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class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇埋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>睇埋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇埋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-攷" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#攷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>攷</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-攷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拎" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拎"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>拎</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拎-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">訊號探測理論</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有18種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81" title="نظرية الاكتشاف – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظرية الاكتشاف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Теория за разпознаване на сигнала – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Теория за разпознаване на сигнала" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_de_detecci%C3%B3_de_senyals" title="Teoria de detecció de senyals – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Teoria de detecció de senyals" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalentdeckungstheorie" title="Signalentdeckungstheorie – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Signalentdeckungstheorie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detection_theory" title="Detection theory – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Detection theory" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teor%C3%ADa_de_detecci%C3%B3n_de_se%C3%B1ales" title="Teoría de detección de señales – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Teoría de detección de señales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoiric_bhrath_comhartha%C3%AD" title="Teoiric bhrath comharthaí – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teoiric bhrath comharthaí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%AA" title="תאוריית גילוי האותות – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תאוריית גילוי האותות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szign%C3%A1ldetekci%C3%B3s_elm%C3%A9let" title="Szignáldetekciós elmélet – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szignáldetekciós elmélet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_della_detezione_del_segnale" title="Teoria della detezione del segnale – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Teoria della detezione del segnale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%90%EC%A7%80_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="탐지 이론 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탐지 이론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signaaldetectietheorie" title="Signaaldetectietheorie – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Signaaldetectietheorie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_da_detec%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Teoria da detecção – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Teoria da detecção" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Теория обнаружения сигнала – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Теория обнаружения сигнала" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belirleme_kuram%C4%B1" title="Belirleme kuramı – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Belirleme kuramı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Виявлення сигналу – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Виявлення сигналу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BD_thuy%E1%BA%BFt_ph%C3%A1t_hi%E1%BB%87n_t%C3%ADn_hi%E1%BB%87u" title="Lý thuyết phát hiện tín hiệu – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lý thuyết phát hiện tín hiệu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7%E6%A3%80%E6%B5%8B%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="信号检测理论 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="信号检测理论" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medical_X-Ray_imaging_DYM03_nevit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Medical_X-Ray_imaging_DYM03_nevit.jpg/270px-Medical_X-Ray_imaging_DYM03_nevit.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Medical_X-Ray_imaging_DYM03_nevit.jpg/405px-Medical_X-Ray_imaging_DYM03_nevit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Medical_X-Ray_imaging_DYM03_nevit.jpg/540px-Medical_X-Ray_imaging_DYM03_nevit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2040" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A7%E8%82%BA" title="照肺">照肺</a>得出嘅一幅圖；醫生睇幅圖做判斷嗰陣，佢個腦入面發生嘅就係一場訊號探測。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>訊號探測理論</b>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<span class="plainlinks" style="display:inline-block"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/訊號探測理論/#yue"><span>seon<span class="Jpingtone">3</span> hou<span class="Jpingtone">6</span> taam<span class="Jpingtone">3</span> caak<span class="Jpingtone">1</span> lei<span class="Jpingtone">5</span> leon<span class="Jpingtone">6</span></span></a></span>；<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>：<span lang="en"><b>signal detection theory</b>，<b>SDT</b></span>）係一套用嚟思考一個<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="系統">系統</a>（例如係<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%85%A6" title="人腦">人腦</a>）點樣喺手上<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a>有限嘅情況下做<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E7%AD%96" title="決策">決策</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="科學理論">理論</a>。訊號探測理論將個決策過程想像成噉嘅樣：個系統會接收某吓嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E6%BF%80_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="刺激 (心理學)">刺激</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F" title="訊號">訊號</a>；個系統要睇吓訊號係咩數值；然後個系統就要俾出一個答案（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E" title="二元分類">係定唔係</a>），而最後嘅決策結果可以有 4 種<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>舉個例說明，想像有個<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%94%9F" title="醫生">醫生</a>，個醫生嘅腦就係一個系統，佢要睇吓病人<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A7%E8%82%BA" title="照肺">照肺</a>得出嗰幅 <a href="/wiki/X_%E5%85%89%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="X 光片">X 光片</a>（刺激），然後按照幅 X 光片唔同位置嘅色（刺激嘅各數值），判斷病人係咪有<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" title="肺癌">肺癌</a>（俾出一個答案）。根據訊號探測理論，呢個判斷過程可能有 4 個結果－ </p> <ul><li>個病人真係有病而醫生俾個正確嘅陽性結果、</li> <li>個病人真係冇病而醫生俾個正確嘅陰性結果、</li> <li>個病人真係有病但醫生俾個錯嘅陰性結果（<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E9%99%B0%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="假陰性">假陰性</a>）、</li> <li>個病人真係冇病但醫生俾個錯嘅陽性結果（<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E9%99%BD%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="假陽性">假陽性</a>）。</li></ul> <p>「刺激或者訊號嘅特性會點樣影響上述嗰 4 個可能性發生嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="機率">機率</a>」正正就係訊號探測理論研究嘅嘢<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。「一個系統由接收到嘅訊號嗰度作出二元判斷」呢家嘢喺好多領域都會用到，包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a>（尤其係<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%90%86%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="數理心理學">數理心理學</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-smillie2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smillie2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A8%8A" title="電訊">電訊</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="醫療">醫療</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%9D%87%E7%97%87" title="睇症">睇症</a>等嘅領域都會用到訊號探測理論嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="數學模型">數學模型</a>嚟分析研究緊嘅現象<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="數學模型"><span id=".E6.95.B8.E5.AD.B8.E6.A8.A1.E5.9E.8B"></span>數學模型</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F%E6%8E%A2%E6%B8%AC%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 數學模型"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%90%86%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="數理心理學">數理心理學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="行為經濟學">行為經濟學</a></div> <p>一個訊號探測數學模型有 4 個狀態： </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="150em"> </th> <th width="150em">唔郁手 </th> <th width="150em">郁手 </th></tr> <tr> <th>訊號表示要郁手 </th> <td><center><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E9%99%B0%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="假陰性">唔中</a><br />（miss）</center> </td> <td><center>正確噉郁手<br />（hit）</center> </td></tr> <tr> <th>訊號表示唔使郁手 </th> <td><center>正確噉唔郁手<br />（correct rejection）</center> </td> <td><center><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E9%99%BD%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="假陽性">假警報</a><br />（false alarm）</center> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>而個訊號探測數學模型會有以下呢幾個<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%83%E6%95%B8" title="參數">參數</a><sup id="cite_ref-lynn2014_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lynn2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>每個可能性嘅實際發生<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="機率">機率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="效益">回報</a>（payoff）：嗰 4 個情況都各掕住一個數，表示嗰個情況出現嗰陣個決策者會得益或者損失幾多，例如喺檢查個病人有冇<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" title="肺癌">肺癌</a>嗰陣，假陰性可以手尾好長，所以檢查肺癌嘅訊號探測過程嘅假陰性嗰格有個好大嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A0%E6%95%B8" title="負數">負數</a>（例如 -1,000）。</li> <li><b>望落嘅相似度</b>：簡單講，想像「肺度有個黑影」同「真係有肺癌」有完美嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" title="統計相關">相關</a>－有黑影實係有肺癌，冇黑影就實係冇肺癌，噉即係話有肺癌同冇肺癌嘅 <a href="/wiki/X_%E5%85%89%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="X 光片">X 光片</a>望落會好唔同，而真陽性嘅訊號同真陰性嘅訊號相差愈大，就愈會令到假陽性同假陰性嘅機率下降。可以睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" title="統計相關">統計相關</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="相互資訊">相互資訊</a>等嘅概念。</li> <li><b>個體差異</b>：唔同個體喺呢啲參數上嘅數值可能會唔同<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="性格心理學">性格心理學</a>上嘅研究表明，有啲人零舍傾向做假陽性（例如可能佢零舍怕假陰性結果，所以係唔係都俾陽性）有啲人零舍傾向出現假陰性（例如可能佢零舍怕假陽性結果，所以係唔係都俾陰性）<sup id="cite_ref-smillie2007_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smillie2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a>上，訊號探測研究可以噉做：研究者可以擺受試者喺一間<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4" title="實驗室">實驗室</a>裏面，叫受試者對一個個出現喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%92%E5%B9%95" class="mw-redirect" title="熒幕">熒幕</a>上嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F" title="訊號">訊號</a>作出判斷，叫佢哋「<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%BB-%E5%94%94%E5%8E%BB" title="去-唔去">見到個箭咀出現嗰陣就撳掣，不過如果個箭咀出現之後有粒星喺個畫面閃過就唔好撳</a>」，佢哋可以試吓郁柞參數嘅數值，例如「假陰性同假陽性會扣幾多分」（假設扣分會減低受試者做完實驗所得嘅報酬），然後睇吓呢啲變化會點影響受試者喺場實驗當中嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="腦活動">腦活動</a>（睇<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="神經造影">神經造影</a>）或者係受試者出假陰性同假陽性嘅機會會點樣受性格因素影響，從而研究人腦做決策嗰陣嘅心理過程<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smillie2007_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smillie2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lynn2014_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lynn2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="心理研究"><span id=".E5.BF.83.E7.90.86.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6"></span>心理研究</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F%E6%8E%A2%E6%B8%AC%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 心理研究"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理物理學">心理物理學</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a>上嘅研究就好興用到訊號探測理論嚟分析<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%85%A6" title="人腦">人腦</a>點樣按受到嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E6%BF%80_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="刺激 (心理學)">刺激</a>嚟作出二元嘅判斷：人腦可以想像成訊號探測理論下嘅一個決策體；而有研究試過做<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="實驗">實驗</a>，叫受試者對一個個出現喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%92%E5%B9%95" class="mw-redirect" title="熒幕">熒幕</a>上嘅訊號作出判斷，叫佢哋「<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%BB-%E5%94%94%E5%8E%BB" title="去-唔去">見到個箭咀出現嗰陣就撳掣，不過如果個箭咀出現後有粒星喺個畫面閃過就唔好撳</a>」，計算以下嘅數值<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><b>反應敏感度</b>（response sensitivity，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d'}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>d</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d'}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1f310a68106a9e308bdaf887ff8f7171c4cb9d96" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.903ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d'}"></span>）： <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d'=Z_{S|s}-Z_{S|n}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>d</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d'=Z_{S|s}-Z_{S|n}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ab2ef99ac7e53a108bdddcd09add07b7990e352c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:16.273ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d'=Z_{S|s}-Z_{S|n}}"></span></dd></dl></li> <li><b>反應偏向</b>（response bias，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>β</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7ed48a5e36207156fb792fa79d29925d2f7901e8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.332ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta }"></span>） <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta =e^{\frac {{Z_{S|n}}^{2}-{Z_{S|s}}^{2}}{2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>β</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta =e^{\frac {{Z_{S|n}}^{2}-{Z_{S|s}}^{2}}{2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/817496196a4afcf57e4db4c7298037fece447399" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.202ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta =e^{\frac {{Z_{S|n}}^{2}-{Z_{S|s}}^{2}}{2}}}"></span></dd></dl></li></ul> <p>當中 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z_{S|s}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z_{S|s}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/621b7f8740e78747b5632f9baf6dd4ed41d524a7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:4.108ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z_{S|s}}"></span> 同 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z_{S|n}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z_{S|n}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bb8ca5c6358634990c18a788ece031fbc700bd3d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:4.323ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z_{S|n}}"></span> 分別反映「正確嘅陽性反應」同「假陽性」嘅比率。研究仲發現，一個個體喺呢種作業上嘅行為會反映佢哋嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC" title="性格">性格</a>－<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="犒賞系統">犒賞系統</a>比較<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%8C%96%E6%95%8F%E6%84%9F%E5%BA%A6%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="強化敏感度理論">敏感</a>（簡單講即係有強烈傾向去攞<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="心理犒賞">想要嘅嘢</a>）嘅人會比較傾向多假陽性（明明有粒星閃都撳掣；由個體嘅反應偏向數值反映）<sup id="cite_ref-smillie2007_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smillie2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F%E6%8E%A2%E6%B8%AC%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 註釋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">相比之下，受試者嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%96%E7%A2%BA%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="準確度">準確度</a>（正確機率）因為同時反映太多嘢，所以俾人認為係唔係一個咁好嘅指標。</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋"><span id=".E7.9D.87.E5.9F.8B"></span>睇埋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F%E6%8E%A2%E6%B8%AC%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 睇埋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; column-count:3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="資訊理論">資訊理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A2%BA%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="不確定性">不確定性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="訊號處理">訊號處理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="心理測量">心理測量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92%E8%AB%96" title="運算學習論">運算學習論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E" title="二元分類">二元分類</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="攷"><span id=".E6.94.B7"></span>攷</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F%E6%8E%A2%E6%B8%AC%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 攷"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2020813"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">McNichol, D. (1972). <i>A Primer of Signal Detection Theory</i>. London: George Allen & Unwin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cns.nyu.edu/~david/handouts/sdt/sdt.html">Signal Detection Theory</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Haw, Ryann Michelle (January 2005). "A theoretical analysis of eyewitness identification: Dual-process theory, signal detection theory and eyewitness confidence". <i>ProQuest Etd Collection for Fiu</i>: 1-98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smillie2007-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-smillie2007_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-smillie2007_4-1">4.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-smillie2007_4-2">4.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-smillie2007_4-3">4.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Smillie, L. D., Dalgleish, L. I., & Jackson, C. J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0146167206296951">Distinguishing between learning and motivation in behavioral tests of the reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality</a> (PDF). <i>Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin</i>, 33(4), 476-489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Phillips, V. L., Saks, M. J., & Peterson, J. L. (2001). The application of signal detection theory to decision-making in forensic science. <i>Journal of Forensic Science</i>, 46(2), 294-308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lynn2014-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lynn2014_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lynn2014_6-1">6.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynn, S. K., & Barrett, L. F. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0956797614541991">"Utilizing" signal detection theory</a> (PDF). <i>Psychological science</i>, 25(9), 1663-1673.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Quigley, K. S. (1999). EMOTIONAL LEARNING AND MECHANISMS OF INTENTIONAL. <i>Action and Self-Development</i>, 435.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Green, D.M., Swets J.A. (1966). <i>Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics</i>. New York: Wiley.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="拎"><span id=".E6.8B.8E"></span>拎</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F%E6%8E%A2%E6%B8%AC%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 拎"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cns.nyu.edu/~david/sdt/sdt.html">A Description of Signal Detection Theory</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050427150430/http://strobos.cee.vt.edu/IGLC11/PDF%20Files/19.pdf">An application of SDT to safety</a>.</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="認知" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="Template:認知"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="Template talk:認知"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="認知" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="研究認知嘅科學領域就係認知心理學">研究認知嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>領域就係<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基本概念</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA%E8%A1%A8%E5%BE%B5" title="心智表徵">心智表徵</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96" title="認知地圖">認知地圖</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%A4%87%E9%9B%9C%E5%BA%A6" title="認知複雜度">認知複雜度</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6" title="腦">腦</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BA%95%E8%B3%AA" title="神經底質">神經底質</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%81%8F%E8%AA%A4" title="認知偏誤">認知偏誤</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%81%8F%E8%AA%A4%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%BD" title="認知偏誤一覽">一覽</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="認知革命">認知革命</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="意識">意識</a></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flaticonbrain.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flaticonbrain.png/150px-Flaticonbrain.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flaticonbrain.png/225px-Flaticonbrain.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flaticonbrain.png/300px-Flaticonbrain.png 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="711" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">研究方法</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="實驗心理學">心理實驗</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="反應時間">反應時間</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E5%8B%95%E8%BF%BD%E8%B9%A4" title="眼動追蹤">眼動追蹤</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E8%AC%8E%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" title="解謎遊戲">解謎遊戲</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="認知模型">認知模型</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E7%B5%90%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="聯結主義">聯結主義</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E6%9E%B6%E6%A7%8B" title="認知架構">認知架構</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="神經造影">神經造影</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">認　<br />知　<br />功　<br />能　</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA" title="視覺">視覺</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AF%E8%A6%8B" title="錯見">錯見</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A9%E8%89%B2%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA" title="彩色視覺">彩色視覺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E6%B7%B1%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="景深感知">景深感知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="形態感知">形態感知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E9%82%8A%E8%A6%96%E5%8A%9B" title="周邊視力">周邊視力</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%83%8F" title="心像">心像</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%97%8B%E8%BD%89" title="心理旋轉">心理旋轉</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">其他</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98" title="感官">感官</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E8%A6%BA" title="聽覺">聽覺</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%AB%98" title="音高">音高感知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="語音感知">語音感知</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%97%85%E8%A6%BA" title="嗅覺">嗅覺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%B3%E8%A6%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="味覺">味覺</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E8%A6%BA" title="時覺">時覺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AF%E8%A6%BA" title="錯覺">錯覺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98%E6%8F%90%E7%A4%BA" title="感官提示">感官提示</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">　<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B" title="注意力">注意力</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E6%B3%A8" title="專注">專注</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6" title="注意力長度">長度</a>）同<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%BF%83" title="分心">分心</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%A4%9A%E4%BD%9C%E6%A5%AD%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="人類多作業處理">多作業處理</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B%E5%B0%8E%E5%90%91" title="注意力導向">注意力導向</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E8%A6%BA" title="警覺">警覺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B5%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88%E8%AB%96" title="特徵整合論">特徵整合論</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%85%A5%E7%A2%BC" title="記憶入碼">入碼</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%84%B2%E8%97%8F" title="記憶儲藏">儲藏</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%96" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶提取">提取</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%83%B3" title="回想">回想</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%A8%E8%AD%98" title="辨識">辨識</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="工作記憶">工作記憶</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%B2%A0%E8%8D%B7" title="認知負荷">認知負荷</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%BA" title="時間統覺">時間統覺</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%9B%A3" title="解難">解難</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" title="思維">思考</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E7%AD%96" title="決策">決策</a>（<a class="mw-selflink selflink">訊號探測</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="計劃">計劃</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E9%87%8D%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="雙重過程理論">雙重過程理論</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E8%A6%BA" title="直覺">直覺</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7" title="理性">理性</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E6%80%9D%E6%B3%95" title="捷思法">捷思法</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9E%E5%AF%9F" title="洞察">洞察</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%A1%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="外顯知識">外顯</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%9A%B1%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="內隱知識">內隱</a>知識<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" title="概念">概念</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E5%8C%96" title="抽象化">抽象化</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA" title="知識表示">知識表示</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6" title="專家">專家知識</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="心靈模型">心靈模型</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E8%91%89%E6%96%AF%E8%85%A6%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="貝葉斯腦假說">貝葉斯腦假說</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">拉雜功能</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3" title="理解">理解</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="認知語言學">語言認知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F" title="想像">想像</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E8%A8%AD%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="後設認知">後設認知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="社會認知">社會認知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="心靈理論">心靈理論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E6%8E%A7%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD" title="管控功能">管控功能</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>概念</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人類智能">人類智能</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0" title="一般智能因素">一般智能因素</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86" title="智商">智商</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E5%84%AA" title="資優">資優</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%89%8D" title="天才">天才</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="動物認知">動物認知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="植物智能">植物智能</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E9%AB%94" title="智能體">智能體</a><span 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