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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chartmaker of the United States of America</div> <p>The <b>Office of Coast Survey</b> is the official <a href="/wiki/Nautical_chart" title="Nautical chart">chartmaker</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. It is an element of the <a href="/wiki/National_Ocean_Service" title="National Ocean Service">National Ocean Service</a> in the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission">Mission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Coast_Survey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Responsible for updating <a href="/wiki/Nautical_chart" title="Nautical chart">nautical charts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrographic_survey" title="Hydrographic survey">surveying</a> the <a href="/wiki/Sea_bed" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea bed">seafloor</a>, responding to maritime emergencies, and searching for underwater obstructions that pose a danger to <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a>, the Office of Coast Survey provides the United States with navigation products and information for improving commerce and security and for protecting coastal environments.<sup id="cite_ref-nauticalcharts_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nauticalcharts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among other products and services the office produces U.S. <a href="/wiki/Nautical_chart" title="Nautical chart">nautical charts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nauticalcharts_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nauticalcharts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Pilot" title="United States Coast Pilot">United States Coast Pilot</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Office of Coast Survey is responsible for preparing and maintaining over a thousand nautical charts covering the <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> off the coast of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">territories</a>, extending 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) offshore and covering a total area of 3,400,000 square nautical miles (12,000,000 km<sup>2</sup>; 4,500,000 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-whatiscoastsurvey_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatiscoastsurvey-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also develops <a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrodynamics">hydrodynamic</a> models for coastal management.<sup id="cite_ref-whatiscoastsurvey_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatiscoastsurvey-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Coast_Survey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Office of Coast Survey employs about 250 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government">United States Government</a> employees and about 50 contractor personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-whatiscoastsurvey_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatiscoastsurvey-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is organized into four components:<sup id="cite_ref-whatiscoastsurvey_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatiscoastsurvey-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <b>Marine Chart Division</b>, responsible for processing nautical data, producing <a href="/wiki/Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">raster</a>, paper, and electronic charts, and making critical corrections to charts.</li> <li>The <b>Hydrographic Survey Division</b>, which conducts <a href="/wiki/Hydrographic_survey" title="Hydrographic survey">hydrographic surveys</a>, acquires data, and maintains <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">hydrographic</a> branches</li> <li>The <b>Navigation Services Division</b>, which produces the <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Pilot" title="United States Coast Pilot">United States Coast Pilot</a></i> and handles customer affairs and responses to <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a> issues.</li> <li>The <b>Coast Survey Development Laboratory</b>, which develops hydrographic systems and technology and <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartographic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geographic_data_and_information" title="Geographic data and information">geospatial</a> technology operates a marine modeling and analysis branch.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Coast_Survey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey_emblem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/U.S._Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey_emblem.jpg/220px-U.S._Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey_emblem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/U.S._Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey_emblem.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption>The seal of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey" title="United States Coast and Geodetic Survey">United States Coast and Geodetic Survey</a>, the ancestor agency of the Office of Coast Survey.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey" title="United States Coast and Geodetic Survey">United States Coast and Geodetic Survey</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings">Beginnings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Coast_Survey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Beginnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government">United States Government</a> chartmaking began in 1807, when <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> signed a document entitled "An act to provide for surveying the coasts of the United States,"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which created the U.S. Government's first scientific agency, the Survey of the Coast.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timeline18071899_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline18071899-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-archivescatalog_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archivescatalog-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the bill's specific objective was to produce <a href="/wiki/Nautical_charts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nautical charts">nautical charts</a>, it reflected larger issues of concern to the United States, namely national boundaries, commerce, and defense. </p><p>The early years were difficult. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Rudolph_Hassler" title="Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler">Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler</a>, who was eventually to become the agency's first superintendent, went to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> to collect scientific instruments but was unable to return until after the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> (1812–1815). After his return, he worked on a survey of <a href="/wiki/New_York_Harbor" title="New York Harbor">New York Harbor</a> in 1817, but the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> stepped in to suspend the work because of tensions between civilian and military control of the agency. After several years of inactivity under the control of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>, the Survey of the Coast was reestablished in 1832, and President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> appointed Hassler as superintendent. It was renamed the United States Coast Survey in 1836.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timeline18071899_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline18071899-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-archivescatalog_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archivescatalog-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. Coast Survey was a civilian agency but, from the beginning, members of the U.S. Navy and U.S. Army were detailed to service with the Survey, and ships of the U.S. Navy and United States Revenue-Marine (renamed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">United States Revenue Cutter Service</a> in 1894) were also detailed to its use. In general, Army officers worked on <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topographic</a> surveys on the land and maps based on the surveys, while Navy officers worked on <a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">hydrographic</a> surveys in coastal waters.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Coast_Survey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dallas_Bache" title="Alexander Dallas Bache">Alexander Dallas Bache</a>, great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, was the second U.S. Coast Survey superintendent. Bache was a physicist, scientist, and surveyor who established the first magnetic observatory and served as the first president of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>. Under Bache, the Coast Survey quickly applied its resources to the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> cause during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (1861–1865). In addition to setting up additional <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithographic</a> presses to produce the thousands of charts required by U.S. Navy ships and other vessels, Bache made a critical decision to send Coast Survey parties to work with U.S. Navy <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockading</a> <a href="/wiki/Squadron_(naval)" title="Squadron (naval)">squadrons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> formations in the field, producing hundreds of maps and charts.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bache detailed these activities in his annual reports to the U.S. Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maps were of paramount importance in wartime: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is certain that accurate maps must form the basis of well-conducted military operations, and that the best time to procure them is not when an attack is impending, or when the army waits, but when there is no hindrance to, or pressure upon, the surveyors. That no coast can be effectively attacked, defended, or blockaded without accurate maps and charts, has been fully proved by the events of the last two years, if, indeed, such a proposition required practical proof.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Alexander Dallas Bache, 1862 report<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Bache was also one of four members of the government's <a href="/wiki/Blockade_Strategy_Board" title="Blockade Strategy Board">Blockade Strategy Board</a>, planning strategy to essentially strangle the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> economically and militarily. On April 16, 1861, President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> issued a proclamation declaring the <a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union blockade</a> of ports from <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> to <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. Bache's <i>Notes on the Coast</i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provided valuable information for Union naval forces. </p><p>In 1861, Coast Survey cartographer Edwin Hergesheimer created a map showing the density of the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slave</a> population<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_Civil_War">After the Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Coast_Survey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: After the Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the conclusion of the American Civil War, the Coast Survey attracted some of the best and brightest scientists and <a href="/wiki/Naturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalist">naturalists</a>. It commissioned the naturalist <a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a> to conduct the first scientific study of the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Reef" title="Florida Reef">Florida reef system</a>. <a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a>, who went on to paint the iconic <i><a href="/wiki/Whistler%27s_Mother" title="Whistler's Mother">Whistler's Mother</a></i>, was a Coast Survey <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraver</a>. The naturalist <a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</a> was a guide and artist on a survey of the <a href="/wiki/39th_parallel_north" title="39th parallel north">39th parallel</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>. </p><p>The agency was renamed the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timeline18071899_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline18071899-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-archivescatalog_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archivescatalog-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its men and women (women professionals were hired as early as 1845) led scientific and engineering activities through the decades. They supported the U.S. war effort during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish American War">Spanish American War</a> (1898) and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1917–1918). In 1926, they started production of <a href="/wiki/Aeronautical_chart" title="Aeronautical chart">aeronautical charts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timeline18071899_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline18071899-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the height of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a> in the 1930s, the Coast and Geodetic Survey organized surveying parties and field offices that employed over 10,000 people, including many out-of-work engineers.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Coast and Geodetic Survey sent over 1,000 civilian members and more than half of its <a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">commissioned officers</a> to serve as <a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">hydrographers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> surveyors, <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartographers</a>, U.S. Army engineers, intelligence officers, and <a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">geophysicists</a> in all theaters of the war. Coast and Geodetic Survey civilians on the home front produced over 100 million maps and charts for the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> Forces. Eleven members of the Survey were killed during the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_history">Recent history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Coast_Survey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Recent history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On October 3, 1970, the Coast and Geodetic Survey was dissolved as it merged with other U.S. government agencies to form the new <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>, which was established at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timeline18071899_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline18071899-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-archivescatalog_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archivescatalog-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Coast and Geodetic Survey's successor agency within NOAA, the National Ocean Survey (officially established on October 9, 1970, and renamed the <a href="/wiki/National_Ocean_Service" title="National Ocean Service">National Ocean Service</a> in 1983) took over its missions, assets, personnel, and facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-archivescatalog_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archivescatalog-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the National Ocean Survey, the new Office of Coast Survey received the chartmaking responsibilities formerly assigned to the Coast and Geodetic Survey.<sup id="cite_ref-archivescatalog_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archivescatalog-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Coast_Survey&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Hydrographic_Service" title="Australian Hydrographic Service">Australian Hydrographic Service</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Coast_Survey&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nauticalcharts-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nauticalcharts_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nauticalcharts_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/mcd/NOAAChartViewer.html">Nautical charts</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/nsd/cpdownload.htm">United States Coast Pilot</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whatiscoastsurvey-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whatiscoastsurvey_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whatiscoastsurvey_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whatiscoastsurvey_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whatiscoastsurvey_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slideplayer.com/slide/8295415/">slideplayer.com "What is the Coast Survey" Accessed November 2, 2022</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.noaa.gov/legacy/act1.html">“An act to provide for surveying the coasts of the United States.”</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.noaa.gov/noaainfo/heritage/coastandgeodeticsurvey/index.html">NOAA, <i>Coast and Geodetic Survey Heritage</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151219185106/http://www.lib.noaa.gov/noaainfo/heritage/coastandgeodeticsurvey/index.html">Archived</a> December 19, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timeline18071899-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-timeline18071899_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline18071899_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline18071899_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline18071899_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline18071899_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.noaa.gov/legacy/time1800.html">noaa.gov NOAA History: NOAA Legacy Timeline 1807–1899</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archivescatalog-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archivescatalog_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archivescatalog_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archivescatalog_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archivescatalog_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archivescatalog_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archivescatalog_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10469069National">Archives Catalog: Department of Commerce. Coast and Geodetic Survey. 1913-7/13/1965 Organization Authority Record Accessed 29 October 2022</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Cloud, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/history/CivilWar/docs/The_U_S_Coast_Survey_in_the_Civil_War_report.pdf">The U.S. Coast Survey in the Civil War</a>, June 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/history/CivilWar/index.html">Maps and charts</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cgs/data_rescue_cgs_annual_reports.html">Annual reports to Congress</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/history/CivilWar/docs/Coast_Survey_Report_1862.pdf">Annual report, Nov. 7, 1862</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/nsd/hcp_notesoncoast.html">Notes on the Coast</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_showing_the_distribution_of_the_Slave_Population_of_the_Southern_States_of_the_United_States,_compiled_from_the_census_of_1860._Series_No._3033._-_Cgs05194.jpg">Hergesheimer's 1861 map showing the density of the slave population using the 1860 census data</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historicalcharts.noaa.gov/historicals/preview/image/CWSLAVE">Distribution of the slave population of the Southern States of the United States – 1860</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Schulten" title="Susan Schulten">Susan Schulten</a>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/12/09/visualizing-slavery/">"Visualizing Slavery"</a>, <i>The New York Times Opinionator</i>, Dec. 9, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.noaa.gov/noaainfo/heritage/coastandgeodeticsurvey/index.html">Coast and Geodetic Survey Heritage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151219185106/http://www.lib.noaa.gov/noaainfo/heritage/coastandgeodeticsurvey/index.html">Archived</a> 2015-12-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.noaa.gov/noaainfo/heritage/ReorganizationPlan4.html">Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1970</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051421/http://www.lib.noaa.gov/noaainfo/heritage/ReorganizationPlan4.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading 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