreak</i>, <i>Good Morning (city or region name)</i>, <i>First at Four</i>, <i>Live at Five</i>, <i>Eleven @ 11:00</i>, or <i>Nightcast</i>. These names are intended to set one station apart from the rest, especially for viewers who are chosen for <a href="/wiki/Audience_measurement" title="Audience measurement">audience measurement</a> surveys. If the respondent was unable to provide a channel number or <a href="/wiki/Call_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Call letters">call letters</a>, the newscast title is often enough for the appropriate station to receive <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_ratings" class="mw-redirect" title="Nielsen ratings">Nielsen ratings</a> credit.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Network_world_news_programs">Network world news programs</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=News_broadcasting&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Network world news programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Big Three broadcast television networks produce morning and evening national newscasts. These newscasts are focused on world news, national news, and sometimes local news items that have some national significance. (<i><a href="/wiki/Good_Morning_America_First_Look" title="Good Morning America First Look">Good Morning America First Look</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Good_Morning_America" title="Good Morning America">Good Morning America</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_World_News" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC World News">ABC World News</a></i> are broadcast by <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>, <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> broadcasts the <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_News_Mornings" title="CBS News Mornings">CBS News Mornings</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_Mornings" title="CBS Mornings">CBS Mornings</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_Evening_News" title="CBS Evening News">CBS Evening News</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> produces <i><a href="/wiki/Early_Today" title="Early Today">Early Today</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Today_(American_TV_program)" title="Today (American TV program)">Today</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/NBC_Nightly_News" title="NBC Nightly News">NBC Nightly News</a></i>) as well as weekly <a href="/wiki/Newsmagazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsmagazine">newsmagazine</a> series (NBC's <i><a href="/wiki/Dateline_NBC" title="Dateline NBC">Dateline</a></i>; ABC's <i><a href="/wiki/20/20_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="20/20 (U.S. TV series)">20/20</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Nightline" title="Nightline">Nightline</a></i>; and CBS's <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_News_Sunday_Morning" title="CBS News Sunday Morning">CBS News Sunday Morning</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/48_Hours_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="48 Hours (TV series)">48 Hours</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a></i>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Network morning newscasts usually air at 7:00 a.m. (English-language network morning shows air live in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern Time Zone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_delay" title="Broadcast delay">tape delayed</a> for the remaining time zones, while the Spanish-language morning shows air live in the Eastern, Central, and Mountain time zones and are <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_delay" title="Broadcast delay">tape delayed</a> in the Pacific Time Zone); network evening newscasts usually are broadcast live twice, at 6:30 p.m. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern time</a>/5:30 p.m. <a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone" title="Central Time Zone">Central time</a> for the East Coast before another "Western Edition" live broadcast at 6:30 p.m. <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Time_Zone" title="Pacific Time Zone">Pacific time</a>/7:30 p.m. <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Time_Zone" title="Mountain Time Zone">Mountain time</a>. <i>Today</i> was the first morning news program to be broadcast on American television and in the world, when it debuted on January 14, 1952; the earliest national evening news program was <i><a href="/wiki/The_Walter_Compton_News" title="The Walter Compton News">The Walter Compton News</a></i>, a short-lived 15-minute newscast that aired on the <a href="/wiki/DuMont_Television_Network" title="DuMont Television Network">DuMont Television Network</a> from 1947 to 1948.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>All four major English networks and the two largest Spanish networks also carry <a href="/wiki/Sunday_morning_talk_show" title="Sunday morning talk show">political talk programs on Sunday mornings</a> (NBC's <i><a href="/wiki/Meet_the_Press" title="Meet the Press">Meet the Press</a></i>, ABC's <i><a href="/wiki/This_Week_(ABC_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="This Week (ABC TV series)">This Week</a></i>, CBS' <i><a href="/wiki/Face_the_Nation" title="Face the Nation">Face the Nation</a></i>, Fox's sole news program <i><a href="/wiki/Fox_News_Sunday" title="Fox News Sunday">Fox News Sunday</a></i>, Univision's <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Punto" title="Al Punto">Al Punto</a></i>, and Telemundo's <i>Enfoque</i>); of these programs, <i>Meet the Press</i> holds the distinction of being the <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-running_United_States_television_series" class="mw-redirect" title="List of longest-running United States television series">longest-running American television program</a> as it has aired since November 6, 1947. The U.S. is one of the few countries in which broadcast networks provide overnight or early morning national news programs, in addition to those airing in the morning and early evening. CBS and ABC are currently the only networks that produce overnight news programs on weeknights in the form of <i><a href="/wiki/Up_to_the_Minute" class="mw-redirect" title="Up to the Minute">Up to the Minute</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/World_News_Now" title="World News Now">World News Now</a></i>, respectively; NBC previously produced overnight newscasts at different times, both of which have since been cancelled: <i><a href="/wiki/NBC_News_Overnight" title="NBC News Overnight">NBC News Overnight</a></i> from 1982 to 1983, and <i><a href="/wiki/NBC_Nightside" title="NBC Nightside">NBC Nightside</a></i> from 1991 to 1998 (NBC currently does not offer a late night newscast, although the network currently airs rebroadcasts of the fourth hour of <i>Today</i>, and sister network <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mad_Money" title="Mad Money">Mad Money</a></i> on weeknights).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Spanish-language news programs are provided by <a href="/wiki/Univision" title="Univision">Univision</a>, which produces early and late evening editions of its flagship evening news program <i><a href="/wiki/Noticiero_Univision" title="Noticiero Univision">Noticiero Univision</a></i> seven nights a week (and was the only nightly newscast on the major Spanish networks until Telemundo resumed its weekend newscasts in October 2014), along with weekday afternoon newsmagazine <i><a href="/wiki/Primer_Impacto" title="Primer Impacto">Primer Impacto</a></i> and weekday morning program <i><a href="/wiki/Despierta_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Despierta America">Despierta America</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Telemundo" title="Telemundo">Telemundo</a>, which has a daily flagship evening newscast <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Noticias_Telemundo_(TV_program)" title="Noticias Telemundo (TV program)">Noticias Telemundo</a></i></span>, along with weekday morning program <i><a href="/wiki/Hoy_D%C3%ADa" title="Hoy Día">Hoy Día</a></i> (which replaced <i><a href="/wiki/Un_Nuevo_D%C3%ADa" title="Un Nuevo Día">Un Nuevo Día</a></i> in 2021) and weekday afternoon newsmagazine <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Rojo_Vivo_(Telemundo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Rojo Vivo (Telemundo)">Al Rojo Vivo</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Estrella_TV" title="Estrella TV">Estrella TV</a>, which produces the weekday-only flagship news program <i>Noticiero Estrella TV</i> and the primetime newscast <i>Cierre de Edición</i>; and <a href="/wiki/Azteca_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Azteca América">Azteca América</a>, which produces morning, early and late evening newscasts on weekdays under the umbrella title <i><a href="/wiki/Hechos" title="Hechos">Hechos</a></i>. In the cases of Univision and Telemundo, both of their evening news programs compete with national evening news programs on their English-language competitors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Fox, The CW, and MyNetworkTV do not produce national morning and evening news programs (although Fox made a brief attempt at a morning program from 1996 to 1997 with <i><a href="/wiki/Fox_After_Breakfast" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox After Breakfast">Fox After Breakfast</a></i>; many CW and MyNetworkTV affiliates and independent stations air the syndicated news program <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Buzz" title="The Daily Buzz">The Daily Buzz</a></i>, while some <a href="/wiki/Tribune_Broadcasting" title="Tribune Broadcasting">Tribune Broadcasting</a>-owned CW and MyNetworkTV stations air a similar program called <i>EyeOpener</i>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cable_television">Cable television</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=News_broadcasting&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cable television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_cable_news" title="United States cable news">United States cable news</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">24-hour news</a> channels are devoted to current events around the clock. They are often referred to as <i>cable news</i> channels. The format was originated by the cable television channel <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> (Cable News Network), which was established in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many other television channels have since been established, including what has become known as the <a href="/wiki/Big_Three_(television_networks)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Three (television networks)">Big Three</a>; CNN, <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, several cable news channels exist that carry news reports specifically geared toward a particular metropolitan area, region, or state such as New York City's <a href="/wiki/NY1" title="NY1">NY1</a> (which focuses on the entire <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York metropolitan area</a>) and <a href="/wiki/News_12_Networks" title="News 12 Networks">News 12 Networks</a> (which serves portions of the area outside <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a>'s <a href="/wiki/News_13_(Central_Florida)" class="mw-redirect" title="News 13 (Central Florida)">News 13</a> (which is also carried in areas surrounding <a href="/wiki/Greater_Orlando" title="Greater Orlando">Greater Orlando</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa, Florida</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bay_News_9" title="Bay News 9">Bay News 9</a>, and Washington, D.C.'s <a href="/wiki/NewsChannel_8_(cable_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsChannel 8 (cable channel)">NewsChannel 8</a>. These channels are usually owned by a local cable operator and are distributed solely through cable television and IPTV system operators. Some broadcast television stations also operate cable channels (some of which are repeated through <a href="/wiki/Digital_subchannel" title="Digital subchannel">digital multicasting</a>) that air the station's local newscasts in the form of live simulcasts from the television station, with rebroadcasts of the newscasts airing in time periods between the live broadcasts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A term which has entered common parlance to differentiate cable news from traditional news broadcasts is <b>network news</b>, in reference to the traditional television networks on which such broadcasts air. A classic example is the cable news channel MSNBC, which overlaps with (and, in the case of very significant breaking news events, pre-empts) its network counterpart <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>; in some cases, viewers may have trouble differentiating between the cable channel and either a counterpart network news organization or a local news operation, such as is the case with Fox News Channel and the Fox network's owned-and-operated stations and affiliates (most of which use the <i>Fox (channel #) News</i> brand for their newscasts), due to the network's <a href="/wiki/Fox_News_Channel_controversies" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox News Channel controversies">controversially perceived conservative-leaning political content</a> that differs from the Fox broadcast stations' independent and generally nonpartisan reporting. Most U.S. cable news networks do not air news programming 24 hours a day, often filling late afternoon, primetime, and late night hours with news-based talk programs, documentaries, and other specialty programming.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radio_2">Radio</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=News_broadcasting&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/All-news_radio" title="All-news radio">All-news radio</a></div> <p>More often, <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a> radio stations will air a 6½-minute newscast at the top of the hour, which can be either a local report, a national report from a radio network such as <a href="/wiki/CBS_Radio" title="CBS Radio">CBS Radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/CNN_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="CNN Radio">CNN Radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_News_Radio" title="Fox News Radio">Fox News Radio</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Citadel_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Citadel Media">ABC News Radio</a>, or a mix of both local and national content, including weather and traffic reports. Some stations also air a two-minute report at the bottom of the hour.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a> stations, unless they feature a <a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">talk radio</a> format, usually only air an abbreviated weather forecast. Some also air minute-long news capsules featuring a quick review of events, and usually only in <a href="/wiki/Drive_time" title="Drive time">drive time</a> periods or in critical emergencies, since FM stations usually focus more on playing music. Traffic reports also air on FM stations, depending on the market.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In some countries, radio news content may be syndicated by a website or company to many stations in a particular region or even the entire country. A notable example is Israel, where there are groups of radio stations that broadcast the same hourly news capsule by an Israeli news website and television station. There are currently two groups of local Israeli stations: one broadcasts news from <a href="/wiki/YNET" class="mw-redirect" title="YNET">YNET</a>, the other broadcasts them from <a href="/wiki/Channel_10_(Israel)" title="Channel 10 (Israel)">Channel 10</a>. Israeli Army Radio general public stations broadcast the same news capsule every hour, and <a href="/wiki/Israel_Broadcasting_Authority" title="Israel Broadcasting Authority">IBA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kol_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kol Israel">Kol Israel</a> stations broadcast theirs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=News_broadcasting&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/28px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/42px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/56px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Journalism" title="Portal:Journalism">Journalism portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_news_television_channels" title="List of news television channels">List of news channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_news_presenters" title="List of news presenters">List of news presenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestreamed_news" title="Livestreamed news">Livestreamed news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_presenter" title="Television presenter">Television presenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_news_music" title="Television news music">Television news music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_news_screen_layout" title="Television news screen layout">Television news screen layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:24-hour_television_news_channels" title="Category:24-hour television news channels">24-hour television news channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_Journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast Journalism">Broadcast Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_field_production" title="Electronic field production">Electronic field production</a> (EFP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_news-gathering" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic news-gathering">Electronic news-gathering</a> (ENG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsroom" title="Newsroom">Newsroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outside_broadcast" class="mw-redirect" title="Outside broadcast">Outside broadcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_affairs_(news_format)" title="Current affairs (news format)">Current affairs (news format)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=News_broadcasting&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sterling, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-UeveLMilioC&q=wheel">Encyclopedia of Radio</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164820/https://books.google.com/books?id=-UeveLMilioC&q=wheel">Archived</a> March 26, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p. 1097.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSutton2020" class="citation web cs1">Sutton, Kelsey (February 7, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adweek.com/convergent-tv/viceland-still-struggling-after-four-years-quietly-changes-its-name-to-vice-tv/">"An Expanded Vice News Tonight Will Air on Vice TV"</a>. <i>www.adweek.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210820041103/https://www.adweek.com/convergent-tv/viceland-still-struggling-after-four-years-quietly-changes-its-name-to-vice-tv/">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.adweek.com&rft.atitle=An+Expanded+Vice+News+Tonight+Will+Air+on+Vice+TV&rft.date=2020-02-07&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Kelsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adweek.com%2Fconvergent-tv%2Fviceland-still-struggling-after-four-years-quietly-changes-its-name-to-vice-tv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerStone2009" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Claire Cain; Stone, Brad (April 12, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/13/technology/start-ups/13hyperlocal.html">"Hyperlocal Web Sites Deliver News Without Newspapers"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190713001519/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/13/technology/start-ups/13hyperlocal.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hyperlocal+Web+Sites+Deliver+News+Without+Newspapers&rft.date=2009-04-12&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Claire+Cain&rft.au=Stone%2C+Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F04%2F13%2Ftechnology%2Fstart-ups%2F13hyperlocal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fielding-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fielding_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fielding_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fielding_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFielding2015" class="citation book cs1">Fielding, Raymond (2015). <i>The American Newsreel A Complete History, 1911–1967 2d Edition</i>. McFarland Incorporated. pp. 44–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786466108" title="Special:BookSources/9780786466108"><bdi>9780786466108</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Newsreel+A+Complete+History%2C+1911%E2%80%931967+2d+Edition.&rft.pages=44-46&rft.pub=McFarland+Incorporated&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780786466108&rft.aulast=Fielding&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712140640/http://www.museum.tv/eotv/newsnetwork.htm">"The Museum of Broadcast Communications – Encyclopedia of Television – News Network"</a>. <i>www.museum.tv</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.tv/eotv/newsnetwork.htm">the original</a> on July 12, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.museum.tv&rft.atitle=The+Museum+of+Broadcast+Communications+%E2%80%93+Encyclopedia+of+Television+%E2%80%93+News+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museum.tv%2Feotv%2Fnewsnetwork.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonce_de_Leon201523–25-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonce_de_Leon201523–25_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonce_de_Leon201523–25_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPonce_de_Leon2015">Ponce de Leon 2015</a>, pp. 23–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/history-of-broadcast-journalism/">"A Brief Look at the History of Broadcast Journalism"</a>. <i>Student Resources</i>. April 1, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724151308/https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/history-of-broadcast-journalism/">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Student+Resources&rft.atitle=A+Brief+Look+at+the+History+of+Broadcast+Journalism&rft.date=2015-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyfa.edu%2Fstudent-resources%2Fhistory-of-broadcast-journalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonce_de_Leon20157–12-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonce_de_Leon20157–12_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonce_de_Leon20157–12_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPonce_de_Leon2015">Ponce de Leon 2015</a>, pp. 7–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonce_de_Leon201512–14-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonce_de_Leon201512–14_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonce_de_Leon201512–14_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPonce_de_Leon2015">Ponce de Leon 2015</a>, pp. 12–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeseiPinottiDurante2019" class="citation journal cs1">Tesei, Andrea; Pinotti, Paolo; Durante, Ruben (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Faer.20150958">"The Political Legacy of Entertainment TV"</a>. <i>American Economic Review</i>. <b>109</b> (7): 2497–2530. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Faer.20150958">10.1257/aer.20150958</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F130776">10419/130776</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8282">0002-8282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=The+Political+Legacy+of+Entertainment+TV&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=2497-2530&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F130776&rft.issn=0002-8282&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Faer.20150958&rft.aulast=Tesei&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.au=Pinotti%2C+Paolo&rft.au=Durante%2C+Ruben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1257%252Faer.20150958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/07/20/how-trashy-tv-made-children-dumber-enabled-wave-populist-leaders/">"How trashy TV made children dumber and enabled a wave of populist leaders"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. July 20, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230526064134/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/07/20/how-trashy-tv-made-children-dumber-enabled-wave-populist-leaders/">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=How+trashy+TV+made+children+dumber+and+enabled+a+wave+of+populist+leaders&rft.date=2019-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbusiness%2F2019%2F07%2F20%2Fhow-trashy-tv-made-children-dumber-enabled-wave-populist-leaders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonce_de_Leon2015259–263-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonce_de_Leon2015259–263_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonce_de_Leon2015259–263_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPonce_de_Leon2015259–263_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPonce_de_Leon2015">Ponce de Leon 2015</a>, pp. 259–263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes" class="citation web cs1">Hughes, Lain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/cnn">"CNN"</a>. <i>New Georgia Encyclopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210824004722/https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/cnn">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Georgia+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=CNN&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Lain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgiaencyclopedia.org%2Farticles%2Farts-culture%2Fcnn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr2021" class="citation news cs1">Barr, Jeremy (May 24, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/media/2021/05/24/msnbc-rashida-jones/">"Can cable news win over young viewers? At MSNBC, a 40-year-old new president is going to try"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210617060429/https://www.washingtonpost.com/media/2021/05/24/msnbc-rashida-jones/">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Can+cable+news+win+over+young+viewers%3F+At+MSNBC%2C+a+40-year-old+new+president+is+going+to+try.&rft.date=2021-05-24&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fmedia%2F2021%2F05%2F24%2Fmsnbc-rashida-jones%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=News_broadcasting&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPonce_de_Leon2015" class="citation book cs1">Ponce de Leon, Charles (2015). <i>That's the Way It Is: A History of Television News in America</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-25609-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-25609-2"><bdi>978-0-226-25609-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=That%27s+the+Way+It+Is%3A+A+History+of+Television+News+in+America&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-226-25609-2&rft.aulast=Ponce+de+Leon&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=News_broadcasting&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:News_television_programmes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:News television programmes">News television programmes</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/newsbreak" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:newsbreak">newsbreak</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/newscast" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:newscast">newscast</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKierstead" class="citation web cs1">Kierstead, Phillip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151123233359/http://www.museum.tv/eotv/newsnetwork.htm">"News, Network"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Television</i>. The Museum of Broadcast Communications. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.tv/eotv/newsnetwork.htm">the original</a> on November 23, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Television&rft.atitle=News%2C+Network&rft.aulast=Kierstead&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museum.tv%2Feotv%2Fnewsnetwork.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/history-of-broadcast-journalism/">"A Brief Look at the History of Broadcast Journalism"</a>. <i>New York Film Academy</i>. Student Resources. April 1, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231216144041/https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/history-of-broadcast-journalism/">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Film+Academy&rft.atitle=A+Brief+Look+at+the+History+of+Broadcast+Journalism&rft.date=2015-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyfa.edu%2Fstudent-resources%2Fhistory-of-broadcast-journalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Broadcasting" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">Radio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_program" title="Radio program">Radio program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_radio" title="Cable radio">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile computing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">Mobile television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">Television show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television" title="Digital terrestrial television">Digital terrestrial television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet television">Internet television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">radio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast">Webcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Web television">Web television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2PTV" title="P2PTV">Peer-to-peer television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent#Film.2C_video.2C_and_music" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent television and movies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcasting<br />niche</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campus_radio" title="Campus radio">Campus radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">Commercial broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">Community radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television" title="Multichannel television">Multichannel television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">Pay television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay-per-view" title="Pay-per-view">Pay-per-view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">News broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_radio" title="Pirate radio">Pirate radio</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pirate_television" title="Pirate television">Pirate television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">Public broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_broadcasting" title="Religious broadcasting">Religious broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">Talk radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Specialty_channel" title="Specialty channel">Specialty<br />channels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adult_television_channels" title="List of adult television channels">Adult television channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_interest_channel" title="Children's interest channel">Children's interest channel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_television_series" title="Children's television series">Children's television series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_channel" title="Documentary channel">Documentary channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_interest_channel" title="Men's interest channel">Men's interest channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_movie_television_channels" title="List of movie television channels">Movie television channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_radio" title="Music radio">Music radio</a> / <a href="/wiki/Music_television" title="Music television">Music television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiz_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiz channel">Quiz channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_channel" title="Shopping channel">Shopping channel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">News broadcasting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Business channels">Business channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_affairs_(broadcasting)" title="Public affairs (broadcasting)">Public affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestreamed_news" title="Livestreamed news">Livestreamed news</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports broadcasting">Sports broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_interest_channel" title="Women's interest channel">Women's interest channel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production<br />and funding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_network" title="Broadcast network">Broadcast network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast-safe" title="Broadcast-safe">Broadcast-safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">Broadcast television systems</a></li> <li>Graphics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_on-screen_graphic" title="Digital on-screen graphic">Digital on-screen graphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_third" title="Lower third">Lower third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_ticker" title="News ticker">News ticker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-screen_display" title="On-screen display">On-screen display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Score_bug" title="Score bug">Score bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_news_screen_layout" title="Television news screen layout">Television news screen layout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_affiliate" title="Network affiliate">Network affiliate</a></li> <li>Occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_designer" title="Broadcast designer">Broadcast designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_license" title="Broadcast license">Broadcast license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_network_programming" title="Director of network programming">Director of network programming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outside_broadcasting" title="Outside broadcasting">Outside broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_box" title="Press box">Press box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_pool" title="Press pool">Press pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_licence" title="Television licence">Television licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_studio" title="Television studio">Television studio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_culture" title="Template:Media culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_culture" title="Template talk:Media culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">24-hour news cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_media" title="Electronic media">Electronic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_media" title="Independent media">Independent media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_media" title="Lost media">Lost media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_media" title="Mainstream media">Mainstream media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">News broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_media" title="Old media">Old media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">State media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_development" title="Media development">Media development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_policy" title="Media policy">Media policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Media independence">Media independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_pluralism" title="Media pluralism">Media pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Media transparency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisanship_as_an_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipartisanship as an ideology">Bipartisanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pens%C3%A9e_unique" title="Pensée unique">Pensée unique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deception</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">Dumbing down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_circus" title="Media circus">Media circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_event" title="Media event">Media event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperation_(politics)" title="Recuperation (politics)">Recuperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">Viral phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing the news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Jacques Rancière</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call-out_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-out culture">Call-out culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_satire" title="Political satire">Political satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_bomb" title="Review bomb">Review bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Influence of mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatization_(media)" title="Mediatization (media)">Mediatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_democracy" title="Semiotic democracy">Semiotic democracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lonely_Crowd" title="The Lonely Crowd">The Lonely Crowd</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Concentration of media ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_women_in_mass_media" title="Exploitation of women in mass media">Exploitation of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_violence_in_mass_media" title="Effects of violence in mass media">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synonyms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_society" title="Mass society">Mass society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Fordism" title="Post-Fordism">Post-Fordism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacle_(critical_theory)" title="Spectacle (critical theory)">Society of the Spectacle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1962634#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1962634#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1962634#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1146787/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Television broadcasting of news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85133518">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Télévision -- Émissions de nouvelles"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12650545v">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Télévision -- Émissions de nouvelles"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12650545v">BnF 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