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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Negotiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negotiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Negotiation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negotiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Signing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ratification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ratification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Ratification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ratification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.3 Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Provisions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Provisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Provisions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Provisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intellectual_property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Intellectual property </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Labor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Transportation infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_11_–_investor-state_dispute_settlement_procedures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_11_–_investor-state_dispute_settlement_procedures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Chapter 11 – investor-state dispute settlement procedures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_11_–_investor-state_dispute_settlement_procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_19_–_countervailing_duty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_19_–_countervailing_duty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Chapter 19 – countervailing duty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_19_–_countervailing_duty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjudication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjudication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Adjudication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjudication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Impact </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Historical context </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Current issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade_balances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_balances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Trade balances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_balances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Investment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_and_jobs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_jobs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Economy and jobs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_jobs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobility_of_persons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobility_of_persons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Mobility of persons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobility_of_persons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disputes_and_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputes_and_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Disputes and controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disputes_and_controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Disputes and controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Disputes_and_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1992_U.S._presidential_candidate_Ross_Perot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1992_U.S._presidential_candidate_Ross_Perot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 1992 U.S. presidential candidate Ross Perot </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1992_U.S._presidential_candidate_Ross_Perot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Legal disputes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Change_in_income_trust_taxation_not_expropriation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Change_in_income_trust_taxation_not_expropriation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Change in income trust taxation not expropriation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Change_in_income_trust_taxation_not_expropriation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_Mexican_farmers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_Mexican_farmers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Impact on Mexican farmers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_Mexican_farmers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zapatista_Uprising_in_Chiapas,_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zapatista_Uprising_in_Chiapas,_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Zapatista Uprising in Chiapas, Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zapatista_Uprising_in_Chiapas,_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_from_2016_U.S._presidential_candidates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_from_2016_U.S._presidential_candidates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Criticism from 2016 U.S. presidential candidates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_from_2016_U.S._presidential_candidates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policy_of_the_Trump_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policy_of_the_Trump_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Policy of the Trump administration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Policy_of_the_Trump_administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Policy of the Trump administration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Policy_of_the_Trump_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Renegotiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renegotiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Renegotiation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renegotiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_withdrawing_from_NAFTA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_withdrawing_from_NAFTA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Impact of withdrawing from NAFTA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_withdrawing_from_NAFTA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trans-Pacific_Partnership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trans-Pacific_Partnership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Trans-Pacific Partnership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trans-Pacific_Partnership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_public_opinion_on_NAFTA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_public_opinion_on_NAFTA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 American public opinion on NAFTA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_public_opinion_on_NAFTA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">North American Free Trade Agreement</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" > 61 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAFTA" title="NAFTA – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="NAFTA" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="نافتا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نافتا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trat%C3%A1u_de_Llibre_Comerciu_d%27Am%C3%A9rica_del_Norte" title="Tratáu de Llibre Comerciu d'América del Norte – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tratáu de Llibre Comerciu d'América del Norte" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eimali_Amerika_Azad_Ticar%C9%99t_Assosiasiyas%C4%B1" title="Şimali Amerika Azad Ticarət Assosiasiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şimali Amerika Azad Ticarət Assosiasiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A4%D0%A2%D0%90" title="НАФТА – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="НАФТА" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Северноамериканско споразумение за свободна търговия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Северноамериканско споразумение за свободна търговия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="North American Free Trade Agreement" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80rea_de_Lliure_Comer%C3%A7_d%27Am%C3%A8rica_del_Nord" title="Àrea de Lliure Comerç d'Amèrica del Nord – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àrea de Lliure Comerç d'Amèrica del Nord" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAFTA" title="NAFTA – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="NAFTA" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="North American Free Trade Agreement" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordamerikanisches_Freihandelsabkommen" title="Nordamerikanisches Freihandelsabkommen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nordamerikanisches Freihandelsabkommen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAFTA" title="NAFTA – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="NAFTA" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%86%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%95%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%92%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Συμφωνία Ελεύθερου Εμπορίου Βόρειας Αμερικής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συμφωνία Ελεύθερου Εμπορίου Βόρειας Αμερικής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_de_Libre_Comercio_de_Am%C3%A9rica_del_Norte" title="Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordamerika_Liberkomerca_Interkonsento" title="Nordamerika Liberkomerca Interkonsento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nordamerika Liberkomerca Interkonsento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipar_Amerikako_Merkataritza_Libreko_Ituna" title="Ipar Amerikako Merkataritza Libreko Ituna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ipar Amerikako Merkataritza Libreko Ituna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="قرارداد تجارت آزاد آمریکای شمالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قرارداد تجارت آزاد آمریکای شمالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAFTA" title="NAFTA – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="NAFTA" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accord_de_libre-%C3%A9change_nord-am%C3%A9ricain" title="Accord de libre-échange nord-américain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Accord de libre-échange nord-américain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_de_libre_comercio_de_Am%C3%A9rica_do_Norte" title="Tratado de libre comercio de América do Norte – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tratado de libre comercio de América do Norte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet-m%C3%AE_Chh%E1%B9%B3-y%C3%B9_Mo-yi_Hia%CC%8Dp-ngi" title="Pet-mî Chhṳ-yù Mo-yi Hia̍p-ngi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pet-mî Chhṳ-yù Mo-yi Hia̍p-ngi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%81%EB%AF%B8%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%EB%AC%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%98%91%EC%A0%95" title="북미자유무역협정 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="북미자유무역협정" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BF_%D5%A1%D5%BC%D6%87%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AB" title="Ազատ առևտրի հյուսիսամերիկյան գոտի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ազատ առևտրի հյուսիսամերիկյան գոտի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="उत्तर अमेरिकी मुक्त व्यापार समझौता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उत्तर अमेरिकी मुक्त व्यापार समझौता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjevernoameri%C4%8Dki_sporazum_o_slobodnoj_trgovini" title="Sjevernoamerički sporazum o slobodnoj trgovini – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sjevernoamerički sporazum o slobodnoj trgovini" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrato_pri_Libera_Komerco_di_Nord-Amerika" title="Kontrato pri Libera Komerco di Nord-Amerika – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kontrato pri Libera Komerco di Nord-Amerika" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjanjian_Perdagangan_Bebas_Amerika_Utara" title="Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas Amerika Utara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas Amerika Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%ADverslunarsamningur_Nor%C3%B0ur-Amer%C3%ADku" title="Fríverslunarsamningur Norður-Ameríku – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fríverslunarsamningur Norður-Ameríku" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordo_nordamericano_per_il_libero_scambio" title="Accordo nordamericano per il libero scambio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Accordo nordamericano per il libero scambio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="הסכם הסחר החופשי של צפון אמריקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסכם הסחר החופשי של צפון אמריקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%AD%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჩრდილოამერიკული თავისუფალი ვაჭრობის ზონა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩრდილოამერიკული თავისუფალი ვაჭრობის ზონა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zieme%C4%BCamerikas_br%C4%ABv%C4%81s_tirdzniec%C4%ABbas_nol%C4%ABgums" title="Ziemeļamerikas brīvās tirdzniecības nolīgums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ziemeļamerikas brīvās tirdzniecības nolīgums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iaur%C4%97s_Amerikos_laisvos_prekybos_sutartis" title="Šiaurės Amerikos laisvos prekybos sutartis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šiaurės Amerikos laisvos prekybos sutartis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89szak-amerikai_Szabadkereskedelmi_Egyezm%C3%A9ny" title="Észak-amerikai Szabadkereskedelmi Egyezmény – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Észak-amerikai Szabadkereskedelmi Egyezmény" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Северноамериканска зона на слободна трговија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Северноамериканска зона на слободна трговија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjanjian_Perdagangan_Bebas_Amerika_Utara" title="Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas Amerika Utara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas Amerika Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noord-Amerikaanse_Vrijhandelsovereenkomst" title="Noord-Amerikaanse Vrijhandelsovereenkomst – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Noord-Amerikaanse Vrijhandelsovereenkomst" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%B1%B3%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="北米自由貿易協定 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="北米自由貿易協定" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAFTA" title="NAFTA – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="NAFTA" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%90_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AB%D8%B1%DB%8D_%D8%AA%DA%93%D9%88%D9%86" title="د شمالي امریکا د ازادې سوداګرۍ تړون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د شمالي امریکا د ازادې سوداګرۍ تړون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac%C3%B2rd_%C3%ABd_l%C3%ACber_%C3%ABscambi_n%C3%B2rd-american" title="Acòrd ëd lìber ëscambi nòrd-american – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Acòrd ëd lìber ëscambi nòrd-american" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3%C5%82nocnoameryka%C5%84ski_Uk%C5%82ad_o_Wolnym_Handlu" title="Północnoamerykański Układ o Wolnym Handlu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Północnoamerykański Układ o Wolnym Handlu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_Norte-Americano_de_Livre-Com%C3%A9rcio" title="Tratado Norte-Americano de Livre-Comércio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tratado Norte-Americano de Livre-Comércio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acordul_Nord-American_de_Comer%C8%9B_Liber" title="Acordul Nord-American de Comerț Liber – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Acordul Nord-American de Comerț Liber" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Североамериканская зона свободной торговли – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Североамериканская зона свободной торговли" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="North American Free Trade Agreement" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="North American Free Trade Agreement" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8F%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%A7_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%BA%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%87" title="اُتر آمريڪا آزاد واپار ٺاهه – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اُتر آمريڪا آزاد واپار ٺاهه" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severoamerick%C3%A1_dohoda_o_vo%C4%BEnom_obchode" title="Severoamerická dohoda o voľnom obchode – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Severoamerická dohoda o voľnom obchode" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporazum_NAFTA" title="Sporazum NAFTA – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sporazum NAFTA" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"NAFTA" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nafta_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Nafta (disambiguation)">Nafta (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the current free trade agreement in North America, see <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country 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.ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">North American Free Trade Agreement</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</li><li>Accord de Libre-échange Nord-Américain (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1994–2020</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:NAFTA_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of the NAFTA Secretariat of North American Free Trade Agreement"><img alt="Logo of the NAFTA Secretariat of North American Free Trade Agreement" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/NAFTA_logo.svg/120px-NAFTA_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/NAFTA_logo.svg/180px-NAFTA_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/NAFTA_logo.svg/240px-NAFTA_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="450" /></a></div> <div>Logo of the NAFTA Secretariat</div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:North_American_Agreement_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of North American Free Trade Agreement"><img alt="Location of North American Free Trade Agreement" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/North_American_Agreement_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-North_American_Agreement_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/North_American_Agreement_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-North_American_Agreement_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/North_American_Agreement_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-North_American_Agreement_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output 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li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Free-trade_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-trade area">Free trade area</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Member states</th><td class="infobox-data">Canada Mexico United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Effective </div></th><td class="infobox-data">January 1, 1994</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">USMCA</a> in force </div></th><td class="infobox-data">July 1, 2020</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">21,578,137 km2 (8,331,365 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">7.4</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2018 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">490,000,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">22.3/km2 (57.8/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2018 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$24.8 trillion<a href="#cite_note-imf.org-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$50,700</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-website">Website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naftanow.org">www.naftanow.org</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RCEP_GDP.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/RCEP_GDP.png/260px-RCEP_GDP.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/RCEP_GDP.png 1.5x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption>NAFTA GDP – 2012: IMF – World Economic Outlook Databases (October 2013)</figcaption></figure> The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈnæftə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">NAF-tə</a>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte, TLCAN; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Accord de libre-échange nord-américain, ALÉNA) was an agreement signed by <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> that created a trilateral <a href="/wiki/Trade_bloc" title="Trade bloc">trade bloc</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994, and superseded the 1988 <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement">Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement</a> between the United States and Canada. The NAFTA trade bloc formed one of the largest trade blocs in the world by <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a>. The impetus for a North American free trade zone began with U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, who made the idea part of his <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_presidential_campaign,_1980" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Reagan presidential campaign, 1980">1980 presidential campaign</a>. After the signing of the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement in 1988, the administrations of U.S. president <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, Mexican president <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari" title="Carlos Salinas de Gortari">Carlos Salinas de Gortari</a>, and Canadian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a> agreed to negotiate what became NAFTA. Each submitted the agreement for ratification in their respective capitals in December 1992, but NAFTA faced significant opposition in both the United States and Canada. All three countries ratified NAFTA in 1993 after the addition of two side agreements, the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC) and the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC). Passage of NAFTA resulted in the elimination or reduction of <a href="/wiki/Trade_barrier" title="Trade barrier">barriers to trade</a> and investment between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. The effects of the agreement regarding issues such as employment, the environment, and economic growth have been the subject of political disputes. Most economic analyses indicated that NAFTA was beneficial to the North American economies and the average citizen,<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[4]</a> but harmed a small minority of workers in industries exposed to trade competition.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> Economists held that withdrawing from NAFTA or renegotiating NAFTA in a way that reestablished trade barriers would have adversely affected the U.S. economy and cost jobs.<a href="#cite_note-:8-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-10">[9]</a> However, Mexico would have been much more severely affected by job loss and reduction of economic growth in both the short term and long term.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> After U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> took office in January 2017, he sought to replace NAFTA with a new agreement, beginning negotiations with Canada and Mexico. In September 2018, the United States, Mexico, and Canada reached an agreement to replace NAFTA with the <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement</a> (USMCA), and all three countries had ratified it by March 2020. NAFTA remained in force until USMCA was implemented.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> In April 2020, Canada and Mexico notified the U.S. that they were ready to implement the agreement.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> The USMCA took effect on July 1, 2020, replacing NAFTA. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Negotiation,_signing,_ratification,_and_revision_(1988–94)">Negotiation, signing, ratification, and revision (1988–94)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negotiation">Negotiation</h3></div> The impetus for a North American free trade zone began with U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, who made the idea part of his campaign when he announced his candidacy for the presidency in November 1979.<a href="#cite_note-NAFTAcdnEncyc-14">[13]</a> Canada and the United States signed the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement">Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement</a> (FTA) in 1988, and shortly afterward Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari" title="Carlos Salinas de Gortari">Carlos Salinas de Gortari</a> decided to approach U.S. president <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> to propose a similar agreement in an effort to bring in foreign investment following the <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_debt_crisis" title="Latin American debt crisis">Latin American debt crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NAFTAcdnEncyc-14">[13]</a> As the two leaders began negotiating, the Canadian government under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a> feared that the advantages Canada had gained through the Canada–US FTA would be undermined by a US–Mexican bilateral agreement, and asked to become a party to the US–Mexican talks.<a href="#cite_note-canworld-15">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signing">Signing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Bush,_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg/260px-President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg/390px-President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg/520px-President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2601" data-file-height="1617" /></a><figcaption>Back row, left to right: Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari" title="Carlos Salinas de Gortari">Carlos Salinas de Gortari</a>, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, and Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a>, at the initialing of the draft North American Free Trade Agreement in October 1992. In front are Mexican Secretary of Commerce and Industrial Development <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Serra_Puche" title="Jaime Serra Puche">Jaime Serra Puche</a>, United States Trade Representative <a href="/wiki/Carla_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Carla Hills">Carla Hills</a>, and Canadian Minister of International Trade <a href="/wiki/Michael_Wilson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Michael Wilson (Canadian politician)">Michael Wilson</a>.</figcaption></figure> Following diplomatic negotiations dating back to 1990, the leaders of the three nations signed the agreement in their respective capitals on December 17, 1992.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> The signed agreement then needed to be <a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">ratified</a> by each nation's legislative or parliamentary branch. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ratification">Ratification</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4></div> The earlier <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement">Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement</a> had been controversial and divisive in Canada, and featured as an issue in the <a href="/wiki/1988_Canadian_federal_election" title="1988 Canadian federal election">1988 Canadian election</a>. In that election, more Canadians voted for anti-free trade parties (the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberals</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Democratic Party (Canada)">New Democrats</a>), but the split of the votes between the two parties meant that the pro-free trade <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservatives</a> (PCs) came out of the election with the most seats and so took power. Mulroney and the PCs had a <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">parliamentary majority</a> and easily passed the 1987 Canada–US FTA and NAFTA bills. However, Mulroney was replaced as Conservative leader and prime minister by <a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a>. Campbell led the PC party into the <a href="/wiki/1993_Canadian_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 Canadian election">1993 election</a> where they were decimated by the Liberal Party under <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>, who campaigned on a promise to renegotiate or abrogate NAFTA. Chrétien subsequently negotiated two supplemental agreements with Bush, who had subverted the LAC<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> advisory process<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> and worked to "fast track" the signing prior to the end of his term, ran out of time and had to pass the required ratification and signing of the implementation law to incoming president <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div> Before sending it to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, Clinton added two side agreements, the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC) and the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Agreement_on_Environmental_Cooperation" title="North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation">North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation</a> (NAAEC), to protect workers and the environment, and to also allay the concerns of many House members. The U.S. required its partners to adhere to environmental practices and regulations similar to its own.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After much consideration and emotional discussion, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> passed the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act on November 17, 1993, 234–200. The agreement's supporters included 132 <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> and 102 <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a>. The bill passed the Senate on November 20, 1993, 61–38.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Senate supporters were 34 Republicans and 27 Democrats. Republican Representative <a href="/wiki/David_Dreier" title="David Dreier">David Dreier</a> of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, a strong proponent of NAFTA since the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan administration</a>, played a leading role in mobilizing support for the agreement among Republicans in <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> and across the country.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> Congressman <a href="/wiki/Luis_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Luis Gutiérrez">Luis Gutiérrez</a> in particular was a vocal opponent of NAFTA, ultimately voting against the measure because of what he considered its failure to sufficiently provide for displaced worker retraining, protections against American job loss, and protections of <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective bargaining</a> rights for Mexican workers.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> He criticized the role of <a href="/wiki/Rahm_Emanuel" title="Rahm Emanuel">Rahm Emanuel</a> in particular for the deficiencies.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> The U.S. required its partners to adhere to environmental practices and regulations similar to its own.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Clinton signed it into law on December 8, 1993; the agreement went into effect on January 1, 1994.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Signing_ceremony" title="Signing ceremony">signing ceremony</a>, Clinton recognized four individuals for their efforts in accomplishing the historic trade deal: Vice President <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>, Chairwoman of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a> <a href="/wiki/Laura_Tyson" title="Laura Tyson">Laura Tyson</a>, Director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Economic_Council_(United_States)" title="National Economic Council (United States)">National Economic Council</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rubin" title="Robert Rubin">Robert Rubin</a>, and Republican Congressman <a href="/wiki/David_Dreier" title="David Dreier">David Dreier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> Clinton also stated that "NAFTA means jobs. American jobs, and good-paying American jobs. If I didn't believe that, I wouldn't support this agreement."<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> NAFTA replaced the previous Canada-US FTA. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4></div> NAFTA (TLCAN in Spanish) was approved by the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Senate">Mexican Senate</a> on November 22, 1993, and was published in the <a href="/wiki/Official_Journal_of_the_Federation_(Mexico)" title="Official Journal of the Federation (Mexico)">Official Gazette of the Federation</a> on December 8, 1993.<a href="#cite_note-TLCAN-prom-30">[29]</a> The decree implementing NAFTA and the various changes to accommodate NAFTA in <a href="/wiki/Mexican_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican law">Mexican law</a> was promulgated on December 14, 1993, with entry into force on January 1, 1994.<a href="#cite_note-TLCAN-prom-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Provisions">Provisions</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Remarks_on_the_Signing_of_NAFTA_(December_8,_1993)_Bill_Clinton.ogv" title="File:Remarks on the Signing of NAFTA (December 8, 1993) Bill Clinton.ogv">Remarks on the Signing of the NAFTA Implementation Act (December 8, 1993)</a></div> <div><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Remarks_on_the_Signing_of_NAFTA_%28December_8%2C_1993%29_Bill_Clinton.ogv/232px--Remarks_on_the_Signing_of_NAFTA_%28December_8%2C_1993%29_Bill_Clinton.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" height="174" data-durationhint="1223" data-mwtitle="Remarks_on_the_Signing_of_NAFTA_(December_8,_1993)_Bill_Clinton.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Remarks_on_the_Signing_of_NAFTA_%28December_8%2C_1993%29_Bill_Clinton.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /></video></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>'s remarks on the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act, December 8, 1993</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Remarks_on_the_Signing_of_NAFTA_(12-8-93,_WJC).ogg" title="File:Remarks on the Signing of NAFTA (12-8-93, WJC).ogg">Remarks on the Signing of the NAFTA Implementation Act (December 8, 1993)</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="1245" data-mwtitle="Remarks_on_the_Signing_of_NAFTA_(12-8-93,_WJC).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Remarks_on_the_Signing_of_NAFTA_%2812-8-93%2C_WJC%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Remarks_on_the_Signing_of_NAFTA_%2812-8-93%2C_WJC%29.ogg/Remarks_on_the_Signing_of_NAFTA_%2812-8-93%2C_WJC%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> The goal of NAFTA was to eliminate barriers to trade and investment between the United States, Canada and Mexico. The implementation of NAFTA on January 1, 1994, brought the immediate elimination of <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> on more than one-half of Mexico's <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">exports</a> to the U.S. and more than one-third of U.S. exports to Mexico. Within 10 years of the implementation of the agreement, all U.S.–Mexico tariffs were to be eliminated except for some U.S. agricultural exports to Mexico, to be phased out within 15 years.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Most U.S.–Canada trade was already duty-free. NAFTA also sought to eliminate non-<a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariff</a> trade barriers and to protect the <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual property rights">intellectual property rights</a> on traded <a href="/wiki/Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">products</a>. Chapter 20 provided a procedure for the international resolution of disputes over the application and interpretation of NAFTA. It was modeled after Chapter 69 of the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement">Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> NAFTA is, in part, implemented by Technical Working Groups composed of government officials from each of the three partner nations.<a href="#cite_note-pmra-33">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectual_property">Intellectual property</h3></div> The North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act made some changes to the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">copyright law of the United States</a>, foreshadowing the <a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round_Agreements_Act" title="Uruguay Round Agreements Act">Uruguay Round Agreements Act</a> of 1994 by restoring <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> (within the NAFTA nations) on certain motion pictures which had entered the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3></div> The Clinton administration negotiated a side agreement on the environment with Canada and Mexico, the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Agreement_on_Environmental_Cooperation" title="North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation">North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation</a> (NAAEC), which led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Environmental_Cooperation" title="Commission for Environmental Cooperation">Commission for Environmental Cooperation</a> (CEC) in 1994. To alleviate concerns that NAFTA, the first regional trade agreement between a <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing country</a> and two developed countries, would have negative <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact">environmental impacts</a>, the commission was mandated to conduct ongoing <a href="/wiki/Ex_post" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex post">ex post</a> <a href="/wiki/Environmental_assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental assessment">environmental assessment</a>,<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> It created one of the first ex post frameworks for environmental assessment of <a href="/wiki/Trade_liberalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade liberalization">trade liberalization</a>, designed to produce a body of evidence with respect to the initial <a href="/wiki/Hypotheses" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypotheses">hypotheses</a> about NAFTA and the environment, such as the concern that NAFTA would create a "<a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_bottom" title="Race to the bottom">race to the bottom</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Environmental_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental regulation">environmental regulation</a> among the three countries, or that NAFTA would pressure governments to increase their <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> The CEC has held[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] four symposia to evaluate the environmental impacts of NAFTA and commissioned 47 papers on the subject from leading independent experts.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labor">Labor</h3></div> Proponents of NAFTA in the United States emphasized that the pact was a free-trade, not an economic-community, agreement.<a href="#cite_note-McDowell-39">[38]</a> The freedom of movement it establishes for goods, services and capital did not extend to labor. In proposing what no other comparable agreement had attempted—to open industrialized countries to "a major Third World country"<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a>—NAFTA eschewed the creation of common social and employment policies. The regulation of the labor market and or the workplace remained the exclusive preserve of the national governments.<a href="#cite_note-McDowell-39">[38]</a> A "side agreement" on enforcement of existing domestic labor law, concluded in August 1993, the North American Agreement on Labour Cooperation (NAALC),<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> was highly circumscribed. Focused on health and safety standards and on child labor law, it excluded issues of collective bargaining, and its "so-called [enforcement] teeth" were accessible only at the end of "a long and tortuous" disputes process".<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Commitments to enforce existing labor law also raised issues of democratic practice.<a href="#cite_note-McDowell-39">[38]</a> The Canadian anti-NAFTA coalition, Pro-Canada Network, suggested that guarantees of minimum standards would be "meaningless" without "broad democratic reforms in the [Mexican] courts, the unions, and the government".<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Later assessment, however, did suggest that NAALC's principles and complaint mechanisms did "create new space for advocates to build coalitions and take concrete action to articulate challenges to the status quo and advance workers’ interests".<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> From the earliest negotiation, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> was a controversial topic within NAFTA, as it has been with almost all <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreement" title="Free trade agreement">free trade agreements</a> signed within the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a> framework. Agriculture was the only section that was not negotiated trilaterally; instead, three separate agreements were signed between each pair of parties. The Canada–U.S. agreement contained significant restrictions and <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariff</a> quotas on agricultural products (mainly sugar, dairy, and poultry products), whereas the Mexico–U.S. pact allowed for a wider <a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">liberalization</a> within a framework of phase-out periods (it was the first <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South divide in the World">North–South</a> FTA on agriculture to be signed).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation_infrastructure">Transportation infrastructure</h3></div> NAFTA established the <a href="/wiki/CANAMEX_Corridor" title="CANAMEX Corridor">CANAMEX Corridor</a> for road transport between Canada and Mexico, also proposed for use by rail, pipeline, and <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">fiber optic</a> telecommunications infrastructure. This became a High Priority Corridor under the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_Surface_Transportation_Efficiency_Act" title="Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act">Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act</a> of 1991. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_11_–_investor-state_dispute_settlement_procedures">Chapter 11 – investor-state dispute settlement procedures</h3></div> Another contentious issue was the <a href="/wiki/Investor-state_dispute_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Investor-state dispute settlement">investor-state dispute settlement</a> obligations contained in Chapter 11 of NAFTA.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> Chapter 11 allowed <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporations</a> or individuals to sue Mexico, Canada or the United States for compensation when actions taken by those governments (or by those for whom they are responsible at <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, such as provincial, state, or municipal governments) violated international law.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> This chapter has been criticized by groups in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Mexico,<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> and Canada<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> for a variety of reasons, including not taking into account important social and environmental<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> considerations. In Canada, several groups, including the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Canadians">Council of Canadians</a>, challenged the <a href="/wiki/Constitutionality" title="Constitutionality">constitutionality</a> of Chapter 11. They lost at the trial level<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> and the subsequent appeal.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Methanex_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Methanex Corporation">Methanex Corporation</a>, a Canadian corporation, filed a <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>970 million suit against the United States. Methanex claimed that a <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> ban on <a href="/wiki/Methyl_tert-butyl_ether" title="Methyl tert-butyl ether">methyl tert-butyl ether</a> (MTBE), a substance that had found its way into many wells in the state, was hurtful to the corporation's sales of <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>. The claim was rejected, and the company was ordered to pay US$3 million to the U.S. government in costs, based on the following reasoning: "But as a matter of general international law, a non-discriminatory <a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">regulation</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Public_purpose" class="mw-redirect" title="Public purpose">public purpose</a>, which is enacted in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a> and, which affects, <a href="/wiki/Inter_alios" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter alios">inter alios</a>, a foreign investor or investment is not deemed expropriatory and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Compensable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compensable (page does not exist)">compensable</a> unless specific commitments had been given by the regulating government to the then putative foreign investor contemplating investment that the government would refrain from such regulation."<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> In another case, <a href="/wiki/Metalclad" title="Metalclad">Metalclad</a>, an American corporation, was awarded US$15.6 million from Mexico after a Mexican municipality refused a construction permit for the <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous waste</a> landfill it intended to construct in <a href="/wiki/Guadalc%C3%A1zar,_San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="Guadalcázar, San Luis Potosí">Guadalcázar</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a>. The construction had already been approved by the federal government with various environmental requirements imposed (see paragraph 48 of the tribunal decision). The NAFTA panel found that the municipality did not have the authority to ban construction on the basis of its environmental concerns.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Eli_Lilly_and_Company" title="Eli Lilly and Company">Eli Lilly and Company</a> v. Government of Canada<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> the plaintiff presented a US$500 million claim for the way Canada requires usefulness in its drug <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> legislation.<a href="#cite_note-gm24nov-56">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Apotex" title="Apotex">Apotex</a> sued the U.S. for US$520 million because of opportunity it says it lost in an <a href="/wiki/FDA" class="mw-redirect" title="FDA">FDA</a> <a href="/wiki/Generic_drug" title="Generic drug">generic drug</a> decision.<a href="#cite_note-gm24nov-56">[55]</a> Lone Pine Resources Inc. v. Government of Canada<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> filed a US$250 million claim against Canada, accusing it of "arbitrary, capricious and illegal" behaviour,<a href="#cite_note-gm22nov-58">[57]</a> because Quebec intends to prevent <a href="/wiki/Fracking" title="Fracking">fracking</a> exploration under the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Seaway" title="St. Lawrence Seaway">St. Lawrence Seaway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gm24nov-56">[55]</a> Lone Pine Resources is incorporated in Delaware but headquartered in Calgary,<a href="#cite_note-gm22nov-58">[57]</a> and had an <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">initial public offering</a> on the <a href="/wiki/NYSE" class="mw-redirect" title="NYSE">NYSE</a> May 25, 2011, of 15 million shares each for $13, which raised US$195 million.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Barutciski acknowledged "that NAFTA and other investor-protection treaties create an anomaly in that Canadian companies that have also seen their permits rescinded by the very same Quebec legislation, which expressly forbids the paying of compensation, do not have the right (to) pursue a NAFTA claim", and that winning "compensation in Canadian courts for domestic companies in this case would be more difficult since the Constitution puts <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">property rights</a> in provincial hands".<a href="#cite_note-gm22nov-58">[57]</a> A treaty[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] with China would extend similar rights to Chinese investors, including <a href="/wiki/Government-owned_corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Government-owned corporation">SOEs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gm22nov-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_19_–_countervailing_duty">Chapter 19 – countervailing duty</h3></div> NAFTA's Chapter 19 was a trade dispute mechanism which subjects <a href="/wiki/Antidumping" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidumping">antidumping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Countervailing_duty" class="mw-redirect" title="Countervailing duty">countervailing duty</a> (AD/CVD) determinations to binational panel review instead of, or in addition to, conventional judicial review.<a href="#cite_note-Federal_Register_Millan-60">[59]</a> For example, in the United States, review of agency decisions imposing antidumping and countervailing duties are normally heard before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_International_Trade" title="United States Court of International Trade">U.S. Court of International Trade</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Article_I_and_Article_III_tribunals" class="mw-redirect" title="Article I and Article III tribunals">Article III court</a>. NAFTA parties, however, had the option of appealing the decisions to binational panels composed of five citizens from the two relevant NAFTA countries.<a href="#cite_note-Federal_Register_Millan-60">[59]</a> The panelists were generally lawyers experienced in international trade law. Since NAFTA did not include substantive provisions concerning AD/CVD, the panel was charged with determining whether final agency determinations involving AD/CVD conformed with the country's domestic law. Chapter 19 was an anomaly in international dispute settlement since it did not apply international law, but required a panel composed of individuals from many countries to re-examine the application of one country's domestic law.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A Chapter 19 panel was expected to examine whether the agency's determination was supported by "substantial evidence". This standard assumed significant deference to the domestic agency. Some of the most controversial trade disputes in recent years, such as the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_softwood_lumber_dispute" title="Canada–United States softwood lumber dispute">U.S.–Canada softwood lumber dispute</a>, have been litigated before Chapter 19 panels. Decisions by Chapter 19 panels could be challenged before a NAFTA extraordinary challenge committee. However, an extraordinary challenge committee did not function as an ordinary appeal.<a href="#cite_note-Federal_Register_Millan-60">[59]</a> Under NAFTA, it only vacated or remanded a decision if the decision involveed a significant and material error that threatens the integrity of the NAFTA dispute settlement system. Since January 2006, no NAFTA party had successfully challenged a Chapter 19 panel's decision before an extraordinary challenge committee. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adjudication">Adjudication</h2></div> The roster of NAFTA adjudicators included many retired judges, such as Alice Desjardins, <a href="/wiki/John_Maxwell_Evans" title="John Maxwell Evans">John Maxwell Evans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constance_Hunt" title="Constance Hunt">Constance Hunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Richard" title="John Richard">John Richard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arlin_Adams" title="Arlin Adams">Arlin Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Christine_O%27Meara_Getzendanner" title="Susan Christine O'Meara Getzendanner">Susan Getzendanner</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_C._Pratt" title="George C. Pratt">George C. Pratt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Byron_Renfrew" title="Charles Byron Renfrew">Charles B. Renfrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada_2">Canada</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ANorth_American_Free_Trade_Agreement&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+22+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=North+American+Free+Trade+Agreement">making an edit request</a><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> . (September 2018)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_context">Historical context</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama,_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Harper._IX_Cumbre_de_L%C3%ADderes_de_Am%C3%A9rica_del_Norte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Obama%2C_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Harper._IX_Cumbre_de_L%C3%ADderes_de_Am%C3%A9rica_del_Norte.jpg/250px-Obama%2C_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Harper._IX_Cumbre_de_L%C3%ADderes_de_Am%C3%A9rica_del_Norte.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Obama%2C_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Harper._IX_Cumbre_de_L%C3%ADderes_de_Am%C3%A9rica_del_Norte.jpg/375px-Obama%2C_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Harper._IX_Cumbre_de_L%C3%ADderes_de_Am%C3%A9rica_del_Norte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Obama%2C_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Harper._IX_Cumbre_de_L%C3%ADderes_de_Am%C3%A9rica_del_Norte.jpg/500px-Obama%2C_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Harper._IX_Cumbre_de_L%C3%ADderes_de_Am%C3%A9rica_del_Norte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Obama, Peña Nieto and Harper at the IX <a href="/wiki/North_American_Leaders%27_Summit" title="North American Leaders' Summit">North American Leaders' Summit</a> (informally known as the Three Amigos Summit) in <a href="/wiki/Toluca" title="Toluca">Toluca</a></figcaption></figure> In 2008, Canadian <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">exports</a> to the United States and Mexico were at $381.3 billion, with <a href="/wiki/Import" title="Import">imports</a> at $245.1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> According to a 2004 article by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> economist <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Trefler" title="Daniel Trefler">Daniel Trefler</a>, NAFTA produced a significant net benefit to Canada in 2003, with long-term <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a> increasing by up to 15 percent in industries that experienced the deepest <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariff</a> cuts.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> While the contraction of low-productivity plants reduced <a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">employment</a> (up to 12 percent of existing positions), these job losses lasted less than a decade; overall, unemployment in Canada has fallen since the passage of the act. Commenting on this <a href="/wiki/Trade-off" title="Trade-off">trade-off</a>, Trefler said that the critical question in <a href="/wiki/Trade_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade policy">trade policy</a> is to understand "how freer trade can be implemented in an industrialized economy in a way that recognizes both the long-run gains and the short-term adjustment costs borne by workers and others".<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> A study in 2007 found that NAFTA had "a substantial impact on international <a href="/wiki/Volume_(finance)" title="Volume (finance)">trade volumes</a>, but a modest effect on prices and welfare".<a href="#cite_note-:1-64">[63]</a> According to a 2012 study, with reduced NAFTA trade tariffs, trade with the United States and Mexico only increased by a modest 11% in Canada compared to an increase of 41% for the U.S. and 118% for Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-:2-65">[64]</a>: 3  Moreover, the U.S. and Mexico benefited more from the tariff reductions component, with welfare increases of 0.08% and 1.31%, respectively, with Canada experiencing a decrease of 0.06%.<a href="#cite_note-:2-65">[64]</a>: 4  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Current_issues">Current issues</h4></div> According to a 2017 report by the New York City based public policy think tank report, <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a> (CFR), bilateral trade in agricultural products tripled in size from 1994 to 2017 and is considered to be one of the largest economic effects of NAFTA on U.S.-Canada trade with Canada becoming the U.S. agricultural sectors' leading importer.<a href="#cite_note-CFR_Sergie_2018-66">[65]</a> Canadian fears of losing manufacturing jobs to the United States did not materialize with manufacturing employment holding "steady". However, with Canada's labour productivity levels at 72% of U.S. levels, the hopes of closing the "productivity gap" between the two countries were also not realized.<a href="#cite_note-CFR_Sergie_2018-66">[65]</a> According to a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club" title="Sierra Club">Sierra Club</a> report, Canada's commitments under NAFTA and the <a href="/wiki/Paris_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris agreement">Paris agreement</a> conflicted. The Paris commitments were voluntary, and NAFTA's were compulsory.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> According to a 2018 report by Gordon Laxter published by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Canadians">Council of Canadians</a>, NAFTA's Article 605, energy proportionality rule ensures that Americans had "virtually unlimited first access to most of Canada's oil and natural gas" and Canada could not reduce oil, natural gas and electricity exports (74% its oil and 52% its natural gas) to the U.S., even if Canada was experiencing shortages. These provisions that seemed logical when NAFTA was signed in 1993 are no longer appropriate.<a href="#cite_note-canadians_2018-68">[67]</a>: 4  The Council of Canadians promoted environmental protection and was against NAFTA's role in encouraging development of the <a href="/wiki/Tar_sands" class="mw-redirect" title="Tar sands">tar sands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fracking" title="Fracking">fracking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canadians_2018-68">[67]</a> US President Donald Trump, angered by Canada's dairy tax of "almost 300%", threatened to leave Canada out of the NAFTA.<a href="#cite_note-:16-69">[68]</a> Since 1972, Canada has been operating on a "<a href="/wiki/Supply_management_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply management (Canada)">supply management</a>" system, which the United States is attempting to pressure it out of, specifically focusing on the dairy industry. However, this has not yet taken place, as Quebec, which holds approximately half the country's dairy farms, still supports supply management.<a href="#cite_note-:16-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico_2">Mexico</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_NAFTA_on_Mexico" title="Effects of NAFTA on Mexico">Effects of NAFTA on Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Three_Amigos_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/The_Three_Amigos_2016.jpg/220px-The_Three_Amigos_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/The_Three_Amigos_2016.jpg/330px-The_Three_Amigos_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/The_Three_Amigos_2016.jpg/440px-The_Three_Amigos_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2106" data-file-height="1550" /></a><figcaption>Former President <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto" title="Enrique Peña Nieto">Enrique Peña Nieto</a> with Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> of Canada and then-President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> of the United States at the 2016 <a href="/wiki/North_American_Leaders%27_Summit" title="North American Leaders' Summit">North American Leaders' Summit</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Maquiladora" title="Maquiladora">Maquiladoras</a> (Mexican assembly plants that take in imported components and produce <a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">goods</a> for export) became the landmark of trade in Mexico. They moved to Mexico from the United States[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], hence the debate over the loss of American jobs. Income in the maquiladora sector had increased 15.5% since the implementation of NAFTA in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-Hufbauer-70">[69]</a> Other sectors also benefited from the free trade agreement, and the share of <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">exports</a> to the U.S. from non-border states increased in the last five years[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] while the share of exports from border states decreased. This allowed for rapid growth in non-border <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan areas</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Toluca" title="Toluca">Toluca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Guanajuato" title="León, Guanajuato">León</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Puebla,_Puebla" class="mw-redirect" title="Puebla, Puebla">Puebla</a>, which were all larger in population than <a href="/wiki/Tijuana" title="Tijuana">Tijuana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Ciudad Juárez">Ciudad Juárez</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reynosa" title="Reynosa">Reynosa</a>. The overall effect of the Mexico–U.S. agricultural agreement is disputed. Mexico did not invest in the <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> necessary for competition, such as efficient railroads and highways. This resulted in more difficult living conditions for the country's poor. Mexico's agricultural exports increased 9.4 percent annually between 1994 and 2001, while imports increased by only 6.9 percent a year during the same period.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> One of the most affected agricultural sectors was the <a href="/wiki/Meat_industry" title="Meat industry">meat industry</a>. Mexico went from a small player in the pre-1994 U.S. export market to the second largest importer of U.S. agricultural products in 2004, and NAFTA may have been a major catalyst for this change. Free trade removed the hurdles that impeded business between the two countries, so Mexico provided a growing market for meat for the U.S., and increased sales and <a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">profits</a> for the U.S. meat industry. A coinciding noticeable increase in the Mexican <a href="/wiki/Per_capita_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="Per capita GDP">per capita GDP</a> greatly changed meat consumption patterns as per capita meat consumption grew.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> One of concerns raised by the implementation of NAFTA in Mexico was wealth inequality. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">National Bureau of Economic Research</a> found that NAFTA increased the wage gap between the lowest and highest earners, directly affecting wealth inequality.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Global_Trade_Watch" title="Global Trade Watch">Global Trade Watch</a>, under NAFTA Mexico observed a decline in real average annual wages, with this decline mainly affecting those who earned the least - the real average wage of minimum wage workers decreased by 14 percent. GTW concluded that "inflation-adjusted wages for virtually every category of Mexican worker decreased over NAFTA’s first six years, even as hundreds of thousands of manufacturing jobs were being shifted from the United States to Mexico".<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Similar effects were found in a study published in the International Journal of Economic Sciences, which found that NAFTA had a direct impact on wage inequality in Mexico; from 1994 onwards, the wage gap between the poorest and the richest workers noticeably increased.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Production of <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a> in Mexico increased since NAFTA. However, internal <a href="/wiki/Demand" title="Demand">demand</a> for corn had increased beyond Mexico's supply to the point where imports became necessary, far beyond the quotas Mexico originally negotiated.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Zahniser & Coyle pointed out that corn prices in Mexico, adjusted for international prices, have drastically decreased, but through a program of <a href="/wiki/Subsidies" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsidies">subsidies</a> expanded by former president <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Fox" title="Vicente Fox">Vicente Fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Production_(economics)" title="Production (economics)">production</a> remained stable since 2000.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Reducing agricultural subsidies, especially corn subsidies, was suggested as a way to reduce harm to Mexican farmers.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> A 2001 <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_Perspectives" title="Journal of Economic Perspectives">Journal of Economic Perspectives</a> review of the existing literature found that NAFTA was a net benefit to Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[4]</a> By 2003, 80% of the commerce in Mexico was executed only with the U.S. The commercial sales surplus, combined with the <a href="/wiki/Government_budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Government budget deficit">deficit</a> with the rest of the world, created a dependency in Mexico's exports. These effects were evident in the <a href="/wiki/Early_2000s_recession" title="Early 2000s recession">2001 recession</a>, which resulted in either a low rate or a negative rate in Mexico's exports.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> A 2015 study found that Mexico's welfare increased by 1.31% as a result of the NAFTA tariff reductions and that Mexico's intra-bloc trade increased by 118%.<a href="#cite_note-:2-65">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Inequality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> fell in the most <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>-affected regions of Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> 2013 and 2015 studies showed that Mexican small farmers benefited more from NAFTA than large-scale farmers.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> NAFTA had also been credited with the rise of the Mexican <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a> study found that NAFTA lowered the average cost of basic necessities in Mexico by up to 50%.<a href="#cite_note-Shannon_O_Neil-83">[82]</a> This price reduction increased cash-on-hand for many Mexican families, allowing Mexico to graduate more engineers than Germany each year.<a href="#cite_note-WashTimesNaftaGood-84">[83]</a> Growth in new sales orders indicated an increase in demand for manufactured products, which resulted in expansion of production and a higher <a href="/wiki/Employment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Employment rate">employment rate</a> to satisfy the increment in the demand. The growth in the maquiladora industry and in the manufacturing industry was of 4.7% in August 2016.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Three quarters of the imports and exports are with the U.S. Tufts University political scientist <a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Drezner" title="Daniel W. Drezner">Daniel W. Drezner</a> argued that NAFTA made it easier for Mexico to transform to a real democracy and become a country that views itself as North American. This has boosted cooperation between the United States and Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-:7-86">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3></div> Economists generally agreed that the United States economy benefited overall from NAFTA as it increased trade.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> In a 2012 survey of the <a href="/wiki/Initiative_on_Global_Markets" title="Initiative on Global Markets">Initiative on Global Markets</a>' Economic Experts Panel, 95% of the participants said that, on average, U.S. citizens benefited from NAFTA while none said that NAFTA hurt US citizens, on average.<a href="#cite_note-:9-4">[3]</a> A 2001 Journal of Economic Perspectives review found that NAFTA was a net benefit to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[4]</a> A 2015 study found that US welfare increased by 0.08% as a result of NAFTA tariff reductions, and that US intra-bloc trade increased by 41%.<a href="#cite_note-:2-65">[64]</a> A 2014 study on the effects of NAFTA on US trade jobs and investment found that between 1993 and 2013, the US trade deficit with Mexico and Canada increased from $17.0 to $177.2 billion, displacing 851,700 US jobs.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a> concluded that the "net overall effect of NAFTA on the US economy appears to have been relatively modest, primarily because trade with Canada and Mexico accounts for a small percentage of US <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a>. However, there were worker and firm adjustment costs as the three countries adjusted to more open trade and investment among their economies." The report also estimated that NAFTA added $80 billion to the US economy since its implementation, equivalent to a 0.5% increase in US GDP.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> The <a href="/wiki/US_Chamber_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="US Chamber of Commerce">US Chamber of Commerce</a> credited NAFTA with increasing U.S. trade in goods and services with Canada and Mexico from $337 billion in 1993 to $1.2 trillion in 2011, while the <a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a> blamed the agreement for sending 700,000 American manufacturing jobs to Mexico over that time.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a> economics professor <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Hanson" title="Gordon Hanson">Gordon Hanson</a> said that NAFTA helped the US compete against China and therefore saved US jobs.<a href="#cite_note-:4-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-93">[92]</a> While some jobs were lost to Mexico as a result of NAFTA, considerably more would have been lost to China if not for NAFTA.<a href="#cite_note-:4-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-93">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trade_balances">Trade balances</h4></div> The US had a <a href="/wiki/Trade_surplus" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade surplus">trade surplus</a> with NAFTA countries of $28.3 billion for services in 2009 and a <a href="/wiki/Trade_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade deficit">trade deficit</a> of $94.6 billion (36.4% annual increase) for goods in 2010. This trade deficit accounted for 26.8% of all US goods trade deficit.<a href="#cite_note-ustrstats-94">[93]</a> A 2018 study of global trade published by the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_International_Relations" title="Center for International Relations">Center for International Relations</a> identified irregularities in the patterns of trade of NAFTA ecosystem using <a href="/wiki/Network_theory" title="Network theory">network theory</a> analytical techniques. The study showed that the US trade balance was influenced by tax avoidance opportunities provided in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> A study published in the August 2008 issue of the <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Agricultural_Economics" title="American Journal of Agricultural Economics">American Journal of Agricultural Economics</a>, found NAFTA increased US agricultural exports to Mexico and Canada, even though most of the increase occurred a decade after its ratification. The study focused on the effects that gradual "phase-in" periods in regional trade agreements, including NAFTA, have on trade flows. Most of the increases in members' agricultural trade, which was only recently brought under the purview of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, was due to very high trade barriers before NAFTA or other regional trade agreements.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Investment">Investment</h4></div> The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> (FDI) in NAFTA countries (stock) was $327.5 billion in 2009 (latest data available)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>], up 8.8% from 2008.<a href="#cite_note-ustrstats-94">[93]</a> The US direct investment in NAFTA countries was in non-bank <a href="/wiki/Holding_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Holding companies">holding companies</a> and the manufacturing, <a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">finance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> sectors.<a href="#cite_note-ustrstats-94">[93]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> of Canada and Mexico in the United States (stock) was $237.2 billion in 2009 (the latest data available), up 16.5% from 2008.<a href="#cite_note-ustrstats-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy_and_jobs">Economy and jobs</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/NAFTA%27s_effect_on_United_States_employment" title="NAFTA's effect on United States employment">NAFTA's effect on United States employment</a></div> In their May 24, 2017 report, the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a> (CRS) wrote that the economic impacts of NAFTA on the U.S. economy were modest. In a 2015 report, the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a> summarized multiple studies as follows: "In reality, NAFTA did not cause the huge job losses feared by the critics or the large economic gains predicted by supporters. The net overall effect of NAFTA on the U.S. economy appears to have been relatively modest, primarily because trade with Canada and Mexico accounts for a small percentage of U.S. GDP. However, there were worker and firm adjustment costs as the three countries adjusted to more open trade and investment among their economies."<a href="#cite_note-CRS_Villarreal_NAFTA_2015-98">[97]</a>: 2  Many American small businesses depended on exporting their products to Canada or Mexico under NAFTA. According to the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">U.S. Trade Representative</a>, this trade supported over 140,000 small- and medium-sized businesses in the US.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> professor of economics <a href="/wiki/J._Bradford_DeLong" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Bradford DeLong">Brad DeLong</a>, NAFTA had an insignificant impact on US manufacturing.<a href="#cite_note-:6-100">[99]</a> The adverse impact on manufacturing was exaggerated in US political discourse according to DeLong<a href="#cite_note-:6-100">[99]</a> and Harvard economist <a href="/wiki/Dani_Rodrik" title="Dani Rodrik">Dani Rodrik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> According to a 2013 article by Jeff Faux published by the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Policy_Institute" title="Economic Policy Institute">Economic Policy Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> and other states with high concentrations of manufacturing jobs were most affected by job loss due to NAFTA.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> According to a 2011 article by EPI economist Robert Scott, about 682,900 U.S. jobs were "lost or displaced" as a result of the trade agreement.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> More recent studies agreed with reports by the Congressional Research Service that NAFTA only had a modest impact on manufacturing employment and <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a> explained 87% of the losses in manufacturing jobs.<a href="#cite_note-CNN_2017-104">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment_2">Environment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Environmental_Cooperation" title="Commission for Environmental Cooperation">Commission for Environmental Cooperation</a></div> According to a study in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_International_Economics" title="Journal of International Economics">Journal of International Economics</a>, NAFTA reduced pollution emitted by the US manufacturing sector: "On average, nearly two-thirds of the reductions in <a href="/wiki/Particulates#Size,_shape_and_solubility_matter" title="Particulates">coarse particulate matter</a> (PM10) and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> (SO2) emissions from the U.S. manufacturing sector between 1994 and 1998 can be attributed to trade liberalization following NAFTA."<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club" title="Sierra Club">Sierra Club</a>, NAFTA contributed to large-scale, export-oriented <a href="/wiki/Farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Farming">farming</a>, which led to the increased use of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> and <a href="/wiki/GMO" class="mw-redirect" title="GMO">GMO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-106">[105]</a> NAFTA also contributed to environmentally destructive mining practices in Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-:3-106">[105]</a> It prevented Canada from effectively regulating its <a href="/wiki/Tar_sands" class="mw-redirect" title="Tar sands">tar sands</a> industry, and created new legal avenues for <a href="/wiki/Transnational_corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Transnational corporations">transnational corporations</a> to fight <a href="/wiki/Environmental_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental legislation">environmental legislation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-106">[105]</a> In some cases, environmental policy was neglected in the wake of trade liberalization; in other cases, NAFTA's measures for investment protection, such as Chapter 11, and measures against non-tariff trade barriers threatened to discourage more vigorous environmental policy.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> The most serious overall increases in <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> due to NAFTA were found in the <a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">base metals</a> sector, the Mexican <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> sector, and the transportation equipment sector in the United States and Mexico, but not in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobility_of_persons">Mobility of persons</h3></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, during fiscal year 2006 (October 2005 – September 2006), 73,880 foreign professionals (64,633 Canadians and 9,247 Mexicans) were admitted into the United States for temporary employment under NAFTA (i.e., in the <a href="/wiki/TN_status" title="TN status">TN status</a>). Additionally, 17,321 of their family members (13,136 Canadians, 2,904 Mexicans, as well as a number of third-country nationals married to Canadians and Mexicans) entered the U.S. in the treaty national's dependent (TD) status.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Because DHS counts the number of the new <a href="/wiki/Form_I-94" title="Form I-94">I-94 arrival records</a> filled at the border, and the TN-1 admission is valid for three years, the number of non-immigrants in TN status present in the U.S. at the end of the fiscal year is approximately equal to the number of admissions during the year. (A discrepancy may be caused by some TN entrants leaving the country or changing status before their three-year admission period has expired, while other immigrants admitted earlier may change their status to TN or TD, or extend TN status granted earlier). According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a>, deaths of migrants have been on the rise worldwide with 5,604 deaths in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-:12-110">[109]</a> An increased number of undocumented farmworkers in California may be due to the initial passing of NAFTA.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> Canadian authorities estimated that on December 1, 2006, 24,830 U.S. citizens and 15,219 Mexican citizens were in Canada as "foreign workers". These numbers include both entrants under NAFTA and those who entered under other provisions of Canadian immigration law.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> New entries of foreign workers in 2006 totalled 16,841 U.S. citizens and 13,933 Mexicans.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disputes_and_controversies">Disputes and controversies</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1992_U.S._presidential_candidate_Ross_Perot">1992 U.S. presidential candidate Ross Perot</h3></div> In the second 1992 presidential debate, Ross Perot argued: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">We have got to stop sending jobs overseas. It's pretty simple: If you're paying $12, $13, $14 an hour for factory workers and you can move your factory south of the border, pay a dollar an hour for labor, ... have no health care—that's the most expensive single element in making a car—have no environmental controls, no pollution controls and no retirement, and you don't care about anything but making money, there will be a <a href="/wiki/Giant_sucking_sound" title="Giant sucking sound">giant sucking sound</a> going south. ... when [Mexico's] jobs come up from a dollar an hour to six dollars an hour, and ours go down to six dollars an hour, and then it's leveled again. But in the meantime, you've wrecked the country with these kinds of deals.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a></blockquote> Perot ultimately lost the election, and the winner, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, supported NAFTA, which went into effect on January 1, 1994. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_disputes">Legal disputes</h3></div> In 1996, the gasoline additive <a href="/wiki/Methylcyclopentadienyl_Manganese_Tricarbonyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl">MMT</a> was brought to Canada by <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_Corporation" title="Ethyl Corporation">Ethyl Corporation</a>, an American company when the Canadian federal government banned imports of the additive. The American company brought a claim under NAFTA Chapter 11 seeking US$201 million,<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> from the Canadian federal government as well as the Canadian provinces under the <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Internal_Trade" title="Agreement on Internal Trade">Agreement on Internal Trade</a> (AIT). They argued that the additive had not been conclusively linked to any health dangers, and that the prohibition was damaging to their company. Following a finding that the ban was a violation of the AIT,<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> the Canadian federal government repealed the ban and <a href="/wiki/Settlement_(litigation)" title="Settlement (litigation)">settled</a> with the American company for US$13 million.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> Studies by Health and Welfare Canada (now <a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a>) on the health effects of MMT in fuel found no significant health effects associated with exposure to these exhaust emissions. Other Canadian researchers and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> disagreed citing studies that suggested possible nerve damage.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> The United States and Canada argued for years over the United States' 27% <a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">duty</a> on Canadian <a href="/wiki/Softwood_lumber" class="mw-redirect" title="Softwood lumber">softwood lumber</a> imports. Canada filed many motions to have the duty eliminated and the collected duties returned to Canada.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> After the United States lost an <a href="/wiki/Appeal" title="Appeal">appeal</a> before a NAFTA panel, spokesperson for U.S. Trade Representative <a href="/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Rob Portman</a> responded by saying: "we are, of course, disappointed with the [NAFTA panel's] decision, but it will have no impact on the <a href="/wiki/Dumping_(pricing_policy)" title="Dumping (pricing policy)">anti-dumping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Countervailing_duties" title="Countervailing duties">countervailing duty</a> orders."<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> On July 21, 2006, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_International_Trade" title="United States Court of International Trade">United States Court of International Trade</a> found that imposition of the duties was contrary to U.S. law.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Change_in_income_trust_taxation_not_expropriation">Change in income trust taxation not expropriation</h4></div> On October 30, 2007, American citizens Marvin and Elaine Gottlieb filed a Notice of Intent to Submit a Claim to Arbitration under NAFTA, claiming thousands of U.S. investors lost a total of $5 billion in the fall-out from the <a href="/wiki/Income_trust#The_Conservatives_propose_new_rules_for_income_trusts" title="Income trust">Conservative Government's</a> decision the previous year to change the <a href="/wiki/Tax_rate" title="Tax rate">tax rate</a> on <a href="/wiki/Income_trust" title="Income trust">income trusts</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Energy_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy sector">energy sector</a>. On April 29, 2009, a determination was made that this change in <a href="/wiki/Tax_law" title="Tax law">tax law</a> was not <a href="/wiki/Expropriation" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriation">expropriation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_on_Mexican_farmers">Impact on Mexican farmers</h3></div> Several studies rejected NAFTA responsibility for depressing the incomes of poor corn farmers. The trend existed more than a decade before NAFTA existed. Also, maize production increased after 1994, and there wasn't a measurable impact on the price of Mexican corn because of subsidized[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] corn from the United States. The studies agreed that the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Agricultural policy of the United States">U.S. agricultural subsidies</a> would benefit Mexican farmers.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zapatista_Uprising_in_Chiapas,_Mexico">Zapatista Uprising in Chiapas, Mexico</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Zapatista_uprising" title="Zapatista uprising">Zapatista uprising</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation" title="Zapatista Army of National Liberation">Zapatista Army of National Liberation</a></div> Preparations for NAFTA included cancellation of Article 27 of Mexico's constitution, the cornerstone of <a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata" title="Emiliano Zapata">Emiliano Zapata</a>'s revolution in 1910–1919. Under the historic Article 27, indigenous communal landholdings were protected from sale or <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a>. However, this barrier to <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">investment</a> was incompatible with NAFTA. Indigenous farmers feared the loss of their remaining land and cheap imports (substitutes) from the US. The <a href="/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation" title="Zapatista Army of National Liberation">Zapatistas</a> labelled NAFTA a "death sentence" to indigenous communities all over Mexico and later declared war on the Mexican state on January 1, 1994, the day NAFTA came into force.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_from_2016_U.S._presidential_candidates">Criticism from 2016 U.S. presidential candidates</h3></div> In a <a href="/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a> interview in September 2015, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016">2016 presidential candidate</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> called NAFTA "the single worst trade deal ever approved in [the United States]",<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> and said that if elected, he would "either renegotiate it, or we will break it".<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Pablo_Casta%C3%B1%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Pablo Castañón (page does not exist)">Juan Pablo Castañón</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Casta%C3%B1%C3%B3n_Casta%C3%B1%C3%B3n" class="extiw" title="es:Juan Pablo Castañón Castañón">es</a>], president of the trade group Consejo Coordinador Empresarial, expressed concern about renegotiation and the willingness to focus on the car industry.<a href="#cite_note-:03-129">[128]</a> A range of trade experts said that pulling out of NAFTA would have a range of <a href="/wiki/Unintended_consequences" title="Unintended consequences">unintended consequences</a> for the United States, including reduced access to its biggest <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">export</a> markets, a reduction in <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>, and higher <a href="/wiki/Price" title="Price">prices</a> for gasoline, cars, fruits, and vegetables.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> Members of the private initiative in Mexico noted that to eliminate NAFTA, many laws must be adapted by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a>. The move would also eventually result in legal complaints by the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:03-129">[128]</a> The Washington Post noted that a <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a> review of academic literature concluded that the "net overall effect of NAFTA on the <a href="/wiki/U.S._economy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. economy">U.S. economy</a> appears to have been relatively modest, primarily because <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> with Canada and Mexico accounts for a small percentage of U.S. <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a>".<a href="#cite_note-:2-65">[64]</a> Democratic candidate <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a>, opposing the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Trans-Pacific Partnership">Trans-Pacific Partnership</a> trade agreement, called it "a continuation of other disastrous <a href="/wiki/Trade_agreement" title="Trade agreement">trade agreements</a>, like NAFTA, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic-Central_America_Free_Trade_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement">CAFTA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Permanent_normal_trade_relations" title="Permanent normal trade relations">permanent normal trade relations</a> with China". He believes that free trade agreements have caused a loss of American jobs and depressed American wages. Sanders said that America needs to rebuild its <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a> base using American factories for well-paying jobs for American labor rather than <a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">outsourcing</a> to China and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policy_of_the_Trump_administration">Policy of the Trump administration</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renegotiation">Renegotiation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chrystia_Freeland,_Luis_Videgaray_Caso_and_Rex_Tillerson_in_Mexico_City_-_2018_(40013111732).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chrystia_Freeland%2C_Luis_Videgaray_Caso_and_Rex_Tillerson_in_Mexico_City_-_2018_%2840013111732%29.jpg/220px-Chrystia_Freeland%2C_Luis_Videgaray_Caso_and_Rex_Tillerson_in_Mexico_City_-_2018_%2840013111732%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chrystia_Freeland%2C_Luis_Videgaray_Caso_and_Rex_Tillerson_in_Mexico_City_-_2018_%2840013111732%29.jpg/330px-Chrystia_Freeland%2C_Luis_Videgaray_Caso_and_Rex_Tillerson_in_Mexico_City_-_2018_%2840013111732%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chrystia_Freeland%2C_Luis_Videgaray_Caso_and_Rex_Tillerson_in_Mexico_City_-_2018_%2840013111732%29.jpg/440px-Chrystia_Freeland%2C_Luis_Videgaray_Caso_and_Rex_Tillerson_in_Mexico_City_-_2018_%2840013111732%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1959" data-file-height="1306" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Chrystia Freeland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Videgaray_Caso" title="Luis Videgaray Caso">Luis Videgaray Caso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Rex Tillerson</a> in Mexico City, 2018</figcaption></figure> Shortly after his <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">election</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> said he would begin renegotiating the terms of NAFTA, to resolve trade issues he had campaigned on. The leaders of Canada and Mexico had indicated their willingness to work with the Trump administration.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> Although vague on the exact terms he sought in a renegotiated NAFTA, Trump threatened to withdraw from it if negotiations failed.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> In July 2017, the Trump administration provided a detailed list of changes that it would like to see to NAFTA.<a href="#cite_note-:13-136">[135]</a> The top priority was a reduction in the United States' trade deficit.<a href="#cite_note-:13-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> The administration also called for the elimination of provisions that allowed Canada and Mexico to appeal duties imposed by the United States and limited the ability of the United States to impose import restrictions on Canada and Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-:13-136">[135]</a> Being "consistent with the president's stance on liking trade barriers, liking protectionism", Chad Bown of the <a href="/wiki/Peterson_Institute_for_International_Economics" title="Peterson Institute for International Economics">Peterson Institute for International Economics</a> suggested that the proposed changes would make NAFTA "in many respects less of a free-trade agreement."<a href="#cite_note-:13-136">[135]</a> Additional concerns expressed by the US Trade Representative over subsidized state-owned enterprises and <a href="/wiki/Currency_intervention" title="Currency intervention">currency manipulation</a> were not thought to apply to Canada and Mexico, but were intended rather to send a message to countries beyond North America.<a href="#cite_note-:13-136">[135]</a> John Murphy, vice-president of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce declared that a number of the proposals tabled by the United States had "little or no support" from the U.S. business and agriculture community."<a href="#cite_note-CP-138">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pat_Roberts" title="Pat Roberts">Pat Roberts</a>, the senior U.S. senator from <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, said it was not clear "who they're intended to benefit", and called for push back against the anti-NAFTA moves as the "issues affect real jobs, real lives and real people". Kansas is a major agricultural exporter, and farm groups warned that just threatening to leave NAFTA might cause buyers to minimize uncertainty by seeking out non-US sources.<a href="#cite_note-CP-138">[137]</a> A fourth round of talks included a U.S. demand for a sunset clause that would end the agreement in five years, unless the three countries agreed to keep it in place, a provision U.S. Commerce Secretary <a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Ross" title="Wilbur Ross">Wilbur Ross</a> has said would allow the countries to kill the deal if it was not working. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau met with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">House Ways and Means Committee</a>, since Congress would have to pass legislation rolling back the treaty's provisions if Trump tries to withdraw from the pact.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> From June to late August 2018, Canada was sidelined as the United States and Mexico held bilateral talks.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_Gollom_NAFTA_2018-140">[139]</a> On 27 August 2018 Mexico and the United States announced they had reached a bilateral understanding on a revamped NAFTA trade deal that included provisions that would boost automobile production in the U.S.,<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> a 10-year data protection period against generic drug production on an expanded list of products that benefits pharmaceutical companies, particularly US makers producers of <a href="/wiki/Specialty_drugs_in_the_United_States" title="Specialty drugs in the United States">high-cost</a> <a href="/wiki/Biopharmaceutical" title="Biopharmaceutical">biologic drugs</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sunset_provision" title="Sunset provision">sunset clause</a>—a 16-year expiration date with regular 6-year reviews to possibly renew the agreement for additional 16-year terms, and an increased <a href="/wiki/De_minimis" title="De minimis">de minimis</a> threshold in which Mexico raised the de minimis value to $100 from $50 regarding online duty- and tax-free purchases.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-ottawacitizen_2018-143">[142]</a> According to an August 30 article in <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>, Mexico agreed to increase the <a href="/wiki/Rules_of_origin" title="Rules of origin">rules of origin</a> threshold which would mean that 75% as opposed to the previous 62.5% of a vehicle's components must be made in North America to avoid tariffs.<a href="#cite_note-economist_goingsouth_2018-144">[143]</a> Since car makers currently import less expensive components from Asia, under the revised agreement, consumers would pay more for vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-financialpost_McLeod_2018-145">[144]</a> As well, approximately 40 to 45 per cent of vehicle components must be made by workers earning a minimum of US$16 per hour, in contrast to the current US$2.30 an hour that a worker earns on average in a Mexican car manufacturing plant.<a href="#cite_note-economist_goingsouth_2018-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-financialpost_McLeod_2018-145">[144]</a> The Economist described this as placing "Mexican carmaking into a straitjacket".<a href="#cite_note-economist_goingsouth_2018-144">[143]</a> Trudeau and Canadian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Chrystia Freeland</a> announced that they were willing to join the agreement if it was in Canada's interests.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> Freeland returned from her European diplomatic tour early, cancelling a planned visit to <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, to participate in NAFTA negotiations in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> in late August.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> According to an August 31 <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Press">Canadian Press</a> published in the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Citizen" title="Ottawa Citizen">Ottawa Citizen</a>, key issues under debate included <a href="/wiki/Supply_management_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply management (Canada)">supply management</a>, Chapter 19, pharmaceuticals, cultural exemption, the sunset clause, and <a href="/wiki/De_minimis" title="De minimis">de minimis</a> thresholds.<a href="#cite_note-ottawacitizen_2018-143">[142]</a> Although President Donald Trump warned Canada on September 1 that he would exclude them from a new trade agreement unless Canada submitted to his demands, it is not clear that the Trump administration had the authority to do so without the approval of Congress.<a href="#cite_note-CRS_Villarreal_2018-148">[147]</a>: 34–6 <a href="#cite_note-BBC_NAFTA_Canada_2018-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-VOX_Aleem_2017-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edmonton_Journal_CP-151">[150]</a> On September 30, 2018, the day of the deadline for the Canada–U.S. negotiations, a preliminary deal between the two countries was reached, thus preserving the trilateral pact when the Trump administration submits the agreement before Congress.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> The new name for the agreement was the "<a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">United States—Mexico—Canada Agreement</a>" (USMCA) and came into effect on July 1, 2020.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_of_withdrawing_from_NAFTA">Impact of withdrawing from NAFTA</h3></div> Following Donald Trump's <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">election to the presidency</a>, a range of trade experts said that pulling out of NAFTA as Trump proposed would have a range of unintended consequences for the U.S., including reduced access to the U.S.'s biggest export markets, a reduction in economic growth, and increased prices for gasoline, cars, fruits, and vegetables.<a href="#cite_note-:10-9">[8]</a> The worst affected sectors would be textiles, agriculture and automobiles.<a href="#cite_note-:11-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a> political scientist <a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Drezner" title="Daniel W. Drezner">Daniel W. Drezner</a>, the Trump administration's desire to return relations with Mexico to the pre-NAFTA era are misguided. Drezner argued that NAFTA made it easier for Mexico to transform to a real democracy and become a country that views itself as North American. If Trump acts on many of the threats that he has made against Mexico, it is not inconceivable that Mexicans would turn to left-wing populist strongmen, as several South American countries have. At the very least, US-Mexico relations would worsen, with adverse implications for cooperation on border security, counterterrorism, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Drug_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Drug War">drug-war operations</a>, deportations and managing Central American <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-86">[85]</a> According to Chad P. Bown (senior fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Peterson_Institute_for_International_Economics" title="Peterson Institute for International Economics">Peterson Institute for International Economics</a>), "a renegotiated NAFTA that would reestablish <a href="/wiki/Trade_barrier" title="Trade barrier">trade barriers</a> is unlikely to help workers who lost their jobs—regardless of the cause—take advantage of new employment opportunities".<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> According to Harvard economist <a href="/wiki/Marc_Melitz" title="Marc Melitz">Marc Melitz</a>, "recent research estimates that the repeal of NAFTA would not increase car production in the United States".<a href="#cite_note-:8-8">[7]</a> Melitz noted that this would cost manufacturing jobs.<a href="#cite_note-:8-8">[7]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trans-Pacific_Partnership">Trans-Pacific Partnership</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> If the original <a href="/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Trans-Pacific Partnership">Trans-Pacific Partnership</a> (TPP) had come into effect, existing agreements such as NAFTA would be reduced to those provisions that do not conflict with the TPP, or that require greater trade liberalization than the TPP.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> However, only <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> would have the prospect of becoming members of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Trans-Pacific Partnership">TPP</a> after <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> withdrew the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> from the agreement in January 2017. In May 2017, the 11 remaining members of the TPP, including Canada and Mexico, agreed to proceed with a <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_and_Progressive_Agreement_for_Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership">revised version</a> of the trade deal without U.S. participation.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_public_opinion_on_NAFTA">American public opinion on NAFTA</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/US_public_opinion_on_the_North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="US public opinion on the North American Free Trade Agreement">US public opinion on the North American Free Trade Agreement</a></div> The American public was largely divided on its view of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), with a wide partisan gap in beliefs. In a February 2018 Gallup Poll, 48% of Americans said NAFTA was good for the U.S., while 46% said it was bad.<a href="#cite_note-:15-159">[158]</a> According to a journal from the Law and Business Review of the Americas (LBRA), U.S. public opinion of NAFTA centers around three issues: NAFTA's impact on the creation or destruction of American jobs, NAFTA's impact on the environment, and NAFTA's impact on immigrants entering the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> After President Trump's election in 2016, support for NAFTA became very polarized between Republicans and Democrats. Donald Trump expressed negative views of NAFTA, calling it "the single worst trade deal ever approved in this country".<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> Republican support for NAFTA decreased from 43% support in 2008 to 34% in 2017. Meanwhile, Democratic support for NAFTA increased from 41% support in 2008 to 71% in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-Affairs-162">[161]</a> The political gap was especially large in concern to views on free trade with Mexico. As opposed to a favorable view of free trade with Canada, whom 79% of American described as a fair trade partner, only 47% of Americans believed Mexico practices fair trade. The gap widened between Democrats and Republicans: 60% of Democrats believed Mexico is practicing fair trade, while only 28% of Republicans did. This was the highest level from Democrats and the lowest level from Republicans ever recorded by the Chicago Council Survey. Republicans had more negative views of Canada as a fair trade partner than Democrats as well.<a href="#cite_note-Affairs-162">[161]</a> NAFTA had strong support from young Americans. In a February 2017 Gallup poll, 73% of Americans aged 18–29 said NAFTA was good for the U.S., showing higher support than any other U.S. age group.<a href="#cite_note-:15-159">[158]</a> It also had slightly stronger support from unemployed Americans than from employed Americans.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/48px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/64px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement</a> (USMCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_integration" title="North American integration">North American integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Leaders%27_Summit" title="North American Leaders' Summit">North American Leaders' Summit</a> (NALS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%27s_Global_Markets_Action_Plan" title="Canada's Global Markets Action Plan">Canada's Global Markets Action Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fight_for_Canada" title="The Fight for Canada">The Fight for Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Economic_and_Trade_Agreement" title="Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement">Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement</a> (CETA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Transportation_Statistics_Interchange" title="North American Transportation Statistics Interchange">North American Transportation Statistics Interchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Alliance" title="Pacific Alliance">Pacific Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Trans-Pacific Partnership">Trans-Pacific Partnership</a> (TPP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="Free trade debate">Free trade debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_public_opinion_on_the_North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="US public opinion on the North American Free Trade Agreement">US public opinion on the North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_and_Progressive_Agreement_for_Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership">Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership</a> (CPTPP)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Calculated using UNDP data for the member states. If considered as a single entity, NAFTA would rank 23rd among the other countries. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-imf.org-1"><a href="#cite_ref-imf.org_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2018&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=subject&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=78&pr1.y=8&c=273%2C156%2C111&s=PPPGDP%2CLP&grp=0&a=">"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214232324/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2018&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=subject&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=78&pr1.y=8&c=273%2C156%2C111&s=PPPGDP%2CLP&grp=0&a=">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+for+Selected+Countries+and+Subjects&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2018%2F01%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fsy%3D2018%26ey%3D2023%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dsubject%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26pr1.x%3D78%26pr1.y%3D8%26c%3D273%252C156%252C111%26s%3DPPPGDP%252CLP%26grp%3D0%26a%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+Free+Trade+Agreement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/naftas-economic-impact">"NAFTA's Economic Impact"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170721193928/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/naftas-economic-impact">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2017. 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Retrieved September 2, 2018. <q>Its costly new regulations result from flawed economic logic</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=America%27s+deal+with+Mexico+will+make+NAFTA+worse&rft.date=2018-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fleaders%2F2018%2F08%2F30%2Famericas-deal-with-mexico-will-make-nafta-worse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+Free+Trade+Agreement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-financialpost_McLeod_2018-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-financialpost_McLeod_2018_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-financialpost_McLeod_2018_145-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcleod2018" class="citation news cs1">Mcleod, James (August 30, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://business.financialpost.com/transportation/autos/trumps-mexico-deal-is-a-roadmap-to-higher-car-prices-industry-analysts-say">"Trump's Mexico deal is a roadmap to higher car prices, industry analysts say"</a>. 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Retrieved September 2, 2018. <q>Rules of origin and labour requirements will pass costs on to consumers</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Post&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+Mexico+deal+is+a+roadmap+to+higher+car+prices%2C+industry+analysts+say&rft.date=2018-08-30&rft.aulast=Mcleod&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.financialpost.com%2Ftransportation%2Fautos%2Ftrumps-mexico-deal-is-a-roadmap-to-higher-car-prices-industry-analysts-say&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+Free+Trade+Agreement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-45323634">"Trump announces 'incredible' trade deal with Mexico"</a>. BBC News. 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CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703192456/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/05/20/tpp-nations-agree-to-pursue-trade-deal-without-us.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=TPP+nations+agree+to+pursue+trade+deal+without+US&rft.date=2017-05-21&rft.aulast=Shaffer&rft.aufirst=Sri+Jegarajah%2C+Craig+Dale%2C+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2017%2F05%2F20%2Ftpp-nations-agree-to-pursue-trade-deal-without-us.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+Free+Trade+Agreement" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_159-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInc." class="citation news cs1">Inc., Gallup. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.gallup.com/poll/204269/americans-split-whether-nafta-good-bad.aspx">"Americans Split on Whether NAFTA Is Good or Bad for U.S."</a> Gallup.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180422202536/http://news.gallup.com/poll/204269/americans-split-whether-nafta-good-bad.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2018. Retrieved April 30, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gallup.com&rft.atitle=Americans+Split+on+Whether+NAFTA+Is+Good+or+Bad+for+U.S.&rft.aulast=Inc.&rft.aufirst=Gallup&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F204269%2Famericans-split-whether-nafta-good-bad.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+Free+Trade+Agreement" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/lbramrca11&div=28&g_sent=1&casa_token=&collection=journals">"Redirecting ..."</a> heinonline.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180501093753/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/lbramrca11&div=28&g_sent=1&casa_token=&collection=journals">Archived</a> from the original on May 1, 2018. Retrieved April 30, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=heinonline.org&rft.atitle=Redirecting+...&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Flbramrca11%26div%3D28%26g_sent%3D1%26casa_token%3D%26collection%3Djournals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+Free+Trade+Agreement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/27/us/politics/transcript-debate.html">"Transcript of the First Debate"</a>. The New York Times. September 27, 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210317114039/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/27/us/politics/transcript-debate.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 17, 2021. Retrieved April 30, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Transcript+of+the+First+Debate&rft.date=2016-09-27&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F09%2F27%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Ftranscript-debate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+Free+Trade+Agreement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Affairs-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Affairs_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Affairs_162-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAffairs" class="citation web cs1">Affairs, Chicago Council on Global. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126095858/https://www.thechicagocouncil.org/publication/pro-trade-views-rise-partisan-divisions-nafta-widen">"Pro-Trade Views on the Rise, Partisan Divisions on NAFTA Widen | Chicago Council on Global Affairs"</a>. www.thechicagocouncil.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thechicagocouncil.org/publication/pro-trade-views-rise-partisan-divisions-nafta-widen">the original</a> on November 26, 2020. Retrieved April 30, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thechicagocouncil.org&rft.atitle=Pro-Trade+Views+on+the+Rise%2C+Partisan+Divisions+on+NAFTA+Widen+%7C+Chicago+Council+on+Global+Affairs&rft.aulast=Affairs&rft.aufirst=Chicago+Council+on+Global&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thechicagocouncil.org%2Fpublication%2Fpro-trade-views-rise-partisan-divisions-nafta-widen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+Free+Trade+Agreement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInc." class="citation news cs1">Inc., Gallup. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.gallup.com/poll/113200/opinion-briefing-north-american-free-trade-agreement.aspx">"Opinion Briefing: North American Free Trade Agreement"</a>. Gallup.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180501224545/http://news.gallup.com/poll/113200/opinion-briefing-north-american-free-trade-agreement.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on May 1, 2018. Retrieved April 30, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gallup.com&rft.atitle=Opinion+Briefing%3A+North+American+Free+Trade+Agreement&rft.aulast=Inc.&rft.aufirst=Gallup&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F113200%2Fopinion-briefing-north-american-free-trade-agreement.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+Free+Trade+Agreement" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Altieri, Morena. "New historical chapter for North American trade United States, México, Canada Agreement-USMCA." Sociology and Social Work Review 5.2 (2021): 29–39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalresearchpublishing.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/New-historical-chapter-for-North-American-trade-United-States-Me%CC%81xico-Canada-Agreement-USMCA.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607070815/https://globalresearchpublishing.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/New-historical-chapter-for-North-American-trade-United-States-Me%CC%81xico-Canada-Agreement-USMCA.pdf">Archived</a> June 7, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Beaulieu, Eugene, and Dylan Klemen. "You Say USMCA or T-MEC and I Say CUSMA: The New NAFTA-Let's Call the Whole Thing On." The School of Public Policy Publications (2020) on Trump's changes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/sppp/article/view/70040/54002">online</a>.</li> <li>Boskin, Michael J. ed. NAFTA at 20 : the North American Free Trade Agreement's achievements and challenges (Hoover, 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naftaat20northam0000naft">online</a></li> <li>Burfisher, Mary E., Sherman Robinson, and Karen Thierfelder. "The impact of NAFTA on the United States." Journal of economic perspectives 15.1 (2001): 125–144. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.15.1.125">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220428111056/https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.15.1.125">Archived</a> April 28, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Cameron, Maxwell A. , Brian W. Tomlin (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ie1n1_LhKCQC&dq=NAFTA&pg=PP1">The making of NAFTA: how the deal was done</a>. Cornell University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8781-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8781-1">0-8014-8781-1</a>.</li> <li>Chambers, Edward J. and Peter H. Smith (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zfXN4iaUyVQC&dq=NAFTA&pg=PP1">NAFTA in the new millennium</a>. University of California, San Diego. Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88864-386-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-88864-386-1">0-88864-386-1</a></li> <li>Csehi, Robert, and Eugenia C. Heldt. "Populism as a ‘corrective’ to trade agreements? ‘America First’ and the readjustment of NAFTA." International Politics (2021): 1-17. on Trump's impact <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41311-021-00306-3">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220508041911/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41311-021-00306-3">Archived</a> May 8, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Deblock, Christian. "Canada and International Regulatory Cooperation: A Comparison of USMCA, CETA and CPTPP." in NAFTA 2.0 (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2022) pp. 181–197.</li> <li>Fairbrother, Malcolm (2014). "Economists, Capitalists, and the Making of Globalization: North American Free Trade in Comparative-Historical Perspective". American Journal of Sociology. 119 (5): 1324–1379.</li> <li>Folsom, Ralph H. NAFTA and free trade in the Americas in a nutshell (2012) <a href="//archive.org/details/naftafreetradein0000fols" class="extiw" title="iarchive:naftafreetradein0000fols">online</a></li> <li>Francis, John, and Yuqing Zheng. "Trade liberalization, unemployment and adjustment: evidence from NAFTA using state level data." Applied Economics 43.13 (2011): 1657–1671.</li> <li>Frittelli, John. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Implementation: The Future of Commercial Trucking Across the Mexican Border (Congressional Research Service, 2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA514769">online</a></li> <li>Fukao, Kyoji, Toshihiro Okubo, and Robert M. Stern. "An econometric analysis of trade diversion under NAFTA." North American Journal of Economics and Finance 14.1 (2003): 3-24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rieti.go.jp/jp/publications/dp/02e011.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220301202822/https://www.rieti.go.jp/jp/publications/dp/02e011.pdf">Archived</a> March 1, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Gladstone, Fiona, et al. "NAFTA and environment after 25 years: A retrospective analysis of the US-Mexico border." Environmental Science & Policy 119 (2021): 18–33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liverman.faculty.arizona.edu/sites/liverman.faculty.arizona.edu/files/2021-06/Gladstone%20Liverman%20Sanchez%20and%20Morales%202020%20NAFTA.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211017135959/https://liverman.faculty.arizona.edu/sites/liverman.faculty.arizona.edu/files/2021-06/Gladstone%20Liverman%20Sanchez%20and%20Morales%202020%20NAFTA.pdf">Archived</a> October 17, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Hernández Pérez, Juan Luis. "Mexican agriculture from NAFTA to USMCA: Theoretical considerations, general balance, and development perspectives." El trimestre económico 88.352 (2021): 1121–1152. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/ete/v88n352/2448-718X-ete-88-352-1121.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607070805/http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/ete/v88n352/2448-718X-ete-88-352-1121.pdf">Archived</a> June 7, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Holian, David B., Timothy B. Krebs, and Michael H. Walsh. "Constituency opinion, Ross Perot, and roll-call behavior in the US House: The case of the NAFTA." Legislative Studies Quarterly (1997): 369–392.</li> <li>Hufbauer. Gary Clyde, and Jeffrey J. Schott (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hf12VNRekqEC&dq=NAFTA%20Revisited%3A%20Achievements%20and%20Challenges&pg=PP1">NAFTA Revisited: Achievements and Challenges</a> Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88132-334-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-88132-334-9">0-88132-334-9</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naftarevisitedac00hufb">online</a></li> <li>Kennedy, Kevin, ed. The first decade of NAFTA: the future of free trade in North America (BRILL, 2021).</li> <li>Meylor, Dan, and Kishore G. Kulkarni. "NAFTA in Mexico: What Worked? And What Did Not?." SAMVAD 23 (2022): 1–7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samvad.sibmpune.edu.in/index.php/samvad/article/viewFile/167188/114573">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240605000832/https://samvad.sibmpune.edu.in/index.php/samvad/article/viewFile/167188/114573">Archived</a> June 5, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poynter.org/news/everything-you-should-know-about-north-american-trade-8-fact-checks">Poynter. 2018. Everything you should know about North American trade, in 8 fact checks.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924191843/https://www.poynter.org/news/everything-you-should-know-about-north-american-trade-8-fact-checks">Archived</a> September 24, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Ramirez, Miguel D. "Mexico under NAFTA: a critical assessment." Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 43.5 (2003): 863–892. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/47119397/s1062-9769_2803_2900052-820160708-31403-tyrxxo.pdf">online</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li>Rosenberg, Jerry M. ed. Encyclopedia of the North American Free Trade Agreement, the New American Community, and Latin-American Trade (1995)</li> <li>Simons, Herbert W. "Judging a policy proposal by the company it keeps: The Gore‐Perot NAFTA debate." Quarterly Journal of Speech 82.3 (1996): 274–287.</li> <li>Skonieczny, Amy. "Constructing NAFTA: Myth, representation, and the discursive construction of US foreign policy." International Studies Quarterly 45.3 (2001): 433-454 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/45547176/ISQ_NAFTA_article.pdf">online</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li>Thorbecke, Willem, and Christian Eigen-Zucchi. "Did NAFTA cause a 'giant sucking sound'?." Journal of Labor Research 23.4 (2002): 647-658 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/48273453/s12122-002-1033-320160824-10755-1irzk31.pdf">online</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] .</li> <li>Van Haren, Ian, and Claudia Masferrer. "Mexican migration to Canada: Temporary worker programs, visa imposition, and NAFTA shape flows." (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/pkfza/download">online</a></li> <li>Villareal, M., and Ian F. Fergusson. (2017) "The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)." (CRS Report R42965). Washington: Congressional Research Service <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://scholar.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=2939&context=key_workplace">online free</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143714/https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://scholar.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=2939&context=key_workplace">Archived</a> June 12, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; a U.S. government document</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nafta-sec-alena.org/Home/Texts-of-the-Agreement/North-American-Free-Trade-Agreement">Text of the agreement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200528220020/https://www.nafta-sec-alena.org/Home/Texts-of-the-Agreement/North-American-Free-Trade-Agreement">Archived</a> May 28, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nafta-sec-alena.org/">official website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006183914/https://www.nafta-sec-alena.org/">Archived</a> October 6, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of the NAFTA Secretariat.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090118061601/http://www.naftanow.org/">NaftaNow.org</a>, jointly developed by the Governments of Canada, Mexico and the United States of America.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findrulesoforigin.org/home/agreement-detail?fta=653">North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804041034/https://findrulesoforigin.org/home/agreement-detail?fta=653">Archived</a> August 4, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on the Rules of Origin Facilitator, with member countries' status and access to legal documents.</li> <li>Abbott, Frederick M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303202804/http://www.mpepil.com/sample_article?id=%2Fepil%2Fentries%2Flaw-9780199231690-e2083&recno=8&">North American Free Trade Agreement, Case Law</a> (<a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Encyclopedia_of_Public_International_Law" title="Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law">Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law</a>).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070601090731/http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Agreements/Regional/NAFTA/Section_Index.html">Office of the U.S. Trade Representative – NAFTA statistics page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111125001059/http://www.fas.usda.gov/itp/Policy/NAFTA/nafta.asp">U.S. Department of Agriculture NAFTA links page</a></li></ul> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/89">North American Free Trade Agreement, 1992 Oct. 7</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wits.worldbank.org/GPTAD/PDF/archive/NAFTA.pdf">NAFTA document</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407081024/http://wits.worldbank.org/GPTAD/PDF/archive/NAFTA.pdf">Archived</a> April 7, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>'s <a href="/wiki/World_Integrated_Trade_Solution" title="World Integrated Trade Solution">World Integrated Trade Solution</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120523231250/http://wits.worldbank.org/gptad/library.aspx">GPTAD database library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findrulesoforigin.org/home/agreement-detail?fta=653">North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804041034/https://findrulesoforigin.org/home/agreement-detail?fta=653">Archived</a> August 4, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on the Rules of Origin Facilitator, with member countries' status and access to legal documents.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Trilateral_relations_of_Canada,_Mexico,_and_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Trilateral_relations_of_Canada,_Mexico,_and_the_United_States" title="Template:Trilateral relations of Canada, Mexico, and the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Trilateral_relations_of_Canada,_Mexico,_and_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Trilateral relations of Canada, Mexico, and the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Trilateral_relations_of_Canada,_Mexico,_and_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Trilateral relations of Canada, Mexico, and the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Trilateral_relations_of_Canada,_Mexico,_and_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Trilateral relations of Canada, Mexico, and the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/North_American_integration" title="North American integration">North American integration</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enacted <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_American_Agreement_on_Environmental_Cooperation" title="North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation">Agreement on Environmental Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Agreement_on_Labor_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation">Agreement on Labor Cooperation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Environmental_Cooperation" title="Commission for Environmental Cooperation">Commission for Environmental Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Leaders%27_Summit" title="North American Leaders' Summit">North American Leaders' Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Transportation_Statistics_Interchange" title="North American Transportation Statistics Interchange">North American Transportation Statistics Interchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Security_and_Prosperity_Partnership_of_North_America" title="Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America">Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_American_Competitiveness_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Competitiveness Council">North American Competitiveness Council</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lobby groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Anti-integration: <a href="/wiki/The_Council_of_Canadians" title="The Council of Canadians">The Council of Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorized projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_monetary_union" title="North American monetary union">North American monetary union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAFTA_superhighway" title="NAFTA superhighway">NAFTA superhighway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Union" title="North American Union">North American Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_energy_independence#North_American_energy_independence" title="United States energy independence">North American energy independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2026 FIFA World Cup">2026 FIFA World Cup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_2026_FIFA_World_Cup_bid" title="United 2026 FIFA World Cup bid">United bid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Canada–Mexico relations">Canada–Mexico relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Canada–United States relations">Canada–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mexico–United States relations">Mexico–United States relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="26px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Canada&#124;link=Canada_Free_trade_agreements_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Free_trade_agreements_of_Canada" title="Template:Free trade agreements of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Free_trade_agreements_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Free trade agreements of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Free_trade_agreements_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Free trade agreements of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="26px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Canada&#124;link=Canada_Free_trade_agreements_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/26px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/39px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/52px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_Canada" title="Free trade agreements of Canada">Free trade agreements of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Existing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Bilateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Chile_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Canada–Chile Free Trade Agreement">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Colombia_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Canada–Colombia Free Trade Agreement">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Costa_Rica_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Canada–Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93European_Free_Trade_Association_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Canada–European Free Trade Association Free Trade Agreement">European Free Trade Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Economic_and_Trade_Agreement" title="Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Honduras_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Canada–Honduras Free Trade Agreement">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Israel_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Canada–Israel Free Trade Agreement">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Jordan_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Canada–Jordan Free Trade Agreement">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Panama_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Canada–Panama Free Trade Agreement">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Peru_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Canada–Peru Free Trade Agreement">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Korea_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Canada–Korea Free Trade Agreement">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Ukraine_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Canada–Ukraine Free Trade Agreement">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Multilateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">Canada–United States–Mexico Agreement (CUSMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_and_Progressive_Agreement_for_Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership">Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Defunct or expired</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_Automotive_Products_Agreement" title="Canada–United States Automotive Products Agreement">Canada–United States Automotive Products Agreement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)</a> (superseded by CUSMA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement">United States</a> (superseded by NAFTA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="26px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Free-trade_agreements_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Free-trade agreements of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Free-trade_agreements_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Free-trade agreements of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Free-trade_agreements_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Free-trade agreements of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="26px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/26px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/39px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/52px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_States" title="Free trade agreements of the United States">Free trade agreements of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Existing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;font-weight:normal;">Bilateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Bahrain–United States Free Trade Agreement">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Chile–United States Free Trade Agreement">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Colombia_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="United States–Colombia Free Trade Agreement">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Israel–United States Free Trade Agreement">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Jordan–United States Free Trade Agreement">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Morocco–United States Free Trade Agreement">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Oman–United States Free Trade Agreement">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93United_States_Trade_Promotion_Agreement" title="Panama–United States Trade Promotion Agreement">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93United_States_Trade_Promotion_Agreement" title="Peru–United States Trade Promotion Agreement">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Singapore–United States Free Trade Agreement">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Korea_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="United States–Korea Free Trade Agreement">South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;font-weight:normal;">Multilateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Central_America_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement">Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;font-weight:normal;">Bilateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brazil–United States Free Trade Agreement (page does not exist)">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecuador–United States Free Trade Agreement (page does not exist)">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghana–United States Free Trade Agreement (page does not exist)">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesia%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indonesia–United States Free Trade Agreement (page does not exist)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenya%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenya–United States Free Trade Agreement (page does not exist)">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuwait–United States Free Trade Agreement (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Malaysia–United States Free Trade Agreement">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritius%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauritius–United States Free Trade Agreement (page does not exist)">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozambique%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mozambique–United States Free Trade Agreement (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93United_States_relations#Proposed_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="New Zealand–United States relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwan%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taiwan–United States Free Trade Agreement (page does not exist)">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Arab_Emirates%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Arab Emirates–United States Free Trade Agreement (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="United Kingdom–United States Free Trade Agreement">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States%E2%80%93Uruguay_Free_Trade_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States–Uruguay Free Trade Agreement (page does not exist)">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;font-weight:normal;">Multilateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Middle_East_Free_Trade_Area" title="U.S.–Middle East Free Trade Area">Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_in_Services_Agreement" title="Trade in Services Agreement">Trade in Services Agreement (TISA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_Free_Trade_Area" title="Transatlantic Free Trade Area">Transatlantic Free Trade Area (TAFTA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;font-weight:normal;">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Trade_Area_of_the_Americas" title="Free Trade Area of the Americas">Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA)</a> (no interest since 2005)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qatar%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qatar–United States Free Trade Agreement (page does not exist)">Qatar</a> (on hold since 2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States-Southern_African_Customs_Union_Free_Trade_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="United States-Southern African Customs Union Free Trade Agreement">Southern African Customs Union</a> (on hold since 2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Thailand_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="United States–Thailand Free Trade Agreement">Thailand</a> (on hold since 2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_Trade_and_Investment_Partnership" title="Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership">Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Defunct or expired</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement">Canada</a> (superseded by NAFTA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_Automotive_Products_Agreement" title="Canada–United States Automotive Products Agreement">Canada–United States Automotive Products Agreement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)</a> (superseded by USMCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Trans-Pacific Partnership">Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_H._W._Bush" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_H._W._Bush" title="Template:George H. W. Bush"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_H._W._Bush" title="Template talk:George H. W. Bush"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_H._W._Bush" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George H. W. Bush"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_H._W._Bush" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">41st</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">43rd</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a> (1976–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations">UN Ambassador</a> (1971–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 7th congressional district">TX–7</a> (1967–1971)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George H. W. Bush">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Inauguration of George H. W. Bush">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1989)" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1989)">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1990)" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1990)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1991)" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1991)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1992%E2%80%93January_1993)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1992–January 1993)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1992%E2%80%93January_1993)#January_1993" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1992–January 1993)">January 1993</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_United_States#The_George_H._W._Bush_Administration_(1989–1993)" title="Environmental policy of the United States">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union summits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Summit" title="Malta Summit">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Summit_(1990)" title="Helsinki Summit (1990)">Helsinki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Chemical_Weapons_Accord" title="1990 Chemical Weapons Accord">Chemical Weapons Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Conference_of_1991" title="Madrid Conference of 1991">1991 Madrid Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Council" title="National Space Council">National Space Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_world_order_(politics)#The_Gulf_War_and_Bush's_formulation" title="New world order (politics)">New world order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Task_Force" title="Unified Task Force">Unified Task Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Negotiation_and_U.S._ratification">Negotiations for the North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the George H. W. Bush administration">Cannabis policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_vomiting_incident" title="George H. W. Bush vomiting incident">Vomiting incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_broccoli_comments" title="George H. W. Bush broccoli comments">Broccoli comments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_horseshoe_pit" title="White House horseshoe pit">White House horseshoe pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of people pardoned by George H. W. Bush">Presidential pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of international presidential trips made by George H. W. Bush">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%26O_desk" title="C&O desk">Oval Office desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush#Administration" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of federal judges appointed by George H. W. Bush">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George H. W. Bush Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="George H. W. Bush judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_Herbert_Walker_Bush/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George Herbert Walker Bush/Executive orders">Executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_Herbert_Walker_Bush/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George Herbert Walker Bush/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential proclamations</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2100" /> <a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_School_of_Government_and_Public_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush School of Government and Public Service">Bush School of Government and Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker%27s_Point_Estate" title="Walker's Point Estate">Walker's Point Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Post-presidency of George H. W. Bush">Post-presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_George_H._W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="1989 George H. W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1990 State of the Union Address">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1991 State of the Union Address">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1992 State of the Union Address">1992</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_Kiev_speech" title="Chicken Kiev speech">Chicken Kiev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Electoral history of George H. W. Bush">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas" title="1964 United States Senate election in Texas">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas" title="1970 United States Senate election in Texas">1970</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1966 United States House of Representatives elections">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1968 United States House of Representatives elections">1968</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1980 presidential campaign">1980 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1980 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidential transition of Ronald Reagan">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1984 presidential campaign">1984 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush#1980_presidential_election" title="George H. W. Bush">1980 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1988_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1988 presidential campaign">1988 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1988 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_points_of_light" title="Thousand points of light">"a thousand points of light"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Read_my_lips:_no_new_taxes" title="Read my lips: no new taxes">"Read my lips: no new taxes"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1988 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">1992 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1992 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidential transition of Bill Clinton">Clinton transition</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush#Public_image" title="George H. W. Bush">Public image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Saturday Night Live parodies of George H. W. Bush">Saturday Night Live parodies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_X-Presidents" title="The X-Presidents">The X-Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Reunion" title="Presidential Reunion">Presidential Reunion</a> (2010 short film)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Naked_Gun_2%C2%BD:_The_Smell_of_Fear" title="The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear">The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_It_Takes:_The_Way_to_the_White_House" title="What It Takes: The Way to the White House">What It Takes: The Way to the White House</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Hams" title="The Silence of the Hams">The Silence of the Hams</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bush:_The_Life_of_a_Lone_Star_Yankee" title="George Bush: The Life of a Lone Star Yankee">George Bush: The Life of a Lone Star Yankee</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Family:_The_Real_Story_of_the_Bush_Dynasty" title="The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty">The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush_(film)" title="George H.W. Bush (film)">George H.W. Bush</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_for_Democracy" title="Bad for Democracy">Bad for Democracy</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Secrets" title="Family of Secrets">Family of Secrets</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/41:_A_Portrait_of_My_Father" title="41: A Portrait of My Father">41: A Portrait of My Father</a> (2014 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny_and_Power" title="Destiny and Power">Destiny and Power</a> (2015 book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George H. W. Bush">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_World_Transformed" title="A World Transformed">A World Transformed</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_the_Best_(book)" title="All the Best (book)">All the Best</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials,_honors,_and_awards_of_George_H._W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="List of memorials, honors, and awards of George H. W. Bush">Legacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George H. W. Bush">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Medal of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_School_of_Government_and_Public_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush School of Government and Public Service">Bush School of Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Freedom_Award" title="Ronald Reagan Freedom Award">Reagan Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Intercontinental_Airport" title="George Bush Intercontinental Airport">George Bush Intercontinental Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_George_H.W._Bush" title="USS George H.W. Bush">USS George H.W. Bush (CVN-77)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">presidency</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Robinson_Bush" title="Pauline Robinson Bush">Pauline Robinson Bush</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Bush" title="Neil Bush">Neil Bush</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Bush" title="Marvin Bush">Marvin Bush</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bush_Koch" title="Dorothy Bush Koch">Dorothy Bush Koch</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush_(born_1981)" title="Barbara Bush (born 1981)">Barbara Bush Coyne</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Bush_Hager" title="Jenna Bush Hager">Jenna Bush Hager</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Bush" title="George P. Bush">George P. Bush</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bush" title="Lauren Bush">Lauren Bush</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierce Bush">Pierce Bush</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescott_Bush" title="Prescott Bush">Prescott Bush</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Walker_Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorothy Walker Bush">Dorothy Walker Bush</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Walker_Bush_Ellis" title="Nancy Walker Bush Ellis">Nancy Walker Bush Ellis</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bush" title="Jonathan Bush">Jonathan Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._T._Bush" title="William H. T. Bush">William H. T. Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Bush" title="Samuel P. Bush">Samuel P. Bush</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Walker" title="George Herbert Walker">George Herbert Walker</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Smith_Bush" title="James Smith Bush">James Smith Bush</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah_Bush" title="Obadiah Bush">Obadiah Bush</a> (great-great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millie_(dog)" title="Millie (dog)">Millie</a> (family dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sully_(dog)" title="Sully (dog)">Sully (service dog)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">← Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">← Walter Mondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:George_H._W._Bush" title="Category:George H. W. Bush">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bill_Clinton" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bill_Clinton" title="Template:Bill Clinton"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bill_Clinton" title="Template talk:Bill Clinton"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bill_Clinton" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bill Clinton"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bill_Clinton" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">42nd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Arkansas" title="List of governors of Arkansas">40th and 42nd Governor of Arkansas</a> (1979–1981, 1983–1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Presidency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidential transition of Bill Clinton">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="First inauguration of Bill Clinton">1st inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Second inauguration of Bill Clinton">2nd inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1993)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1993)">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1994)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1994)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1995)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1995)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1996)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1996)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1997)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1997)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1998)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1998)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1999)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1999)">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(2000%E2%80%932001)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (2000–2001)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(2000%E2%80%932001)#January_2001" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (2000–2001)">January 2001</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Bill_Clinton_administration" title="Economic policy of the Bill Clinton administration">Economic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps" title="AmeriCorps">AmeriCorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_health_care_plan_of_1993" title="Clinton health care plan of 1993">Health care plan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_Budget_Act_of_1997" title="Balanced Budget Act of 1997">Balanced Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Bill_Clinton_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Bill_Clinton" title="List of international presidential trips made by Bill Clinton">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Doctrine" title="Clinton Doctrine">Clinton Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_I_Accord" title="Oslo I Accord">Oslo I Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty" title="Israel–Jordan peace treaty">Israel–Jordan peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Camp_David_Summit" title="2000 Camp David Summit">2000 Camp David Summit</a></li> <li>Cruise missile strikes on Iraq <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1993_cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq" title="1993 cruise missile strikes on Iraq">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq" title="1996 cruise missile strikes on Iraq">1996</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Infinite_Reach" title="Operation Infinite Reach">Operation Infinite Reach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">Bombing of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Iraq_(1998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Iraq (1998)">Bombing of Iraq (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_System_(United_States)" title="National Highway System (United States)">National Highway System Designation Act of 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Equity_Act_for_the_21st_Century" title="Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century">Transportation Equity Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_Initiative" title="One America Initiative">One America Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riegle-Neal_Interstate_Banking_and_Branching_Efficiency_Act_of_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994">Riegle-Neal Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act" title="Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act">Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States" title="Lead-based paint in the United States">Lead-Based Paint Disclosure Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_of_1996" title="Telecommunications Act of 1996">Telecommunications Act of 1996</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act" title="Communications Decency Act">Communications Decency Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_230" title="Section 230">Section 230</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannygate" title="Nannygate">Nannygate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Bedroom_for_contributors_controversy" title="Lincoln Bedroom for contributors controversy">Lincoln Bedroom for contributors controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Department_trade_mission_controversy" title="Commerce Department trade mission controversy">Commerce Department trade mission controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_campaign_finance_controversy" title="1996 United States campaign finance controversy">1996 United States campaign finance controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton%E2%80%93Lewinsky_scandal" title="Clinton–Lewinsky scandal">Clinton–Lewinsky scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starr_Report" title="Starr Report">Starr Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">Impeachment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Bill_Clinton" title="Efforts to impeach Bill Clinton">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_against_Bill_Clinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Impeachment inquiry against Bill Clinton">inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment trial of Bill Clinton">trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Millennium_Council" title="White House Millennium Council">White House Millennium Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_pardon_controversy" title="Bill Clinton pardon controversy">Pardons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_Bill_Clinton" title="List of people pardoned by Bill Clinton">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton#Administration" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Bill_Clinton" title="List of federal judges appointed by Bill Clinton">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Bill Clinton Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Bill Clinton judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:William_Jefferson_Clinton/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:William Jefferson Clinton/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:William_Jefferson_Clinton/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:William Jefferson Clinton/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George W. Bush">Presidential transition of George W. Bush</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/100px-Bill_Clinton.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/150px-Bill_Clinton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/200px-Bill_Clinton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2299" data-file-height="3000" /> <a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_William_Jefferson_Clinton_Birthplace_Home_National_Historic_Site" title="President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home National Historic Site">Childhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Bill_Clinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Early life and career of Bill Clinton">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorships_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Governorships of Bill Clinton">Governorships of Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Presidential_Center" title="Clinton Presidential Center">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Post-presidency of Bill Clinton">Post-presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Foundation" title="Clinton Foundation">Clinton Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_School_of_Public_Service" title="Clinton School of Public Service">Clinton School of Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Bush_Haiti_Fund" title="Clinton Bush Haiti Fund">Clinton Bush Haiti Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constitution_Center#NCC_and_presidents" title="National Constitution Center">Chairman, National Constitution Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honors_and_awards_received_by_Bill_Clinton" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honors and awards received by Bill Clinton">Honors and awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Public image of Bill Clinton">Public image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troopergate_(Bill_Clinton)" title="Troopergate (Bill Clinton)">Troopergate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_sexual_misconduct_allegations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Clinton sexual misconduct allegations">Sexual misconduct allegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_controversy" title="Whitewater controversy">Whitewater controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1993_Bill_Clinton_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 1993 Bill Clinton speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1993_Bill_Clinton_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="September 1993 Bill Clinton speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress (health care reform)</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1994 State of the Union Address">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1995 State of the Union Address">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1996 State of the Union Address">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1997 State of the Union Address">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1998 State of the Union Address">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1999 State of the Union Address">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2000 State of the Union Address">2000</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Electoral history of Bill Clinton">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1974 United States House of Representatives elections">1974</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gubernatorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1978 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1980 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1982 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1984 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1986 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1990 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_1992_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign">1992 campaign</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again" title="Make America Great Again">Make America Great Again</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1992 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1992 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Stop_(Fleetwood_Mac_song)#Political_significance" title="Don't Stop (Fleetwood Mac song)">theme song</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Clinton 1996 presidential campaign">1996 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1996 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Bibliography of Bill Clinton">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Between_Hope_and_History" title="Between Hope and History">Between Hope and History (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Clinton_autobiography)" title="My Life (Clinton autobiography)">My Life (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving:_How_Each_of_Us_Can_Change_the_World" title="Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World">Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_to_Work_(book)" title="Back to Work (book)">Back to Work (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_President_Is_Missing_(novel)" title="The President Is Missing (novel)">The President Is Missing (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_President%27s_Daughter_(novel)" title="The President's Daughter (novel)">The President's Daughter (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Namesakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Jefferson_Clinton_Federal_Building" title="William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building">William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_Boulevard" title="Bill Clinton Boulevard">Bill Clinton Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_National_Airport" title="Clinton National Airport">Clinton National Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Saturday Night Live parodies of Bill Clinton">Saturday Night Live parodies of Bill Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_Room" title="The War Room">The War Room (1993 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Hams" title="The Silence of the Hams">The Silence of the Hams (1994 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_Colors_(film)" title="Primary Colors (film)">Primary Colors (1998 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Days_(2000_film)" title="The Final Days (2000 film)">The Final Days (2000 short film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunting_of_the_President" title="The Hunting of the President">The Hunting of the President (2004 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Special_Relationship_(film)" title="The Special Relationship (film)">The Special Relationship (2010 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_(film)" title="Clinton (film)">Clinton (2012 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_and_Clinton" title="Hillary and Clinton">Hillary and Clinton (2016 play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment:_American_Crime_Story" title="Impeachment: American Crime Story">Impeachment: American Crime Story (2021 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Presidency_with_Bill_Clinton_(TV_series)" title="The American Presidency with Bill Clinton (TV series)">The American Presidency with Bill Clinton (2022 documentary series)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinton_family" title="Clinton family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Rodham Clinton</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Clinton" title="Chelsea Clinton">Chelsea Clinton</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jefferson_Blythe_Jr." title="William Jefferson Blythe Jr.">William Jefferson Blythe Jr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Clinton_Kelley" title="Virginia Clinton Kelley">Virginia Clinton Kelley</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Clinton_Sr." title="Roger Clinton Sr.">Roger Clinton Sr.</a> (first stepfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Clinton_Jr." title="Roger Clinton Jr.">Roger Clinton Jr.</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Dwire" title="Jeff Dwire">Jeff Dwire</a> (second stepfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socks_(cat)" title="Socks (cat)">Socks</a> (cat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_(Bill_Clinton%27s_dog)" title="Buddy (Bill Clinton's dog)">Buddy</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehaven_(house)" title="Whitehaven (house)">Whitehaven</a> (residence)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">← George H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bill_Clinton" title="Category:Bill Clinton">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181574#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181574#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181574#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/131292072">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5115385-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92099941">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00577373">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UFIV091878">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20010711300&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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