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data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目錄</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">文頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-基本概念" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基本概念"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>基本概念</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-基本概念-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-結構" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#結構"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>結構</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-結構-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去結構細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-結構-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-腦嘅各部份" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#腦嘅各部份"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>腦嘅各部份</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-腦嘅各部份-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>生理</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-生理-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去生理細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-生理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-代謝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#代謝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>代謝</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-代謝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-電活動" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#電活動"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>電活動</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-電活動-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-神經傳遞素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#神經傳遞素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>神經傳遞素</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-神經傳遞素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-主要功能" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#主要功能"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>主要功能</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-主要功能-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去主要功能細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-主要功能-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-感知" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#感知"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>感知</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-感知-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-運動控制" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#運動控制"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>運動控制</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-運動控制-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-動機" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#動機"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>動機</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-動機-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-獎賞同懲罰" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#獎賞同懲罰"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>獎賞同懲罰</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-獎賞同懲罰-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-學嘢同記憶" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#學嘢同記憶"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>學嘢同記憶</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-學嘢同記憶-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-醒覺" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#醒覺"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>醒覺</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-醒覺-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-視交叉上核" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#視交叉上核"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>視交叉上核</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-視交叉上核-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-瞓覺" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#瞓覺"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.2</span> <span>瞓覺</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-瞓覺-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-穩態" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#穩態"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>穩態</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-穩態-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-發育" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#發育"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>發育</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-發育-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去發育細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-發育-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-胚胎時期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#胚胎時期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>胚胎時期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-胚胎時期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生多再修剪" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生多再修剪"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>生多再修剪</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生多再修剪-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-先天定後天" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#先天定後天"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>先天定後天</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-先天定後天-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-比較研究" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#比較研究"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>比較研究</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-比較研究-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去比較研究細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-比較研究-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-兩側對稱動物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#兩側對稱動物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>兩側對稱動物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-兩側對稱動物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-無脊椎動物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#無脊椎動物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>無脊椎動物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-無脊椎動物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-脊椎動物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#脊椎動物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>脊椎動物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-脊椎動物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-哺乳類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#哺乳類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>哺乳類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-哺乳類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-腦嘅大細" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#腦嘅大細"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>腦嘅大細</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-腦嘅大細-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-科研相關" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#科研相關"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>科研相關</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-科研相關-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去科研相關細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-科研相關-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-相關領域" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關領域"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>相關領域</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關領域-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-神經成像" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#神經成像"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>神經成像</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-神經成像-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-心腦之別" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#心腦之別"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>心腦之別</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-心腦之別-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-食用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#食用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>食用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-食用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睇埋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇埋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>睇埋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇埋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-攷" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#攷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>攷</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-攷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拎" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拎"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>拎</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拎-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">腦</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有184種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-184" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">184種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brein" title="Brein – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Brein" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gehirn" title="Gehirn – 德文（瑞士）" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gehirn" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="德文（瑞士）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8E%E1%88%8D" title="አንጎል – 阿姆哈拉文" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አንጎል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebro" title="Cerebro – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cerebro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A6gen" title="Brægen – 古英文" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Brægen" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nden%CC%84" title="Nden̄ – 奧博洛文" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Nden̄" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="奧博洛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="دماغ – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دماغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%98%DC%9A%DC%90" title="ܡܘܚܐ – 阿拉米文" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܘܚܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE_(%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="مخ (بيولوجيا) – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مخ (بيولوجيا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="মস্তিষ্ক – 阿薩姆文" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মস্তিষ্ক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿薩姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebru" title="Cerebru – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cerebru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirtip" title="Wirtip – 阿提卡米克文" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Wirtip" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="阿提卡米克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85" title="ГӀадалнах – 阿瓦爾文" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀадалнах" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="阿瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lixwi" title="Lixwi – 艾馬拉文" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Lixwi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="艾馬拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyin" title="Beyin – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Beyin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A6%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بئیین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بئیین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B5%D2%BB%D0%B5" title="Баш мейеһе – 巴什客爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Баш мейеһе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什客爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smag%C4%97nis" title="Smagėnis – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Smagėnis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutok" title="Hutok – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hutok" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3" title="Галаўны мозг – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Галаўны мозг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Галаўны мозаг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Галаўны мозаг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otak" title="Otak – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Otak" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BA" title="Главен мозък – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Главен мозък" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="माथा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="माथा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunkolos%C9%9Bm%C9%9B" title="Kunkolosɛmɛ – 班巴拉文" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Kunkolosɛmɛ" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="班巴拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="মস্তিষ্ক – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মস্তিষ্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B" title="ཀླད་པ་ – 藏文" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀླད་པ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empenn" title="Empenn – 布列塔尼文" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Empenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozak" title="Mozak – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mozak" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utok-utok" title="Utok-utok – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Utok-utok" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Тархи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Тархи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervell" title="Cervell – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cervell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%8C%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Коьртан хье – 車臣文" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Коьртан хье" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="車臣文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B4%DA%A9" title="مێشک – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێشک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozek" title="Mozek – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mozek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymennydd" title="Ymennydd – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ymennydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjerne" title="Hjerne – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hjerne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gehirn" title="Gehirn – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gehirn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezg" title="Mezg – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mezg" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3rzgi" title="Mórzgi – 下索布文" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Mórzgi" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="下索布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%A8%DE%86%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%91%DE%A8" title="ސިކުނޑި – 迪維西文" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސިކުނޑި" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪維西文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Εγκέφαλος – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εγκέφαλος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarv%C3%A8l" title="Zarvèl – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Zarvèl" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain" title="Brain – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Brain" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerbo" title="Cerbo – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cerbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebro" title="Cerebro – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cerebro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaaju" title="Peaaju – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Peaaju" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmuin" title="Burmuin – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Burmuin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B2" title="مغز – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مغز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aivot" title="Aivot – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aivot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai" title="Ai – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ai" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona" title="Mona – 斐濟文" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Mona" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐濟文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerveau" title="Cerveau – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cerveau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsens" title="Harsens – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Harsens" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchinn" title="Inchinn – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Inchinn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8rvo" title="Sèrvo – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Sèrvo" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eanchainn" title="Eanchainn – 蘇格蘭蓋爾文" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eanchainn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭蓋爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebro" title="Cerebro – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cerebro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apytu%27%C5%A9" title="Apytu'ũ – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Apytu'ũ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%9C" title="મગજ – 古吉拉特文" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મગજ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwakwalwa" title="Kwakwalwa – 豪撒文" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kwakwalwa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪撒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A8u-n%C3%B3" title="Thèu-nó – 客家話" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thèu-nó" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家話" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97" title="מוח – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="मस्तिष्क – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मस्तिष्क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimaag" title="Dimaag – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Dimaag" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozak" title="Mozak – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mozak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozy" title="Mozy – 上索布文" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Mozy" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8vo" title="Sèvo – 海地文" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sèvo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agy" title="Agy – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Agy" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AC%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%B2" title="Գլխուղեղ – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գլխուղեղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebro" title="Cerebro – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cerebro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untak" title="Untak – 伊班文" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Untak" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otak" title="Otak – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Otak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaqisaq" title="Qaqisaq – 依奴皮維克文" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Qaqisaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="依奴皮維克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utek" title="Utek – 伊洛闊文" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Utek" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛闊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Хьоа – 印古什文" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Хьоа" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebro" title="Cerebro – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cerebro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heili" title="Heili – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Heili" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervello" title="Cervello – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cervello" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%96%83%E1%95%86%E1%91%95%E1%96%85" title="ᖃᕆᑕᖅ – 因紐特文" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᖃᕆᑕᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="因紐特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%B3" title="脳 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="脳" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brien" title="Brien – 牙買加克裏奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Brien" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克裏奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/besna" title="besna – 邏輯文" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="besna" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="邏輯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utek" title="Utek – 爪哇文" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Utek" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="თავის ტვინი – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თავის ტვინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%A9t%C9%A9y%C9%A9m" title="Fɩtɩyɩm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Fɩtɩyɩm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuu_(a%CC%B1pyia%CC%B1)" title="Fuu (a̱pyia̱) – 卡塔布文" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Fuu (a̱pyia̱)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="卡塔布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utok" title="Utok – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Utok" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8" title="Ми – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ми" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಮೆದುಳು – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೆದುಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%87%8C" title="뇌 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뇌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%88" title="کوڈ – 喀什米爾文" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کوڈ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="喀什米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mej%C3%AE" title="Mejî – 庫爾德文" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mejî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ympynnyon" title="Ympynnyon – 康瓦耳文" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ympynnyon" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康瓦耳文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%8D" title="Мээ – 吉爾吉斯文" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мээ" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="吉爾吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cerebrum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gehier" title="Gehier – 盧森堡文" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gehier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="盧森堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F" title="Ня – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Ня" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D3%80" title="Кьилин мефтӀ – 列茲干文" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Кьилин мефтӀ" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列茲干文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herre" title="Herre – 林堡文" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Herre" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervell" title="Cervell – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cervell" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%94ng%C9%94%CC%81_(enama)" title="Bɔngɔ́ (enama) – 林加拉文" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bɔngɔ́ (enama)" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%9D%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87" title="ສະໝອງ – 寮文" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສະໝອງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="寮文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvos_smegenys" title="Galvos smegenys – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Galvos smegenys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smadzenes" title="Smadzenes – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Smadzenes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atidoha" title="Atidoha – 馬拉加什文" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Atidoha" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="馬拉加什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Вуйдорык – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Вуйдорык" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utak" title="Utak – 米南卡堡文" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Utak" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南卡堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Мозок – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мозок" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="മസ്തിഷ്കം – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മസ്തിഷ്കം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Тархи – 蒙古文" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тархи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82" title="मेंदू – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मेंदू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otak" title="Otak – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Otak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ဦးနှောက် – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဦးနှောက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Удем – 厄爾茲亞文" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Удем" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄爾茲亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuayolotl" title="Cuayolotl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Cuayolotl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bregen" title="Bregen – 低地德文" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bregen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="मस्तिष्क – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मस्तिष्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81" title="न्हेपु – 尼瓦爾文" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="न्हेपु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hersenen" title="Hersenen – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hersenen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjerne" title="Hjerne – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hjerne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjerne" title="Hjerne – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hjerne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A8rv%C3%A9" title="Chèrvé – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Chèrvé" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerv%C3%A8l" title="Cervèl – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cervèl" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95" title="ମସ୍ତିଷ୍କ – 歐利亞文" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମସ୍ତିଷ୍କ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="歐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BC" title="ਦਿਮਾਗ਼ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦਿਮਾਗ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utek" title="Utek – 潘加辛文" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Utek" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="潘加辛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utak" title="Utak – 潘帕嘉文" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Utak" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="潘帕嘉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebro" title="Celebro – 帕皮阿門托文" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Celebro" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿門托文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3zg" title="Mózg – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mózg" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="دماغ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دماغ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%87" title="ماغزه – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ماغزه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9rebro" title="Cérebro – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cérebro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91utqu" title="Ñutqu – 蓋楚瓦文" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ñutqu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="蓋楚瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creier" title="Creier – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Creier" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3" title="Головной мозг – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Головной мозг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D2%91" title="Мозоґ – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мозоґ" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubwonko" title="Ubwonko – 盧安達文" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubwonko" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="盧安達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="मस्तिष्कम् – 梵文" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मस्तिष्कम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Мэйии – 雅庫特文" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мэйии" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="雅庫特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D" title="ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱝ – 散塔利文" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱝ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="散塔利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbeddu" title="Cherbeddu – 撒丁文" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cherbeddu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="撒丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciriveddu" title="Ciriveddu – 西西里文" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ciriveddu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harn" title="Harn – 蘇格蘭文" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Harn" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="دماغ – 信德文" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="دماغ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoig%C5%8Ba%C5%A1at" title="Vuoigŋašat – 北方薩米文" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Vuoigŋašat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="北方薩米文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozak" title="Mozak – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mozak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%85%E0%B6%BA" title="මොළය – 僧伽羅文" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මොළය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain" title="Brain – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brain" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozog" title="Mozog – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mozog" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%BEgani" title="Možgani – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Možgani" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huropi" title="Huropi – 塞內加爾文" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Huropi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="塞內加爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskax" title="Maskax – 索馬利文" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Maskax" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索馬利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truri" title="Truri – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Truri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Мозак – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мозак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainge" title="Brainge – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Brainge" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uteuk" title="Uteuk – 巽他文" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Uteuk" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%A4rna" title="Hjärna – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hjärna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubongo" title="Ubongo – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ubongo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88" title="மனித மூளை – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மனித மூளை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="మెదడు – 泰盧固文" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మెదడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰盧固文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B7%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мағзи сар – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мағзи сар" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="สมอง – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมอง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelle_be%C3%BDnisi" title="Kelle beýnisi – 土庫曼文" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kelle beýnisi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土庫曼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utak" title="Utak – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Utak" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyin" title="Beyin – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Beyin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Баш мие – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Баш мие" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%90%DA%AD%DB%95" title="مېڭە – 維吾爾文" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مېڭە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="維吾爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Головний мозок – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Головний мозок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="دماغ – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دماغ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosh_miya" title="Bosh miya – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bosh miya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serve%C5%82o" title="Serveło – 威尼斯文" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Serveło" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A3o" title="Não – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Não" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brein" title="Brein – 沃拉普克文" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Brein" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervea" title="Cervea – 瓦隆文" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Cervea" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utok" title="Utok – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Utok" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%91" title="脑 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="脑" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="დუდიშ ტვინი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დუდიშ ტვინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97" title="מוח – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מוח" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uk" title="Uk – 壯文" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Uk" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%91" title="脑 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="脑" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%A6" title="腦 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="腦" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1u" title="Náu – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Náu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuchopho" title="Ubuchopho – 祖魯文" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ubuchopho" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖魯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1073#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="空間名"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6" title="睇吓內容頁[c]" accesskey="c"><span>文章</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%85%A6" rel="discussion" title="關於內容頁嘅討論[t]" accesskey="t"><span>討論</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="改語言變體" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">粵語</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="外觀"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=history" title="呢一頁之前嘅修訂[h]" accesskey="h"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="架撐" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">架撐</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">架撐</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="多啲選項" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 動作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=history"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 基本 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%82%8A%E5%BA%A6%E9%8F%88%E5%8E%BB%E5%91%A2%E7%89%88/%E8%85%A6" title="列出所有連接過嚟呢度嘅頁面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>有乜連過嚟</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%A4%96%E9%8F%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9/%E8%85%A6" rel="nofollow" title="由呢版連出去嘅版嘅最近修改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>連結頁嘅更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E8%BC%89" title="上載檔案[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上載檔案</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E7%89%88" title="所有專門版一覽[q]" accesskey="q"><span>專門版</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&oldid=2046135" title="呢版呢個修訂嘅永久網址"><span>固定連結</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=info" title="多啲同呢版有拏褦嘅資料"><span>此版明細</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E8%85%A6&id=2046135&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="點樣引用呢頁嘅資訊"><span>引用呢篇文</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%2585%25A6"><span>攞短網址</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%2585%25A6"><span>下載QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/匯出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E8%85%A6&action=show-download-screen"><span>下載PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Brain" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1073" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%AD%A3%E6%96%87" title="呢篇係一篇正文。撳呢度睇吓更多嘅資料。"><img alt="呢篇係一篇正文。撳呢度睇吓更多嘅資料。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="腦活動">腦活動</a>跳轉過嚟)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div role="note" class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%90%9E%E6%B8%85%E6%A5%9A" title="Wikipedia:搞清楚"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" 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.mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_life_caution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/40px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/60px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/80px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="190" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="維基百科">維基百科</a>嘅醫學類文章只係提供參考，<b>並唔係醫療意見</b>。<br />閣下如果有任何關於健康嘅問題，請諮詢專業醫護人員。</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1488945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:274px;max-width:274px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chimp_Brain_in_a_jar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Chimp_Brain_in_a_jar.jpg/270px-Chimp_Brain_in_a_jar.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Chimp_Brain_in_a_jar.jpg/405px-Chimp_Brain_in_a_jar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Chimp_Brain_in_a_jar.jpg/540px-Chimp_Brain_in_a_jar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2540" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">一隻<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E7%8C%A9%E7%8C%A9" title="黑猩猩">黑猩猩</a>嘅腦</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/RotatingParasagittalBrain.webm/270px--RotatingParasagittalBrain.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="270" height="239" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="RotatingParasagittalBrain.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/RotatingParasagittalBrain.webm/RotatingParasagittalBrain.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="544" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/RotatingParasagittalBrain.webm/RotatingParasagittalBrain.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="816" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/RotatingParasagittalBrain.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="1132" data-height="1000" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/RotatingParasagittalBrain.webm/RotatingParasagittalBrain.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="272" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/RotatingParasagittalBrain.webm/RotatingParasagittalBrain.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="408" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/RotatingParasagittalBrain.webm/RotatingParasagittalBrain.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="408" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">一個旋轉緊嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%85%A6" title="人腦">人腦</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%AB%94%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="立體模型">立體模型</a>；幅圖像顯示埋對<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E7%8F%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="眼珠">眼珠</a>，方便睇嗰個人知道邊個方向係前。</div></div></div></div></div> <p><ruby><rb><b>腦</b></rb><rt><span>nou<span class="Jpingtone">5</span></span></rt></ruby>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>：<span lang="en"><b>brain</b></span>）係一隻<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物">動物</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="神經系統">神經系統</a>嘅中樞<sup id="cite_ref-haier2004_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haier2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yuste2014_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yuste2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎動物">脊椎動物</a>冚唪唥都有腦，<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="無脊椎動物">無脊椎動物</a>大部份都有腦，淨係得一啲好原始好簡單嘅動物－好似係<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%9A%B1" title="白蚱">白蚱</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%98%9F" title="海星">海星</a>噉－會有神經系統但冇腦。喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="人">人</a>等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎動物">脊椎動物</a>當中，腦生喺個<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD" title="頭">頭</a>嗰度，俾硬淨嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E6%AE%BC" title="頭殼">頭殼</a>包實保護，會近<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC" title="眼">眼</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B3" title="耳">耳</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3" title="口">口</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB" title="鼻">鼻</a>呢啲<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E8%A6%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98" class="mw-redirect" title="感覺器官">感覺器官</a>，而喺功能上，腦扮演咗身體嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a>處理中心：一啲基本嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84%E5%8B%95%E4%BD%9C" title="反射動作">反射動作</a>（reflex action；指一啲<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="進化">進化</a>嚟快速保護身體嘅簡單動作，例如係「見到有物件飛向自己對眼就即刻合埋眼」<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）可以由<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="脊椎">脊椎</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E9%82%8A%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="周邊神經系統">周邊</a>神經構造直接處理，不過比較複雜嘅身體控制就要靠個腦－腦會無時無刻係噉整合由感官同體內收到嘅資訊，然後產生<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F" title="訊號">訊號</a>，佈滿身體嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B7%9A" title="神經線">神經線</a>會將呢啲訊號帶去身體各部，等腦能夠掌控身體啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E8%82%89" title="肌肉">肌肉</a>郁動同<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E7%88%BE%E8%92%99" class="mw-redirect" title="荷爾蒙">荷爾蒙</a>分泌等嘅重要<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="生理">生理</a>活動<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>腦嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E9%9B%9C%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="複雜度">複雜度</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>息息相關：人腦齋係塊<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%A6%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="大腦皮層">大腦皮層</a>（cerebral cortex；指腦最外面嗰浸）就經已有成 150 至 330 億粒互相緊密連繫嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="神經細胞">神經細胞</a>（neuron）咁滯，無論神經細胞數量定神經細胞之間嘅連繫緊密度都係<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>上嘅動物之冠<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>－相比之下，（例如）<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%93" title="貓">貓</a>成個腦加埋都係得嗰 7 億幾粒神經細胞<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；人腦嘅高複雜度令人能夠做高階嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E8%80%83" class="mw-redirect" title="思考">思考</a>等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="認知功能">認知功能</a>，因而具有地球動物當中最高嘅智能<sup id="cite_ref-haier2004_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haier2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a>等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a>領域會對腦進行研究：廿一世紀初嘅認知科學一般同意<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%85%A6%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E8%AB%96" title="心腦同一論">心腦同一論</a>（identity theory），主張腦就係<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" title="心靈">心靈</a>嘅所在，會當正腦係一部<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>版嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6" title="電腦">電腦</a>噉－呢啲領域嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="科學家">科學家</a>普遍認為，腦同數碼電腦一樣會由外界吸收資訊、儲起啲資訊同埋處理啲資訊，分別只不過係腦用神經電流機制表示同處理資訊，數碼電腦用嘅就係<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%B8" title="電子學">電子</a>機制；基於呢個諗法而搞嘅認知科學研究喺廿世紀取得咗相當嘅成功，而且<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1" title="人工神經網絡">人工神經網絡</a>等嘅諗頭仲啟發咗 <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">AI</a> 上嘅突破<sup id="cite_ref-yuste2014_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yuste2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="基本概念"><span id=".E5.9F.BA.E6.9C.AC.E6.A6.82.E5.BF.B5"></span>基本概念</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 基本概念"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="神經組織">神經組織</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="神經細胞">神經細胞</a></div> <p>2020 年嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="不列顛百科全書">不列顛百科全書</a>係噉樣形容「腦」呢個詞嘅<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <table align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; margin: 5px auto;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:left; padding:10px 10px;">「 </td> <td><div style="display: table-cell; text-align: left; padding: 1em; vertical-align: middle;">原版英文："Brain, the mass of nerve tissue in the anterior end of an organism. The brain integrates sensory information and directs motor responses; in higher vertebrates it is also the centre of learning."<br /> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87" title="粵文">粵文</a>翻譯：腦，（係指）喺一隻<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%AB%94%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%8D" title="人體解剖學方位">前端</a>（anterior）<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅一大嚿<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="神經組織">神經組織</a>（nerve tissue）。腦會整合感官資訊同引導運動反應。喺高層啲嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎動物">脊椎動物</a>當中腦仲係<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a>嘅中心。 </p> </div> </td> <td valign="bottom" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:right; padding:10px 10px;">」 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_35_03_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Figure_35_03_05.jpg/720px-Figure_35_03_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="720" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Figure_35_03_05.jpg/1080px-Figure_35_03_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Figure_35_03_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption><center>唔同動物嘅腦嘅抽象圖解；喺四腳爬爬嘅動物當中，腦位於身體嘅前端。</center></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="神經組織">神經組織</a>係由<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="神經細胞">神經細胞</a>（neuron）同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E8%86%A0%E8%B3%AA%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="神經膠質細胞">神經膠質細胞</a>（glial cell）組成嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="生物組織">組織</a>。膠質細胞主要負責做一啲支援性嘅功能，好似係結構上嘅支撐同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="代謝">代謝</a>呀噉，而神經細胞就主要負責做最緊要嗰樣功能－傳<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F" title="訊號">訊號</a>（signal）。神經細胞有一種與眾不同嘅特徵：一粒神經細胞喺受到某啲特定嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB" title="電">電</a>或者化學物刺激到嗰陣，（通常）會透過佢條<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%B8%E7%AA%81" title="軸突">軸突</a>（axon；由<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E9%AB%94" title="細胞體">細胞體</a>伸出嚟嘅一條長型結構）以電同化學物嚟傳新嘅訊號<sup id="cite_ref-kandel_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kandel-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而軸突好多時會成大紮噉形成<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B7%9A" title="神經線">神經線</a>（nerve）<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，所以如果有一大柞神經細胞互相連埋一齊，組成一個<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1" title="生物神經網絡">生物神經網絡</a>嘅話，佢哋就可以用嚟傳播一啲好複雜嘅資訊<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>舉個例說明，而家有個人感覺到佢隻<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E6%8C%87" title="食指">食指</a>俾針拮到，跟住佢即刻縮手。喺呢個過程入面，佢個神經系統嘅內部發生咗以下嘅事：佢隻手塊<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%86%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="皮膚">皮膚</a>上面嗰啲會對<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B" title="力">力</a>起反應嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E8%A6%BA%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="感覺神經細胞">感覺神經細胞</a>對支針施落隻手度嘅力有反應，於是乎通過佢哋啲軸突射訊號出去，呢啲訊號會沿<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="脊椎">脊椎</a>上腦，並且由啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="聯合神經細胞">聯合神經細胞</a>處理吓；個腦話咁快自動決定應該做「縮手」呢個動作嚟保護隻手，於是又射返一啲訊號出嚟，指揮個身體做呢個動作；呢啲訊號沿脊椎落返去隻<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E8%87%82" class="mw-redirect" title="手臂">手臂</a>嗰啲<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="運動神經細胞">運動神經細胞</a>嗰度，啲運動神經細胞令隻手臂嗰幾嚿<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E8%82%89" title="肌肉">肌肉</a>郁，做出「縮手」嘅動作<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1488945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:668px;max-width:668px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:332px;max-width:332px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chk-UCH1-GFAP-20X-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chk-UCH1-GFAP-20X-1.jpg/330px-Chk-UCH1-GFAP-20X-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chk-UCH1-GFAP-20X-1.jpg/495px-Chk-UCH1-GFAP-20X-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chk-UCH1-GFAP-20X-1.jpg/660px-Chk-UCH1-GFAP-20X-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:332px;max-width:332px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Complete_neuron_cell_diagram_zh-hant.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Complete_neuron_cell_diagram_zh-hant.svg/330px-Complete_neuron_cell_diagram_zh-hant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Complete_neuron_cell_diagram_zh-hant.svg/495px-Complete_neuron_cell_diagram_zh-hant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Complete_neuron_cell_diagram_zh-hant.svg/660px-Complete_neuron_cell_diagram_zh-hant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="596" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption" style="background-color:">染咗色嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%B6%E9%BC%A0" title="大家鼠">大家鼠</a>腦組織（左）；神經細胞嘅抽象圖解，中間紅色一大嚿嘅係細胞體（右）。</div></div></div></div> <p>神經細胞之間接觸嘅空間叫<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E8%A7%B8" title="突觸">突觸</a>（synapse）：突觸係成個腦嘅功能嘅關鍵，<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E8%A7%B8%E7%B5%82%E7%AB%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="突觸終端">突觸終端</a>（synaptic terminal）連住下一粒神經細胞，令上一粒細胞可以向下一粒傳訊號<sup id="cite_ref-introsyn_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-introsyn-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；突觸決定咗神經細胞之間嘅資訊傳遞－有啲突觸會對下粒神經細胞起刺激性嘅作用，又有啲會壓抑下粒神經細胞嘅活動，令個腦嘅活動模式變得更加多樣化；除此之外，突觸仲曉根據經驗而改變佢哋自己嘅功能，令到隻動物能夠<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記</a>新嘅資訊<sup id="cite_ref-introsyn_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-introsyn-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。連一隻<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%85%B9%E6%9E%9C%E8%A0%85" title="黑腹果蠅">果蠅</a>嘅腦都會有成幾百萬個突觸<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而據某啲估計，一個成年嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%85%A6" title="人腦">人腦</a>可以有成 1,000 億個突觸咁多<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="結構"><span id=".E7.B5.90.E6.A7.8B"></span>結構</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 結構"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1488945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:274px;max-width:274px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vertebrate-brain-regions_small.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Vertebrate-brain-regions_small.png/270px-Vertebrate-brain-regions_small.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="389" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Vertebrate-brain-regions_small.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="432" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">人腦同<a href="/wiki/%E9%AF%8A%E9%AD%9A" title="鯊魚">鯊魚</a>腦嘅比較；佢哋都有某啲共通構造，但同一個構造喺兩個物種之間大細同形狀可以好唔同。</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Limbic_System.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Limbic_System.png/270px-Limbic_System.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Limbic_System.png/405px-Limbic_System.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Limbic_System.png 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">人腦邊緣系統各部份嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E5%8C%96" title="抽象化">抽象化</a>圖解；邊緣系統外面嗰浸粉紅色嘅組織（由<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B0%E8%B3%AA" title="灰質">灰質</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA" title="白質">白質</a>組成）係人嘅大腦皮層。</div></div></div></div></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%B8" title="神經解剖學">神經解剖學</a></div> <p>唔同動物<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="物種">物種</a>嘅腦喺大細同形狀等結構特性上有相當大嘅差異，不過唔同物種嘅腦依然有相當多嘅共通點<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：有一啲構造係幾乎所有動物嘅腦都會有嘅<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而某啲構造就淨係得<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>高啲、複雜啲嘅動物先至會有，或者某啲<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="生物分類法">類別</a>嘅動物先會有<sup id="cite_ref-shperd1994_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shperd1994-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>要研究個腦嘅結構，最簡單嘅方法就係攞一隻動物嘅腦嚟<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96" class="mw-redirect" title="解剖">解剖</a>，再用肉眼進行觀察，而相關領域嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="科學家">科學家</a>仲會用一啲更高深啲嘅技術：自然狀態下嘅腦組織太過軟淋淋，所以好多時科學家會將要研究嘅腦組織浸喺<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92%E7%B2%BE" title="酒精">酒精</a>等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%9B%BA%E5%AE%9A%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="生物組織固定劑">固定劑</a>入面，等啲組織變得硬淨啲，跟住先至切開啲組織觀察組織嘅結構；而且科學家仲可以將腦組織切到好細塊，再用<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%AF%E5%BE%AE%E9%8F%A1" title="顯微鏡">顯微鏡</a>嚟觀察；除咗噉，科學家好多時仲會加一啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="色素">色素</a>落去研究緊嘅腦組織嗰度，呢啲色素喺撞到某啲特定嘅化學物嗰陣會變色－於是乎科學家就可以知道個腦入面啲組織<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="生物化學">由乜嘢物質組成</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>而要研究個腦唔同區域分別有乜功能，又有以下嘅方法可以用： </p> <ul><li>最簡單嘅方法係用<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學">統計學</a>方法計吓唔同腦區嘅結構性特徵（大細等）同隻動物嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="行為">行為</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a>係咪有<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="相關">相關</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>科學家可以研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E8%AE%8A" title="病變">病變</a>（lesion）：佢哋可以去搵一啲因為意外或者腦疾病，搞到個腦入面某幾忽喪失咗功能嘅病人返嚟研究；而喺用人以外嘅動物做研究嗰陣，科學家可以索性幫呢啲動物做手術切走個腦嘅某一忽；跟住呢啲科學家就可以睇吓喪失咗個腦某一忽會對一隻動物嘅行為有啲乜嘢影響，從而推斷個腦每一忽係做乜功能嘅<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>科學家可以用<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%9B%BB%E5%9C%96" title="腦電圖">腦電圖</a>（EEG）或者<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="磁力共振造影">磁力共振造影</a>（MRI）等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="神經成像">神經成像</a>方法監察住個腦嘅活動，靠噉嚟研究個腦入面每一忽嘅功能。例如如果家吓個腦入面某一忽喺隻動物做需要用<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a>嘅工作嗰陣會零舍活躍嘅話，噉就可以知道嗰一忽嘅功能同記憶有關<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>... 等等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="腦嘅各部份"><span id=".E8.85.A6.E5.98.85.E5.90.84.E9.83.A8.E4.BB.BD"></span>腦嘅各部份</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 腦嘅各部份"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎動物">脊椎動物</a>嘅腦主要有呢啲部份： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E9%AB%93" class="mw-redirect" title="延髓">延髓</a>（medulla）係<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E5%B9%B9" title="腦幹">腦幹</a>最下面嗰橛，有好多細粒嘅神經細胞核，幫手做一大柞<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a>同埋唔自主嘅運動功能，好似係控制<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%94" title="嘔">嘔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%B7%B3" title="心跳">心跳</a>同消化過程呀噉<sup id="cite_ref-kandel_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kandel-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E6%A9%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="腦橋">腦橋</a>（pons）喺正個延髓嘅上面。佢入面有好多神經細胞核，幫手控制一啲自主但簡單嘅行為，好似係<a href="/wiki/%E7%9E%93%E8%A6%BA" title="瞓覺">瞓覺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E6%B1%97" class="mw-redirect" title="流汗">流汗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%80%E8%83%B1" title="膀胱">膀胱</a>嘅功能、眼嘅郁動、吞嘢同埋<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E6%83%85" class="mw-redirect" title="表情">表情</a>等等。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8A%E7%B7%A3%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="邊緣系統">邊緣系統</a>（limbic system）： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E4%B8%98%E8%85%A6" title="下丘腦">下丘腦</a>（hypothalamus）係<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E8%85%A6" title="前腦">前腦</a>嘅根基，雖然好細粒，但就極之複雜，有大量嘅細粒神經細胞，而且粒粒都有獨特嘅連結同神經化學。下丘腦有幫手做唔自主或者半自主嘅行為，好似係瞓覺當中嘅某啲部份、飲飲食食同埋某一啲荷爾蒙嘅分泌等等<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8F%E4%BB%81%E6%A0%B8" title="杏仁核">杏仁核</a>（amygdala）專門負責處埋外界刺激同<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="情緒">情緒</a>之間嘅關係：杏仁核會接收有關自身情緒嘅訊號，搵出外界刺激同自身情緒之間嘅啦掕，靠噉幫隻動物學識邊啲刺激對自己有利同邊啲對自己有害<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。舉個例說明，家吓有某一個刺激硬係會喺隻動物覺得<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%9A" title="驚">驚</a>嗰陣出現，而會令隻動物驚通常表示一樣嘢有害，於是乎粒杏仁核就會幫手，令隻動物下次識得避開嗰個令佢驚嘅刺激<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%A6%AC%E9%AB%94" title="海馬體">海馬體</a>（hippocampus）位於下丘腦嘅兩邊，形狀成隻<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%A6%AC" title="海馬">海馬</a>噉嘅樣，係一個得<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="哺乳類">哺乳類</a>先有嘅結構，海馬體喺功能上好多樣化，由<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E6%85%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="焦慮">焦慮</a>等嘅情緒以至<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="空間記憶">空間記憶</a>（spatial memory；指記住有關周圍環境同空間方向相關嘅資訊嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶功能">記憶功能</a>）佢都有份管<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%97%85%E7%90%83" title="嗅球">嗅球</a>（olfactory bulb）喺多數嘅哺乳類當中都處於個腦最前嗰個位，顧名思義，專門管一啲同<a href="/wiki/%E5%97%85%E8%A6%BA" title="嗅覺">嗅覺</a>有關嘅資訊，會向<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%A5%97%E5%B1%A4" title="外套層">外套層</a>（睇下面）管嗅覺嗰忽射訊號。人同其他<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E9%95%B7%E7%9B%AE" title="靈長目">靈長目</a>嘅嗅球異常咁細嚿－反映咗靈長目係靠<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA" title="視覺">視覺</a>多過靠嗅覺嚟去了解佢哋周圍嘅世界嘅<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%98%E8%85%A6" title="丘腦">丘腦</a>（thalamus）有一大柞神經細胞，而且佢哋功能上好多元化：有啲幫手傳資訊去<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%A6" title="大腦">大腦</a>嗰度或者由大腦收資訊，而其他嘅又有同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F" title="動機">動機</a>有關。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%BA%95%E6%A0%B8" title="基底核">基底核</a>（basal ganglia）係一列位於丘腦對上，互相緊密連繫嘅構造，似乎主要負責做動作選擇嘅功能：佢哋會向個腦所有識令到身體郁嘅腦區射壓抑性嘅訊號，等佢哋郁唔到，而個基底核淨係喺某啲情況之下會停止對某啲結構做呢樣壓抑性嘅行為，等嗰個結構有得令到個身體郁－於是基底核就可以管個身體嘅郁動。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="強化">強化</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%B2%E7%BD%B0_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="懲罰 (心理學)">懲罰</a>會令基底核內部嘅連繫改變，並且引致隻動物嘅行為有所改變<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%85%A6" title="小腦">小腦</a>（cerebellum）幫手調制個腦其他系統嘅輸出－無論係運動性定係思考性嘅輸出，都會由小腦調制吓，令呢啲輸出更加精確。研究發現，如果做手術將個小腦攞走，隻動物仲會識做佢做開嘅嘢，但佢啲動作會變到好笨拙同猶豫。小腦呢種調制功能唔係天生嘅，而係有得學嘅：例如一個人學踩<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E8%BB%8A" title="單車">單車</a>嗰陣，佢個小腦入面啲神經細胞會發生改變（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%8F%AF%E5%A1%91%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="神經可塑性">神經可塑性</a><sup id="cite_ref-kandel_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kandel-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>），令到佢踩單車嗰陣嘅動作更加準確，於是乎佢踩起單車上嚟就愈踩愈就手。小腦另一樣值得留意嘅嘢係，人類小腦嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="容量">容量</a>只係成個腦嘅 10%，但成個人腦有成一半嘅神經細胞都係喺小腦入面嘅<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E4%B8%98" title="上丘">上丘</a>（optic tectum）幫手令到個腦想做嘅動作方向上對住空間入面某個點－尤其係當個動作係一個對<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA" title="視覺">視覺</a>刺激起嘅反應嗰陣。上丘會接收大量嘅視覺同第啲<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98" title="感官">感官</a>嘅資訊嚟控制<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E7%8F%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="眼珠">眼珠</a>嘅郁動同伸手攞嘢等嘅動作，例如係一隻<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%93%E9%A0%AD%E9%B7%B9" title="貓頭鷹">貓頭鷹</a>嘅上丘會接收視覺同<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E8%A6%BA" title="聽覺">聽覺</a>資訊嚟知道自己周圍啲物件嘅位置，按呢啲資訊郁動。而喺一啲原始嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E9%A1%9E" title="魚類">魚類</a>入面，上丘係成個腦最大嚿嗰橛<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%A5%97%E5%B1%A4" title="外套層">外套層</a>（pallium，又叫做「dorsal telencephalon」）係喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E8%85%A6" title="前腦">前腦</a>個表面嘅一大浸<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B0%E8%B3%AA" title="灰質">灰質</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA" title="白質">白質</a>，亦都係個腦最複雜、最新<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="進化">進化</a>出嚟嘅結構。<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="哺乳類">哺乳類</a>嘅外套層叫<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%A6%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="大腦皮層">大腦皮層</a>（cerebral cortex），會做好多好緊要嘅功能，由處理感官資訊以至對<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E6%A8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="目標">目標</a>嘅控制都有份，喺哺乳類當中，外套層進化到𢫏住嗮成個腦，做埋好多本嚟由個腦其他部份做嘅功能。喺好多哺乳類動物入面，大腦皮層表面會有好多隆起咗嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E5%9B%9E" title="腦回">腦回</a>（gyrus，眾數係 gyri），令到塊皮層表面有好多深溝，加大咗塊皮層嘅表<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E7%A9%8D" title="面積">面積</a>，等佢可以裝到更加多嘅神經細胞同膠質細胞－自然處理到更加多嘅資訊<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。可以睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E8%91%89" title="腦葉">腦葉</a>（brain lobes）呢個大腦皮層分區方案。</li></ul> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corpus_callosum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Corpus_callosum.png/540px-Corpus_callosum.png" decoding="async" width="540" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Corpus_callosum.png 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption><center>人腦嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%AB%94%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="立體模型">立體模型</a>；紅色嗰個部份就係<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E6%A8%91" title="腦樑">腦樑</a>。</center></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E6%A8%91" title="腦樑">腦樑</a>（corpus callosum）係將<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E8%85%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="左腦">左腦</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E8%85%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="右腦">右腦</a>連埋一齊嘅一大柞<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%B8%E7%AA%81" title="軸突">軸突</a>，呢個結構令到左腦同右腦能夠合作溝通。喺人當中，好多廿世紀嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%85%A7%E7%A7%91" title="神經內科">神經內科</a>醫生都會為咗減輕<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E7%BE%8A%E5%90%8A" title="發羊吊">發羊吊</a>嘅病情而做手術切斷呢個結構，而喺呢種情況之下，個病人嘅左右腦會出現溝通困難－例如佢哋會能夠用口講嚟描述右手掂到嘅物件，但唔曉用口描述左手掂到嘅物件<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E8%85%A6%E5%B1%8F%E9%9A%9C" title="血腦屏障">血腦屏障</a>（blood-brain barrier）係保護個腦嘅一浸屏障：脊椎動物嘅腦由一浸<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E8%86%9C" title="腦膜">腦膜</a>（meninges）包住，令到個腦唔會直接掂到個<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E6%AE%BC" title="頭殼">頭殼</a>；腦膜上面有一啲細嘅窿，俾<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1" title="血管">血管</a>通過並且將帶氧嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80" title="血">血</a>傳俾腦嘅組織用，呢啲血管嘅壁嘅細胞之間封得好冚，形成咗血腦屏障，呢個屏障會阻擋好多<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E7%B4%A0" title="毒素">毒素</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E5%8E%9F%E9%AB%94" title="病原體">病原體</a>，等佢哋冇得傷害個腦<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。同時，血腦屏障有陣時又會阻住某啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5" title="藥">藥</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E9%AB%94" title="抗體">抗體</a>通過，搞到喺醫治腦病嗰陣，啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E5%8A%91%E5%B8%AB" title="藥劑師">藥劑師</a>好多時要大費周章先至可以令到啲藥生效<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生理"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E7.90.86"></span>生理</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 生理"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spike-waves.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Spike-waves.png/270px-Spike-waves.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Spike-waves.png/405px-Spike-waves.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Spike-waves.png 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>用腦電圖量度到嘅腦電活動；<a href="/wiki/Y_%E8%BB%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Y 軸">Y 軸</a>係微<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%A3%93%E5%80%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="電壓值">電壓值</a>，<a href="/wiki/X_%E8%BB%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="X 軸">X 軸</a>係時間，唔同線代表喺頭殼唔同位置度到嘅數值。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="神經生理學">神經生理學</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="代謝"><span id=".E4.BB.A3.E8.AC.9D"></span>代謝</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 代謝"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>腦同第啲身體<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98" title="器官">器官</a>一樣，會做好多<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="代謝">代謝</a>（metabolism）嚟攞佢運作所需嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a>：腦入面嘅代謝主要係由<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E8%B3%AA%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="膠質細胞">膠質細胞</a>負責做嘅，一粒膠質細胞會幫手控制啲神經細胞周圍嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E9%AB%94" title="流體">流體</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%88%90%E4%BB%BD" title="化學成份">化學成份</a>，好似係<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E5%AD%90" title="離子">離子</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="營養">營養</a>嘅水平噉，維持神經細胞嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7" title="電荷">電荷</a><sup id="cite_ref-nie_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nie-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，令神經細胞有得用呢啲化學成份同電荷嚟唯生同做傳訊號嘅工作<sup id="cite_ref-nie_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nie-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。呢啲代謝過程當中用嘅能量主要嚟自<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80" title="血">血</a>入面嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄糖">葡萄糖</a>（glucose）嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96" title="氧化">氧化</a>作用<sup id="cite_ref-nie_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nie-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而淨低嘅能量就係嚟自好似係某啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8" title="脂肪酸">脂肪酸</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E9%85%B8" title="乳酸">乳酸</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸">氨基酸</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>呢啲營養。 </p><p>比例上，腦組織所消耗嘅能量相當多：一般嚟講，多數<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎動物">脊椎動物</a>物種會將全身嘅代謝能量當中 2 至 8% 嘅用喺個腦嗰度，好似人同多種<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E9%95%B7%E7%9B%AE" title="靈長目">靈長目</a>嘅腦喺用嘅能量上仲可以佔走全身嘅成超過 20% 咁多－而同時人腦喺<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E9%87%8F" title="重量">重量</a>上淨係佔咗身體嘅 2% 左右<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；一個大嘅腦會令到動物喺代謝上嘅負擔加重，所以有啲脊椎動物物種就會為咗（例如）要飛而<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="進化">進化</a>到個腦細啲，例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%9D%99%E8%9D%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="蝙蝠">蝙蝠</a>就係噉<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="電活動"><span id=".E9.9B.BB.E6.B4.BB.E5.8B.95"></span>電活動</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 電活動"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%9B%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="腦電">腦電</a></div> <p>喺一個腦正常運作緊嗰陣，佢內部同表面會有微弱嘅電活動：神經細胞會透過<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E4%BD%9C%E9%9B%BB%E4%BD%8D" title="動作電位">電訊號</a>嚟互相傳資訊，而<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7" title="電荷">電荷</a>流動會產生<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4" title="電場">電場</a>變化<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；當有大量嘅神經細胞同一時間射電訊號嘅時候，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E6%AE%BC" title="頭殼">頭殼</a>嘅表面會有咗一股好弱嘅電場喺度，而電場又會產生<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" title="磁場">磁場</a>。呢啲電磁場可以用<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%9B%BB%E5%9C%96" title="腦電圖">腦電圖</a>（EEG）同<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E7%A3%81%E5%9C%96" title="腦磁圖">腦磁圖</a>（MEG）等嘅方法量度，而呢啲量度方法亦都廣泛噉俾神經科學同相關領域嘅科學家用嚟研究腦嘅活動<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>腦電圖研究會<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="量度">量度</a>一隻動物頭殼表面嘅電場，又或者直程用手術將電極植入個頭殼裏面<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，呢啲研究話到好多有用嘅資訊俾科學家知：無論係乜嘢動物，一隻動物嘅腦無時無刻都會有大量嘅電活動，就算隻動物瞓緊覺嗰時都係一樣；腦嘅每個部位都會有節奏性同非節奏性嘅活動，而呢啲活動嘅節奏會受隻動物做緊乜影響－喺哺乳類當中，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%A6%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="大腦皮層">大腦皮層</a>喺隻動物瞓緊覺嗰陣會有好高幅度嘅 <a href="/wiki/Delta_%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta 波">Delta 波</a>活動，當隻動物醒咗但係唔係好專心嗰陣會有快嘅 <a href="/wiki/Alpha_%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha 波">Alpha 波</a>等等；而有陣時個腦嘅控制機制會出問題，搞到電活動會上升到一個病態嘅高水平－呢個時候隻動物就會<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E7%BE%8A%E5%90%8A" title="發羊吊">發羊吊</a><sup id="cite_ref-Buzsaki_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buzsaki-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="神經傳遞素"><span id=".E7.A5.9E.E7.B6.93.E5.82.B3.E9.81.9E.E7.B4.A0"></span>神經傳遞素</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 神經傳遞素"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%82%B3%E9%81%9E%E7%B4%A0" title="神經傳遞素">神經傳遞素</a></div> <p>喺一粒神經細胞傳嘅訊號去到條軸突最尾個突觸嗰陣時，突觸會釋放一啲化合物嚟影響下一粒神經細胞，呢啲化合物就係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%82%B3%E9%81%9E%E7%B4%A0" title="神經傳遞素">神經傳遞素</a>（neurotransmitter）。被釋放嘅神經傳遞素會黐落去下一粒神經細胞嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E5%AE%B9%E9%AB%94" title="受容體">受容體</a>（receptor）嗰度，而下一粒神經細胞跟住落嚟會點做（會唔會傳新資訊）就係由「邊種受容體受到啟動」話事嘅。受容體大致上可以分做三種： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E6%BF%80%E6%80%A7%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%82%B3%E9%81%9E%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="刺激性神經傳遞素">刺激性</a>（excitatory；會令下一粒神經細胞射資訊嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%9C%83%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="機會率">機會率</a>提升）、</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%93%E6%8A%91%E6%80%A7%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%82%B3%E9%81%9E%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="壓抑性神經傳遞素">壓抑性</a>（inhibitory；會令到下一粒神經細胞射資訊嘅機會率下降）同埋</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E5%88%B6%E6%80%A7%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%82%B3%E9%81%9E%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="調制性神經傳遞素">調制性</a>（modulatory；會有第啲長遠效果）<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>神經傳遞素有好多款： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%80%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="穀氨酸">穀氨酸</a>（glutamate）會對好幾種唔同嘅受容體有作用，並且對某幾類嘅受容體有刺激性作用又同時對第啲類嘅受容體有調制性作用<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E4%B8%81%E9%85%B8" title="Γ-氨基丁酸">γ-氨基丁酸</a>（GABA）會對好幾種受容體有作用，而佢啲作用（至少喺成年嘅動物當中）冚唪唥都係壓抑性嘅<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>穀氨酸同 γ-氨基丁酸都係屬於個腦入面最常見神經傳遞素之一，神經科學家可以用<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a>方法，量度（例如）唔同神經傳遞素嘅濃度以及唔同神經傳遞素嘅濃度會受邊啲因素影響，並且研究唔同神經傳遞素分別同啲乜嘢功能有關係<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neuronal_Synapse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Neuronal_Synapse.jpg/450px-Neuronal_Synapse.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Neuronal_Synapse.jpg/675px-Neuronal_Synapse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Neuronal_Synapse.jpg/900px-Neuronal_Synapse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="936" /></a><figcaption><center>神經傳遞素喺兩粒神經細胞之間嘅突觸流動嘅抽象圖解</center></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="主要功能"><span id=".E4.B8.BB.E8.A6.81.E5.8A.9F.E8.83.BD"></span>主要功能</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 主要功能"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Model_of_Cerebellar_Perceptron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Model_of_Cerebellar_Perceptron.jpg/300px-Model_of_Cerebellar_Perceptron.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Model_of_Cerebellar_Perceptron.jpg/450px-Model_of_Cerebellar_Perceptron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Model_of_Cerebellar_Perceptron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" title="美國">美國</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%AB" title="工程師">工程師</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_S._Albus" class="extiw" title="en:James S. Albus">占士阿不思</a>提倡嘅小腦神經電路模型；個腦好似部電腦噉，有<a href="/wiki/Input" class="mw-redirect" title="Input">輸入</a>有<a href="/wiki/Output" class="mw-redirect" title="Output">輸出</a>。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a></div> <p>廿一世紀嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a>（cognitive science；泛指研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" title="心靈">心靈</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>領域，包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a>）一般會將一隻動物想像成一個<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E9%AB%94" title="智能體">智能體</a>（intelligent agent），並且當正個腦係一部<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>版嘅電腦噉：根據呢個理論模型，個腦會透過啲<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98" title="感官">感官</a>攞有關外界嘅資訊；跟手個腦會將啲資訊嘅一部份儲起，等第時攞嚟用（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a>），並且運用呢啲資訊去決定要採取啲乜嘢行動先至可以令達到佢<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E6%A8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="目標">目標</a>嘅機會率最大化（呢啲目標可以包括「搵<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%A2%E9%A3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="嘢食">嘢食</a>」、「搵伴侶」或者「喺下次考試攞好成績」等等）；跟住落嚟，個腦度好嗮要採取嘅行動之後，佢就會傳訊號去身體嘅肌肉嗰度，令身體做出適當嘅動作<sup id="cite_ref-carew2000_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carew2000-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>喺呢個過程當中，腦嘅功能主要係令到隻動物能夠有條理噉控制佢嘅行動。一個中央控制嘅腦能夠集中處理大量嘅資訊，令身體嘅肌肉能夠採取更複雜同多樣化嘅行動，亦都令到身體其中一細橛所受到嘅刺激可以由身體另一面嘅肌肉做反應，而且仲能夠令到全身嘅肌肉互相協調合作<sup id="cite_ref-carew2000_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carew2000-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="感知"><span id=".E6.84.9F.E7.9F.A5"></span>感知</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 感知"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a></div> <p>腦嘅一個首要功能係<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a>－即係處理由<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98" title="感官">感官</a>感應到嘅資訊。人嘅感官會接收外界嘅刺激：<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC" title="眼">眼</a>會感應<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光">光</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="耳仔">耳仔</a>感應<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2" title="聲">聲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB" title="鼻">鼻</a>感應<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3" title="空氣">空氣</a>入面嘅化學成份、<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B7" title="脷">脷</a>感應佢掂到嘅嘢嘅化學成份、而<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%86%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="皮膚">皮膚</a>就感應身體周圍嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" title="溫度">溫度</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B" title="壓力">壓力</a>變化。第啲動物好多時仲有多過五種感官，例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%87" title="蛇">蛇</a>就曉感應<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="紅外線">紅外線</a>，某啲<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%80%E9%B3%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="雀鳥">雀鳥</a>曉感應<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" title="磁場">磁場</a>，而某啲<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E9%A1%9E" title="魚類">魚類</a>識感應<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4" title="電場">電場</a>。一隻動物嘅感官受到相應嘅刺激嗰陣會向個腦射訊號，話到俾個腦知周圍嘅環境係乜嘢情況<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arnheim69_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arnheim69-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>每個感知系統嘅起點係<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E5%AE%B9%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="受容細胞">受容細胞</a>（receptor cell）：例如係眼嗰塊<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E7%B6%B2%E8%86%9C" title="視網膜">視網膜</a>（retina）上面嗰啲會對光起反應嘅神經細胞，又或者係耳仔嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B3%E8%9D%B8" title="耳蝸">耳蝸</a>（cochlea）入面會對振動起反應嘅神經細胞（聲係某啲介質<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="粒子">粒子</a>嘅振動，喺一般人類情況下，呢個介質係空氣）；呢啲受容神經細胞喺俾佢哋專門負責感應嗰樣嘢刺激到嗰陣，會射訊號去第一層嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E8%A6%BA%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="感覺神經細胞">感覺神經細胞</a>嗰度，而呢啲感覺神經細胞跟手就會射訊號去更高層嘅感覺神經細胞嗰度，最後呢啲訊號會傳上腦，由<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%98%E8%85%A6" title="丘腦">丘腦</a>（thalamus）負責再傳去塊大腦皮層專處理嗰種資訊嘅區域嗰度。塊大腦皮層會攞到嗮呢啲感覺資訊，綜合噉處理吓呢啲資訊，再決定要點做<sup id="cite_ref-kandel_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kandel-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arnheim69_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arnheim69-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/langyue-390px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="397" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/langyue-585px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/langyue-780px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>一隻人<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC" title="眼">眼</a>嘅圖解；<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E7%B6%B2%E8%86%9C" title="視網膜">視網膜</a>上面有<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%85%89%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="感光細胞">感光細胞</a>，呢啲感光細胞喺俾光刺激到嗰陣會射訊號，呢啲訊號會沿<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="視覺神經">視覺神經</a>（optic nerve）上腦。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="運動控制"><span id=".E9.81.8B.E5.8B.95.E6.8E.A7.E5.88.B6"></span>運動控制</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 運動控制"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="運動控制">運動控制</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="運動系統">運動系統</a>（motor system）係神經系統（唔淨只腦）入面嘅一系列構造，負責透過啟動或者壓抑身體各嚿大細肌肉嚟<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="運動控制">控制身體嘅郁動</a>：控制眼珠郁動嘅肌肉係由<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%85%A6" title="中腦">中腦</a>嘅神經細胞直接控制嘅；但除咗噉之外，成個身上下嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A8%E6%84%8F%E8%82%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="隨意肌">隨意肌</a>（voluntary muscle；指可以有意控制嘅肌肉）都係由<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E8%85%A6" title="後腦">後腦</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="脊椎">脊椎</a>嗰度伸出嚟嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="運動神經細胞">運動神經細胞</a>連接去個腦嗰度嘅。脊椎嘅運動神經細胞由兩樣嘢控制－脊椎裏面嗰啲<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1" title="生物神經網絡">神經網絡</a>同由個腦傳落嚟嘅訊號，當中前者主要負責做一啲唔使點思考就可以做嘅動作，例如係<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84%E5%8B%95%E4%BD%9C" title="反射動作">反射動作</a>（reflex）或者係<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E8%B7%AF" title="行路">行路</a>等嘅節奏性活動，而後者就通常係做一啲複雜啲、要經過思考先至決定做嘅身體郁動<sup id="cite_ref-kandel_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kandel-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0103_Brain_Sensory%26Motor.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Blausen_0103_Brain_Sensory%26Motor.png/450px-Blausen_0103_Brain_Sensory%26Motor.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Blausen_0103_Brain_Sensory%26Motor.png/675px-Blausen_0103_Brain_Sensory%26Motor.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Blausen_0103_Brain_Sensory%26Motor.png/900px-Blausen_0103_Brain_Sensory%26Motor.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><center>人腦由側面睇嘅樣；綠色嗰一笪就係主要運動皮層。</center></figcaption></figure> <p>個腦有幾個區專門處理有關身體郁動嘅資訊，會直接噉連接去條脊椎嗰度：喺呢個系統入面最低層嘅係<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E9%AB%93" class="mw-redirect" title="延髓">延髓</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E6%A9%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="腦橋">腦橋</a>嗰啲運動區域，呢啲區幫手控制一啲好自動化嘅郁動，好似係行路、<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%9E%E6%B0%A3" title="唞氣">唞氣</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9E%E5%98%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="吞嘢">吞嘢</a>等維持<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a>必需、但通常都唔能夠有<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="意識">意識</a>噉控制嘅身體功能；個系統高層啲嘅部份包含咗<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%85%A6" title="中腦">中腦</a>嘅某啲部份，呢啲區域會負責協調手同腳嘅郁動；個系統再上少少就係<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="主要運動皮層">主要運動皮層</a>（primary motor cortex），呢個區係<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%A6%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="大腦皮層">大腦皮層</a>嘅其中一橛，位於<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%8D%E8%91%89" title="額葉">額葉</a>（frontal lobe）最近<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E5%B0%BE%E6%9E%95" title="後尾枕">後尾枕</a>嗰頭－即係差唔多喺正個腦最上，主要運動皮層會向佢下面嗰啲運動系統區域同脊椎傳訊號，並且做最精細同經過思考嘅郁動<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="動機"><span id=".E5.8B.95.E6.A9.9F"></span>動機</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 動機"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Striatum.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Striatum.svg/300px-Striatum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Striatum.svg/450px-Striatum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Striatum.svg/600px-Striatum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>一個人腦由側面睇嘅樣嘅圖解；紅色嗰嚿（喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%A6%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="大腦皮層">大腦皮層</a>下面）就係<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E6%A2%9D%E9%AB%94" title="線條體">線條體</a>。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F" title="動機">動機</a></div> <p>一隻動物係一個<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E9%AB%94" title="智能體">智能體</a>，而智能體實會有某一啲想要達到嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E6%A8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="目標">目標</a>。喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%AD%B8" title="動物行為學">動物行為學</a>等領域上，「目標」呢個詞<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>上係指一隻動物想要達到嘅一個狀態：每隻動物都會想改變佢自己內部或者四周圍環境嘅狀態嚟迎合佢啲目標，而當環境嘅實際狀態同佢心目中理想嘅唔同嗰陣，佢就會採取一啲行動，試圖令環境狀態變成佢想要嘅樣。舉個例說明，一隻正常嘅動物會想自己唔覺得<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9A%E9%A4%93" title="肚餓">肚餓</a>（肚餓表示佢可能會唔夠<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a>而<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB" title="死">死</a>），所以一旦個<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%83" title="胃">胃</a>向個腦射訊號，話俾個腦聽話肚餓嗰陣，個人就會試圖令到佢內部狀態改變，唔再覺得肚餓，而要達到呢個目標，最直接嘅行動就係去搵嘢食醫肚。同一道理，一隻正常嘅動物會想自己唔覺得<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%B8%E6%B8%B4" title="頸渴">頸渴</a>、會想自己唔覺得<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%9B" title="痛">痛</a>、會想自己周圍冇危險嘢等等。冇呢啲目標嘅動物成功生存同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="繁殖">繁殖</a>嘅機會會比較低，所以<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%AB%B6%E5%A4%A9%E6%93%87" title="物競天擇">物競天擇</a>長遠嚟講會令多數動物都以「確保自己生存」做基本嘅目標<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>腦有一個主管<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F" title="動機">動機</a>嘅系統：呢個系統無時無刻都會留意住有關「目標係咪達到咗」嘅資訊，例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E6%A2%9D%E9%AB%94" title="線條體">線條體</a>（striatum）會對隻動物想要嘅嘢－<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>、嘢食同伴侶等等－有反應，而當個系統（根據由感官嗰度得到嘅資訊）偵察到環境入面有啲嘢可以幫隻動物達到目標嗰陣，就會向有關嘅腦區傳資訊，例如係由感知腦區嗰度收到資訊，發現自己附近有（例如）嘢食嗰陣，個動機系統會向<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="運動系統">運動系統</a>傳訊號，等運動系統引導個身體郁並且（例如）行埋去啲嘢食度<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="獎賞同懲罰"><span id=".E7.8D.8E.E8.B3.9E.E5.90.8C.E6.87.B2.E7.BD.B0"></span>獎賞同懲罰</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=12" title="編輯小節: 獎賞同懲罰"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basal_Ganglia_and_Related_Structures.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Basal_Ganglia_and_Related_Structures.svg/300px-Basal_Ganglia_and_Related_Structures.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Basal_Ganglia_and_Related_Structures.svg/450px-Basal_Ganglia_and_Related_Structures.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Basal_Ganglia_and_Related_Structures.svg/600px-Basal_Ganglia_and_Related_Structures.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>腦部結構嘅抽象圖；幅圖入面紫色嗰嚿就係基底核。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="強化學習">強化學習</a></div> <p>動機系統會運用<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%8E%E8%B3%9E_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="獎賞 (心理學)">獎賞</a>（reinforcement）同<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%B2%E7%BD%B0_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="懲罰 (心理學)">懲罰</a>（punishment）機制幫隻生物<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a>同適應係噉變緊嘅環境：當隻動物發覺到做某一個行為會得到獎賞（例如係攞到嘢食）嗰陣，動機系統會啟動，並且令到個腦有些微結構上嘅改變，等隻動物下次再做出呢個行為；而相對嚟講，當隻動物發覺到做某一個行為會得到懲罰（例如係會引致痛楚）嗰陣，個動機系統又會啟動，又令個腦有些少結構上嘅改變，等隻動物下次唔好再做呢個行為。舉個例說明，家吓擺一隻<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%B6%E9%BC%A0" title="大家鼠">大家鼠</a>喺一個特製嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%A0" title="籠">籠</a>入面，籠入面有兩個掣，撳第一個掣嘅話會有嘢食跌出嚟，而撳第二個掣嘅話成個籠會有<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B5%81" title="電流">電流</a>通過，呢股電流未勁到致命，但足以令到隻大家鼠覺得痛；喺呢個環境之下，隻大家鼠會好快學識避開第二個掣同一肚餓就走去撳第一個掣<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>多數已知嘅生物都有運用獎賞同懲罰嘅動機系統：就連<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E8%9F%B2" title="昆蟲">昆蟲</a>同好多其他冇脊椎動物都曉對獎賞同懲罰有反應，喺知道某樣行為會引致獎賞嗰時做多啲嗰樣行為，而喺知道咗某樣行為會引致懲罰嗰時做少啲嗰樣行為<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；喺脊椎動物當中，獎賞同懲罰相關嘅資訊會有特定嘅腦區負責處理，當中<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%BA%95%E6%A0%B8" title="基底核">基底核</a>（basal ganglia）好受科學家注意－基底核可以話係個腦嘅獎賞同懲罰系統嘅資訊處理中心，有能力壓抑運動系統嘅好多部份，可以靠呢種能力嚟控制隻動物可以做啲乜嘢動作；獎賞同懲罰會改變基底核受嘅輸入同俾嘅輸出之間嘅關係，並且令隻動物長遠嘅行為改變。<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81" title="毒品">毒品</a>好多時會對基底核或者相關腦區有影響，令隻動物唔自控想去吸毒（一種帶嚟快感嘅攞獎賞行為）<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="學嘢同記憶"><span id=".E5.AD.B8.E5.98.A2.E5.90.8C.E8.A8.98.E6.86.B6"></span>學嘢同記憶</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=13" title="編輯小節: 學嘢同記憶"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homework_(4015200817).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Homework_%284015200817%29.jpg/300px-Homework_%284015200817%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Homework_%284015200817%29.jpg/450px-Homework_%284015200817%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Homework_%284015200817%29.jpg/600px-Homework_%284015200817%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="1998" /></a><figcaption>一個細路喺度溫緊書。喺學嘢嗰陣，個腦嗰啲閒閒地數以百億計嘅突觸之間嘅連繫會有所改變。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%9C%9F%E5%A2%9E%E5%BC%B7%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="長期增強作用">長期增強作用</a></div> <p>動物物種幾乎冚唪唥都識按經驗嚟改變自己嘅行為－就算係最原始嘅昆蟲都係噉。一個個體按經驗改變自己行為嘅過程就係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a>（learning）。行為係由腦活動主導嘅，所以行為有所改變就表示個腦嘅某啲微觀結構有所改變。喺 19 世紀尾，神經科學界經已有好似<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a>神經科學家<a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E5%9C%B0%E7%89%99%E5%93%A5%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E8%92%99%E5%8D%A1%E5%93%88" title="桑地牙哥·拉蒙卡哈">桑地牙哥·拉蒙卡哈</a>（Santiago Ramón y Cajal）等嘅理論家主張，一隻動物學到嘅資訊嘅內容同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a>係以神經細胞之間嗰啲<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E8%A7%B8" title="突觸">突觸</a>嘅改變嚟表達嘅<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；不過呢個<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="假說">假說</a>直到 1970 年都仲未有乜嘢證據支撐，打後喺 1971 年，有人發現到由活動所引致嘅突觸改變可以維持成幾日咁耐，先至算搵到啲支持呢個假說證據<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，後嚟科學家仲喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%A6%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="大腦皮層">大腦皮層</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%A6%AC%E9%AB%94" title="海馬體">海馬體</a>等多個腦區觀察到呢種現象<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而到咗今日，「一隻動物嘅行為改變係因為突觸嘅改變」呢一點喺神經科學上經已係一種常識<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>唔同嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶功能">記憶功能</a>由唔同嘅腦區主管： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="工作記憶">工作記憶</a>（working memory）指個腦暫時噉儲起啲用緊嘅資訊，等隻動物有得一路做嘢一路運用啲資訊。現時科學界相信呢種能力係由神經細胞組合引致嘅－個腦入面有一柞神經細胞會喺隻動物做緊嘢嗰陣以某啲特定嘅規律係噉刺激對方，而個規律就代表咗記緊嗰個資訊嘅內容<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%AF%80%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="情節記憶">情節記憶</a>（episodic memory）係指個腦記住某啲特定事件嘅能力，例如記住「邊年邊月邊日喺邊度發生過乜嘢事」。證據顯示，情節記憶嘅形成似乎係至少局部由海馬體負責嘅：因為病而海馬體嚴重受損嘅人會有一啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%86%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="失憶">失憶</a>嘅症狀，會變到唔曉產生新嘅情節記憶－即係話第日就唔記得尋日發生嘅事<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="語義記憶">語義記憶</a>（semantic memory）係指個腦記住一啲事實同事物之間嘅關係嘅能力，例如記住「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E5%BD%A2" title="三角形">三角形</a>係有三條邊嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E7%8B%80" title="形狀">形狀</a>」。一般認為，呢種記憶應該係儲喺大腦皮層嗰度，由細胞之間嘅連繫改變嚟處理嘅，而似乎同海馬體冇乜啦掕－因為海馬體嚴重受損嘅病人好多時仲會記得啲語義記憶<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>...等等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="醒覺"><span id=".E9.86.92.E8.A6.BA"></span>醒覺</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=14" title="編輯小節: 醒覺"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cat_sleeping_on_carpet_tile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cat_sleeping_on_carpet_tile.jpg/300px-Cat_sleeping_on_carpet_tile.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cat_sleeping_on_carpet_tile.jpg/450px-Cat_sleeping_on_carpet_tile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cat_sleeping_on_carpet_tile.jpg/600px-Cat_sleeping_on_carpet_tile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>一隻<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%93" title="貓">貓</a>喺度瞓覺；瞓覺係一個低醒覺嘅狀態－隻動物會變到冇咁能夠對外界刺激俾反應。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%92%E8%A6%BA" title="醒覺">醒覺</a></div> <p>多數動物都會每日進行由<a href="/wiki/%E7%9E%93%E8%A6%BA" title="瞓覺">瞓覺</a>到醒嘅循環，呢個循環係由腦入面某啲特定腦區嚟調控嘅，呢啲腦區會主宰一隻動物嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%92%E8%A6%BA" title="醒覺">醒覺</a>（arousal）－即係隻動物有幾清醒，有幾能夠對外界刺激俾反應<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="視交叉上核"><span id=".E8.A6.96.E4.BA.A4.E5.8F.89.E4.B8.8A.E6.A0.B8"></span>視交叉上核</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=15" title="編輯小節: 視交叉上核"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%89%E4%B8%8A%E6%A0%B8" title="視交叉上核">視交叉上核</a></div> <p>醒覺系統嘅一個關鍵部份係<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%89%E4%B8%8A%E6%A0%B8" title="視交叉上核">視交叉上核</a>（suprachiasmatic nucleus，SCN）。視交叉上核係<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E4%B8%98%E8%85%A6" title="下丘腦">下丘腦</a>嘅一部份，位於兩隻眼嘅<b>視</b>覺神經<b>交叉</b>嗰個位對<b>上</b>嗰個點。視交叉神經會由眼嗰度收到「周圍環境有幾光」呢一樣資訊，並且用呢個資訊嚟控制隻動物嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%9D%E5%A4%9C%E7%AF%80%E5%BE%8B" title="晝夜節律">晝夜節律</a>（circadian rhythms）：視交叉上核裏面嘅神經細胞嘅活動會受環境嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光">光</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%BA%A6" title="光度">光度</a>影響，並且以廿四個<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%98%E9%A0%AD" title="鐘頭">鐘頭</a>左右長嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E7%8E%87" title="頻率">週期</a>上上落落，呢種上上落落令個腦知道幾時係日頭幾時係夜晚，並且令到個腦能夠喺隻動物應該瞓覺嘅時間準備休息－當個腦準備休息嗰陣，佢會釋放一啲特定嘅荷爾蒙，令隻動物覺得<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E7%9E%93" class="mw-redirect" title="眼瞓">眼瞓</a>。於是乎，視交叉上核就係成個身體嘅中心生物時鐘，掌控咗隻動物嘅作息<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Circadian_rhythm_labeled.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Circadian_rhythm_labeled.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="267" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption><center>視交叉上核嘅位置圖解</center></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="瞓覺"><span id=".E7.9E.93.E8.A6.BA"></span>瞓覺</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=16" title="編輯小節: 瞓覺"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sleep_EEG_REM.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Sleep_EEG_REM.png/300px-Sleep_EEG_REM.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Sleep_EEG_REM.png/450px-Sleep_EEG_REM.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Sleep_EEG_REM.png/600px-Sleep_EEG_REM.png 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>紅色框框入面嘅係一個人 REM 嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%9B%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="腦電">腦電</a>活動：圖中顯示 REM 嗰時個人嘅腦有高頻嘅電活動。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%9E%93%E8%A6%BA" title="瞓覺">瞓覺</a></div> <p>瞓覺嗰陣嘅腦活動同醒緊嗰陣嘅好唔同：喺 1950 年代打前，一般學界都係諗住個腦喺瞓覺嗰陣會完全閂嗮咁滯<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，但家吓學界已經知道，一個瞓緊覺嘅腦入面仲會有好多活動，只不過係啲活動規律同醒緊嗰陣好唔同。瞓覺大致上有得分做兩種： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E9%80%9F%E5%8B%95%E7%9C%BC%E7%9D%A1%E7%9C%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="快速動眼睡眠">快速動眼睡眠</a>（rapid eye movement sleep，REM sleep）同</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E5%BF%AB%E9%80%9F%E5%8B%95%E7%9C%BC%E7%9D%A1%E7%9C%A0" title="非快速動眼睡眠">非快速動眼睡眠</a>（non-Rapid eye movement sleep，NREM sleep），</li></ul> <p>呢兩種睡眠會喺隻動物瞓緊覺嗰陣交替噉出現，而 NREM 仲有得細分做深同淺兩種。喺隻動物進行 NREM 嘅時候，成塊大腦皮層都會出現大幅度兼且同步嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%9B%BB%E6%B3%A2" title="腦電波">腦電波</a>；而喺隻動物進行 REM 嗰陣，佢嘅眼珠會快速噉郁嚟郁去，更加令科學家覺得得意嘅係，根據對人類 REM 嘅研究，REM 時期通常就係個人<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E5%A4%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="發夢">發夢</a>嘅時期<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="穩態"><span id=".E7.A9.A9.E6.85.8B"></span>穩態</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=17" title="編輯小節: 穩態"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%A9%E6%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="穩態">穩態</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%A9%E6%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="穩態">穩態</a>（homeostasis）係指一隻生物維持自己體內環境穩定嘅能力<sup id="cite_ref-gross1998_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gross1998-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：無論係乜嘢物種，一隻動物要生存落去，就梗要有啲方法令自己體內嘅某啲狀態維持穩定－呢啲狀態包括咗<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" title="溫度">溫度</a>、水份、血嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BD" title="鹽">鹽</a>濃度、血嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄糖">葡萄糖</a>水平同埋血嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧</a>水平呀噉，例如如果身體凍得滯，個身體就會做唔到好多對於<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a>嚟講不可或缺嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="化學作用">化學作用</a>，所以隻動物就可能會<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB" title="死">死</a>。腦會幫手做維持穩態呢樣工作，而呢樣工作主要係靠<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A0%E5%9B%9E%E8%BC%B8" title="負回輸">負回輸</a>機制嚟做嘅： </p> <ul><li>每當有某一個受監察緊嘅數值移離咗佢應有嘅水平嗰陣，身體嘅感應器就會產生一啲訊號去相關嘅腦區嗰度，</li> <li>呢啲腦區跟手就會做啲嘢嚟令個數值回復正常<sup id="cite_ref-gross1998_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gross1998-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，</li></ul> <p>所以喺呢個系統之下，嗰啲受監察緊嘅數值會傾向維持大致上唔變<sup id="cite_ref-dough_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dough-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>喺脊椎動物當中，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E4%B8%98%E8%85%A6" title="下丘腦">下丘腦</a>對穩態嚟講至關重要：雖然下丘腦細細嚿噉，但佢內部有好多特殊神經細胞，呢啲特殊神經細胞會由<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1" title="血管">血管</a>嗰度嘅感應器接收訊號，呢啲感應器無時無刻都會話俾個下丘腦知血嘅溫度以及血入面嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%89" title="鈉">鈉</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄糖">葡萄糖</a>等化合物嘅水平。於是乎，當個身體有需要做穩態機能嗰陣，個下丘腦能夠即刻知道呢樣嘢，並且向相關嘅腦區傳訊號，話俾佢哋聽要做嘢<sup id="cite_ref-dough_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dough-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="發育"><span id=".E7.99.BC.E8.82.B2"></span>發育</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=18" title="編輯小節: 發育"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6_week_embryo_brain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/6_week_embryo_brain.jpg/300px-6_week_embryo_brain.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/6_week_embryo_brain.jpg/450px-6_week_embryo_brain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/6_week_embryo_brain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>6 個月大嘅人類胚胎個腦嘅結構圖；白色嗰粒最後會變成眼。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E5%98%85%E7%99%BC%E8%82%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="腦嘅發育">腦嘅發育</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="胚胎時期"><span id=".E8.83.9A.E8.83.8E.E6.99.82.E6.9C.9F"></span>胚胎時期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=19" title="編輯小節: 胚胎時期"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E5%98%85%E7%99%BC%E8%82%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="腦嘅發育">腦嘅發育</a>（brain development）過程當中，個腦唔係一味單純噉變大，而係會經過一大柞複雜嘅變形：個腦喺發育途中會多次改變形狀，最早期當個人仲係一個<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E" title="胚胎">胚胎</a>嗰陣，佢個腦只不過係一粒喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B4%A2" title="神經索">神經索</a>（nerve cord；<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="脊椎">脊椎</a>嘅雛形）最前嗰段仔漲咗少少嘅結構，而<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="神經細胞">神經細胞</a>會由一個包含<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B9%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="幹細胞">幹細胞</a>（stem cell）嘅特別部位嗰度生出嚟，穿過啲組織移到去佢哋最終嘅位置。當一粒神經細胞去到佢個指定位置嗰陣，佢嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%B8%E7%AA%81" title="軸突">軸突</a>會開始伸長、分叉、穿過成個腦、直到佢嘅尾段到達佢嘅目的地，並且形成一個<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E8%A7%B8" title="突觸">突觸</a>連結網絡。成個神經系統入面，有好多個部分裏面初頭都會形成好多神經細胞同突觸，而呢啲神經細胞同突觸當中冇用嘅最後會消失死亡<sup id="cite_ref-purves1986_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purves1986-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。除咗呢啲少數例外，一個人喺出咗世之後就唔會再生新嘅神經細胞<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。可以睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90" title="神經生成">神經生成</a>（neurogenesis）。 </p><p>脊椎動物嘅神經系統發育喺早期階段都好相似：隨住胚胎由好似波噉嘅一團<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="細胞">細胞</a>變成蠕蟲形嘅結構，<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ectoderm" class="extiw" title="en:ectoderm">外胚層</a>（ectoderm）當中喺背脊正中間嘅一條窄帶會<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%88%86%E5%8C%96" title="細胞分化">分化</a>做一塊<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/neural_plate" class="extiw" title="en:neural plate">神經板</a>（neural plate）－而呢塊嘢就係神經系統嘅前身；神經板會向內凹陷，形成一條<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/neural_groove" class="extiw" title="en:neural groove">神經溝</a>（neural groove），然後神經溝嘅邊綠融合形成<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/neural_tube" class="extiw" title="en:neural tube">神經管</a>（neural tube）－一條充滿液體嘅中空細胞管；喺呢條細胞管最前截會出現三粒漲大嘅物體，呢三嚿嘢遲吓就會變成<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E8%85%A6" title="前腦">前腦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%85%A6" title="中腦">中腦</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B1%E8%85%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="菱腦">菱腦</a>，菱腦又會再分裂做<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E8%85%A6" title="後腦">後腦</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AB%E8%85%A6" title="末腦">末腦</a>（myelencephalon；包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E8%85%A6" title="延腦">延腦</a>等嘅結構）兩截。以上呢啲區域每一個入面都會有神經細胞同膠質細胞生出嚟，而呢啲新生細胞仲有可能喺區域之間遷移<sup id="cite_ref-purves1986_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purves1986-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>一旦一粒神經細胞到咗佢嘅目的地，佢就會向周圍伸好多樹突同一條軸突出嚟。因為軸突通常會延伸到去離細胞體好遠嘅地方，而且要去到特定嘅目的地，所以佢生嘅方式零舍複雜：生緊嘅軸突嘅頭段會有一細嚿嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E9%95%B7%E9%8C%90" title="生長錐">生長錐</a>（growth cone），生長椎上面佈滿咗化學受體，呢啲受體會感應周圍嘅環境，令到生長錐受某啲嘢吸引或者排斥－於是條軸突就會沿住一啲特定嘅路線伸到去佢嘅目的地，再形成突觸。引導軸突嘅過程係由上千個<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a>嚟一齊控制嘅。但係最後形成嘅突觸網絡係點嘅樣淨係局部由基因話事嘅－成長環境都會影響突觸網絡嘅最終形態<sup id="cite_ref-purves1986_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purves1986-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_brain_development_1wk-3mo-1yr-2yr-10yr-T1W-MRI.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Human_brain_development_1wk-3mo-1yr-2yr-10yr-T1W-MRI.PNG/720px-Human_brain_development_1wk-3mo-1yr-2yr-10yr-T1W-MRI.PNG" decoding="async" width="720" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Human_brain_development_1wk-3mo-1yr-2yr-10yr-T1W-MRI.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption><center>一個人腦由一個禮拜大到 10 歲大嘅變化圖<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></center></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="生多再修剪"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E5.A4.9A.E5.86.8D.E4.BF.AE.E5.89.AA"></span>生多再修剪</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=20" title="編輯小節: 生多再修剪"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E8%A7%B8%E4%BF%AE%E5%89%AA" title="突觸修剪">突觸修剪</a></div> <p>喺個腦嘅好多個部份，啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%B8%E7%AA%81" title="軸突">軸突</a>初頭會「生得多得滯」（overgrow），然後先根據佢哋嘅神經活動嚟「修剪」，睇吓邊啲可以唔要。例如係大人喺由對<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC" title="眼">眼</a>去<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%85%A6" title="中腦">中腦</a>嗰段神經結構嗰度，有好精確嘅一對一對應－視網膜上面每一忽都會喺中腦層嗰度有一個對應嘅點。噉查實有段故：喺胚胎發育嘅第一個階段，由視網膜伸過嚟嘅每一條軸突都會受化學訊號引到去中腦嗰一頭，跟手每條都會分叉得好犀利，再各自同好多粒中腦神經細胞接觸；但喺個細路出世之前，塊視網膜會有啲特別嘅機制，令到佢係噉由是但一點嗰度產生活動，並且將呢啲活動傳過成塊視網膜，呢啲活動會向中腦傳達訊號，話俾佢知視網絡啲神經細胞係點樣排嘅；跟住落嚟，中腦就會做嘢，將排得唔啱嗰啲突觸弱化消失。呢種過程會令到個中腦同視網膜之間嘅神經細胞有愈嚟愈高嘅對應－最後達致完美<sup id="cite_ref-purves1986_87-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purves1986-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wong_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wong-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>喺個腦嘅第啲部份都會發生類似嘅嘢：喺胚胎發育初期，會有一大柞<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E8%A7%B8" title="突觸">突觸</a>生得好勁，兼且係亂咁生，令到出現咗一大片突觸<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A9%E9%99%A3" title="矩陣">矩陣</a>，但打後呢片矩陣會由神經活動同其他因素負責「修剪」。喺某啲個案－好似係頭先提到嘅視網膜至中腦連結－入面，呢啲修剪淨係會喺發育緊嘅腦入面產生，而且似乎純粹係為咗引導發育而存在嘅<sup id="cite_ref-wong_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wong-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="先天定後天"><span id=".E5.85.88.E5.A4.A9.E5.AE.9A.E5.BE.8C.E5.A4.A9"></span>先天定後天</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=21" title="編輯小節: 先天定後天"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8C%E5%A4%A9" title="先天定後天">先天定後天</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%BA%A6" title="遺傳度">遺傳度</a></div> <p>喺西方世紀，學者喺好幾個世紀之前經已喺度詏<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC" title="性格">性格</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>呢啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" title="心靈">心靈</a>素質到底係天生定係由成長環境造成嘅－呢啲辯論就係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8C%E5%A4%A9" title="先天定後天">先天定後天</a>（nature versus nurture）爭詏<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。廿一世紀初嘅神經科學經已清楚表明，先天同後天因素都能夠對腦嘅特性產生影響<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a>會決定個腦大致上嘅形態，而且亦都會影響個腦點樣對經驗起反應；但喺個腦嘅好多部位，喺某啲<b>重要時期</b>（critical period）嘅經驗會決定嗮－或者至少強烈影響－嗰個部位嘅發育歷程（可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%98%E5%8D%B0" title="銘印">銘印</a>），例如係有實驗證據顯示，同<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="對照">對照</a>動物比起上嚟，喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E8%B1%90%E5%AF%8C%E5%8C%96" title="環境豐富化">一個多嘢玩多地方探索嘅環境</a>之下成長嘅動物會生到厚啲嘅大腦皮層出嚟，而且突觸之間嘅連結會強啲－一般認為噉反映喺充滿刺激嘅環境下成長嘅動物嘅腦會發育得好啲<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RecreationRoomChicago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/RecreationRoomChicago.jpg/420px-RecreationRoomChicago.jpg" decoding="async" width="420" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/RecreationRoomChicago.jpg/630px-RecreationRoomChicago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/RecreationRoomChicago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>專家認為，一個俾細路成長嘅環境最理想係有返咁上下量嘅玩具同書，等啲細路可以受多啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98" title="感官">感官</a>上嘅刺激。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="比較研究"><span id=".E6.AF.94.E8.BC.83.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6"></span>比較研究</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=22" title="編輯小節: 比較研究"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="比較神經心理學">比較神經心理學</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="兩側對稱動物"><span id=".E5.85.A9.E5.81.B4.E5.B0.8D.E7.A8.B1.E5.8B.95.E7.89.A9"></span>兩側對稱動物</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=23" title="編輯小節: 兩側對稱動物"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>現存嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="多細胞生物">多細胞</a>動物幾乎冚唪唥都係屬於<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E5%81%B4%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="兩側對稱動物">兩側對稱動物</a>（bilaterian），得好似<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%B6%BF%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="海綿動物">海綿</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E8%83%9E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="刺胞動物">刺胞動物</a>呢啲簡單得好交關嘅動物先至唔屬兩側對稱<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。包括各種<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎動物">脊椎動物</a>在內，兩側對稱動物嘅身體大致上係左右對稱嘅<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，身體有個生得好近嘅腦同口，而無論個腦幾細幾簡單都好，佢都會伸一啲好長嘅神經線落去身體嘅各部份嚟指揮身體嘅運作，亦都有個別物種會喺近條尾嗰度生一個細嘅「尾腦」出嚟，個口對落會係一個<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="消化系統">消化系統</a>負責<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96" title="消化">消化</a>經個口食落肚嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%A2%E9%A3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="嘢食">嘢食</a>，而個身體最落嘅地方係<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9B%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="肛門">肛門</a>，用嚟排走嘢食消化完產生嘅廢物。兩側對稱動物<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B" title="手">手</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%B3" title="腳">腳</a>嘅數量因物種而異－有啲兩側對稱動物冇手冇腳，而人類就有一對手同一對腳<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。一般嚟講，學界認為兩側對稱動物喺 4 億 8,500 萬年至 5 億 4,000 萬年前嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%92%E6%AD%A6%E7%B4%80" title="寒武紀">寒武紀</a>嗰度有個<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E7%A5%96%E5%85%88" title="共同祖先">共同祖先</a><sup id="cite_ref-balavoine_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-balavoine-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>雖然兩側對稱動物話就話係「兩側對稱」，但呢啲動物查實好多都有<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E5%81%B4%E5%8C%96" title="腦功能側化">腦功能側化</a>（brain lateralization）嘅現象，即係話個腦嘅某啲功能喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E8%85%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="左腦">左腦</a>勁啲或者喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E8%85%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="右腦">右腦</a>勁啲。呢種現象喺人入面都有出現－亦都係人有分<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E3%95%AD" title="左㕭">左㕭</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E3%95%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="右㕭">右㕭</a>嘅主要原因<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilaterian-plan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bilaterian-plan.svg/500px-Bilaterian-plan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bilaterian-plan.svg/750px-Bilaterian-plan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bilaterian-plan.svg/1000px-Bilaterian-plan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="218" /></a><figcaption>兩側對稱動物嘅基本構造圖；由<a href="/wiki/%E8%9D%B8%E7%89%9B" title="蝸牛">蝸牛</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%98%E8%9B%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="蜘蛛">蜘蛛</a>以至<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%BE%9C" title="海龜">海龜</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="人">人</a>嘅身體都係大致上跟呢個構造嘅。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="無脊椎動物"><span id=".E7.84.A1.E8.84.8A.E6.A4.8E.E5.8B.95.E7.89.A9"></span>無脊椎動物</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=24" title="編輯小節: 無脊椎動物"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_(aka).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg/210px-Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg/315px-Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg/420px-Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>果蠅成日俾科學家攞嚟研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a>對腦部發展嘅影響。</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="無脊椎動物">無脊椎動物</a>包括咗<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%A9%E6%AD%A5%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="緩步動物">緩步動物</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%80%E8%82%A2%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="節肢動物">節肢動物</a>（蜘蛛同<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E8%9F%B2" title="昆蟲">昆蟲</a>等）同埋<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E9%AB%94%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="軟體動物">軟體動物</a>（蝸牛同<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E7%88%AA%E9%AD%9A" title="八爪魚">八爪魚</a>）。冇脊椎動物無論喺身體嘅結構定係腦嘅結構上都好多樣化<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。一般嚟講，無脊椎動物當中有兩個族群嘅腦係零舍複雜嘅：節肢動物同埋<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E8%B6%B3%E7%B6%B1" title="頭足綱">頭足綱</a>；前者包括咗蜘蛛同各種嘅昆蟲，而後者就包括咗八爪魚同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E9%AD%9A" title="墨魚">墨魚</a>等等；呢兩類動物嘅腦都有連住貫穿成個身體嘅兩條打孖平衡神經線<sup id="cite_ref-butler_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-butler-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。節肢動物會有一個中央嘅腦，喺每一隻眼後面會有一個叫做<b>光葉</b>（optical lobe）嘅組織負責處理<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA" title="視覺">視覺</a>資訊<sup id="cite_ref-butler_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-butler-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而頭足綱就具有無脊椎動物當中最大嘅腦，亦都出嗮名<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>高－頭足綱喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a>上嘅表現拍得住－甚至超越－好多哺乳類動物<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CrawlingCelegans.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/CrawlingCelegans.gif/210px-CrawlingCelegans.gif" decoding="async" width="210" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/CrawlingCelegans.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="115" /></a><figcaption>一條躝緊嘅秀麗蟲</figcaption></figure> <p>喺神經科學界最引研究者注目嘅無脊椎動物有以下呢啲<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%85%B9%E6%9E%9C%E8%A0%85" title="黑腹果蠅">黑腹果蠅</a>（fruit flies；<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E5%90%8D" title="學名">學名</a>：<i>Drosophila</i>）俾好多科學家攞嚟研究基因對腦部發育嘅影響：雖然哺乳類同昆蟲喺<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="進化">進化</a>上差好遠，但果蠅嘅腦受基因影響嘅機制同哺乳類嘅好相似，所以研究果蠅嘅腦部發展點樣受基因影響會話到俾科學家知喺哺乳類入面呢啲過程係點樣發生<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。例如係會影響一隻動物嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%A4%9C%E7%AF%80%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="日夜節律">日夜節律</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E8%A8%88%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%90" title="時計遺傳子">時計遺傳子</a>（CLOCK）噉，就係喺研究變咗種搞到日夜節律異常嘅果蠅個體嗰陣發現嘅，而及後進一步嘅研究仲發現<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E9%BC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="老鼠">老鼠</a>嘅生理時鐘都係受時計遺傳子掌控<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%80%E9%BA%97%E9%9A%B1%E6%A1%BF%E7%B7%9A%E8%9F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="秀麗隱桿線蟲">秀麗隱桿線蟲</a>（學名：<i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>，<i>C. Elegans</i>），以下簡稱「秀麗蟲」，全身上下得嗰 302 粒神經細胞－可以話係極之簡單，而且秀麗蟲條條有嘅神經細胞數量以及神經細胞之間嘅聯繫仲一模一樣<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，所以科學家好興攞佢哋嚟做啲簡單嘅研究<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。喺 1970 年代早期，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E" title="南非">南非</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="生物學家">生物學家</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E6%A2%A8%E5%B8%83%E5%80%AB%E7%B4%8D" title="雪梨布倫納">雪梨布倫納</a>（Sydney Brenner）揀咗秀麗蟲做對象嚟研究基因點樣控制腦嘅發展，佢同佢班研究員將每條蟲切做上千塊好薄嘅片，每塊攞去用顯微鏡睇兼且影埋相，再用呢啲相砌返成條蟲嘅神經系統出嚟，得出一個完整嘅秀麗蟲<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E9%80%A3%E6%8E%A5%E7%B5%84" title="神經連接組">神經連接組</a>（connectome）<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。到咗廿一世紀初，喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>上咁多物種當中，得秀麗蟲係經已有咗完整嘅神經連接組－相比之下，一個大人嘅腦閒閒地有成幾百億粒神經細胞，複雜得好交關，所以就算係到咗廿一世紀初，人類仲未有耐可以完全知嗮人腦嘅結構係點<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%9C%E8%9C%82" title="蜜蜂">蜜蜂</a>（學名：<i>Apis</i>）有高度嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>：一隻蜜蜂嘅腦得一粒<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%9D%E9%BA%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="芝麻">芝麻</a>咁大，但<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="密度">密度</a>係哺乳類腦<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E5%80%BC" title="平均值">平均值</a>嘅差唔多 10 倍，有成接近 100 萬粒神經細胞，以昆蟲嚟講好犀利。而實驗顯示，蜜蜂有好勁嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶力">記憶力</a>，喺採完<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E8%9C%9C" title="花蜜">花蜜</a>之後能夠記住朵<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1" title="花">花</a>嘅位置記成幾日咁耐；而且佢哋仲有能力向同伴傳複雜嘅資訊，例如有實驗發現，一隻喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4" title="實驗室">實驗室</a>入面嘅蜜蜂睇完個同伴靠拉一條繩嚟攞到花蜜之後，會學識同樣噉拉嗰一條繩嚟攞花蜜，而且仲曉將呢種知識傳達俾冇見過嗰條繩嘅同伴知，等嗰啲同伴能夠跟住學識拉嗰一條繩嚟攞花蜜。上述蜜蜂做到嘅呢啲嘢，大把脊椎動物做唔到<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>... 等等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="脊椎動物"><span id=".E8.84.8A.E6.A4.8E.E5.8B.95.E7.89.A9"></span>脊椎動物</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=25" title="編輯小節: 脊椎動物"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EmbryonicBrain.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg/300px-EmbryonicBrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg/450px-EmbryonicBrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg/600px-EmbryonicBrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><center>一個典型脊椎動物胚胎嘅腦嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E5%8C%96" title="抽象化">抽象化</a>圖解</center></figcaption></figure> <p>脊椎動物歷史相當悠久：根據對<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="化石">化石</a>嘅研究，地球史上第一個有脊椎嘅物種出現喺大約 5 億年前嘅寒武紀時代<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；打後鯊魚就大約出現喺 4 億 5,000 萬年前，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E6%A3%B2%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="兩棲類">兩棲類</a>出現喺 4 億年前，<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%AC%E8%9F%B2%E9%A1%9E" title="爬蟲類">爬蟲類</a>出現喺 3 億 5,000 萬年前，而<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="哺乳類">哺乳類</a>就出現喺 2 億年前左右。上述呢柞物種都好耐歷史，而且普遍有一個趨勢係，愈遲進化出嚟嘅物種個腦就愈大愈複雜<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>呢啲物種嘅腦全部都有某一啲共通嘅基本結構，呢啲結構好多時喺原始嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E9%A1%9E" title="魚類">魚類</a>當中入面好細好基本，而喺人腦入面就會變到好大好複雜，例如係頭先提過嘅大腦皮層就係噉<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而且唔同物種喺同一個腦區嘅形狀上都可以好唔同，例如係多數現存魚類嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E8%85%A6" title="前腦">前腦</a>都係反轉咗出嚟噉嘅<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。唔同脊椎動物物種嘅共通點喺胚胎發育嗰陣零舍明顯：喺個胚胎發育嘅最早期，個腦望落好似喺脊椎最前頭三嚿凸起咗嘅嘢噉，呢三嚿嘢最後會發育變成<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E8%85%A6" title="前腦">前腦</a>（forebrain）、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%85%A6" title="中腦">中腦</a>（midbrain）同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E8%85%A6" title="後腦">後腦</a>（hindbrain），初頭佢哋三嚿差唔多大細，喺魚類同兩棲類當中，呢三嚿嘢會一路維持差唔多一樣咁大，一路維持到隻動物成年嗰陣，但喺哺乳類當中，前腦就會愈生愈大，最後大到蓋過中腦同後腦，尤其係個中腦，會變到好細嚿。另一方面，腦組織一般都係外面係粉紅色，裏面白色嘅，呢個色水會按物種而有些少差異，但呢啲差異唔會好明顯<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="哺乳類"><span id=".E5.93.BA.E4.B9.B3.E9.A1.9E"></span>哺乳類</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=26" title="編輯小節: 哺乳類"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>哺乳類嘅腦喺好多地方上都相當獨特： </p> <ul><li>哺乳類腦同其他動物最明顯唔同嘅係大細：平均嚟講，一隻哺乳類嘅腦係同體型嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%80%E9%B3%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="雀鳥">雀鳥</a>嘅腦嘅兩倍咁大，而且係同體型嘅爬蟲類嘅腦嘅 10 倍咁大<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>除咗大細，哺乳類腦喺形狀上亦都好特殊：哺乳類嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%85%A6" title="中腦">中腦</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E8%85%A6" title="後腦">後腦</a>同其他脊椎動物嘅差唔多樣，但佢哋嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E8%85%A6" title="前腦">前腦</a>同第啲脊椎動物嘅比起上嚟就大得好交關，而且結構亦都唔同<sup id="cite_ref-barton_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barton-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，尤其係塊<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%A6%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="大腦皮層">大腦皮層</a>。喺非哺乳類嘅脊椎動物當中，大腦嘅表面係由一浸分三層嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%A5%97%E5%B1%A4" title="外套層">外套層</a>包住嘅，但係喺哺乳類當中，個大腦嘅表面係一浸有成六層嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="新皮層">新皮層</a>（neocortex）。喺新皮層邊界嘅一啲結構－好似係<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%A6%AC%E9%AB%94" title="海馬體">海馬體</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8F%E4%BB%81%E6%A0%B8" title="杏仁核">杏仁核</a>等－亦都有喺哺乳類當中零舍大嘅情況<sup id="cite_ref-barton_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barton-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>新皮層嘅發展令到其他腦區都有咗一啲微妙嘅變化：喺多數脊椎動物當中負責視覺控制嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E4%B8%98" title="上丘">上丘</a>就係一個例子，上丘喺哺乳類當中異常咁細嚿，似乎佢嘅功能好多都交咗俾大腦皮層嘅視覺區域（睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%95%E8%91%89" title="枕葉">枕葉</a>）做<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；哺乳類嘅小腦仲會支持大腦皮層嘅功能，而呢種結構淨係喺哺乳類當中至搵得到<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="腦嘅大細"><span id=".E8.85.A6.E5.98.85.E5.A4.A7.E7.B4.B0"></span>腦嘅大細</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=27" title="編輯小節: 腦嘅大細"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin-left: 10px;"> <caption>腦化指數比較 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>物種 </th> <th>EQ<sup id="cite_ref-Roth2005_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roth2005-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>人類</td> <td>7.4–7.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E7%8C%A9%E7%8C%A9" title="黑猩猩">黑猩猩</a></td> <td>2.2–2.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%BD%E9%BC%BB%E6%B5%B7%E8%B1%9A" title="樽鼻海豚">樽鼻海豚</a></td> <td>4.14<sup id="cite_ref-Marino_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marino-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%AC%A8%E8%B1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="大笨象">大笨象</a></td> <td>1.13–2.36<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%97" title="狗">狗</a></td> <td>1.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC" title="馬">馬</a></td> <td>0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%B6%E9%BC%A0" title="大家鼠">大家鼠</a></td> <td>0.4 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F" title="腦容量">腦容量</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E5%8C%96%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8" title="腦化指數">腦化指數</a></div> <p>有好多神經科學家都有興趣比較唔同物種嘅腦邊個嘅大啲邊個嘅細啲，而佢哋嘅研究指，<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B4%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="腦嘅大細">腦嘅大細</a>同身體大細之間成嘅關係並唔係<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="線性關係">線性</a>（linear；即係簡單嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E6%AF%94" class="mw-redirect" title="正比">正比</a>）嘅：一般嚟講，個身體大啲嘅物種個腦都會大啲，而「個腦喺大細上佔咗身體嘅比重」呢樣嘢就似乎係物種身體愈細就會愈大；喺哺乳類當中，<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F" title="腦容量">腦容量</a>同身體<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" title="質量">質量</a>呢兩個數成一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%AA%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="冪定律">冪定律</a>（power law），而呢個冪定律個冪嘅值大約係 0.75 左右－即係話腦容量大致上同身體質量嘅 0.75 <a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E6%96%B9" title="次方">次方</a>成正比。要留意嘅係，呢條公式只係<b>大約啱</b>（approximate）嘅－即係話每一個<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E)" title="目 (生物分類)">目</a>嘅哺乳類都會或多或少噉唔跟呢條式，例如係人所屬嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E9%95%B7%E7%9B%AE" title="靈長目">靈長目</a>嘅腦係呢條式所預測嘅差咗成 5 到 10 倍咁大<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E5%8C%96%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8" title="腦化指數">腦化指數</a>（encephalization quotient，簡稱 EQ）係指一個物種「實際嘅腦質量」同「用公式所預測嘅腦質量」呢兩個數之間嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B" title="比例">比例</a>，成日俾科學家用嚟比較唔同物種嘅腦大細。人嘅 EQ 係 7 至 8 左右（即係人腦大細數值係公式預計嘅值嘅成 7 至 8 倍），而其他靈長目嘅就大約係 2 至 3 左右。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%B1%9A" title="海豚">海豚</a>（另一種出咗名智能高嘅動物）嘅 EQ 高過非人靈長目嘅，但除咗靈長目同海豚之外，大部份嘅哺乳類嘅 EQ 都低過呢啲數值一大截<sup id="cite_ref-Roth2005_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roth2005-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marino_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marino-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>順帶一提，研究亦都發現，<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%B5%E9%A3%9F%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="獵食者">獵食者</a>嘅腦比例上傾向會大過佢哋啲獵物嘅<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>人同第啲<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E9%95%B7%E7%9B%AE" title="靈長目">靈長目</a>嘅腦喺結構上同其他哺乳類大致相同，但比例上普遍都係大啲<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。靈長目嘅腦之所以咁大，係因為佢哋<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%A6%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="大腦皮層">大腦皮層</a>嘅大規模擴張，尤其係喺近<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%8D%E9%A0%AD" title="額頭">額頭</a>嗰啲區域同視覺區域（睇<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="視覺皮層">視覺皮層</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：靈長目腦嘅視覺腦區又大又複雜－據估計，靈長目新皮層有超過一半都係俾處理視覺嘢嘅腦區霸咗去嘅<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，呢個視覺網絡有得分做至少 30 個區域，而且區域之間有好緊密嘅相互連繫；除此之外，<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E9%A1%8D%E8%91%89%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="前額葉皮層">前額葉皮層</a>（prefrontal cortex）亦都係喺靈長目腦當中零舍發達－前額葉皮層係塊大腦皮層最近額頭嗰橛，會幫手做<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="計劃">計劃</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="工作記憶">工作記憶</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F" title="動機">動機</a>以及係<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B" title="注意力">注意力</a>控制等嘅功能<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而比例上，靈長目嘅前額葉皮層異常咁大，呢點喺人當中就最明顯<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="科研相關"><span id=".E7.A7.91.E7.A0.94.E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C"></span>科研相關</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=28" title="編輯小節: 科研相關"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EEG_cap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/EEG_cap.jpg/240px-EEG_cap.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/EEG_cap.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>受試者戴住頂特製嘅帽，等神經科研人員有得用<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%9B%BB%E5%9C%96" title="腦電圖">腦電圖</a>嚟收集描述佢腦活動嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A" title="數據">數據</a>。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="相關領域"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E9.A0.98.E5.9F.9F"></span>相關領域</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=29" title="編輯小節: 相關領域"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a></div> <p>有好幾個理論性同應用性嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>領域都會對腦有興趣<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a>呢個科學領域包含嗮所有對腦同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="神經系統">神經系統</a>其他部份嘅研究<sup id="cite_ref-kandel_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kandel-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a>嘅目標係要了解心靈同行為。因為腦對呢啲嘢嘅重要性，所以現代心理學研究好多時都會或多或少噉涉及個腦<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%85%A7%E7%A7%91" title="神經內科">神經內科</a>係<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="醫學">醫學</a>嘅一個子領域，專門研究神經系統相關嘅病同埋點樣醫呢啲病<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="精神醫學">精神醫學</a>係醫學嘅另一個子領域，專門研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="精神疾病">精神疾病</a>嘅成因、防治同治療<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">人工智能</a>（AI）嘗試令<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6" title="電腦">電腦</a>展現接近有<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>嘅生物嘅行為，而動物嘅智能源於腦，所以喺設計人工智能技術嗰陣，研究者好多時都會參考腦嘅運作，例子可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1" title="人工神經網絡">人工神經網絡</a>（ANN）呢種基於<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1" title="生物神經網絡">生物神經網絡</a>嘅技術<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>... 等等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="神經成像"><span id=".E7.A5.9E.E7.B6.93.E6.88.90.E5.83.8F"></span>神經成像</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=30" title="編輯小節: 神經成像"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="神經成像">神經成像</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="神經成像">神經成像</a>（neuroimaging）泛指用某啲<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="物理">物理</a>方法嚟產生一幅描述個腦某啲部份嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E5%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="圖像">圖像</a>嘅技術。呢類技術令到研究者可以睇到腦嘅狀態，以及係睇吓腦狀態會受到乜嘢因素影響，所以對現代神經科學研究嚟講不可或缺。廿一世紀初常用嘅神經成像技術有以下呢啲<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%96%B7%E5%B1%A4%E6%8E%83%E6%8F%8F" title="正電子放射斷層掃描">正電子放射斷層掃描</a>（PET）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="磁力共振造影">磁力共振造影</a>（MRI） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%80%A7%E7%A3%81%E6%8C%AF%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="功能性磁振造影">功能性磁振造影</a>（fMRI）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%9B%BB%E5%9C%96" title="腦電圖">腦電圖</a>（EEG）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E7%A3%81%E5%9C%96" title="腦磁圖">腦磁圖</a>（MEG）</li></ul> <p>... 等等。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="心腦之別"><span id=".E5.BF.83.E8.85.A6.E4.B9.8B.E5.88.A5"></span>心腦之別</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=31" title="編輯小節: 心腦之別"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ADHD_Thought_Bubble.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ADHD_Thought_Bubble.jpg/300px-ADHD_Thought_Bubble.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ADHD_Thought_Bubble.jpg/450px-ADHD_Thought_Bubble.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ADHD_Thought_Bubble.jpg/600px-ADHD_Thought_Bubble.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>描繪一個腦喺度<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%97%E5%98%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="諗嘢">諗嘢</a>嘅圖；腦同心靈係咪同一樣嘢？</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%85%A6%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E8%AB%96" title="心腦同一論">心腦同一論</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%BA%AB%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E8%AB%96" title="心身二元論">心身二元論</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%80%95%E6%AD%BB%E9%AB%94%E9%A9%97" title="瀕死體驗">瀕死體驗</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="心靈哲學">心靈哲學</a>（philosophy of mind）係<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學">哲學</a>嘅一門，專門思考<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" title="心靈">心靈</a>相關嘅問題。廿一世紀初嘅心靈哲學同埋<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="心靈科學">相關科學領域</a>多數都認同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%85%A6%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E8%AB%96" title="心腦同一論">心腦同一論</a>（identity theory），意思即係主張腦等同於心靈。根據典型嘅心腦同一論，心靈入面發生嘅事－好似係<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E7%B7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="思緒">思緒</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F" title="想像">想像</a>等等－每件都係同腦入面發生嘅某啲<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="物理">物理</a>事件（例如神經細胞之間嘅訊號）有所對應<sup id="cite_ref-ryle1949_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryle1949-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>基本上，一個相信心腦同一論嚟研究心靈嘅人會攞住佢研究嗰種心靈現象，並且用<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="神經造影">神經造影</a>方法，睇吓個腦嘅邊啲物理特性同佢研究緊嗰種心靈現象有<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" title="統計相關">統計相關</a>，靠噉嚟劃出心靈同腦成點樣嘅對應；舉個簡單例子，家陣個研究者研究緊<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="想像力">想像力</a>，佢可以一路要受試者做要求想像力嘅工作（假設「想像力」呢個詞有明確嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>）一路用<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%9B%BB%E5%9C%96" title="腦電圖">腦電圖</a>方法睇住<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%A6%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="大腦皮層">大腦皮層</a>各橛嘅電活動，如果大腦皮層有幾橛嘅電活動同「係咪用緊想像力」完全冇統計相關嘅話，噉呢幾橛大腦皮層當中嘅物理過程就應該同想像力唔啦更<sup id="cite_ref-ryle1949_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryle1949-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>基於心腦同一論搞嘅認知科學研究喺廿世紀經已取得相當大嘅成功，所以廿世紀嘅科學界基本上接受咗心腦同一論。例如廿世紀中就有心靈哲學家噉樣講<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <table align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; margin: 5px auto;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:left; padding:10px 10px;">「 </td> <td><div style="display: table-cell; text-align: left; padding: 1em; vertical-align: middle;">原版英文："The logical objections which might be raised to the statement 'consciousness is a process in the brain' are no greater than the logical objections which might be raised to the statement 'lightning is a motion of electric charges'."<br /> 粵文翻譯：對於『<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="意識">意識</a>係腦裏面嘅一個過程』呢一句陳述能夠作出嘅邏輯反駁，並唔大過對『<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%83%E9%9B%BB" title="閃電">閃電</a>係<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7" title="電荷">電荷</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%81%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="郁動">郁動</a>』呢一句陳述能夠作出嘅邏輯反駁。</div> </td> <td valign="bottom" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:right; padding:10px 10px;">」 </td></tr></tbody></table> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float: none; padding: 0.3em 1em;"> <p><b>Info：尼采名句</b><br /> </p><p>19 世紀<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="德國">德國</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="哲學家">哲學家</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E9%87%87" title="弗德里希·尼采">弗德里希·尼采</a>（Friedrich Nietzsche）曾經噉樣講過： </p> <dl><dd>"<i>Der Leib ist eine grosse Vernunft... Werkzeug deines Leibes ist auch deine kleine Vernunft, mein Bruder, die du "Geist" nennst, ein kleines Werk - und Spielzeug deiner grossen Vernunft.</i>"</dd> <dd>段<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87" title="德文">德文</a>嘅粵譯：身體係個宏大嘅智能... 兄弟，你嗌佢做「<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E9%AD%82" title="靈魂">靈魂</a>」嘅嗰個細智能，亦都係你身體嘅一件工具，一件微細嘅工具－而且係你個大智能（身體）嘅玩具。</dd></dl> <p>－順帶一提，尼采呢句說話喺英文入面成日畀人<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E8%BF%B0" title="重述">重述</a>做簡短啲嘅「心靈係畀身體攞嚟玩嘅嘢」（the mind is a plaything of the body）<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>尼采一世人對哲學（尤其係有關<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E7%84%A1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="虛無主義">虛無主義</a>方面嘅思考）貢獻良多，廣泛噉畀人認為係 19 世紀最具影響力嘅哲學家之一。佢呢句名言（或者句嘢嘅變體）成日畀廿世紀至廿一世紀初嘅人引用，攞嚟指「<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%85%A6%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E8%AB%96" title="心腦同一論">心靈就等如腦部</a>」噉嘅諗法，例子可以睇吓 1990 年代嘅出名 <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberpunk">cyberpunk</a> 作品《<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%83%E5%A4%A2" title="銃夢">銃夢</a>》<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="食用"><span id=".E9.A3.9F.E7.94.A8"></span>食用</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=32" title="編輯小節: 食用"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gulai_Otak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gulai_Otak.jpg/300px-Gulai_Otak.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gulai_Otak.jpg/450px-Gulai_Otak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gulai_Otak.jpg/600px-Gulai_Otak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1509" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulai_otak" class="extiw" title="en:Gulai otak">Gulai otak</a>－<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%B0%BC%E8%8F%9C" title="印尼菜">印尼菜</a>當中嘅牛腦<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%96%E5%93%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="咖哩">咖哩</a></figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%94%A8%E8%85%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="食用腦">食用腦</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B4%E8%85%A6" title="猴腦">猴腦</a></div> <p>腦同第啲身體器官一樣，由<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA" title="蛋白質">蛋白質</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="脂肪">脂肪</a>等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有機化合物">有機化合物</a>組成，所以原則上係食得而且有一定<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="營養">營養</a>嘅。 </p><p>喺世界好多地方嘅菜系當中，古人都有用動物嘅腦煮餸，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%BF%E6%BC%A2%E5%85%A8%E5%B8%AD" title="滿漢全席">滿漢全席</a>裏面就有<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B4%E8%85%A6" title="猴腦">猴腦</a>呢味餸：當時嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="清朝">清朝</a>宮廷覺得<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%A8%AE" title="馬騮">馬騮</a>嘅腦好食，所以就有咗噉嘅做法－清朝嘅宮廷廚師會將一隻馬騮固定喺張飯檯上面，然後等準備好嗮啲配料之後，就喺張檯中間嘅窿仔嗰度露隻馬騮嘅頭出嚟，然後就監生用利器打開隻馬騮嘅頭殼，再將配好嘅調味料倒入去隻馬騮嘅頭殼，俾食客用<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%99%E7%BE%B9" title="匙羹">匙羹</a>等嘅餐具𢳂隻馬騮嘅腦嚟食。到咗現代，猴腦呢種食法經已因為人道理由而俾人禁咗<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。另一方面，世上亦有啲族群會為咗<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a>原因而食人腦，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%B0%E7%95%BF%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E" title="巴布亞新畿內亞">巴布亞新畿內亞</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E9%9B%B7%E6%97%8F" title="法雷族">法雷族</a>（Fore）據講會以食死者嘅腦做<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%AC%E7%A6%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="葬禮">葬禮</a>嘅一部份－喺法雷族嘅傳統葬禮上，同死者親嘅人會將死者嘅腦食落肚，認為噉做能夠令死者喺一定程度上達到<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%8D%E6%AD%BB" title="長生不死">長生不死</a><sup id="cite_ref-collins2001_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collins2001-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>食腦被指會對人嘅健康造成嚴重危害。研究指，將腦等嘅神經組織食落肚會好容易惹到<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%8A%E6%AF%92%E9%AB%94" title="朊毒體">朊毒體</a>（prion）相關嘅病：朊毒體係一啲異常嘅蛋白質，一嚿朊毒體能夠影響佢周圍嘅同類蛋白質，令到呢啲同類跟住佢一齊變成異常嘅形狀；朊毒體會引致多種嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E9%80%80%E5%8C%96%E7%97%85" title="神經退化病">神經退化病</a>，即係一啲令個神經系統嘅神經細胞快速死亡嘅病，呢啲病喺廿一世紀初都仲係絕症，會令患者喺幾個月至幾年嘅時間之間因為神經系統喪失功能而死亡<sup id="cite_ref-collins2001_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collins2001-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=33" title="編輯小節: 註釋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">呢度嘅「前端」係以隻動物四腳爬爬做前提嘅。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">研究已知，左右手各連住相反嗰邊嘅腦，而<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>係主要由左腦處理嘅。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8" title="古典電磁學">古典電磁學</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">因為<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7" title="道德">道德</a>問題，「開刀將電極植入受試者頭殼裏面」嘅研究方法通常唔會用喺人類身上，淨係會用喺非人動物嗰度。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>MRI</b> 係<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="磁力共振造影">磁力共振造影</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">雖然直至廿一世紀為止，有關「基因點樣影響腦」嘅細節嘢仲有好多唔清楚嘅地方。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-117">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">不過喺比較唔同物種嗰陣，個腦大啲嘅物種唔一定會聰明啲。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-149">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">可以睇吓 <a href="/wiki/TV_Tropes" title="TV Tropes">TV Tropes</a> 嘅 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/TheMindIsAPlaythingOfTheBody">The Mind Is a Plaything of the Body</a>。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋"><span id=".E7.9D.87.E5.9F.8B"></span>睇埋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=34" title="編輯小節: 睇埋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; column-count:3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%85%A6" title="人腦">人腦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B7%A8%E7%A2%BC" title="神經編碼">神經編碼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BA%95%E8%B3%AA" title="神經底質">神經底質</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E5%B0%88%E5%8C%96" title="腦功能專化">腦功能專化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E6%A9%9F%E4%BB%8B%E9%9D%A2" title="腦機介面">腦機介面</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E8%85%A6%E4%BB%8B%E9%9D%A2" title="腦腦介面">腦腦介面</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="光遺傳學">光遺傳學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="運算神經科學">運算神經科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%84%A7%E5%B7%B4%E6%95%B8" title="鄧巴數">鄧巴數</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文獻"><span id=".E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=35" title="編輯小節: 文獻"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; column-count:3"> <ul><li>Barrett, L. F. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01134.x">The future of psychology: Connecting mind to brain</a> (PDF). <i>Perspectives on psychological science</i>, 4(4), 326-339.</li> <li>Davidson, R. J., & Hugdahl, K. (Eds.). (1996). <i>Brain asymmetry</i>. MIT Press.</li> <li>Frackowiak, R. S. (2004). <i>Human brain function</i>. Elsevier.</li> <li>Hawkins, J. (2021). <i>A Thousand Brains: A New Theory of Intelligence</i>. Hachette Book Group.</li> <li>Squire, L. R. (1987). <i>Memory and brain</i>. Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Swanson, L. (2004). <i>Brain maps: structure of the rat brain</i>. Gulf Professional Publishing.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="攷"><span id=".E6.94.B7"></span>攷</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=36" title="編輯小節: 攷"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2020813"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-haier2004-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-haier2004_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-haier2004_1-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Haier, R.J.; Jung, R.E.; Yeo, R.C.; Head, K.; Alkired, M.T. (2004). "Structural brain variation and general intelligence". <i>NeuroImage</i>. 23 (1): 425–433.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yuste2014-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-yuste2014_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-yuste2014_2-1">2.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Yuste, Rafael; Church, George M. (March 2014). "The new century of the brain". <i>Scientific American</i>. 310 (3): 38–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis Heed Adler (1953). <i>Physiology of the eye: clinical application</i> (2nd ed.). Mosby. pp. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fujiu, K., Shibata, M., Nakayama, Y., Ogata, F., Matsumoto, S., Noshita, K., ... & Manabe, I. (2017). A heart–brain–kidney network controls adaptation to cardiac stress through tissue macrophage activation. <i>Nature medicine</i>, 23(5), 611-622.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holtmann, G., & Talley, N. J. (2014). The stomach–brain axis. <i>Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology</i>, 28(6), 967-979.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pelvig, D.P.; Pakkenberg, H.; Stark, A.K.; Pakkenberg, B. (2008). "Neocortical glial cell numbers in human brains". <i>Neurobiology of Aging</i>. 29 (11): 1754–1762.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jardim-Messeder, Débora; Lambert, Kelly; Noctor, Stephen; Pestana, Fernanda M.; Leal, de Castro; E, Maria; Bertelsen, Mads F.; Alagaili, Abdulaziz N.; Mohammad, Osama B. (2017). "Dogs Have the Most Neurons, Though Not the Largest Brain: Trade-Off between Body Mass and Number of Neurons in the Cerebral Cortex of Large Carnivoran Species". <i>Frontiers in Neuroanatomy</i>. 11: 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerison, H. (2012). <i>Evolution of the brain and intelligence</i>. Elsevier.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kriegeskorte, N. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-vision-082114-035447">Deep neural networks: a new framework for modeling biological vision and brain information processing</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200507202752/https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-vision-082114-035447">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2020年5月7號，. (PDF). <i>Annual review of vision science</i>, 1, 417-446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/brain">Brain</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Accessed on 24 Oct 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kandel-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kandel_12-0">11.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kandel_12-1">11.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kandel_12-2">11.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kandel_12-3">11.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kandel_12-4">11.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kandel_12-5">11.5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Kandel, Eric R.; Schwartz, James Harris; Jessell, Thomas M. (2000). <i>Principles of neural science</i>. New York: McGraw-Hill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnett, M.W.; Larkman, P.M. (2007). "The action potential". <i>Practical Neurology</i>. 7 (3): 192–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2190673">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .references-small,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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.saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul>li{margin-left:3em;text-indent:-3em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171123120617/http://ms-society.ie/uploads/File/Living%20with%20MS/what%20is%20ms%20importance_myelin.pdf">"The importance of myelin"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ms-society.ie/uploads/File/Living%20with%20MS/what%20is%20ms%20importance_myelin.pdf">原著</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>喺2017年11月23號歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1983). "Relative brain size and metabolism in mammals". <i>Science</i>. 220 (4603): 1302–1304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-132">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerison, H.J. (1973). <i>Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence</i>. Academic Press. pp. 55–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-133">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Finlay, B.L.; Darlington, R.B.; Nicastro, N. (2001). "Developmental structure in brain evolution". <i>Behavioral and Brain Sciences</i>. 24 (2): 263–308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-134">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Calvin, W.H. (1996). <i>How Brains Think</i>. Basic Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-135">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sereno, M.I.; Dale, A.M.; Reppas, A.M.; Kwong, K.K.; Belliveau, J.W.; Brady, T.J.; Rosen, B.R.; Tootell, R.B.H. (1995). "Borders of multiple visual areas in human revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging". <i>Science</i>. AAAS. 268 (5212): 889–893.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-136">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rubia, K., Overmeyer, S., Taylor, E., Brammer, M., Williams, S. C., Simmons, A., & Bullmore, E. T. (1999). Hypofrontality in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during higher-order motor control: a study with functional MRI. <i>American Journal of Psychiatry</i>, 156(6), 891-896.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-137">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fuster, J.M. (2008). <i>The Prefrontal Cortex</i>. Elsevier. pp. 1–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-138">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thagard, P. (2008). Zalta, E.N., ed. "Cognitive Science". <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-139">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrett, L. F. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01134.x">The future of psychology: Connecting mind to brain</a> (PDF). <i>Perspectives on psychological science</i>, 4(4), 326-339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-140">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Victor, M., & Ropper, A. H. (2000). <i>Adams & Victor's principles of neurology</i>, 7th edition. Mcgraw-hill professional.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-141">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Storrow, Hugh A. (1969). <i>Outline of clinical psychiatry</i>. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Educational Division.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-142">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2003), <i>Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach</i> (2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-143">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Filler A. (12 July 2009). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/npre">The History, Development and Impact of Computed Imaging in Neurological Diagnosis and Neurosurgery: CT, MRI, and DTI</a>". <i>Nature Precedings</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-144">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gazzaniga, M. S., Ivry, R. B. & Mangun, G. R. (2002). <i>Cognitive Neuroscience: The biology of the mind</i> (2nd ed.). New York: W. W. Norton.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ryle1949-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ryle1949_145-0">138.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ryle1949_145-1">138.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Ryle, G., 1949, <i>The Concept of Mind</i>, London: Hutchinson.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-146">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Putnam, H., 1960, 'Minds and Machines', in S. Hook (ed.), <i>Dimensions of Mind</i>, New York: New York University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-147">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Place, U.T. (1954). The Concept of Heed, <i>British Journal of Psychology</i>, 45: 243–255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-148">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bartleby.com/library/prose/3802.html">The Despisers of the Body By Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900)</a>. <i>Bartleby.com</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-150">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kknews.cc/history/vzoxon2.html">古代三大最殘酷的吃法，猴腦僅僅排第三</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-151">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hk.news.appledaily.com/international/realtime/article/20170311/56412867">【活吃猴子腦】生勾勾劈猴子頭骨食腦漿惡習依然未改</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328052905/https://hk.news.appledaily.com/international/realtime/article/20170311/56412867">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2020年3月28號，.。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-collins2001-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-collins2001_152-0">144.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-collins2001_152-1">144.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins, S.; McLean C.A.; Masters C.L. (2001). "Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, fatal familial insomnia, and kuru: a review of these less common human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies". <i>Journal of Clinical Neuroscience</i>. 8 (5): 387–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-153">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Collinge, John (2001). "Prion diseases of humans and animals: their causes and molecular basis". <i>Annual Review of Neuroscience</i>. 24: 519–50. </span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="拎"><span id=".E6.8B.8E"></span>拎</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6&action=edit&section=37" title="編輯小節: 拎"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018312">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018311">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%89%88" class="extiw" title="commons:頭版">維基同享</a>有多媒體嘅嘢：<br /><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brain" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Brain"><span style="">Brain</span></a></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfn.org">The Society for Neuroscience</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibro.org">IBRO (International Brain Research Organization)</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325101705/http://www.stanford.edu/group/hopes/basics/braintut/ab0.html">The HOPES Brain Tutorial</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hopes.stanford.edu/">hopes.stanford.edu</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brainmuseum.org/">Comparative Mammalian Brain Collection</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/mind_brain/">Brain Research News from ScienceDaily</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050220094746/http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/">BrainInfo for Neuroanatomy</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neurok.html">Neuroscience for kids</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brainmaps.org/">BrainMaps.org</a>，互動嘅高清數字化腦地圖，基於靈長目同非靈長目嘅腦切片嘅圖像嘅。</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thebrain.mcgill.ca">The Brain from Top to Bottom</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="https://zh-yue.wikiversity.org/wiki/Topic:Neuroscience" class="extiw" title="v:Topic:Neuroscience">Department of Neuroscience</a> at <a href="https://zh-yue.wikiversity.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="v:">Wikiversity</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wnet/brain/history/index.html">The Secret Life of the Brain : History of the Brain</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www9.biostr.washington.edu/cgi-bin/DA/PageMaster?atlas:Neuroanatomy+ffpathIndex:Splash%5EPage+2">University of Washington</a>，腦區域嘅 3D 圖書館。</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZZrhkGbhgw.com">7 circuits of the Brain</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smallcollation.blogspot.com/2013/03/head-and-neck-cerebral-gyru-and-sulcus.html">head and neck（頭頸部）-大腦溝與迴（cerebral gyru and sulcus）</a>.</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="神經系統嘅主要部份" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="Template:神經系統"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:神經系統 (無呢版)"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="神經系統嘅主要部份" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="神經系統">神經系統</a>嘅主要部份</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="研究神經系統嘅科學包括神經科學、神經心理學同神經內科">研究神經系統嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="神經心理學">神經心理學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%85%A7%E7%A7%91" title="神經內科">神經內科</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基礎</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="神經細胞">神經細胞</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E9%AB%94" title="細胞體">細胞體</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%B9%E7%AA%81" title="樹突">樹突</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%B8%E7%AA%81" title="軸突">軸突</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E8%A7%B8" title="突觸">突觸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E8%86%A0%E8%B3%AA%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="神經膠質細胞">膠質細胞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B0%E8%B3%AA" title="灰質">灰質</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA" title="白質">白質</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B7%9A" title="神經線">神經線</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E9%80%9A%E9%81%93" title="神經通道">神經通道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%9C%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="膜電勢">膜電勢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E4%BD%9C%E9%9B%BB%E4%BD%8D" title="動作電位">動作電位</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%82%B3%E9%81%9E%E7%B4%A0" title="神經傳遞素">神經傳遞素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B7%A8%E7%A2%BC" title="神經編碼">神經編碼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90" title="神經生成">神經生成</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pixabay_neuron.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Pixabay_neuron.png/150px-Pixabay_neuron.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Pixabay_neuron.png/225px-Pixabay_neuron.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Pixabay_neuron.png/300px-Pixabay_neuron.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1542" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%A8%9E%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="中樞神經系統">中樞</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E9%AB%93" title="脊髓">脊髓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E8%86%9C" title="腦膜">腦膜</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">腦部</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%85%A6" title="人腦">人腦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E8%85%A6" title="後腦">後腦</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E8%85%A6" title="延腦">延腦</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%8B%E8%85%A6" title="橋腦">橋腦</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%85%A6" title="小腦">小腦</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%85%A6" title="中腦">中腦</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E5%B0%8E%E6%B0%B4%E7%AE%A1" title="腦導水管">腦導水管</a>）</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8A%E7%B7%A3%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="邊緣系統">邊緣系統</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E8%85%A6" title="前腦">前腦</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%93%E8%85%A6" title="間腦">間腦</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%A6" title="大腦">大腦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%A6%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="大腦皮層">大腦皮層</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E8%91%89" title="腦葉">腦葉</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E6%A8%91" title="腦樑">腦樑</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E5%81%B4%E5%8C%96" title="腦功能側化">側化</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E9%82%8A%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="周邊神經系統">周邊</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%80%E9%AB%94%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="軀體神經系統">軀體</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E8%A6%BA%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93" title="感覺神經">感覺神經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93" title="運動神經">運動神經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93" title="腦神經">腦神經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E9%AB%93%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93" title="脊髓神經">脊髓神經</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="自主神經系統">自主</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%84%9F%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="交感神經系統">交感神經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E4%BA%A4%E6%84%9F%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="副交感神經系統">副交感神經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%B8%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="腸神經系統">腸神經</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關領域</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知神經科學">認知神經科學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="運算神經科學">運算神經科學</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">人工智能</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="神經語言學">神經語言學</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="精神醫學">精神醫學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="經濟學">經濟學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="神經經濟學">神經經濟學</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="Category:神經系統">神經系統類</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="認知" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="Template:認知"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="Template talk:認知"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="認知" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="研究認知嘅科學領域就係認知心理學">研究認知嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>領域就係<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基本概念</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA%E8%A1%A8%E5%BE%B5" title="心智表徵">心智表徵</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96" title="認知地圖">認知地圖</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%A4%87%E9%9B%9C%E5%BA%A6" title="認知複雜度">認知複雜度</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">腦</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BA%95%E8%B3%AA" title="神經底質">神經底質</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%81%8F%E8%AA%A4" title="認知偏誤">認知偏誤</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%81%8F%E8%AA%A4%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%BD" title="認知偏誤一覽">一覽</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="認知革命">認知革命</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="意識">意識</a></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flaticonbrain.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flaticonbrain.png/150px-Flaticonbrain.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flaticonbrain.png/225px-Flaticonbrain.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flaticonbrain.png/300px-Flaticonbrain.png 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="711" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">研究方法</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="實驗心理學">心理實驗</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="反應時間">反應時間</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E5%8B%95%E8%BF%BD%E8%B9%A4" title="眼動追蹤">眼動追蹤</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E8%AC%8E%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" title="解謎遊戲">解謎遊戲</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="認知模型">認知模型</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E7%B5%90%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="聯結主義">聯結主義</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E6%9E%B6%E6%A7%8B" title="認知架構">認知架構</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="神經造影">神經造影</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">認　<br />知　<br />功　<br />能　</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA" title="視覺">視覺</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AF%E8%A6%8B" title="錯見">錯見</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A9%E8%89%B2%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA" title="彩色視覺">彩色視覺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E6%B7%B1%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="景深感知">景深感知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="形態感知">形態感知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E9%82%8A%E8%A6%96%E5%8A%9B" title="周邊視力">周邊視力</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%83%8F" title="心像">心像</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%97%8B%E8%BD%89" title="心理旋轉">心理旋轉</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">其他</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98" title="感官">感官</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E8%A6%BA" title="聽覺">聽覺</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%AB%98" title="音高">音高感知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="語音感知">語音感知</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%97%85%E8%A6%BA" title="嗅覺">嗅覺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%B3%E8%A6%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="味覺">味覺</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E8%A6%BA" title="時覺">時覺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AF%E8%A6%BA" title="錯覺">錯覺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98%E6%8F%90%E7%A4%BA" title="感官提示">感官提示</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">　<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B" title="注意力">注意力</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E6%B3%A8" title="專注">專注</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6" title="注意力長度">長度</a>）同<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%BF%83" title="分心">分心</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%A4%9A%E4%BD%9C%E6%A5%AD%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="人類多作業處理">多作業處理</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B%E5%B0%8E%E5%90%91" title="注意力導向">注意力導向</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E8%A6%BA" title="警覺">警覺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B5%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88%E8%AB%96" title="特徵整合論">特徵整合論</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%85%A5%E7%A2%BC" title="記憶入碼">入碼</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%84%B2%E8%97%8F" title="記憶儲藏">儲藏</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%96" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶提取">提取</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%83%B3" title="回想">回想</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%A8%E8%AD%98" title="辨識">辨識</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="工作記憶">工作記憶</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%B2%A0%E8%8D%B7" title="認知負荷">認知負荷</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%BA" title="時間統覺">時間統覺</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%9B%A3" title="解難">解難</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" title="思維">思考</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E7%AD%96" title="決策">決策</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F%E6%8E%A2%E6%B8%AC%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="訊號探測理論">訊號探測</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="計劃">計劃</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E9%87%8D%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="雙重過程理論">雙重過程理論</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E8%A6%BA" title="直覺">直覺</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7" title="理性">理性</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E6%80%9D%E6%B3%95" title="捷思法">捷思法</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9E%E5%AF%9F" title="洞察">洞察</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%A1%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="外顯知識">外顯</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%9A%B1%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="內隱知識">內隱</a>知識<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" title="概念">概念</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E5%8C%96" title="抽象化">抽象化</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA" title="知識表示">知識表示</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6" title="專家">專家知識</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="心靈模型">心靈模型</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E8%91%89%E6%96%AF%E8%85%A6%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="貝葉斯腦假說">貝葉斯腦假說</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">拉雜功能</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3" title="理解">理解</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="認知語言學">語言認知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F" title="想像">想像</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E8%A8%AD%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="後設認知">後設認知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="社會認知">社會認知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="心靈理論">心靈理論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E6%8E%A7%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD" title="管控功能">管控功能</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>概念</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人類智能">人類智能</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0" title="一般智能因素">一般智能因素</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86" title="智商">智商</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E5%84%AA" title="資優">資優</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%89%8D" title="天才">天才</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="動物認知">動物認知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="植物智能">植物智能</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E9%AB%94" title="智能體">智能體</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%84%8F" title="創意">創意</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">相關領域</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="心腦領域" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">腦</a>領域</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%90%86%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="數理心理學">數理心理學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理物理學">心理物理學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知神經科學">認知神經科學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="運算神經科學">運算神經科學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8" title="心理測量學">心理測量學</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="資訊理論">資訊理論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">AI</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%B8" title="機械人學">機械人學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="認知語言學">認知語言學</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學">統計學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E7%AD%96%E8%AB%96" title="決策論">決策論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="人因工程">人因工程</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A9%9F%E4%BA%92%E5%8B%95" title="人機互動">人機互動</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="知識論">知識論</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="Category:認知">認知類</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="權威控制" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="權威控制" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%8A%E5%A8%81%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="權威控制">權威控制</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="extiw" title="en:Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85016319">sh85016319</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="extiw" title="en:Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4019752-9">4019752-9</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11971075f">cb11971075f</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11971075f">資料</a>）</span></li> <li><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%B3%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" class="extiw" title="ja:国立国会図書館">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568735">00568735</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" 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