CINXE.COM

Dr. Robert Greene Sands | Norwich University - Academia.edu

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>Dr. Robert Greene Sands | Norwich University - Academia.edu</title> <!-- _ _ _ | | (_) | | __ _ ___ __ _ __| | ___ _ __ ___ _ __ _ ___ __| |_ _ / _` |/ __/ _` |/ _` |/ _ \ '_ ` _ \| |/ _` | / _ \/ _` | | | | | (_| | (_| (_| | (_| | __/ | | | | | | (_| || __/ (_| | |_| | \__,_|\___\__,_|\__,_|\___|_| |_| |_|_|\__,_(_)___|\__,_|\__,_| We're hiring! See https://www.academia.edu/hiring --> <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "profiles/works", 'action': "summary", 'controller_action': 'profiles/works#summary', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="qZdvsN230DSDf_jt5BYUrmBBynvvul7Mp7p4cXcuMNgw-lXkAI-h2Abh9eW1m_HJixB7FbIOqOMiCtjuzuCBeg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow-3d36c19b4875b226bfed0fcba1dcea3f2fe61148383d97c0465c016b8c969290.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/social/home-79e78ce59bef0a338eb6540ec3d93b4a7952115b56c57f1760943128f4544d42.css" /><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ProfilePage","mainEntity":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Dr. Robert Greene Sands","url":"https://norwich.academia.edu/DrRobertGreeneSands","sameAs":[]},"dateCreated":"2016-01-28T04:28:23-08:00","dateModified":"2021-11-28T18:55:12-08:00","name":"Dr. Robert Greene Sands","description":"","sameAs":[],"relatedLink":"https://www.academia.edu/78227857/Promoting_Cross_Cultural_Competence_in_Intelligence_Professionals_A_new_perspective_on_alternative_analysis_and_the_intelligence_process"}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/heading-95367dc03b794f6737f30123738a886cf53b7a65cdef98a922a98591d60063e3.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-8c9ae4b5c8a2531640c354d92a1f3579c8ff103277ef74913e34c8a76d4e6c00.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-170d1319f0e354621e81ca17054bb147da2856ec0702fe440a99af314a6338c5.css" /><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Parity;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 12px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #eef2f9;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: Roboto;--type-font-family-serif: Georgia;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 30px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 36px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 24px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 20px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 32px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 40px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 26px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 48px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 52px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 48px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 58px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 80px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 64px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}@media(min-width: 568px)and (max-width: 1279px){:root{--token-mode: Parity;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 12px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #eef2f9;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: Roboto;--type-font-family-serif: Georgia;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 42px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 36px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 34px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 28px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 25px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 20px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 40px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 48px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 28px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 58px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 68px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 74px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 82px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 104px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 80px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}@media(min-width: 1280px){:root{--token-mode: Parity;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 12px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #eef2f9;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: Roboto;--type-font-family-serif: Georgia;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 42px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 38px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 34px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 28px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 25px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 20px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 40px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 48px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 28px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 58px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 68px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 74px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 82px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 152px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 80px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}</style><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&amp;family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&amp;family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&amp;family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&amp;display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-57f9da13cef3fd4e2a8b655342c6488eded3e557e823fe67571f2ac77acd7b6f.css" /> <meta name="author" content="dr. robert greene sands" /> <meta name="description" content="Dr. Robert Greene Sands, Norwich University: 5 Followers, 2 Following, 7 Research papers. Research interests: Cross-Cultural Communicaiton, Cross-Cultural…" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'works'; var $action_name = "summary"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'd4bfd59b9e31a797a8cb048f57a97131c4046fc0'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":13938,"monthly_visitors":"143 million","monthly_visitor_count":143022054,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":143,"user_count":285779711,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1742980711000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1742980711000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/html5shiv/3.7.2/html5shiv.min.js"></script> <![endif]--> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="preload" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" as="style" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-9982828ed1de4777566441c35ccf7157c55ca779141fce69380d727ebdbbb926.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-d8fd52067c3acaa82da682ddc5c3a35cf81b3885dfc5521214a99b6cfac2d5b2.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-c3ec348a4caabc4714de1b82830baa6b8edd76469e41533512340f9641f4eca8.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://norwich.academia.edu/DrRobertGreeneSands" /> </head> <!--[if gte IE 9 ]> <body class='ie ie9 c-profiles/works a-summary logged_out'> <![endif]--> <!--[if !(IE) ]><!--> <body class='c-profiles/works a-summary logged_out'> <!--<![endif]--> <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root"> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <!-- Event listeners for analytics --> <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&amp;c2=26766707&amp;cv=2.0&amp;cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i>&nbsp;We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i>&nbsp;Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/profile.wjs-bundle-a6aaac5d48d28aea7e34b4e7566c87967e448791345080cca44b3950201f66bb.js" defer="defer"></script><script>$viewedUser = Aedu.User.set_viewed( {"id":42263349,"first_name":"Dr. Robert Greene","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Sands","page_name":"DrRobertGreeneSands","domain_name":"norwich","created_at":"2016-01-28T04:28:23.725-08:00","display_name":"Dr. Robert Greene Sands","url":"https://norwich.academia.edu/DrRobertGreeneSands","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png","has_photo":false,"department":{"id":190306,"name":"School of Graduate and Continuing Studies","url":"https://norwich.academia.edu/Departments/School_of_Graduate_and_Continuing_Studies/Documents","university":{"id":3212,"name":"Norwich University","url":"https://norwich.academia.edu/"}},"position":"Faculty Member","position_id":1,"is_analytics_public":false,"interests":[{"id":31480,"name":"Cross-Cultural Communicaiton","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross-Cultural_Communicaiton"},{"id":36495,"name":"Cross-Cultural Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross-Cultural_Communication"},{"id":21475,"name":"Foreign language teaching and learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_language_teaching_and_learning"},{"id":1009,"name":"Computer Assisted Language Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Assisted_Language_Learning"},{"id":8032,"name":"Cross-Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross-Cultural_Studies"}]} ); if ($a.is_logged_in() && $viewedUser.is_current_user()) { $('body').addClass('profile-viewed-by-owner'); } $socialProfiles = []</script><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{&quot;inMailer&quot;:false,&quot;i18nLocale&quot;:&quot;en&quot;,&quot;i18nDefaultLocale&quot;:&quot;en&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;https://norwich.academia.edu/DrRobertGreeneSands&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;/DrRobertGreeneSands&quot;,&quot;scheme&quot;:&quot;https&quot;,&quot;host&quot;:&quot;norwich.academia.edu&quot;,&quot;port&quot;:null,&quot;pathname&quot;:&quot;/DrRobertGreeneSands&quot;,&quot;search&quot;:null,&quot;httpAcceptLanguage&quot;:null,&quot;serverSide&quot;:false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate" data-props="{}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-edce86cf-46cf-4b0a-b9c5-7f835ad6c772"></div> <div id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-edce86cf-46cf-4b0a-b9c5-7f835ad6c772"></div> <div class="DesignSystem"><div class="onsite-ping" id="onsite-ping"></div></div><div class="profile-user-info DesignSystem"><div class="social-profile-container"><div class="left-panel-container"><div class="user-info-component-wrapper"><div class="user-summary-cta-container"><div class="user-summary-container"><div class="social-profile-avatar-container"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" border="0" alt="" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png" /></div><div class="title-container"><h1 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-sm">Dr. Robert Greene Sands</h1><div class="affiliations-container fake-truncate js-profile-affiliations"><div><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://norwich.academia.edu/">Norwich University</a>, <a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://norwich.academia.edu/Departments/School_of_Graduate_and_Continuing_Studies/Documents">School of Graduate and Continuing Studies</a>, <span class="u-tcGrayDarker">Faculty Member</span></div></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-cta-container"><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-follow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.follow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-follow-button" data-follow-user-fname="Dr. Robert Greene" data-follow-user-id="42263349" data-follow-user-source="profile_button" data-has-google="false"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-unfollow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.unfollow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-unfollow-button" data-unfollow-user-id="42263349"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">done</span>Following</button></div></div><div class="user-stats-container"><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followers"><p class="label">Followers</p><p class="data">5</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followees" data-broccoli-component="user-info.followees-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-following"><p class="label">Following</p><p class="data">2</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-coauthors" data-broccoli-component="user-info.coauthors-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-coauthors"><p class="label">Co-author</p><p class="data">1</p></div></a><span><div class="stat-container"><p class="label"><span class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div><div class="suggested-academics-container"><div class="suggested-academics--header"><h3 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Related Authors</h3></div><ul class="suggested-user-card-list" data-nosnippet="true"><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://deakin.academia.edu/BenjaminIsakhan"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Benjamin Isakhan related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != &#39;//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png&#39;) this.src = &#39;//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png&#39;;" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/51183/15567/18712076/s200_benjamin.isakhan.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://deakin.academia.edu/BenjaminIsakhan">Benjamin Isakhan</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Deakin University</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://upv-es.academia.edu/MariaLuisaCarrioPastor"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Maria Luisa Carrio Pastor related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != &#39;//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png&#39;) this.src = &#39;//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png&#39;;" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/83502/58081/21114085/s200_maria_luisa.carrio_pastor.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://upv-es.academia.edu/MariaLuisaCarrioPastor">Maria Luisa Carrio Pastor</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Universitat Politècnica de València</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://trabzon.academia.edu/ServetCelik"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Servet Celik related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != &#39;//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png&#39;) this.src = &#39;//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png&#39;;" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/415332/163459/38236045/s200_servet.celik.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://trabzon.academia.edu/ServetCelik">Servet Celik</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Trabzon University</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://biola.academia.edu/MichaelLessardClouston"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Michael Lessard-Clouston related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != &#39;//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png&#39;) this.src = &#39;//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png&#39;;" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/659681/229470/4176936/s200_michael.lessard-clouston.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://biola.academia.edu/MichaelLessardClouston">Michael Lessard-Clouston</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Biola University</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://univ-tlse2.academia.edu/MathieuGrenet"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Mathieu Grenet related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != &#39;//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png&#39;) this.src = &#39;//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png&#39;;" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/751361/255442/17473753/s200_mathieu.grenet.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://univ-tlse2.academia.edu/MathieuGrenet">Mathieu Grenet</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Université Toulouse II Jean Jaurès</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://mehmetakif.academia.edu/AliKaraka%C5%9F"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Ali Karakaş related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != &#39;//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png&#39;) this.src = &#39;//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png&#39;;" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/804206/275922/61284638/s200_ali.karaka_.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://mehmetakif.academia.edu/AliKaraka%C5%9F">Ali Karakaş</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Mehmet Akif Ersoy University</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://wroc.academia.edu/MarichkaProtsyuk"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Mariia Protsiuk related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != &#39;//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png&#39;) this.src = &#39;//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png&#39;;" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1270712/3456456/35743003/s200_marichka.protsyuk.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://wroc.academia.edu/MarichkaProtsyuk">Mariia Protsiuk</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University of Wroclaw</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://hse-ru.academia.edu/AndreyKorotayev"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Andrey Korotayev related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != &#39;//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png&#39;) this.src = &#39;//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png&#39;;" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1547747/546497/59245288/s200_andrey.korotayev.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://hse-ru.academia.edu/AndreyKorotayev">Andrey Korotayev</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">National Research University Higher School of Economics</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://pamukkale.academia.edu/TuranPaker"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Prof. Dr. Turan Paker related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != &#39;//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png&#39;) this.src = &#39;//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png&#39;;" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/2037239/705358/18599015/s200_turan.paker.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://pamukkale.academia.edu/TuranPaker">Prof. Dr. Turan Paker</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Pamukkale University</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://pdx.academia.edu/StevenThorne"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Steven L Thorne related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != &#39;//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png&#39;) this.src = &#39;//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png&#39;;" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/2443648/761068/947266/s200_steven_l..thorne.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://pdx.academia.edu/StevenThorne">Steven L Thorne</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Portland State University</p></div></div></ul></div><style type="text/css">.suggested-academics--header h3{font-size:16px;font-weight:500;line-height:20px}</style><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42263349" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross-Cultural_Communication"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{&quot;inMailer&quot;:false,&quot;i18nLocale&quot;:&quot;en&quot;,&quot;i18nDefaultLocale&quot;:&quot;en&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;https://norwich.academia.edu/DrRobertGreeneSands&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;/DrRobertGreeneSands&quot;,&quot;scheme&quot;:&quot;https&quot;,&quot;host&quot;:&quot;norwich.academia.edu&quot;,&quot;port&quot;:null,&quot;pathname&quot;:&quot;/DrRobertGreeneSands&quot;,&quot;search&quot;:null,&quot;httpAcceptLanguage&quot;:null,&quot;serverSide&quot;:false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{&quot;color&quot;:&quot;gray&quot;,&quot;children&quot;:[&quot;Cross-Cultural Communication&quot;]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-20f62cda-d948-407c-8063-090da8925e1f"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-20f62cda-d948-407c-8063-090da8925e1f"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42263349" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_language_teaching_and_learning"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{&quot;color&quot;:&quot;gray&quot;,&quot;children&quot;:[&quot;Foreign language teaching and learning&quot;]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-4327b7a1-dc3b-42e6-96ce-1c4cb8938a20"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-4327b7a1-dc3b-42e6-96ce-1c4cb8938a20"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42263349" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Assisted_Language_Learning"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{&quot;color&quot;:&quot;gray&quot;,&quot;children&quot;:[&quot;Computer Assisted Language Learning&quot;]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-7f78f79b-3e6d-4a00-989e-81a971a0e204"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-7f78f79b-3e6d-4a00-989e-81a971a0e204"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42263349" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross-Cultural_Studies"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{&quot;color&quot;:&quot;gray&quot;,&quot;children&quot;:[&quot;Cross-Cultural Studies&quot;]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-8ba57404-e832-4265-9630-c04a071d8a8f"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-8ba57404-e832-4265-9630-c04a071d8a8f"></div> </a></div></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Dr. Robert Greene Sands</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="78227857"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/78227857/Promoting_Cross_Cultural_Competence_in_Intelligence_Professionals_A_new_perspective_on_alternative_analysis_and_the_intelligence_process"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Promoting Cross-Cultural Competence in Intelligence Professionals A new perspective on alternative analysis and the intelligence process" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Promoting Cross-Cultural Competence in Intelligence Professionals A new perspective on alternative analysis and the intelligence process</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Recent publications have highlighted alternative analytical thinking strategies to inform and fac...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Recent publications have highlighted alternative analytical thinking strategies to inform and facilitate improved intelligence analysis. Red teaming, fast and slow thinking, divergent thinking, as well as other strategies have been identified as essential to understanding today&amp;#39;s radically different, nontraditional landscape that analysts and collectors are expected to operate in: to understand, to provide meaning and context, and at times forecast likely outcome scenarios. However, parsing out skill-based competencies that are essential to alternative thinking strategies and methods have not been undertaken. Mitigating cognitive, cultural and a host of tradecraft biases is essential for intelligence professionals to navigate through today&amp;#39;s culturally complex environments. Adopting the perspective of contemporary cultural groups, including nation-states, often defies understanding because the intelligence professional is challenged to both appreciate and consequently discer...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="78227857"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="78227857"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78227857; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=78227857]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=78227857]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78227857; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='78227857']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=78227857]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":78227857,"title":"Promoting Cross-Cultural Competence in Intelligence Professionals A new perspective on alternative analysis and the intelligence process","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Recent publications have highlighted alternative analytical thinking strategies to inform and facilitate improved intelligence analysis. Red teaming, fast and slow thinking, divergent thinking, as well as other strategies have been identified as essential to understanding today\u0026#39;s radically different, nontraditional landscape that analysts and collectors are expected to operate in: to understand, to provide meaning and context, and at times forecast likely outcome scenarios. However, parsing out skill-based competencies that are essential to alternative thinking strategies and methods have not been undertaken. Mitigating cognitive, cultural and a host of tradecraft biases is essential for intelligence professionals to navigate through today\u0026#39;s culturally complex environments. Adopting the perspective of contemporary cultural groups, including nation-states, often defies understanding because the intelligence professional is challenged to both appreciate and consequently discer...","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2015,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"Recent publications have highlighted alternative analytical thinking strategies to inform and facilitate improved intelligence analysis. Red teaming, fast and slow thinking, divergent thinking, as well as other strategies have been identified as essential to understanding today\u0026#39;s radically different, nontraditional landscape that analysts and collectors are expected to operate in: to understand, to provide meaning and context, and at times forecast likely outcome scenarios. However, parsing out skill-based competencies that are essential to alternative thinking strategies and methods have not been undertaken. Mitigating cognitive, cultural and a host of tradecraft biases is essential for intelligence professionals to navigate through today\u0026#39;s culturally complex environments. Adopting the perspective of contemporary cultural groups, including nation-states, often defies understanding because the intelligence professional is challenged to both appreciate and consequently discer...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/78227857/Promoting_Cross_Cultural_Competence_in_Intelligence_Professionals_A_new_perspective_on_alternative_analysis_and_the_intelligence_process","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-05-02T07:25:30.022-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42263349,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Promoting_Cross_Cultural_Competence_in_Intelligence_Professionals_A_new_perspective_on_alternative_analysis_and_the_intelligence_process","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Recent publications have highlighted alternative analytical thinking strategies to inform and facilitate improved intelligence analysis. Red teaming, fast and slow thinking, divergent thinking, as well as other strategies have been identified as essential to understanding today\u0026#39;s radically different, nontraditional landscape that analysts and collectors are expected to operate in: to understand, to provide meaning and context, and at times forecast likely outcome scenarios. However, parsing out skill-based competencies that are essential to alternative thinking strategies and methods have not been undertaken. Mitigating cognitive, cultural and a host of tradecraft biases is essential for intelligence professionals to navigate through today\u0026#39;s culturally complex environments. Adopting the perspective of contemporary cultural groups, including nation-states, often defies understanding because the intelligence professional is challenged to both appreciate and consequently discer...","owner":{"id":42263349,"first_name":"Dr. Robert Greene","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Sands","page_name":"DrRobertGreeneSands","domain_name":"norwich","created_at":"2016-01-28T04:28:23.725-08:00","display_name":"Dr. Robert Greene Sands","url":"https://norwich.academia.edu/DrRobertGreeneSands"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[],"urls":[{"id":20132032,"url":"http://smallwarsjournal.com/printpdf/14036"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="78227745"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/78227745/Promoting_Cross_Cultural_Competence_in_Intelligence_Professionals"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Promoting Cross-Cultural Competence in Intelligence Professionals" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Promoting Cross-Cultural Competence in Intelligence Professionals</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Recent publications have highlighted alternative analytical thinking strategies to inform and fac...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Recent publications have highlighted alternative analytical thinking strategies to inform and facilitate improved intelligence analysis. Red teaming, fast and slow thinking, divergent thinking, as well as other strategies have been identified as essential to understanding today&amp;#39;s radically different, nontraditional landscape that analysts and collectors are expected to operate in: to understand, to provide meaning and context, and at times forecast likely outcome scenarios. However, parsing out skill-based competencies that are essential to alternative thinking strategies and methods have not been undertaken. Mitigating cognitive, cultural and a host of tradecraft biases is essential for intelligence professionals to navigate through today&amp;#39;s culturally complex environments. Adopting the perspective of contemporary cultural groups, including nation-states, often defies understanding because the intelligence professional is challenged to both appreciate and consequently discer...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="78227745"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="78227745"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78227745; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=78227745]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=78227745]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78227745; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='78227745']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=78227745]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":78227745,"title":"Promoting Cross-Cultural Competence in Intelligence Professionals","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Recent publications have highlighted alternative analytical thinking strategies to inform and facilitate improved intelligence analysis. Red teaming, fast and slow thinking, divergent thinking, as well as other strategies have been identified as essential to understanding today\u0026#39;s radically different, nontraditional landscape that analysts and collectors are expected to operate in: to understand, to provide meaning and context, and at times forecast likely outcome scenarios. However, parsing out skill-based competencies that are essential to alternative thinking strategies and methods have not been undertaken. Mitigating cognitive, cultural and a host of tradecraft biases is essential for intelligence professionals to navigate through today\u0026#39;s culturally complex environments. Adopting the perspective of contemporary cultural groups, including nation-states, often defies understanding because the intelligence professional is challenged to both appreciate and consequently discer...","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2015,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"Recent publications have highlighted alternative analytical thinking strategies to inform and facilitate improved intelligence analysis. Red teaming, fast and slow thinking, divergent thinking, as well as other strategies have been identified as essential to understanding today\u0026#39;s radically different, nontraditional landscape that analysts and collectors are expected to operate in: to understand, to provide meaning and context, and at times forecast likely outcome scenarios. However, parsing out skill-based competencies that are essential to alternative thinking strategies and methods have not been undertaken. Mitigating cognitive, cultural and a host of tradecraft biases is essential for intelligence professionals to navigate through today\u0026#39;s culturally complex environments. Adopting the perspective of contemporary cultural groups, including nation-states, often defies understanding because the intelligence professional is challenged to both appreciate and consequently discer...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/78227745/Promoting_Cross_Cultural_Competence_in_Intelligence_Professionals","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-05-02T07:24:09.270-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42263349,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Promoting_Cross_Cultural_Competence_in_Intelligence_Professionals","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Recent publications have highlighted alternative analytical thinking strategies to inform and facilitate improved intelligence analysis. Red teaming, fast and slow thinking, divergent thinking, as well as other strategies have been identified as essential to understanding today\u0026#39;s radically different, nontraditional landscape that analysts and collectors are expected to operate in: to understand, to provide meaning and context, and at times forecast likely outcome scenarios. However, parsing out skill-based competencies that are essential to alternative thinking strategies and methods have not been undertaken. Mitigating cognitive, cultural and a host of tradecraft biases is essential for intelligence professionals to navigate through today\u0026#39;s culturally complex environments. Adopting the perspective of contemporary cultural groups, including nation-states, often defies understanding because the intelligence professional is challenged to both appreciate and consequently discer...","owner":{"id":42263349,"first_name":"Dr. Robert Greene","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Sands","page_name":"DrRobertGreeneSands","domain_name":"norwich","created_at":"2016-01-28T04:28:23.725-08:00","display_name":"Dr. Robert Greene Sands","url":"https://norwich.academia.edu/DrRobertGreeneSands"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[],"urls":[{"id":20131993,"url":"https://owet.pw/page-promoting-cross-cultural-competence-in-intelligence-professionals.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="21192107"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/21192107/An_ethnography_of_black_collegiate_sprinters_A_formal_model_of_cultural_identity_and_the_identity_complex"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of An ethnography of black collegiate sprinters : A formal model of cultural identity and the identity complex" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">An ethnography of black collegiate sprinters : A formal model of cultural identity and the identity complex</div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="21192107"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21192107"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21192107; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21192107]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21192107]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21192107; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='21192107']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=21192107]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":21192107,"title":"An ethnography of black collegiate sprinters : A formal model of cultural identity and the identity complex","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1992,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21192107/An_ethnography_of_black_collegiate_sprinters_A_formal_model_of_cultural_identity_and_the_identity_complex","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-29T17:12:57.130-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42263349,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"An_ethnography_of_black_collegiate_sprinters_A_formal_model_of_cultural_identity_and_the_identity_complex","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":42263349,"first_name":"Dr. Robert Greene","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Sands","page_name":"DrRobertGreeneSands","domain_name":"norwich","created_at":"2016-01-28T04:28:23.725-08:00","display_name":"Dr. Robert Greene Sands","url":"https://norwich.academia.edu/DrRobertGreeneSands"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[],"urls":[{"id":6272916,"url":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA89692382"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="21192106"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/21192106/Guest_Editors_Introduction_The_Science_of_God_Natural_Origins_of_Religion_in_an_Evolutionary_Perspective"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Guest Editor&#39;s Introduction: The Science of God: Natural Origins of Religion in an Evolutionary Perspective" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Guest Editor&#39;s Introduction: The Science of God: Natural Origins of Religion in an Evolutionary Perspective</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture</span><span>, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="21192106"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21192106"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21192106; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21192106]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21192106]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21192106; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='21192106']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=21192106]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":21192106,"title":"Guest Editor's Introduction: The Science of God: Natural Origins of Religion in an Evolutionary Perspective","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2010,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21192106/Guest_Editors_Introduction_The_Science_of_God_Natural_Origins_of_Religion_in_an_Evolutionary_Perspective","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-29T17:12:56.933-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42263349,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Guest_Editors_Introduction_The_Science_of_God_Natural_Origins_of_Religion_in_an_Evolutionary_Perspective","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":42263349,"first_name":"Dr. Robert Greene","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Sands","page_name":"DrRobertGreeneSands","domain_name":"norwich","created_at":"2016-01-28T04:28:23.725-08:00","display_name":"Dr. Robert Greene Sands","url":"https://norwich.academia.edu/DrRobertGreeneSands"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology"},{"id":2170,"name":"Ethnography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography"},{"id":25804,"name":"Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology"},{"id":1957240,"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ENVIRONMENTAL_SCIENCE_AND_MANAGEMENT"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="21192076"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/21192076/The_Anthropology_of_Sport_and_Human_Movement_A_Biocultural_Perspective"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Anthropology of Sport and Human Movement: A Biocultural Perspective" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">The Anthropology of Sport and Human Movement: A Biocultural Perspective</div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="21192076"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21192076"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21192076; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21192076]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21192076]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21192076; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='21192076']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=21192076]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":21192076,"title":"The Anthropology of Sport and Human Movement: A Biocultural Perspective","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2010,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21192076/The_Anthropology_of_Sport_and_Human_Movement_A_Biocultural_Perspective","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-29T17:12:24.934-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42263349,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"The_Anthropology_of_Sport_and_Human_Movement_A_Biocultural_Perspective","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":42263349,"first_name":"Dr. Robert Greene","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Sands","page_name":"DrRobertGreeneSands","domain_name":"norwich","created_at":"2016-01-28T04:28:23.725-08:00","display_name":"Dr. Robert Greene Sands","url":"https://norwich.academia.edu/DrRobertGreeneSands"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="20974456"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/20974456/Integrating_Culture_General_and_Cross_cultural_Competence_and_Communication_Skills_Possibilities_for_the_Future_of_Military_Language_and_Culture_Programs"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Integrating Culture General and Cross-cultural Competence &amp; Communication Skills: Possibilities for the Future of Military Language and Culture Programs" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41649138/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/20974456/Integrating_Culture_General_and_Cross_cultural_Competence_and_Communication_Skills_Possibilities_for_the_Future_of_Military_Language_and_Culture_Programs">Integrating Culture General and Cross-cultural Competence &amp; Communication Skills: Possibilities for the Future of Military Language and Culture Programs</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://norwich.academia.edu/DrRobertGreeneSands">Dr. Robert Greene Sands</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://dliflc.academia.edu/PDeVisser">Pieter DeVisser</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article presents arguments in support of the inclusion of culture-general and cross-cultural...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article presents arguments in support of the inclusion of culture-general and cross-cultural competence learning points, as well as cross-cultural communication competence skill development, in language and culture education and training throughout the Department of Defense. It describes a curriculum and assessment model already developed and piloted at the Joint Base Lewis-McChord Language &amp; Culture Center and explores the applicability of Moran&#39;s Cultural Knowings framework as a potential starting point for programmatic curriculum development. Sample lesson plans using Mo-ran&#39;s framework are provided for demonstration purposes. Finally, this article calls for greater col-laborative effort and discourse both within and without the Department of Defense for exploring such models and sharing best practices.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5862c68060961cddcbf06e5648293dd7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:41649138,&quot;asset_id&quot;:20974456,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;profile&quot;}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41649138/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="20974456"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="20974456"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20974456; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20974456]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20974456]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20974456; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='20974456']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "5862c68060961cddcbf06e5648293dd7" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=20974456]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":20974456,"title":"Integrating Culture General and Cross-cultural Competence \u0026 Communication Skills: Possibilities for the Future of Military Language and Culture Programs","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This article presents arguments in support of the inclusion of culture-general and cross-cultural competence learning points, as well as cross-cultural communication competence skill development, in language and culture education and training throughout the Department of Defense. It describes a curriculum and assessment model already developed and piloted at the Joint Base Lewis-McChord Language \u0026 Culture Center and explores the applicability of Moran's Cultural Knowings framework as a potential starting point for programmatic curriculum development. Sample lesson plans using Mo-ran's framework are provided for demonstration purposes. Finally, this article calls for greater col-laborative effort and discourse both within and without the Department of Defense for exploring such models and sharing best practices."},"translated_abstract":"This article presents arguments in support of the inclusion of culture-general and cross-cultural competence learning points, as well as cross-cultural communication competence skill development, in language and culture education and training throughout the Department of Defense. It describes a curriculum and assessment model already developed and piloted at the Joint Base Lewis-McChord Language \u0026 Culture Center and explores the applicability of Moran's Cultural Knowings framework as a potential starting point for programmatic curriculum development. Sample lesson plans using Mo-ran's framework are provided for demonstration purposes. Finally, this article calls for greater col-laborative effort and discourse both within and without the Department of Defense for exploring such models and sharing best practices.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/20974456/Integrating_Culture_General_and_Cross_cultural_Competence_and_Communication_Skills_Possibilities_for_the_Future_of_Military_Language_and_Culture_Programs","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-27T12:47:54.963-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":9495321,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":13949536,"work_id":20974456,"tagging_user_id":9495321,"tagged_user_id":42263349,"co_author_invite_id":3251531,"email":"r***s@norwich.edu","affiliation":"Norwich University","display_order":0,"name":"Dr. Robert Greene Sands","title":"Integrating Culture General and Cross-cultural Competence \u0026 Communication Skills: Possibilities for the Future of Military Language and Culture Programs"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41649138,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41649138/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"DeVisser_Sands_JCLISMay2014.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41649138/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Integrating_Culture_General_and_Cross_cu.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41649138/DeVisser_Sands_JCLISMay2014-libre.pdf?1453921780=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIntegrating_Culture_General_and_Cross_cu.pdf\u0026Expires=1742984311\u0026Signature=Yw62bzAMjRLFUq01XtprLmh6lUmtswBy-MXJ9cBQUWj4Hw-h~7agwLqbn9x--~U3Dv-Hxa9u9lMzJwTdTOrRAW48ogONMH2qOP49VXt5Qhr8VfFvI4SlopbZSp~zjQU2FI0bmFeWAlrmQ1wWdWes4bhKxMoW8u2PGgG55EwGUul4-H~g~ATQDzAxc9wNUHfeBatcYu1TkQ-lMdxWphZv~lYOwfdVYoat08OePLPEaHfJaUDYeGxiXw2kUYSQhkGuuJ-ki8kMMjaIpcxFZwK-Uy9tYkvfhlDkmerApeHz6KDOuKosiOPk99Y1fC1rV6YTra3NKAovQR-3W0VD5gy8Qw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Integrating_Culture_General_and_Cross_cultural_Competence_and_Communication_Skills_Possibilities_for_the_Future_of_Military_Language_and_Culture_Programs","translated_slug":"","page_count":30,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"This article presents arguments in support of the inclusion of culture-general and cross-cultural competence learning points, as well as cross-cultural communication competence skill development, in language and culture education and training throughout the Department of Defense. It describes a curriculum and assessment model already developed and piloted at the Joint Base Lewis-McChord Language \u0026 Culture Center and explores the applicability of Moran's Cultural Knowings framework as a potential starting point for programmatic curriculum development. Sample lesson plans using Mo-ran's framework are provided for demonstration purposes. Finally, this article calls for greater col-laborative effort and discourse both within and without the Department of Defense for exploring such models and sharing best practices.","owner":{"id":9495321,"first_name":"Pieter","middle_initials":"","last_name":"DeVisser","page_name":"PDeVisser","domain_name":"dliflc","created_at":"2014-02-25T12:56:03.042-08:00","display_name":"Pieter DeVisser","url":"https://dliflc.academia.edu/PDeVisser"},"attachments":[{"id":41649138,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41649138/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"DeVisser_Sands_JCLISMay2014.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41649138/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Integrating_Culture_General_and_Cross_cu.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41649138/DeVisser_Sands_JCLISMay2014-libre.pdf?1453921780=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIntegrating_Culture_General_and_Cross_cu.pdf\u0026Expires=1742984311\u0026Signature=Yw62bzAMjRLFUq01XtprLmh6lUmtswBy-MXJ9cBQUWj4Hw-h~7agwLqbn9x--~U3Dv-Hxa9u9lMzJwTdTOrRAW48ogONMH2qOP49VXt5Qhr8VfFvI4SlopbZSp~zjQU2FI0bmFeWAlrmQ1wWdWes4bhKxMoW8u2PGgG55EwGUul4-H~g~ATQDzAxc9wNUHfeBatcYu1TkQ-lMdxWphZv~lYOwfdVYoat08OePLPEaHfJaUDYeGxiXw2kUYSQhkGuuJ-ki8kMMjaIpcxFZwK-Uy9tYkvfhlDkmerApeHz6KDOuKosiOPk99Y1fC1rV6YTra3NKAovQR-3W0VD5gy8Qw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1008,"name":"Second Language Acquisition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Language_Acquisition"},{"id":8032,"name":"Cross-Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross-Cultural_Studies"},{"id":21475,"name":"Foreign language teaching and learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_language_teaching_and_learning"},{"id":36495,"name":"Cross-Cultural Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross-Cultural_Communication"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="20964230"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/20964230/Narrowing_the_LREC_Assessment_Focus_by_Opening_the_Aperture_A_Critical_Look_at_the_Status_of_LREC_Assessment_Design_and_Development_in_the_Department_of_Defense"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Narrowing the LREC Assessment Focus by Opening the Aperture: A Critical Look at the Status of LREC Assessment Design &amp; Development in the Department of Defense" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41648768/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/20964230/Narrowing_the_LREC_Assessment_Focus_by_Opening_the_Aperture_A_Critical_Look_at_the_Status_of_LREC_Assessment_Design_and_Development_in_the_Department_of_Defense">Narrowing the LREC Assessment Focus by Opening the Aperture: A Critical Look at the Status of LREC Assessment Design &amp; Development in the Department of Defense</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://norwich.academia.edu/DrRobertGreeneSands">Dr. Robert Greene Sands</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://dliflc.academia.edu/PDeVisser">Pieter DeVisser</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this initial special topics issue, Robert Greene Sands and Pieter DeVisser suggest, in their d...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this initial special topics issue, Robert Greene Sands and Pieter DeVisser suggest, in their detailed look at the DoD’s language, regional expertise and culture (LREC) program, that there lacks any kind of sufficient assessment mechanism to provide organizations critical understanding of their LREC capability, while failing to also provide the individual learner with a measure of performance useful to professional career development.&nbsp; Sands and DeVisser provide a critique of current DoD LREC policy and strategy and the lack of necessary guidance on assessment beyond language programs.&nbsp; Drawing on their experience at Joint Base Lewis/McChord in developing an LREC course, they propose an assessment model based on learning performance that is a more accurate reflection of LREC capability.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="acab95870c0ed662962f17fbaa61591e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:41648768,&quot;asset_id&quot;:20964230,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;profile&quot;}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41648768/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="20964230"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="20964230"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20964230; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20964230]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20964230]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20964230; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='20964230']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "acab95870c0ed662962f17fbaa61591e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=20964230]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":20964230,"title":"Narrowing the LREC Assessment Focus by Opening the Aperture: A Critical Look at the Status of LREC Assessment Design \u0026 Development in the Department of Defense","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"In this initial special topics issue, Robert Greene Sands and Pieter DeVisser suggest, in their detailed look at the DoD’s language, regional expertise and culture (LREC) program, that there lacks any kind of sufficient assessment mechanism to provide organizations critical understanding of their LREC capability, while failing to also provide the individual learner with a measure of performance useful to professional career development. Sands and DeVisser provide a critique of current DoD LREC policy and strategy and the lack of necessary guidance on assessment beyond language programs. Drawing on their experience at Joint Base Lewis/McChord in developing an LREC course, they propose an assessment model based on learning performance that is a more accurate reflection of LREC capability.","ai_title_tag":"Rethinking DoD LREC Assessment Strategies"},"translated_abstract":"In this initial special topics issue, Robert Greene Sands and Pieter DeVisser suggest, in their detailed look at the DoD’s language, regional expertise and culture (LREC) program, that there lacks any kind of sufficient assessment mechanism to provide organizations critical understanding of their LREC capability, while failing to also provide the individual learner with a measure of performance useful to professional career development. Sands and DeVisser provide a critique of current DoD LREC policy and strategy and the lack of necessary guidance on assessment beyond language programs. Drawing on their experience at Joint Base Lewis/McChord in developing an LREC course, they propose an assessment model based on learning performance that is a more accurate reflection of LREC capability.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/20964230/Narrowing_the_LREC_Assessment_Focus_by_Opening_the_Aperture_A_Critical_Look_at_the_Status_of_LREC_Assessment_Design_and_Development_in_the_Department_of_Defense","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-27T10:55:30.199-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":9495321,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":13941544,"work_id":20964230,"tagging_user_id":9495321,"tagged_user_id":42263349,"co_author_invite_id":3251531,"email":"r***s@norwich.edu","affiliation":"Norwich University","display_order":0,"name":"Dr. Robert Greene Sands","title":"Narrowing the LREC Assessment Focus by Opening the Aperture: A Critical Look at the Status of LREC Assessment Design \u0026 Development in the Department of Defense"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41648768,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41648768/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"JCLISV2E2Final.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41648768/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Narrowing_the_LREC_Assessment_Focus_by_O.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41648768/JCLISV2E2Final-libre.pdf?1453920818=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNarrowing_the_LREC_Assessment_Focus_by_O.pdf\u0026Expires=1742984311\u0026Signature=ZLxR4hW9wvDy7E~e0KqB0BYZxVxxVfG8sxF8xL3jHi3EQYmLfcMz~x-Us4AdLOTV3Qv7EvHVKnuxTaBlMnyXLCGurKFB42BSzEKK5CZmmXF73mQ-IdRNx9U6kvI23TDUVUAVMr1a7RiPWA2v67Uu7SaCVfiPf23dqeyKQLel739JT8dvaiLP23oS9tFgXw~daVGGp~hNjQCPipn5pwIwNHNwZLhB8A~~NX4dU5I4NkryDjRLC6JUl9ggtVj-gjqj4tPfu3TDVKD-dwMfmU~kLzQq8USoocSfimNq2qd7Er5yQupTabtwXj9mYBY6PcnuwOHx4v77fifj0vZomfWNIg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Narrowing_the_LREC_Assessment_Focus_by_Opening_the_Aperture_A_Critical_Look_at_the_Status_of_LREC_Assessment_Design_and_Development_in_the_Department_of_Defense","translated_slug":"","page_count":37,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"In this initial special topics issue, Robert Greene Sands and Pieter DeVisser suggest, in their detailed look at the DoD’s language, regional expertise and culture (LREC) program, that there lacks any kind of sufficient assessment mechanism to provide organizations critical understanding of their LREC capability, while failing to also provide the individual learner with a measure of performance useful to professional career development. Sands and DeVisser provide a critique of current DoD LREC policy and strategy and the lack of necessary guidance on assessment beyond language programs. Drawing on their experience at Joint Base Lewis/McChord in developing an LREC course, they propose an assessment model based on learning performance that is a more accurate reflection of LREC capability.","owner":{"id":9495321,"first_name":"Pieter","middle_initials":"","last_name":"DeVisser","page_name":"PDeVisser","domain_name":"dliflc","created_at":"2014-02-25T12:56:03.042-08:00","display_name":"Pieter DeVisser","url":"https://dliflc.academia.edu/PDeVisser"},"attachments":[{"id":41648768,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41648768/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"JCLISV2E2Final.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41648768/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Narrowing_the_LREC_Assessment_Focus_by_O.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41648768/JCLISV2E2Final-libre.pdf?1453920818=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNarrowing_the_LREC_Assessment_Focus_by_O.pdf\u0026Expires=1742984311\u0026Signature=ZLxR4hW9wvDy7E~e0KqB0BYZxVxxVfG8sxF8xL3jHi3EQYmLfcMz~x-Us4AdLOTV3Qv7EvHVKnuxTaBlMnyXLCGurKFB42BSzEKK5CZmmXF73mQ-IdRNx9U6kvI23TDUVUAVMr1a7RiPWA2v67Uu7SaCVfiPf23dqeyKQLel739JT8dvaiLP23oS9tFgXw~daVGGp~hNjQCPipn5pwIwNHNwZLhB8A~~NX4dU5I4NkryDjRLC6JUl9ggtVj-gjqj4tPfu3TDVKD-dwMfmU~kLzQq8USoocSfimNq2qd7Er5yQupTabtwXj9mYBY6PcnuwOHx4v77fifj0vZomfWNIg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1008,"name":"Second Language Acquisition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Language_Acquisition"},{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics"},{"id":8032,"name":"Cross-Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross-Cultural_Studies"},{"id":21475,"name":"Foreign language teaching and learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_language_teaching_and_learning"},{"id":31480,"name":"Cross-Cultural Communicaiton","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross-Cultural_Communicaiton"}],"urls":[{"id":6251865,"url":"http://iscl.norwich.edu/special-issue"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="4494107" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="78227857"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/78227857/Promoting_Cross_Cultural_Competence_in_Intelligence_Professionals_A_new_perspective_on_alternative_analysis_and_the_intelligence_process"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Promoting Cross-Cultural Competence in Intelligence Professionals A new perspective on alternative analysis and the intelligence process" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Promoting Cross-Cultural Competence in Intelligence Professionals A new perspective on alternative analysis and the intelligence process</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Recent publications have highlighted alternative analytical thinking strategies to inform and fac...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Recent publications have highlighted alternative analytical thinking strategies to inform and facilitate improved intelligence analysis. Red teaming, fast and slow thinking, divergent thinking, as well as other strategies have been identified as essential to understanding today&amp;#39;s radically different, nontraditional landscape that analysts and collectors are expected to operate in: to understand, to provide meaning and context, and at times forecast likely outcome scenarios. However, parsing out skill-based competencies that are essential to alternative thinking strategies and methods have not been undertaken. Mitigating cognitive, cultural and a host of tradecraft biases is essential for intelligence professionals to navigate through today&amp;#39;s culturally complex environments. Adopting the perspective of contemporary cultural groups, including nation-states, often defies understanding because the intelligence professional is challenged to both appreciate and consequently discer...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="78227857"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="78227857"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78227857; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=78227857]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=78227857]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78227857; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='78227857']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=78227857]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":78227857,"title":"Promoting Cross-Cultural Competence in Intelligence Professionals A new perspective on alternative analysis and the intelligence process","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Recent publications have highlighted alternative analytical thinking strategies to inform and facilitate improved intelligence analysis. Red teaming, fast and slow thinking, divergent thinking, as well as other strategies have been identified as essential to understanding today\u0026#39;s radically different, nontraditional landscape that analysts and collectors are expected to operate in: to understand, to provide meaning and context, and at times forecast likely outcome scenarios. However, parsing out skill-based competencies that are essential to alternative thinking strategies and methods have not been undertaken. Mitigating cognitive, cultural and a host of tradecraft biases is essential for intelligence professionals to navigate through today\u0026#39;s culturally complex environments. Adopting the perspective of contemporary cultural groups, including nation-states, often defies understanding because the intelligence professional is challenged to both appreciate and consequently discer...","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2015,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"Recent publications have highlighted alternative analytical thinking strategies to inform and facilitate improved intelligence analysis. Red teaming, fast and slow thinking, divergent thinking, as well as other strategies have been identified as essential to understanding today\u0026#39;s radically different, nontraditional landscape that analysts and collectors are expected to operate in: to understand, to provide meaning and context, and at times forecast likely outcome scenarios. However, parsing out skill-based competencies that are essential to alternative thinking strategies and methods have not been undertaken. Mitigating cognitive, cultural and a host of tradecraft biases is essential for intelligence professionals to navigate through today\u0026#39;s culturally complex environments. Adopting the perspective of contemporary cultural groups, including nation-states, often defies understanding because the intelligence professional is challenged to both appreciate and consequently discer...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/78227857/Promoting_Cross_Cultural_Competence_in_Intelligence_Professionals_A_new_perspective_on_alternative_analysis_and_the_intelligence_process","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-05-02T07:25:30.022-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42263349,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Promoting_Cross_Cultural_Competence_in_Intelligence_Professionals_A_new_perspective_on_alternative_analysis_and_the_intelligence_process","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Recent publications have highlighted alternative analytical thinking strategies to inform and facilitate improved intelligence analysis. Red teaming, fast and slow thinking, divergent thinking, as well as other strategies have been identified as essential to understanding today\u0026#39;s radically different, nontraditional landscape that analysts and collectors are expected to operate in: to understand, to provide meaning and context, and at times forecast likely outcome scenarios. However, parsing out skill-based competencies that are essential to alternative thinking strategies and methods have not been undertaken. Mitigating cognitive, cultural and a host of tradecraft biases is essential for intelligence professionals to navigate through today\u0026#39;s culturally complex environments. Adopting the perspective of contemporary cultural groups, including nation-states, often defies understanding because the intelligence professional is challenged to both appreciate and consequently discer...","owner":{"id":42263349,"first_name":"Dr. Robert Greene","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Sands","page_name":"DrRobertGreeneSands","domain_name":"norwich","created_at":"2016-01-28T04:28:23.725-08:00","display_name":"Dr. Robert Greene Sands","url":"https://norwich.academia.edu/DrRobertGreeneSands"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[],"urls":[{"id":20132032,"url":"http://smallwarsjournal.com/printpdf/14036"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="78227745"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/78227745/Promoting_Cross_Cultural_Competence_in_Intelligence_Professionals"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Promoting Cross-Cultural Competence in Intelligence Professionals" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Promoting Cross-Cultural Competence in Intelligence Professionals</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Recent publications have highlighted alternative analytical thinking strategies to inform and fac...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Recent publications have highlighted alternative analytical thinking strategies to inform and facilitate improved intelligence analysis. Red teaming, fast and slow thinking, divergent thinking, as well as other strategies have been identified as essential to understanding today&amp;#39;s radically different, nontraditional landscape that analysts and collectors are expected to operate in: to understand, to provide meaning and context, and at times forecast likely outcome scenarios. However, parsing out skill-based competencies that are essential to alternative thinking strategies and methods have not been undertaken. Mitigating cognitive, cultural and a host of tradecraft biases is essential for intelligence professionals to navigate through today&amp;#39;s culturally complex environments. Adopting the perspective of contemporary cultural groups, including nation-states, often defies understanding because the intelligence professional is challenged to both appreciate and consequently discer...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="78227745"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="78227745"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78227745; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=78227745]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=78227745]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78227745; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='78227745']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=78227745]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":78227745,"title":"Promoting Cross-Cultural Competence in Intelligence Professionals","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Recent publications have highlighted alternative analytical thinking strategies to inform and facilitate improved intelligence analysis. Red teaming, fast and slow thinking, divergent thinking, as well as other strategies have been identified as essential to understanding today\u0026#39;s radically different, nontraditional landscape that analysts and collectors are expected to operate in: to understand, to provide meaning and context, and at times forecast likely outcome scenarios. However, parsing out skill-based competencies that are essential to alternative thinking strategies and methods have not been undertaken. Mitigating cognitive, cultural and a host of tradecraft biases is essential for intelligence professionals to navigate through today\u0026#39;s culturally complex environments. Adopting the perspective of contemporary cultural groups, including nation-states, often defies understanding because the intelligence professional is challenged to both appreciate and consequently discer...","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2015,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"Recent publications have highlighted alternative analytical thinking strategies to inform and facilitate improved intelligence analysis. Red teaming, fast and slow thinking, divergent thinking, as well as other strategies have been identified as essential to understanding today\u0026#39;s radically different, nontraditional landscape that analysts and collectors are expected to operate in: to understand, to provide meaning and context, and at times forecast likely outcome scenarios. However, parsing out skill-based competencies that are essential to alternative thinking strategies and methods have not been undertaken. Mitigating cognitive, cultural and a host of tradecraft biases is essential for intelligence professionals to navigate through today\u0026#39;s culturally complex environments. Adopting the perspective of contemporary cultural groups, including nation-states, often defies understanding because the intelligence professional is challenged to both appreciate and consequently discer...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/78227745/Promoting_Cross_Cultural_Competence_in_Intelligence_Professionals","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-05-02T07:24:09.270-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42263349,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Promoting_Cross_Cultural_Competence_in_Intelligence_Professionals","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Recent publications have highlighted alternative analytical thinking strategies to inform and facilitate improved intelligence analysis. Red teaming, fast and slow thinking, divergent thinking, as well as other strategies have been identified as essential to understanding today\u0026#39;s radically different, nontraditional landscape that analysts and collectors are expected to operate in: to understand, to provide meaning and context, and at times forecast likely outcome scenarios. However, parsing out skill-based competencies that are essential to alternative thinking strategies and methods have not been undertaken. Mitigating cognitive, cultural and a host of tradecraft biases is essential for intelligence professionals to navigate through today\u0026#39;s culturally complex environments. Adopting the perspective of contemporary cultural groups, including nation-states, often defies understanding because the intelligence professional is challenged to both appreciate and consequently discer...","owner":{"id":42263349,"first_name":"Dr. Robert Greene","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Sands","page_name":"DrRobertGreeneSands","domain_name":"norwich","created_at":"2016-01-28T04:28:23.725-08:00","display_name":"Dr. Robert Greene Sands","url":"https://norwich.academia.edu/DrRobertGreeneSands"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[],"urls":[{"id":20131993,"url":"https://owet.pw/page-promoting-cross-cultural-competence-in-intelligence-professionals.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="21192107"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/21192107/An_ethnography_of_black_collegiate_sprinters_A_formal_model_of_cultural_identity_and_the_identity_complex"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of An ethnography of black collegiate sprinters : A formal model of cultural identity and the identity complex" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">An ethnography of black collegiate sprinters : A formal model of cultural identity and the identity complex</div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="21192107"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21192107"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21192107; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21192107]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21192107]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21192107; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='21192107']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=21192107]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":21192107,"title":"An ethnography of black collegiate sprinters : A formal model of cultural identity and the identity complex","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1992,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21192107/An_ethnography_of_black_collegiate_sprinters_A_formal_model_of_cultural_identity_and_the_identity_complex","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-29T17:12:57.130-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42263349,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"An_ethnography_of_black_collegiate_sprinters_A_formal_model_of_cultural_identity_and_the_identity_complex","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":42263349,"first_name":"Dr. Robert Greene","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Sands","page_name":"DrRobertGreeneSands","domain_name":"norwich","created_at":"2016-01-28T04:28:23.725-08:00","display_name":"Dr. Robert Greene Sands","url":"https://norwich.academia.edu/DrRobertGreeneSands"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[],"urls":[{"id":6272916,"url":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA89692382"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="21192106"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/21192106/Guest_Editors_Introduction_The_Science_of_God_Natural_Origins_of_Religion_in_an_Evolutionary_Perspective"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Guest Editor&#39;s Introduction: The Science of God: Natural Origins of Religion in an Evolutionary Perspective" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Guest Editor&#39;s Introduction: The Science of God: Natural Origins of Religion in an Evolutionary Perspective</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture</span><span>, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="21192106"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21192106"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21192106; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21192106]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21192106]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21192106; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='21192106']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=21192106]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":21192106,"title":"Guest Editor's Introduction: The Science of God: Natural Origins of Religion in an Evolutionary Perspective","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2010,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21192106/Guest_Editors_Introduction_The_Science_of_God_Natural_Origins_of_Religion_in_an_Evolutionary_Perspective","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-29T17:12:56.933-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42263349,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Guest_Editors_Introduction_The_Science_of_God_Natural_Origins_of_Religion_in_an_Evolutionary_Perspective","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":42263349,"first_name":"Dr. Robert Greene","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Sands","page_name":"DrRobertGreeneSands","domain_name":"norwich","created_at":"2016-01-28T04:28:23.725-08:00","display_name":"Dr. Robert Greene Sands","url":"https://norwich.academia.edu/DrRobertGreeneSands"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology"},{"id":2170,"name":"Ethnography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography"},{"id":25804,"name":"Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology"},{"id":1957240,"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ENVIRONMENTAL_SCIENCE_AND_MANAGEMENT"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="21192076"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/21192076/The_Anthropology_of_Sport_and_Human_Movement_A_Biocultural_Perspective"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Anthropology of Sport and Human Movement: A Biocultural Perspective" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">The Anthropology of Sport and Human Movement: A Biocultural Perspective</div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="21192076"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21192076"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21192076; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21192076]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21192076]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21192076; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='21192076']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=21192076]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":21192076,"title":"The Anthropology of Sport and Human Movement: A Biocultural Perspective","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2010,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21192076/The_Anthropology_of_Sport_and_Human_Movement_A_Biocultural_Perspective","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-29T17:12:24.934-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42263349,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"The_Anthropology_of_Sport_and_Human_Movement_A_Biocultural_Perspective","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":42263349,"first_name":"Dr. Robert Greene","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Sands","page_name":"DrRobertGreeneSands","domain_name":"norwich","created_at":"2016-01-28T04:28:23.725-08:00","display_name":"Dr. Robert Greene Sands","url":"https://norwich.academia.edu/DrRobertGreeneSands"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="20974456"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/20974456/Integrating_Culture_General_and_Cross_cultural_Competence_and_Communication_Skills_Possibilities_for_the_Future_of_Military_Language_and_Culture_Programs"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Integrating Culture General and Cross-cultural Competence &amp; Communication Skills: Possibilities for the Future of Military Language and Culture Programs" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41649138/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/20974456/Integrating_Culture_General_and_Cross_cultural_Competence_and_Communication_Skills_Possibilities_for_the_Future_of_Military_Language_and_Culture_Programs">Integrating Culture General and Cross-cultural Competence &amp; Communication Skills: Possibilities for the Future of Military Language and Culture Programs</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://norwich.academia.edu/DrRobertGreeneSands">Dr. Robert Greene Sands</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://dliflc.academia.edu/PDeVisser">Pieter DeVisser</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article presents arguments in support of the inclusion of culture-general and cross-cultural...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article presents arguments in support of the inclusion of culture-general and cross-cultural competence learning points, as well as cross-cultural communication competence skill development, in language and culture education and training throughout the Department of Defense. It describes a curriculum and assessment model already developed and piloted at the Joint Base Lewis-McChord Language &amp; Culture Center and explores the applicability of Moran&#39;s Cultural Knowings framework as a potential starting point for programmatic curriculum development. Sample lesson plans using Mo-ran&#39;s framework are provided for demonstration purposes. Finally, this article calls for greater col-laborative effort and discourse both within and without the Department of Defense for exploring such models and sharing best practices.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5862c68060961cddcbf06e5648293dd7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:41649138,&quot;asset_id&quot;:20974456,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;profile&quot;}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41649138/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="20974456"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="20974456"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20974456; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20974456]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20974456]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20974456; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='20974456']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "5862c68060961cddcbf06e5648293dd7" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=20974456]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":20974456,"title":"Integrating Culture General and Cross-cultural Competence \u0026 Communication Skills: Possibilities for the Future of Military Language and Culture Programs","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This article presents arguments in support of the inclusion of culture-general and cross-cultural competence learning points, as well as cross-cultural communication competence skill development, in language and culture education and training throughout the Department of Defense. It describes a curriculum and assessment model already developed and piloted at the Joint Base Lewis-McChord Language \u0026 Culture Center and explores the applicability of Moran's Cultural Knowings framework as a potential starting point for programmatic curriculum development. Sample lesson plans using Mo-ran's framework are provided for demonstration purposes. Finally, this article calls for greater col-laborative effort and discourse both within and without the Department of Defense for exploring such models and sharing best practices."},"translated_abstract":"This article presents arguments in support of the inclusion of culture-general and cross-cultural competence learning points, as well as cross-cultural communication competence skill development, in language and culture education and training throughout the Department of Defense. It describes a curriculum and assessment model already developed and piloted at the Joint Base Lewis-McChord Language \u0026 Culture Center and explores the applicability of Moran's Cultural Knowings framework as a potential starting point for programmatic curriculum development. Sample lesson plans using Mo-ran's framework are provided for demonstration purposes. Finally, this article calls for greater col-laborative effort and discourse both within and without the Department of Defense for exploring such models and sharing best practices.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/20974456/Integrating_Culture_General_and_Cross_cultural_Competence_and_Communication_Skills_Possibilities_for_the_Future_of_Military_Language_and_Culture_Programs","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-27T12:47:54.963-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":9495321,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":13949536,"work_id":20974456,"tagging_user_id":9495321,"tagged_user_id":42263349,"co_author_invite_id":3251531,"email":"r***s@norwich.edu","affiliation":"Norwich University","display_order":0,"name":"Dr. Robert Greene Sands","title":"Integrating Culture General and Cross-cultural Competence \u0026 Communication Skills: Possibilities for the Future of Military Language and Culture Programs"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41649138,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41649138/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"DeVisser_Sands_JCLISMay2014.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41649138/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Integrating_Culture_General_and_Cross_cu.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41649138/DeVisser_Sands_JCLISMay2014-libre.pdf?1453921780=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIntegrating_Culture_General_and_Cross_cu.pdf\u0026Expires=1742984311\u0026Signature=Yw62bzAMjRLFUq01XtprLmh6lUmtswBy-MXJ9cBQUWj4Hw-h~7agwLqbn9x--~U3Dv-Hxa9u9lMzJwTdTOrRAW48ogONMH2qOP49VXt5Qhr8VfFvI4SlopbZSp~zjQU2FI0bmFeWAlrmQ1wWdWes4bhKxMoW8u2PGgG55EwGUul4-H~g~ATQDzAxc9wNUHfeBatcYu1TkQ-lMdxWphZv~lYOwfdVYoat08OePLPEaHfJaUDYeGxiXw2kUYSQhkGuuJ-ki8kMMjaIpcxFZwK-Uy9tYkvfhlDkmerApeHz6KDOuKosiOPk99Y1fC1rV6YTra3NKAovQR-3W0VD5gy8Qw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Integrating_Culture_General_and_Cross_cultural_Competence_and_Communication_Skills_Possibilities_for_the_Future_of_Military_Language_and_Culture_Programs","translated_slug":"","page_count":30,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"This article presents arguments in support of the inclusion of culture-general and cross-cultural competence learning points, as well as cross-cultural communication competence skill development, in language and culture education and training throughout the Department of Defense. It describes a curriculum and assessment model already developed and piloted at the Joint Base Lewis-McChord Language \u0026 Culture Center and explores the applicability of Moran's Cultural Knowings framework as a potential starting point for programmatic curriculum development. Sample lesson plans using Mo-ran's framework are provided for demonstration purposes. Finally, this article calls for greater col-laborative effort and discourse both within and without the Department of Defense for exploring such models and sharing best practices.","owner":{"id":9495321,"first_name":"Pieter","middle_initials":"","last_name":"DeVisser","page_name":"PDeVisser","domain_name":"dliflc","created_at":"2014-02-25T12:56:03.042-08:00","display_name":"Pieter DeVisser","url":"https://dliflc.academia.edu/PDeVisser"},"attachments":[{"id":41649138,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41649138/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"DeVisser_Sands_JCLISMay2014.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41649138/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Integrating_Culture_General_and_Cross_cu.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41649138/DeVisser_Sands_JCLISMay2014-libre.pdf?1453921780=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIntegrating_Culture_General_and_Cross_cu.pdf\u0026Expires=1742984311\u0026Signature=Yw62bzAMjRLFUq01XtprLmh6lUmtswBy-MXJ9cBQUWj4Hw-h~7agwLqbn9x--~U3Dv-Hxa9u9lMzJwTdTOrRAW48ogONMH2qOP49VXt5Qhr8VfFvI4SlopbZSp~zjQU2FI0bmFeWAlrmQ1wWdWes4bhKxMoW8u2PGgG55EwGUul4-H~g~ATQDzAxc9wNUHfeBatcYu1TkQ-lMdxWphZv~lYOwfdVYoat08OePLPEaHfJaUDYeGxiXw2kUYSQhkGuuJ-ki8kMMjaIpcxFZwK-Uy9tYkvfhlDkmerApeHz6KDOuKosiOPk99Y1fC1rV6YTra3NKAovQR-3W0VD5gy8Qw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1008,"name":"Second Language Acquisition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Language_Acquisition"},{"id":8032,"name":"Cross-Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross-Cultural_Studies"},{"id":21475,"name":"Foreign language teaching and learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_language_teaching_and_learning"},{"id":36495,"name":"Cross-Cultural Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross-Cultural_Communication"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="20964230"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/20964230/Narrowing_the_LREC_Assessment_Focus_by_Opening_the_Aperture_A_Critical_Look_at_the_Status_of_LREC_Assessment_Design_and_Development_in_the_Department_of_Defense"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Narrowing the LREC Assessment Focus by Opening the Aperture: A Critical Look at the Status of LREC Assessment Design &amp; Development in the Department of Defense" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41648768/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/20964230/Narrowing_the_LREC_Assessment_Focus_by_Opening_the_Aperture_A_Critical_Look_at_the_Status_of_LREC_Assessment_Design_and_Development_in_the_Department_of_Defense">Narrowing the LREC Assessment Focus by Opening the Aperture: A Critical Look at the Status of LREC Assessment Design &amp; Development in the Department of Defense</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://norwich.academia.edu/DrRobertGreeneSands">Dr. Robert Greene Sands</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://dliflc.academia.edu/PDeVisser">Pieter DeVisser</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this initial special topics issue, Robert Greene Sands and Pieter DeVisser suggest, in their d...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this initial special topics issue, Robert Greene Sands and Pieter DeVisser suggest, in their detailed look at the DoD’s language, regional expertise and culture (LREC) program, that there lacks any kind of sufficient assessment mechanism to provide organizations critical understanding of their LREC capability, while failing to also provide the individual learner with a measure of performance useful to professional career development.&nbsp; Sands and DeVisser provide a critique of current DoD LREC policy and strategy and the lack of necessary guidance on assessment beyond language programs.&nbsp; Drawing on their experience at Joint Base Lewis/McChord in developing an LREC course, they propose an assessment model based on learning performance that is a more accurate reflection of LREC capability.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="acab95870c0ed662962f17fbaa61591e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{&quot;attachment_id&quot;:41648768,&quot;asset_id&quot;:20964230,&quot;asset_type&quot;:&quot;Work&quot;,&quot;button_location&quot;:&quot;profile&quot;}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41648768/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="20964230"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="20964230"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20964230; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20964230]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20964230]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20964230; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='20964230']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "acab95870c0ed662962f17fbaa61591e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=20964230]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":20964230,"title":"Narrowing the LREC Assessment Focus by Opening the Aperture: A Critical Look at the Status of LREC Assessment Design \u0026 Development in the Department of Defense","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"In this initial special topics issue, Robert Greene Sands and Pieter DeVisser suggest, in their detailed look at the DoD’s language, regional expertise and culture (LREC) program, that there lacks any kind of sufficient assessment mechanism to provide organizations critical understanding of their LREC capability, while failing to also provide the individual learner with a measure of performance useful to professional career development. Sands and DeVisser provide a critique of current DoD LREC policy and strategy and the lack of necessary guidance on assessment beyond language programs. Drawing on their experience at Joint Base Lewis/McChord in developing an LREC course, they propose an assessment model based on learning performance that is a more accurate reflection of LREC capability.","ai_title_tag":"Rethinking DoD LREC Assessment Strategies"},"translated_abstract":"In this initial special topics issue, Robert Greene Sands and Pieter DeVisser suggest, in their detailed look at the DoD’s language, regional expertise and culture (LREC) program, that there lacks any kind of sufficient assessment mechanism to provide organizations critical understanding of their LREC capability, while failing to also provide the individual learner with a measure of performance useful to professional career development. Sands and DeVisser provide a critique of current DoD LREC policy and strategy and the lack of necessary guidance on assessment beyond language programs. Drawing on their experience at Joint Base Lewis/McChord in developing an LREC course, they propose an assessment model based on learning performance that is a more accurate reflection of LREC capability.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/20964230/Narrowing_the_LREC_Assessment_Focus_by_Opening_the_Aperture_A_Critical_Look_at_the_Status_of_LREC_Assessment_Design_and_Development_in_the_Department_of_Defense","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-27T10:55:30.199-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":9495321,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":13941544,"work_id":20964230,"tagging_user_id":9495321,"tagged_user_id":42263349,"co_author_invite_id":3251531,"email":"r***s@norwich.edu","affiliation":"Norwich University","display_order":0,"name":"Dr. Robert Greene Sands","title":"Narrowing the LREC Assessment Focus by Opening the Aperture: A Critical Look at the Status of LREC Assessment Design \u0026 Development in the Department of Defense"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41648768,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41648768/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"JCLISV2E2Final.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41648768/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Narrowing_the_LREC_Assessment_Focus_by_O.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41648768/JCLISV2E2Final-libre.pdf?1453920818=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNarrowing_the_LREC_Assessment_Focus_by_O.pdf\u0026Expires=1742984311\u0026Signature=ZLxR4hW9wvDy7E~e0KqB0BYZxVxxVfG8sxF8xL3jHi3EQYmLfcMz~x-Us4AdLOTV3Qv7EvHVKnuxTaBlMnyXLCGurKFB42BSzEKK5CZmmXF73mQ-IdRNx9U6kvI23TDUVUAVMr1a7RiPWA2v67Uu7SaCVfiPf23dqeyKQLel739JT8dvaiLP23oS9tFgXw~daVGGp~hNjQCPipn5pwIwNHNwZLhB8A~~NX4dU5I4NkryDjRLC6JUl9ggtVj-gjqj4tPfu3TDVKD-dwMfmU~kLzQq8USoocSfimNq2qd7Er5yQupTabtwXj9mYBY6PcnuwOHx4v77fifj0vZomfWNIg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Narrowing_the_LREC_Assessment_Focus_by_Opening_the_Aperture_A_Critical_Look_at_the_Status_of_LREC_Assessment_Design_and_Development_in_the_Department_of_Defense","translated_slug":"","page_count":37,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"In this initial special topics issue, Robert Greene Sands and Pieter DeVisser suggest, in their detailed look at the DoD’s language, regional expertise and culture (LREC) program, that there lacks any kind of sufficient assessment mechanism to provide organizations critical understanding of their LREC capability, while failing to also provide the individual learner with a measure of performance useful to professional career development. Sands and DeVisser provide a critique of current DoD LREC policy and strategy and the lack of necessary guidance on assessment beyond language programs. Drawing on their experience at Joint Base Lewis/McChord in developing an LREC course, they propose an assessment model based on learning performance that is a more accurate reflection of LREC capability.","owner":{"id":9495321,"first_name":"Pieter","middle_initials":"","last_name":"DeVisser","page_name":"PDeVisser","domain_name":"dliflc","created_at":"2014-02-25T12:56:03.042-08:00","display_name":"Pieter DeVisser","url":"https://dliflc.academia.edu/PDeVisser"},"attachments":[{"id":41648768,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41648768/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"JCLISV2E2Final.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41648768/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Narrowing_the_LREC_Assessment_Focus_by_O.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41648768/JCLISV2E2Final-libre.pdf?1453920818=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNarrowing_the_LREC_Assessment_Focus_by_O.pdf\u0026Expires=1742984311\u0026Signature=ZLxR4hW9wvDy7E~e0KqB0BYZxVxxVfG8sxF8xL3jHi3EQYmLfcMz~x-Us4AdLOTV3Qv7EvHVKnuxTaBlMnyXLCGurKFB42BSzEKK5CZmmXF73mQ-IdRNx9U6kvI23TDUVUAVMr1a7RiPWA2v67Uu7SaCVfiPf23dqeyKQLel739JT8dvaiLP23oS9tFgXw~daVGGp~hNjQCPipn5pwIwNHNwZLhB8A~~NX4dU5I4NkryDjRLC6JUl9ggtVj-gjqj4tPfu3TDVKD-dwMfmU~kLzQq8USoocSfimNq2qd7Er5yQupTabtwXj9mYBY6PcnuwOHx4v77fifj0vZomfWNIg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1008,"name":"Second Language Acquisition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Language_Acquisition"},{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics"},{"id":8032,"name":"Cross-Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross-Cultural_Studies"},{"id":21475,"name":"Foreign language teaching and learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_language_teaching_and_learning"},{"id":31480,"name":"Cross-Cultural Communicaiton","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross-Cultural_Communicaiton"}],"urls":[{"id":6251865,"url":"http://iscl.norwich.edu/special-issue"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/google_contacts-0dfb882d836b94dbcb4a2d123d6933fc9533eda5be911641f20b4eb428429600.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $('.js-google-connect-button').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); GoogleContacts.authorize_and_show_contacts(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("WowProfileImportContactsPrompt"); }); $('.js-update-biography-button').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("UpdateUserBiographyPrompt"); $.ajax({ url: $r.api_v0_profiles_update_about_path({ subdomain_param: 'api', about: "", }), type: 'PUT', success: function(response) { location.reload(); } }); }); $('.js-work-creator-button').click(function (e) { e.preventDefault(); window.location = $r.upload_funnel_document_path({ source: encodeURIComponent(""), }); }); $('.js-video-upload-button').click(function (e) { e.preventDefault(); window.location = $r.upload_funnel_video_path({ source: encodeURIComponent(""), }); }); $('.js-do-this-later-button').click(function() { $(this).closest('.js-profile-nag-panel').remove(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("WowProfileImportContactsPrompt"); }); $('.js-update-biography-do-this-later-button').click(function(){ $(this).closest('.js-profile-nag-panel').remove(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("UpdateUserBiographyPrompt"); }); $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--close').click(function(){ $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--panel').hide(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("WowProfileMentionsUpsell"); }); $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--button').click(function(){ Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("WowProfileMentionsUpsell"); }); new WowProfile.SocialRedesignUserWorks({ initialWorksOffset: 20, allWorksOffset: 20, maxSections: 1 }) }); </script> </div></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile_edit-5ea339ee107c863779f560dd7275595239fed73f1a13d279d2b599a28c0ecd33.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/add_coauthor-22174b608f9cb871d03443cafa7feac496fb50d7df2d66a53f5ee3c04ba67f53.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/tab-dcac0130902f0cc2d8cb403714dd47454f11fc6fb0e99ae6a0827b06613abc20.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb window.ae = window.ae || {}; window.ae.WowProfile = window.ae.WowProfile || {}; if(Aedu.User.current && Aedu.User.current.id === $viewedUser.id) { window.ae.WowProfile.current_user_edit = {}; new WowProfileEdit.EditUploadView({ el: '.js-edit-upload-button-wrapper', model: window.$current_user, }); new AddCoauthor.AddCoauthorsController(); } var userInfoView = new WowProfile.SocialRedesignUserInfo({ recaptcha_key: "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB" }); WowProfile.router = new WowProfile.Router({ userInfoView: userInfoView }); Backbone.history.start({ pushState: true, root: "/" + $viewedUser.page_name }); new WowProfile.UserWorksNav() }); </script> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">&times;</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; } .sign-in-with-apple-button > div { margin: 0 auto; / This centers the Apple-rendered button horizontally }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span &nbsp;&nbsp;="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "11b5bf679d531725d034297297cf8167afb38eaf6af581fee48e16d0eef6e9bd", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="x1v-3SUr-Y5VGW9lqDYPHO3G0vEXiq7aTy4L6tpbV2teNsSJ-BOIYtCHYm35u-p7Bpdjn0o-WPXKnqt1Y5XmyQ" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://norwich.academia.edu/DrRobertGreeneSands" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="OjY3kkXRHyxt_KC4c83ZTqpPOibjtlxB6UzZo40SOlWjWw3GmOluwOhirbAiQDwpQR6LSL4Cqm5s_Hk8NNyL9w" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we&#39;ll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account?&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg>&nbsp;<strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg>&nbsp;<strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia &copy;2025</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10