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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Johnnycake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Johnnycake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Johnnycake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Johnnycake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hoecake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hoecake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Hoecake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hoecake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Bahamas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Bahamas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The Bahamas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Bahamas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominican_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominican_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Dominican Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominican_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caribbean_Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean_Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Caribbean 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href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuw%C3%A9_johnny" title="Kuwé johnny – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kuwé johnny" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%83" title="جونيكيك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جونيكيك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AD" title="ジョニーケーキ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョニーケーキ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">American cornmeal flatbread</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Johnnycake_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Johnnycake (disambiguation)">Johnnycake (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe adr"><caption class="infobox-title fn"><span>Johnnycake</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnnycakes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Johnnycakes.jpg/220px-Johnnycakes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Johnnycakes.jpg/330px-Johnnycakes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Johnnycakes.jpg/440px-Johnnycakes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">A Johnnycake in a cast iron fry pan</div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Alternative names</th><td class="infobox-data">Jonnycake, shawnee cake, hoecake, johnny cake, journey cake, and johnny bread</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Main ingredients</th><td class="infobox-data ingredient"><a href="/wiki/Cornmeal" title="Cornmeal">Cornmeal</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.25em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Johnnycakes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Johnnycakes">Media: Johnnycake</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Johnnycake</b>, also known as <b>journey cake</b>, <b>johnny bread</b>, <b>hoecake</b>, <b>shawnee cake</b> or <b> spider cornbread</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Cornmeal" title="Cornmeal">cornmeal</a> <a href="/wiki/Flatbread" title="Flatbread">flatbread</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Batter_bread" title="Batter bread">batter bread</a>. An early American <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a>, it is prepared on the Atlantic coast from <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YoungerLand_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YoungerLand-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The food originates from the indigenous people of North America. It is still eaten in the Bahamas, Belize, Nicaragua, Bermuda, Canada, Colombia, <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix" title="Saint Croix">Saint Croix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a>, Antigua,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the United States. </p><p>The modern johnnycake is found in the <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England" title="Cuisine of New England">cuisine of New England</a><sup id="cite_ref-necs_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-necs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is often claimed as originating in <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YoungerLand_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YoungerLand-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A modern johnnycake is fried <a href="/wiki/Cornmeal" title="Cornmeal">cornmeal</a> <a href="/wiki/Gruel" title="Gruel">gruel</a>, which is made from yellow or white cornmeal mixed with salt and hot water or milk, and sometimes sweetened. In the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the term used is <i>hoecake</i>, although this can also refer to cornbread fried in a pan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnnycake&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kenyon_Corn_Meal_Company.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kenyon_Corn_Meal_Company.jpg/250px-Kenyon_Corn_Meal_Company.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kenyon_Corn_Meal_Company.jpg/330px-Kenyon_Corn_Meal_Company.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kenyon_Corn_Meal_Company.jpg/500px-Kenyon_Corn_Meal_Company.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Kenyon Corn Meal Company, a <a href="/wiki/Gristmill" title="Gristmill">gristmill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Usquepaug,_Rhode_Island" title="Usquepaug, Rhode Island">Usquepaug</a>, Rhode Island. The building shown was built in 1886, and company history dates from the early 1700s or earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Johnnycake">Johnnycake</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnnycake&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Johnnycake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"jannock" redirects here. For the wheat flatbread, see <a href="/wiki/Bannock_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bannock (disambiguation)">Bannock</a>.</div> <p>The earliest attestation of the term "johnny cake" is from 1739 (in South Carolina); the spelling "journey cake" is attested only from 1775 on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf Coast</a>, but may be the earlier form.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word is likely based on the word <i>Jonakin</i>, recorded in New England in 1765, itself derived from the word <i>jannock</i>, recorded in Northern England in the sixteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ellis_Morris" title="Edward Ellis Morris">Edward Ellis Morris</a>, the term was the name given "... by the Americans to a cake made of Indian corn (maize)."<sup id="cite_ref-morris_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morris-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another suggested derivation is that it comes from <i>Shawnee cake</i>, although some writers disagree.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hoecake">Hoecake</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnnycake&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hoecake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>hoecake</i> is first attested in 1745, and the term is used by American writers such as <a href="/wiki/Joel_Barlow" title="Joel Barlow">Joel Barlow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origin of the name is the method of preparation: they were cooked on a type of iron pan called a hoe. There is conflicting evidence regarding the common belief that they were cooked on the blades of gardening hoes.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A hoecake can be made either out of cornbread batter or leftover biscuit dough. A cornbread hoecake is thicker than a cornbread pancake.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnnycake&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a> using ground corn for cooking are credited with teaching Europeans how to make the food.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also claimed that johnnycakes were made by the <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_people" title="Narragansett people">Narragansett people</a> as far back as the 1600s.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From this culture came one of the main staples of the Southern diet: <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a> (maize).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corn was used to make all kinds of dishes from the familiar <a href="/wiki/Cornbread" title="Cornbread">cornbread</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grits" title="Grits">grits</a> to <a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">liquors</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Whiskey" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiskey">whiskey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">moonshine</a>, which were important trade items. Cornbread was popular during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> because it was very cheap and could be made in many different sizes and forms. It could be fashioned into high-rising, fluffy loaves or simply fried for a fast meal. </p> <blockquote><p>To a far greater degree than anyone realizes, several of the most important food dishes that the Southeastern Indians live on today is the "soul food" eaten by both black and white Southerners. Hominy, for example, is still eaten ... Sofkee live on as grits ... cornbread [is] used by Southern cooks ... Indian fritters ... variously known as "hoe cake", ... or "Johnny cake."... Indian boiled cornbread is present in Southern cuisine as "corn meal dumplings", ... and as "hush puppies", ... Southerners cook their beans and field peas by boiling them, as did the Indians ... like the Indians they cure their meat and smoke it over hickory coals.<sup id="cite_ref-c_hudson_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c_hudson-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparation">Preparation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnnycake&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonnycakes_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Jonnycakes_01.jpg/250px-Jonnycakes_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Jonnycakes_01.jpg/330px-Jonnycakes_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Jonnycakes_01.jpg/500px-Jonnycakes_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="1774" /></a><figcaption>Johnnycakes on a plate</figcaption></figure> <p>Johnnycakes are an unleavened <a href="/wiki/Cornbread" title="Cornbread">cornbread</a> made of cornmeal, salt, and water. Early cooks set thick corn dough on a wooden board or <a href="/wiki/Stave_(wood)" title="Stave (wood)">barrel stave</a>, which they leaned on a piece of wood or a rock in front of an open fire to bake.<sup id="cite_ref-vogel_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vogel-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the American south during the 18th century versions were made with rice or hominy flour and perhaps cassava.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1905 cookbook includes a recipe for "Alabama Johnny Cake" made with rice and 'meal'.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The difference between johnnycake and hoecake originally lay in the method of preparation, though today both are often cooked on a griddle or in a skillet. Some recipes call for baking johnnycakes in an oven,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similar to <a href="/wiki/Corn_pone" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn pone">corn pones</a>, which are still baked in the oven as they were traditionally.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnnycakes may also be made using <a href="/wiki/Leavening_agent" title="Leavening agent">leavening</a>, with or without other ingredients more commonly associated with American <a href="/wiki/Pancake" title="Pancake">pancakes</a>, such as eggs or solid fats like butter. Like pancakes, they are often served with <a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">maple syrup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>, or other sweet toppings.<sup id="cite_ref-necs_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-necs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the manuscript of <i>America Eats</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> (WPA) guide to American food culture in the beginning decades of the twentieth century, Rhode Island "jonny cakes" were made in the 1930s as follows: </p> <blockquote><p>In preparation, [white corn] meal may or may not be scalded with hot water or hot milk in accordance to preference. After mixing meal with water or milk it is dropped on a smoking hot spider [pan] set atop a stove into cakes about 3"x3"x1/2"<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in size. The secret of cooking jonny cakes is to watch them closely and keep them supplied with enough sausage or bacon fat so they will become crisp, and not burn. Cook slowly for half an hour, turn occasionally, and when done serve with plenty of butter.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations">Variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnnycake&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnnycake&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Australia the bread usually known as <a href="/wiki/Damper_(food)" title="Damper (food)">damper</a>, made with <a href="/wiki/Wheat_flour" title="Wheat flour">wheat flour</a> rather than cornmeal and cooked as smaller, individually-sized portions, is sometimes called "johnny cake".<sup id="cite_ref-Macquarie_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macquarie-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is uncertain if this name was influenced by the term for North American cornmeal bread.<sup id="cite_ref-morris_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morris-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australian johnny cakes are baked in the hot ashes of a fire or fried in fat in a frying pan (skillet).<sup id="cite_ref-Macquarie_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macquarie-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-morris_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morris-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnnycake,_West_Indies_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Johnnycake%2C_West_Indies_01.jpg/250px-Johnnycake%2C_West_Indies_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Johnnycake%2C_West_Indies_01.jpg/330px-Johnnycake%2C_West_Indies_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Johnnycake%2C_West_Indies_01.jpg/500px-Johnnycake%2C_West_Indies_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Deep-fried johnnycakes filled with cheese, common in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Bahamas">The Bahamas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnnycake&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Bahamas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Bahamas, "johnny cake" refers to a bread made with flour, sugar, butter, and water. After being kneaded, the bread is baked until lightly browned, and has a soft and malleable middle. This bread is usually eaten with soup or on its own.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The common bread consumed in the Bahamas in 1725 was made of corn and flour. According to <a href="/wiki/Mark_Catesby" title="Mark Catesby">Mark Catesby</a>, an English naturalist who visited North America and the Caribbean in the early 1700s, "Their bread is made of Maiz, or Indian Corn, and also of Wheat; the first they cultivate but not sufficient for their consumption. Wheat is imported to them in Flower from the Northern Colonies."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Boney_M" class="mw-redirect" title="Boney M">Boney M</a> music disco group sang about Johnny Cakes in their song, “<a href="/wiki/Brown_Girl_in_the_Ring_(song)" title="Brown Girl in the Ring (song)">Brown Girl in the Ring</a>”, eating fried fish and Johnny Cakes on Saturday night. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dominican_Republic">Dominican Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnnycake&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dominican Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaniqueques_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Yaniqueques_2012.jpg/200px-Yaniqueques_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Yaniqueques_2012.jpg/300px-Yaniqueques_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Yaniqueques_2012.jpg/400px-Yaniqueques_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2868" data-file-height="2574" /></a><figcaption>Dominican style Yaniqueques</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnny_cakes_in_basket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Johnny_cakes_in_basket.jpg/250px-Johnny_cakes_in_basket.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Johnny_cakes_in_basket.jpg/330px-Johnny_cakes_in_basket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Johnny_cakes_in_basket.jpg/500px-Johnny_cakes_in_basket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Belizean_cuisine" title="Belizean cuisine">Belizean</a> johnny cakes</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Yaniqueques</b> or <b>yanikeke</b> are a Dominican Republic version of the johnnycake, supposedly brought over in the nineteenth century by English-speaking migrants (possibly of Afro-Caribbean descent). These cakes are made with flour, baking powder, butter and water; they are typically deep-fried.<sup id="cite_ref-aunt_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aunt-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are a popular beach snack, especially in <a href="/wiki/Boca_Chica" title="Boca Chica">Boca Chica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caribbean_Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnnycake&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Caribbean Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Johnnycakes refer to flat discs of deep-fried wheat bread dough in Curaçao, other Dutch overseas territories and areas with significant Dutch Antillean communities. They are usually leavened with baking powder or soda and generally do not contain cornmeal. They are usually eaten filled with a slice of Gouda cheese or salted cod. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jamaica">Jamaica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnnycake&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Jamaica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fried johnnycakes, also called fried dumplings, are a traditional staple across the island.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are made of flour, sugar, salt, baking powder, margarine or butter, and water or milk. The kneaded dough is fried in oil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belize">Belize</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnnycake&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Belize"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> Settlement, the British imported flour, with rations given to the enslaved. In the early Belize Settlement, “Johnny Cakes,” also known as “Journey Cakes,” were prepared over a firehart and eaten by the enslaved woodcutters. Belizean Journey Cakes are a small baked bread, leavened with baking power and scored on top with the kiss of a fork during proofing, to prevent “puffing” of the bread. Merchant Baymen of the Bay of Honduras (Belize), were linked to the New England Colonies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnnycake&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern johnnycake is a staple in the traditional cuisine of <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-necs_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-necs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it is believed to have originated in <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YoungerLand_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YoungerLand-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A modern jonnycake is fried <a href="/wiki/Gruel" title="Gruel">gruel</a> made from yellow or white cornmeal that is mixed with salt and hot water or milk, and sometimes sweetened. In the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, the same food is referred to as a hoecake. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnnycake&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/40px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/60px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American cuisine</a> – Food culture of the United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arepa" title="Arepa">Arepa</a> – Ground maize flatbread</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannock_(Indigenous_American_food)" title="Bannock (Indigenous American food)">Bannock (Indigenous American food)</a> – Type of bread</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornbread" title="Cornbread">Cornbread</a> – American bread made with cornmeal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_cookie" title="Corn cookie">Corn cookie</a> – Baked good made from corn, often sweet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_fritters" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn fritters">Corn fritters</a> – Fried cakes of maize dough<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frybread" title="Frybread">Frybread</a> – Variety of flatbread</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushpuppy" title="Hushpuppy">Hushpuppy</a> – Deep-fried savory food made from cornmeal batter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnnycake_Town" title="Johnnycake Town">Johnnycake Town</a> – Settlement settled in the 18th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_maize_dishes" title="List of maize dishes">List of maize dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoonbread" title="Spoonbread">Spoonbread</a> – Cornmeal pudding from the Southern United States</li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaniqueques" class="extiw" title="es:Yaniqueques">Yaniqueques</a>- Dominican Republic Version of Johnnycake</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnnycake&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>3 by 3 by <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> inch (76 by 76 by 13 mm)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnnycake&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-YoungerLand-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YoungerLand_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YoungerLand_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YoungerLand_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKurlansky2009" class="citation book cs1">Kurlansky, Mark (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kCRVWMcNPEwC&pg=PA86"><i>The food of a younger land: a portrait of American food; Before the national highway system, before chain restaurants, and before frozen food, when the nation's food was seasonal, regional, and traditional: from the lost WPA files</i></a>. Penguin. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594488658" title="Special:BookSources/9781594488658"><bdi>9781594488658</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+food+of+a+younger+land%3A+a+portrait+of+American+food%3B+Before+the+national+highway+system%2C+before+chain+restaurants%2C+and+before+frozen+food%2C+when+the+nation%27s+food+was+seasonal%2C+regional%2C+and+traditional%3A+from+the+lost+WPA+files&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781594488658&rft.aulast=Kurlansky&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkCRVWMcNPEwC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnnycake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPorterDanforth_Prince2009" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Darwin; Danforth Prince (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frommersbermuda200darw_0"><i>Frommer's Bermuda 2010</i></a></span>. Frommer's. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frommersbermuda200darw_0/page/41">41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470470626" title="Special:BookSources/9780470470626"><bdi>9780470470626</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frommer%27s+Bermuda+2010&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Frommer%27s&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780470470626&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Darwin&rft.au=Danforth+Prince&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrommersbermuda200darw_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnnycake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-necs-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-necs_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-necs_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-necs_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5IEnJBtqfRsC">New England Country Store Cookbook by Peter W. Smith (iUniverse 2003)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeehan2006" class="citation news cs1">Meehan, Mary Beth (2 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/travel/explorene/rhodeisland/galleries/johnny_cakes/">"Jonnycakes from the Kenyon Corn Meal Company"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jonnycakes+from+the+Kenyon+Corn+Meal+Company&rft.date=2006-08-02&rft.aulast=Meehan&rft.aufirst=Mary+Beth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Ftravel%2Fexplorene%2Frhodeisland%2Fgalleries%2Fjohnny_cakes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnnycake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Johnny-cake". <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>. 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Johnny-cake&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnnycake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=johnny-cake">"johnny-cake"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=johnny-cake&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Djohnny-cake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnnycake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHess1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Hess" title="Karen Hess">Hess, Karen</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_yIJBQDY0H0C&pg=PA125"><i>The Carolina Rice Kitchen: The African Connection</i></a>. University of South Carolina Press. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-208-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-208-0"><bdi>978-1-57003-208-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Carolina+Rice+Kitchen%3A+The+African+Connection&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-208-0&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_yIJBQDY0H0C%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnnycake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morris-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-morris_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-morris_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-morris_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorris1898" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ellis_Morris" title="Edward Ellis Morris">Morris, Edward Ellis</a> (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/australenglisha02morrgoog"><i>Austral English: A Dictionary of Australasian Words, Phrases, and Usages, with Those Aboriginal-Australian and Maori Words which Have Become Incorporated in the Language and the Commoner Scientific Words that Have Had Their Origin in Australasia</i></a>. Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/australenglisha02morrgoog/page/n253">223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austral+English%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Australasian+Words%2C+Phrases%2C+and+Usages%2C+with+Those+Aboriginal-Australian+and+Maori+Words+which+Have+Become+Incorporated+in+the+Language+and+the+Commoner+Scientific+Words+that+Have+Had+Their+Origin+in+Australasia&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Edward+Ellis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faustralenglisha02morrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnnycake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRandolph1824" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Randolph" title="Mary Randolph">Randolph, Mary</a> (1824). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oszKiYe2RyAC&pg=PA277"><i>The Virginia House-wife</i></a>. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-423-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-423-7"><bdi>978-0-87249-423-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Virginia+House-wife&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Univ+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1824&rft.isbn=978-0-87249-423-7&rft.aulast=Randolph&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoszKiYe2RyAC%26pg%3DPA277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnnycake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStavelyFitzgerald2004" class="citation book cs1">Stavely, Keith W. F.; Fitzgerald, Kathleen (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xGzF54OaJE4C"><i>America's Founding Food: The Story of New England Cooking</i></a>. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-2894-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-2894-6"><bdi>978-0-8078-2894-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Founding+Food%3A+The+Story+of+New+England+Cooking&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-2894-6&rft.aulast=Stavely&rft.aufirst=Keith+W.+F.&rft.au=Fitzgerald%2C+Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxGzF54OaJE4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnnycake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Hoecake". <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>. 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hoecake&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnnycake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120905183850/http://www.historiclondontown.org/files/Hoe-Cake-Etymology-web.pdf">"How the Hoe Cake (Most Likely) Got Its Name"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Historic London Town and Gardens. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historiclondontown.org/files/Hoe-Cake-Etymology-web.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+Hoe+Cake+%28Most+Likely%29+Got+Its+Name&rft.pub=Historic+London+Town+and+Gardens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoriclondontown.org%2Ffiles%2FHoe-Cake-Etymology-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnnycake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBartlett1860" class="citation book cs1">Bartlett, John Russell (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryameri04bartgoog"><i>Dictionary of Americanisms: A Glossary of Words and Phrases Usually Regarded as Peculiar to the United States</i></a> (3rd ed.). Little Brown. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryameri04bartgoog/page/n235">197</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Americanisms%3A+A+Glossary+of+Words+and+Phrases+Usually+Regarded+as+Peculiar+to+the+United+States&rft.pages=197&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Little+Brown&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=John+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryameri04bartgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnnycake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStarr1989" class="citation book cs1">Starr, Kathy (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fqjeq1p417IC&q=Hoecake+biscuit&pg=PA141"><i>The Soul of Southern Cooking</i></a>. University Press of Mississippi. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780878054152" title="Special:BookSources/9780878054152"><bdi>9780878054152</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soul+of+Southern+Cooking&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780878054152&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=Kathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfqjeq1p417IC%26q%3DHoecake%2Bbiscuit%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnnycake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeane1908" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Henry_Keane" title="Augustus Henry Keane">Keane, Augustus Henry</a> (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldspeoplesap01keangoog"><i>The world's peoples: a popular account of their bodily & mental characters, beliefs, traditions, political and social institutions</i></a>. G. P. Putnam's sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldspeoplesap01keangoog/page/n272">256</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world%27s+peoples%3A+a+popular+account+of+their+bodily+%26+mental+characters%2C+beliefs%2C+traditions%2C+political+and+social+institutions&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+sons&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Keane&rft.aufirst=Augustus+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldspeoplesap01keangoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnnycake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLukas2002" class="citation news cs1">Lukas, Paul (13 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/13/dining/the-big-flavors-of-little-rhode-island.html">"The Big Flavors Of Little Rhode Island"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Big+Flavors+Of+Little+Rhode+Island&rft.date=2002-11-13&rft.aulast=Lukas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F11%2F13%2Fdining%2Fthe-big-flavors-of-little-rhode-island.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnnycake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDragonwagon,_Crescent2007" class="citation book cs1">Dragonwagon, Crescent (2007). <i>The Cornbread Gospels</i>. Workman Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7611-1916-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7611-1916-6"><bdi>978-0-7611-1916-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cornbread+Gospels&rft.pub=Workman+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7611-1916-6&rft.au=Dragonwagon%2C+Crescent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnnycake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c_hudson-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-c_hudson_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHudson1976" class="citation book cs1">Hudson, Charles (1976). "A Conquered People". <i>The Southeastern Indians</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_Press" title="University of Tennessee Press">University of Tennessee Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">498–</span>499. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87049-248-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87049-248-9"><bdi>0-87049-248-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Conquered+People&rft.btitle=The+Southeastern+Indians&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E498-%3C%2Fspan%3E499&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-87049-248-9&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnnycake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vogel-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vogel_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paraphrased: Johnny cake boards made for this purpose, were about ten inches wide, fifteen inches long, and rounded at the top. After one side baked brown, the turned the johnny-cake over to treat the other side the same way. If no suitable board was handy, the cook might take the metal blade of a hoe, and clean it and grease it with <a href="/wiki/Bear%27s_grease" title="Bear's grease">bear's oil</a>. The dough baked on this metal surface was called a hoe-cake. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVogel1954" class="citation book cs1">Vogel, William Frederick (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/homelifeinearlyi00voge"><i>Home Life in Early Indiana</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/homelifeinearlyi00voge/page/18/mode/2up?q=johnny+cake">18</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Home+Life+in+Early+Indiana&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=William+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhomelifeinearlyi00voge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnnycake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeirHess1998" class="citation book cs1">Weir, Robert M.; Hess, Karen (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_yIJBQDY0H0C&pg=PA125"><i>The Carolina Rice Kitchen: The African Connection</i></a>. University of South Carolina Press. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781570032080" title="Special:BookSources/9781570032080"><bdi>9781570032080</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Carolina+Rice+Kitchen%3A+The+African+Connection&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781570032080&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft.au=Hess%2C+Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_yIJBQDY0H0C%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnnycake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilcox1905" class="citation book cs1">Wilcox, Estelle Woods (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FUCucBKftisC&q=%E2%80%9CAlabama+Johnny+Cake%E2%80%9D&pg=PA31"><i>The Original Buckeye Cook Book and Practical Housekeeping</i></a>. Reilly & Britton Company. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557095152" title="Special:BookSources/9781557095152"><bdi>9781557095152</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Original+Buckeye+Cook+Book+and+Practical+Housekeeping&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Reilly+%26+Britton+Company&rft.date=1905&rft.isbn=9781557095152&rft.aulast=Wilcox&rft.aufirst=Estelle+Woods&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFUCucBKftisC%26q%3D%25E2%2580%259CAlabama%2BJohnny%2BCake%25E2%2580%259D%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnnycake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDojnyScott_Dorrance2006" class="citation book cs1">Dojny, Brooke; Scott Dorrance (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nw_m49ZJ-l0C&pg=PA211"><i>Dishing Up Maine: 165 Recipes That Capture Authentic Down East Flavors</i></a>. Storey Publishing. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580178419" title="Special:BookSources/9781580178419"><bdi>9781580178419</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dishing+Up+Maine%3A+165+Recipes+That+Capture+Authentic+Down+East+Flavors&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Storey+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781580178419&rft.aulast=Dojny&rft.aufirst=Brooke&rft.au=Scott+Dorrance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNw_m49ZJ-l0C%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnnycake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHundley" class="citation book cs1">Hundley. <i>Social Relations in Our Southern States</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">87–</span>88. <q>Corn-dodger, corn-pone, and hoe-cake are different only in the baking. The meal is prepared for each precisely in the same way. Take as much meal as you want, some salt, and enough pure water to knead the mass. Mix it well, let it stand for fifteen or twenty minutes, not longer, as this will be long enough to saturate perfectly every particle of meal; bake on the griddle for hoe-cake, and in the skillet or oven for dodger or pone. The griddle or oven must be made hot enough to bake, but not to burn, but with a quick heat. The lid must be heated also before putting it on the skillet or oven, and that heat must be kept up with coals of fire placed on it, as there must be around and under the oven. The griddle must be well supplied with live coals under it. The hoe-cake must be put on thin, not more than or quite as thick as your forefinger; when brown, it must be turned and both sides baked to a rich brown color. There must be no burning—baking is the idea. Yet the baking must be done with a quick lively heat, the quicker the better.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Relations+in+Our+Southern+States&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.au=Hundley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnnycake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKurlansky2009" class="citation book cs1">Kurlansky, Mark (2009). <i>The food of a younger land: a portrait of American food; Before the national highway system, before chain restaurants, and before frozen food, when the nation's food was seasonal, regional, and traditional: from the lost WPA files</i>. New York: Riverhead Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594488658" title="Special:BookSources/9781594488658"><bdi>9781594488658</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+food+of+a+younger+land%3A+a+portrait+of+American+food%3B+Before+the+national+highway+system%2C+before+chain+restaurants%2C+and+before+frozen+food%2C+when+the+nation%27s+food+was+seasonal%2C+regional%2C+and+traditional%3A+from+the+lost+WPA+files&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Riverhead+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781594488658&rft.aulast=Kurlansky&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnnycake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macquarie-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Macquarie_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macquarie_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Macquarie Dictionary</i>. St. Leonards, N.S.W.: Macquarie Library. 1981. p. 954. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0949757004" title="Special:BookSources/0949757004"><bdi>0949757004</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Macquarie+Dictionary&rft.place=St.+Leonards%2C+N.S.W.&rft.pages=954&rft.pub=Macquarie+Library&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0949757004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnnycake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSantich" class="citation web cs1">Santich, Barbara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304210730/http://www.southaustralianhistory.com.au/boldpalates.htm">"Bold Palates, Australia's Gastronomic Heritage"</a>. <i>www.southaustralianhistory.com.au</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southaustralianhistory.com.au/boldpalates.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.southaustralianhistory.com.au&rft.atitle=Bold+Palates%2C+Australia%27s+Gastronomic+Heritage&rft.aulast=Santich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.southaustralianhistory.com.au%2Fboldpalates.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnnycake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEley2017" class="citation web cs1">Eley, Talisa (23 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thesourcenews.com/2017/08/23/food-for-thought-at-naidoc-week-2017/">"Food for thought at NAIDOC Week 2017"</a>. <i>The Source News</i>. Griffith University School of Humanities, Languages and Social Science Journalism Media Centre<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Source+News&rft.atitle=Food+for+thought+at+NAIDOC+Week+2017&rft.date=2017-08-23&rft.aulast=Eley&rft.aufirst=Talisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthesourcenews.com%2F2017%2F08%2F23%2Ffood-for-thought-at-naidoc-week-2017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnnycake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCatesby1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Catesby" title="Mark Catesby">Catesby, Mark</a> (1999). Feduccia, Alan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hVVNvPMBGEkC&pg=PA165"><i>Catesby's Birds of Colonial America</i></a>. UNC Press Books. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807848166" title="Special:BookSources/9780807848166"><bdi>9780807848166</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catesby%27s+Birds+of+Colonial+America&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780807848166&rft.aulast=Catesby&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhVVNvPMBGEkC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnnycake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aunt-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aunt_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenady2005" class="citation book cs1">Benady, Ilana (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YY-9XZ92RhIC"><i>Aunt Clara's Dominican Cookbook</i></a>. Lulu. pp. 12, 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781411663251" title="Special:BookSources/9781411663251"><bdi>9781411663251</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aunt+Clara%27s+Dominican+Cookbook&rft.pages=12%2C+25&rft.pub=Lulu&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781411663251&rft.aulast=Benady&rft.aufirst=Ilana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYY-9XZ92RhIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnnycake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCambeira1997" class="citation book cs1">Cambeira, Alan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S0brxSC3bBUC&pg=PA226"><i>Quisqueya la bella: the Dominican Republic in historical and cultural perspective</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563249365" title="Special:BookSources/9781563249365"><bdi>9781563249365</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quisqueya+la+bella%3A+the+Dominican+Republic+in+historical+and+cultural+perspective&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781563249365&rft.aulast=Cambeira&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS0brxSC3bBUC%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnnycake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPariser1994" class="citation book cs1">Pariser, Harry S. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nan3oIDq42wC&pg=PA236"><i>Adventure Guide to the Dominican Republic</i></a>. Hunter Pub. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781556506291" title="Special:BookSources/9781556506291"><bdi>9781556506291</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adventure+Guide+to+the+Dominican+Republic&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Hunter+Pub.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9781556506291&rft.aulast=Pariser&rft.aufirst=Harry+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnan3oIDq42wC%26pg%3DPA236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnnycake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson1996" class="citation book cs1">Donaldson, Enid (1996). <i>The Real Taste of Jamaica</i>. Warwick Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781895629644" title="Special:BookSources/9781895629644"><bdi>9781895629644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Real+Taste+of+Jamaica&rft.pub=Warwick+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781895629644&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Enid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohnnycake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnnycake&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Johnnycakes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Johnnycakes">Johnnycakes</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Beaulieu, Linda, <i>The Providence and Rhode Island Cookbook</i>, Guilford, Connecticut: Globe Pequot Press, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0762731370" title="Special:BookSources/0762731370">0762731370</a>.</li> <li>Bartlett, John Russell. <i>Dictionary of Americanisms: A Glossary of Words and Phrases Usually Regarded as Peculiar to the United States</i>, fourth edition. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co. (1889</li> <li>Hundley, Daniel R., Esq. <i>Social Relations in Our Southern States</i>. New York: Henry B. Price (1860).</li> <li>Vogel, William Frederick. "Home Life in Early Indiana". <i>Indiana Magazine of History</i> 10:2 (June 1914) 1-29. Indiana: Indiana University.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pancakes" title="Template:Pancakes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pancakes" title="Template talk:Pancakes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pancakes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pancakes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pancakes558" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pancake" title="Pancake">Pancakes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pancakes" title="List of pancakes">List of pancakes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86bleskiver" title="Æbleskiver">Æbleskiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_pancake" title="Åland pancake">Åland pancake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apam_balik" title="Apam balik">Apam balik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kue_ape" title="Kue ape">Ape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appam" title="Appam">Appam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pesaha_Appam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesaha Appam">Pesaha Appam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghrir" title="Baghrir">Baghrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1nh_x%C3%A8o" title="Bánh xèo">Bánh xèo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannock_(British_food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bannock (British food)">Bannock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bein_mont" title="Bein mont">Bein mont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benne_dose" title="Benne dose">Benne dose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bing_(bread)" title="Bing (bread)">Bing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blini" title="Blini">Blini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blodpl%C3%A4ttar" title="Blodplättar">Blodplättar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borlengo" title="Borlengo">Borlengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C3%BBk%C3%A8te" title="Boûkète">Boûkète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxty" title="Boxty">Boxty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchimgae" title="Buchimgae">Buchimgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bindae-tteok" title="Bindae-tteok">Bindae-tteok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimchi-buchimgae" title="Kimchi-buchimgae">Kimchi-buchimgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memil-buchimgae" title="Memil-buchimgae">Memil-buchimgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pajeon" title="Pajeon">Pajeon</a></li></ul></li> <li>Buckwheat pancake <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blini" title="Blini">Blini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaletez" title="Kaletez">Kaletez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memil-buchimgae" title="Memil-buchimgae">Memil-buchimgae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgo_(food)" title="Burgo (food)">Burgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cachapa" title="Cachapa">Cachapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalbori-ppang" title="Chalbori-ppang">Chalbori-ppang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chataamari" title="Chataamari">Chataamari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholermus" title="Cholermus">Cholermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatschinke" title="Palatschinke">Clătită</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crempog" title="Crempog">Crempog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe" title="Crêpe">Crêpe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_bretonne" title="Crêpe bretonne">Crêpe bretonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_Suzette" class="mw-redirect" title="Crêpe Suzette">Crêpe Suzette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatschinken" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatschinken">Palatschinken</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crumpet" title="Crumpet">Crumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kue_cubit" title="Kue cubit">Cubit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kue_cucur" title="Kue cucur">Cucur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadar_gulung" title="Dadar gulung">Dadar gulung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danbing" title="Danbing">Danbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Eyre%27s_pancake" class="mw-redirect" title="David Eyre's pancake">David Eyre's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosa_(food)" title="Dosa (food)">Dosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_baby_pancake" title="Dutch baby pancake">Dutch baby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_waffle" title="Egg waffle">Egg waffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farinata" title="Farinata">Farinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A4dle" title="Flädle">Flädle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A4skpannkaka" title="Fläskpannkaka">Fläskpannkaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funkaso" title="Funkaso">Funkaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galette" title="Galette">Galette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gundel_pancake" title="Gundel pancake">Gundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyabrag" title="Gyabrag">Gyabrag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirayachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirayachi">Hirayachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hortob%C3%A1gyi_palacsinta" title="Hortobágyi palacsinta">Hortobágyi palacsinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotteok" title="Hotteok">Hotteok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injera" title="Injera">Injera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemput-jemput" title="Jemput-jemput">Jemput-jemput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeon_(food)" title="Jeon (food)">Jeon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johnnycake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserschmarrn" title="Kaiserschmarrn">Kaiserschmarrn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalathappam" title="Kalathappam">Kalathappam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_bueang" title="Khanom bueang">Khanom bueang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanom_Tokyo" title="Khanom Tokyo">Khanom Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khauk_mont" title="Khauk mont">Khauk mont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kouign-amann" title="Kouign-amann">Kouign-amann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahoh" title="Lahoh">Lahoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laklak_(food)" title="Laklak (food)">Laklak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laobing" title="Laobing">Laobing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kue_leker" title="Kue leker">Leker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawax" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawax">Malawax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malpua" title="Malpua">Malpua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memela" title="Memela">Memela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memil-buchimgae" title="Memil-buchimgae">Memil-buchimgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milcao" title="Milcao">Milcao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofletta" title="Mofletta">Mofletta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_shrimp_cake" title="Moon shrimp cake">Moon shrimp cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murtabak" title="Murtabak">Murtabak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neer_dosa" title="Neer dosa">Neer dosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oatcake" title="Oatcake">Oatcake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okonomiyaki" title="Okonomiyaki">Okonomiyaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oladyi" title="Oladyi">Oladyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannenkoek" title="Pannenkoek">Pannenkoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancake#Finland" title="Pancake">Pannukakku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyalam" title="Panyalam">Panyalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathiri" title="Pathiri">Pathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pek_nga" title="Pek nga">Pek nga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesarattu" title="Pesarattu">Pesarattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploye" title="Ploye">Ploye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poffertjes" title="Poffertjes">Poffertjes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponganalu" title="Ponganalu">Ponganalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato_pancake" title="Potato pancake">Potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarkk%C3%A4ulchen" title="Quarkkäulchen">Quarkkäulchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racuchy" title="Racuchy">Racuchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roti_canai" title="Roti canai">Roti canai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roti_prata" class="mw-redirect" title="Roti prata">Roti prata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roti_jala" title="Roti jala">Roti jala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roti_tissue" title="Roti tissue">Roti tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salukara" title="Salukara">Salukara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serabi" title="Serabi">Serabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_pancake" title="Spring pancake">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suncake_(Taiwan)" title="Suncake (Taiwan)">Suncake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surnoli" title="Surnoli">Surnoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_pancake" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish pancake">Swedish pancake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrniki" title="Syrniki">Syrniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalipeeth" title="Thalipeeth">Thalipeeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlacoyo" title="Tlacoyo">Tlacoyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touton" title="Touton">Touton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttapam" title="Uttapam">Uttapam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_Pie" title="Wheel Pie">Wheel Pie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead_Mills" title="Arrowhead Mills">Arrowhead Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Milling_Company" title="Pearl Milling Company">Pearl Milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisquick" title="Bisquick">Bisquick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob%27s_Red_Mill" title="Bob's Red Mill">Bob's Red Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulder_Brands" title="Boulder Brands">Boulder Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Foods" title="Bruce Foods">Bruce's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherrybrook_Kitchen" title="Cherrybrook Kitchen">Cherrybrook Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Findus#Crispy_Pancakes" title="Findus">Crispy Pancakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Oetker" title="Dr. Oetker">Dr. Oetker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_J.M._Smucker_Company#Products" title="The J.M. Smucker Company">Hungry Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_%26_Jason%27s_Pancakes_%26_Waffles" title="Jack & Jason's Pancakes & Waffles">Jack & Jason's Pancakes & Waffles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiffy_mix" title="Jiffy mix">Jiffy mix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur_Baking" title="King Arthur Baking">King Arthur Baking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Butterworth%27s" title="Mrs. Butterworth's">Mrs. Butterworth's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralcorp" title="Ralcorp">Ralcorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streit%27s" title="Streit's">Streit's</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biscuit" title="Biscuit">Biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancake_art" title="Pancake art">Pancake art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancake_breakfast" title="Pancake breakfast">Pancake breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancake_machine" title="Pancake machine">Pancake machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancake_pen" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancake pen">Pancake pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrup" title="Syrup">Syrup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/17px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/26px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/34px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pancakes" title="Category:Pancakes">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pancakes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pancakes">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikibooks page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Pancake" class="extiw" title="b:Cookbook:Pancake">Cookbook</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/36px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Maize_and_corn169" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Corn" title="Template:Corn"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Corn" title="Template talk:Corn"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Corn" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Corn"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Maize_and_corn169" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize and corn</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amylomaize" title="Amylomaize">Amylomaize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_corn" title="Baby corn">Baby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_corn" title="Blue corn">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dent_corn" title="Dent corn">Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_corn" title="Field corn">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint_corn" title="Flint corn">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flour_corn" title="Flour corn">Flour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_maize" title="Genetically modified maize">Genetically modified</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_varieties_of_genetically_modified_maize" title="List of varieties of genetically modified maize">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MON_810" title="MON 810">MON 810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MON_863" title="MON 863">MON 863</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple_corn" title="Purple corn">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_Protein_Maize" title="Quality Protein Maize">Quality Protein Maize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoepeg_corn" title="Shoepeg corn">Shoepeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_corn" title="Sweet corn">Sweet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sweetcorn_varieties" title="List of sweetcorn varieties">Varieties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxy_corn" title="Waxy corn">Waxy</a></li> <li>By origin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia_maize_varieties" title="Bolivia maize varieties">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador_maize_varieties" title="Ecuador maize varieties">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Italian_maize_varieties" title="Traditional Italian maize varieties">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_corn" title="Peruvian corn">Peru</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corncob" title="Corncob">Cob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_kernel" title="Corn kernel">Kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_stover" title="Corn stover">Stover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_construction" title="Corn construction">Corn construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize_milling" title="Maize milling">Maize milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixtamalization" title="Nixtamalization">Nixtamalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_wet-milling" title="Corn wet-milling">Wet-milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popcorn_maker" title="Popcorn maker">Popcorn maker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_maize_diseases" title="List of maize diseases">Pathology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBCH-scale_(maize)" class="mw-redirect" title="BBCH-scale (maize)">BBCH-scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_allergy" title="Corn allergy">Corn allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_smut" title="Corn smut">Corn smut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize_streak_virus" title="Maize streak virus">Maize streak virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Maize_production" title="Category:Maize production">Production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_crib" title="Corn crib">Corn crib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornstalk_fiddle" title="Cornstalk fiddle">Cornstalk fiddle</a></li> <li>By country <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_production_in_the_United_States" title="Corn production in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize_production_in_Tanzania" title="Maize production in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_corn_production_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="International corn production statistics">International corn production statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popcorn_brands" title="List of popcorn brands">List of popcorn brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters (agriculture)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Palace" title="Corn Palace">Corn Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_School" title="Corn School">Corn School</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Field_of_Corn" title="Field of Corn">Field of Corn</a></i> (1994 sculpture)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cornbread_Festival" title="National Cornbread Festival">National Cornbread Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Corn_Festival" title="Sweet Corn Festival">Sweet Corn Festival</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zea_(film)" title="Zea (film)">Zea</a></i> (film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_maize_dishes" title="List of maize dishes">Maize dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ingredients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornmeal" title="Cornmeal">Cornmeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">Masa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mielie-meal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mielie-meal">Mielie-meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_oil" title="Corn oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samp" title="Samp">Samp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_starch" title="Corn starch">Starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_steep_liquor" title="Corn steep liquor">Steep liquor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_syrup" title="Corn syrup">Syrup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glucose_syrup" title="Glucose syrup">Glucose syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">High-fructose</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_perception_of_high-fructose_corn_syrup" title="Public perception of high-fructose corn syrup">Public perception</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-maltose_corn_syrup" title="High-maltose corn syrup">High-maltose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Soups, stews, <br />and porridge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banku_(dish)" title="Banku (dish)">Banku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binte_biluhuta" title="Binte biluhuta">Binte biluhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulz_(food)" title="Bulz (food)">Bulz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocolo%C8%99i" title="Cocoloși">Cocoloși</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_chowder" title="Corn chowder">Corn chowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_crab_soup" title="Corn crab soup">Corn crab soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_pudding" title="Corn pudding">Corn pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_soup" title="Corn soup">Corn soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_stew" title="Corn stew">Corn stew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cou-cou" title="Cou-cou">Cou-cou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creamed_corn" title="Creamed corn">Creamed corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fufu" title="Fufu">Fufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginataang_mais" title="Ginataang mais">Ginataang mais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grits" title="Grits">Grits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasty_pudding" title="Hasty pudding">Hasty pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C4%8Damak" title="Kačamak">Kačamak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%83m%C4%83lig%C4%83" title="Mămăligă">Mămăligă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%83m%C4%83lig%C4%83_%C3%AEn_p%C4%83turi" title="Mămăligă în pături">Mămăligă în pături</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mush_(cornmeal)" title="Mush (cornmeal)">Mush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashofa" title="Pashofa">Pashofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polenta" title="Polenta">Polenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozole" title="Pozole">Pozole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagamite" title="Sagamite">Sagamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suam_na_mais" title="Suam na mais">Suam na mais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugali" title="Ugali">Ugali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xar%C3%A9m" title="Xarém">Xarém</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Tamales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aca%C3%A7%C3%A1" title="Acaçá">Acaçá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamale" title="Tamale">Tamale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaki" title="Binaki">Binaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanime" title="Guanime">Guanime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallaca" title="Hallaca">Hallaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humita" title="Humita">Humita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacatamal" title="Nacatamal">Nacatamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamonha" title="Pamonha">Pamonha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasteles" title="Pasteles">Pasteles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Breads and cakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arepa" title="Arepa">Arepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollo" title="Bollo">Bollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broa" title="Broa">Broa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cachapa" title="Cachapa">Cachapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipa_guasu" title="Chipa guasu">Chipa guasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornbread" title="Cornbread">Cornbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_cookie" title="Corn cookie">Corn cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_tortilla" title="Corn tortilla">Corn tortilla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tortilla-based_dishes" title="List of tortilla-based dishes">List of tortilla-based dishes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johnnycake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makki_ki_roti" title="Makki ki roti">Makki ki roti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_de_choclo" title="Pastel de choclo">Pastel de choclo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piki" title="Piki">Piki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proja" title="Proja">Proja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupusa" title="Pupusa">Pupusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloosh" title="Sloosh">Sloosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sope_(food)" title="Sope (food)">Sope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopa_paraguaya" title="Sopa paraguaya">Sopa paraguaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoonbread" title="Spoonbread">Spoonbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talo_(food)" title="Talo (food)">Talo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortilla" title="Tortilla">Tortilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totopo" title="Totopo">Totopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotou" title="Wotou">Wotou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Fried dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battered_sausage" title="Battered sausage">Battered sausage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_chip" title="Corn chip">Corn chip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_dog" title="Corn dog">Corn dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_fritter" title="Corn fritter">Corn fritter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_nut" title="Corn nut">Corn nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornick_(food)" title="Cornick (food)">Cornick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_schnitzel" title="Corn schnitzel">Corn schnitzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushpuppy" title="Hushpuppy">Hushpuppy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milho_frito" title="Milho frito">Milho frito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachos" title="Nachos">Nachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorullos" title="Sorullos">Sorullos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tostada_(tortilla)" title="Tostada (tortilla)">Tostada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortilla_chip" title="Tortilla chip">Tortilla chip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other foods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alivenci" title="Alivenci">Alivenci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binatog" title="Binatog">Binatog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conkie" title="Conkie">Conkies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_flakes" title="Corn flakes">Corn flakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_on_the_cob" title="Corn on the cob">Corn on the cob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_relish" title="Corn relish">Corn relish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_sauce" title="Corn sauce">Corn sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofio" title="Gofio">Gofio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hominy" title="Hominy">Hominy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_smut#Culinary_uses" title="Corn smut">Huitlacoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenkey" title="Kenkey">Kenkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuymak" title="Kuymak">Kuymak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%ADz_con_hielo" title="Maíz con hielo">Maíz con hielo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maja_blanca" title="Maja blanca">Maja maíz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maque_choux" title="Maque choux">Maque choux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mote_(food)" title="Mote (food)">Mote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinole" title="Pinole">Pinole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popcorn" title="Popcorn">Popcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succotash" title="Succotash">Succotash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Beverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atole" title="Atole">Atole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">Bourbon whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauim" title="Cauim">Cauim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champurrado" title="Champurrado">Champurrado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">Chicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicha_de_jora" title="Chicha de jora">Chicha de jora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicha_morada" title="Chicha morada">Chicha morada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colada_morada" title="Colada morada">Colada morada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_beer" title="Corn beer">Corn beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_tea" title="Corn tea">Corn tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_whiskey" title="Corn whiskey">Corn whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazamorra" title="Mazamorra">Mazamorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinolillo" title="Pinolillo">Pinolillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozol" title="Pozol">Pozol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejate" title="Tejate">Tejate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejuino" title="Tejuino">Tejuino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesg%C3%BCino" title="Tesgüino">Tesgüino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_breads550" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_bread" title="Template:American bread"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_bread" title="Template talk:American bread"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_bread" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American bread"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_breads550" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_breads" title="List of American breads">American breads</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">American breads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_bread" title="Adobe bread">Adobe bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish_friendship_bread" title="Amish friendship bread">Amish friendship bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadama_bread" title="Anadama bread">Anadama bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_bread" title="Banana bread">Banana bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannock_(Indigenous_American)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bannock (Indigenous American)">Bannock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaten_biscuit" title="Beaten biscuit">Beaten biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscuit_(bread)" title="Biscuit (bread)">Biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulkie_roll" title="Bulkie roll">Bulkie roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornbread" title="Cornbread">Cornbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_bread" title="Cornell bread">Cornell bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_bread" title="Cuban bread">Cuban bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frybread" title="Frybread">Frybread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_bread" title="Graham bread">Graham bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushpuppy" title="Hushpuppy">Hushpuppy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johnnycake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muffin" title="Muffin">Muffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muffuletta" title="Muffuletta">Muffuletta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_House_roll" title="Parker House roll">Parker House roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepperoni_roll" title="Pepperoni roll">Pepperoni roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popover" title="Popover">Popover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pullman_loaf" title="Pullman loaf">Pullman loaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt-rising_bread" title="Salt-rising bread">Salt-rising bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloosh" title="Sloosh">Sloosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_toast" title="Texas toast">Texas toast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_bread" class="mw-redirect" title="History of California bread">History of California bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_breads" title="List of American breads">List of American breads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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