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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.5</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.6</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cities_and_Towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_and_Towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Cities and Towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_and_Towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Births" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Births"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Births</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Births-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1279</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 136 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-136" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">136 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279_%E1%8A%A5.%E1%8A%A4.%E1%8A%A0." title="1279 እ.ኤ.አ. – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="1279 እ.ኤ.አ." data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B7%DB%B9_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۲۷۹ (میلادی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۲۷۹ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%AF" title="১২৭৯ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১২৭৯" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279_n%C3%AE" title="1279 nî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1279 nî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279." title="1279. – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1279." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B7%DB%B9_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۲۷۹ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="۱۲۷۹ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279%E5%B9%B4" title="1279年 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1279年" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279%EB%85%84" title="1279년 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1279년" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%AF" title="१२७९ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१२७९" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279." title="1279. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="1279." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%AF" title="মারি ১২৭৯ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মারি ১২৭৯" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279-%C3%A6%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="1279-æм аз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1279-æм аз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1279 жыл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="1279 жыл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279_(almanak_jilyen)" title="1279 (almanak jilyen) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="1279 (almanak jilyen)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279_%D0%B8" title="1279 и – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="1279 и" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279._gads" title="1279. gads – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1279. gads" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279_m." title="1279 m. – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1279 m." data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8._%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%AF" title="इ.स. १२७९ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स. १२७९" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B7%DB%B9" title="۱۲۷۹ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="۱۲۷۹" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279_ni%C3%A8ng" title="1279 nièng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1279 nièng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279_%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="1279 он – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="1279 он" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%82%E1%81%87%E1%81%89" title="၁၂၇၉ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၂၇၉" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%AF" title="सन् १२७९ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सन् १२७९" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279%E5%B9%B4" title="1279年 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1279年" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%A7%E0%AD%A8%E0%AD%AD%E0%AD%AF" title="୧୨୭୯ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="୧୨୭୯" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%AF" title="१२७९ – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="१२७९" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="1279 год – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1279 год" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%AF" title="१२७९ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="१२७९" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279%D8%B9" title="1279ع – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="1279ع" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%A1%D9%A2%D9%A7%D9%A9" title="١٢٧٩ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="١٢٧٩" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279." title="1279. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1279." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279_%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="1279 ел – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1279 ел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._1822" title="พ.ศ. 1822 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พ.ศ. 1822" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_1279" title="Соли 1279 – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Соли 1279" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279%D8%A1" title="1279ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1279ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279%E5%B9%B4" title="1279年 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1279年" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279%E5%B9%B4" title="1279年 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1279年" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279%E5%B9%B4" title="1279年 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1279年" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/1279" title="1279 – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="1279" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5534#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Years</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Millennium</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Centuries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century">12th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th century</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Decades</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1250s" title="1250s">1250s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1260s" title="1260s">1260s</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1270s" title="1270s">1270s</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1280s" title="1280s">1280s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1290s" title="1290s">1290s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1276" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1276">1276</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1277" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1277">1277</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1278" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1278">1278</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/AD_1279" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1279">1279</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1280" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1280">1280</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1281" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1281">1281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1282" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1282">1282</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Year_nav" title="Template:Year nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Year_nav" title="Template talk:Year nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Year_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Year nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Category:1279" title="Category:1279">1279 by topic</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Leaders</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_sovereign_states_in_1279&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of sovereign states in 1279 (page does not exist)">Political entities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_1279" class="mw-redirect" title="List of state leaders in 1279">State leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_13th-century_religious_leaders" title="List of 13th-century religious leaders">Religious leaders</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Birth and death categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Category:1279_births" title="Category:1279 births">Births</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:1279_deaths" title="Category:1279 deaths">Deaths</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Establishments and disestablishments categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Category:1279_establishments" title="Category:1279 establishments">Establishments</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:1279_disestablishments" title="Category:1279 disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Art and literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/1279_in_poetry" title="1279 in poetry">1279 in poetry</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Template:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Template talk:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox vevent" style="width:22em"><caption style="font-size:125%"><span class="summary dtstart">1279 in various <a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">calendars</a></span></caption><tbody><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a></td><td>1279<br /><span style="font-family: serif;"><i>MCCLXXIX</i></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></td><td>2032</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian calendar</a></td><td>728<br />ԹՎ ՉԻԸ</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian calendar</a></td><td>6029</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Balinese saka calendar</a></td><td>1200–1201</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendar" title="Bengali calendar">Bengali calendar</a></td><td>685–686</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber calendar</a></td><td>2229</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English Regnal year</a></td><td>7 <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edw. 1</a> – 8 <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edw. 1</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist calendar</a></td><td>1823</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese calendar</a></td><td>641</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine calendar</a></td><td>6787–6788</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">戊寅</a>年 (Earth <a href="/wiki/Tiger_(zodiac)" title="Tiger (zodiac)">Tiger</a>)<br />3976 or 3769<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />己卯年 (Earth <a href="/wiki/Rabbit_(zodiac)" title="Rabbit (zodiac)">Rabbit</a>)<br />3977 or 3770</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a></td><td>995–996</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian calendar</a></td><td>2445</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendar</a></td><td>1271–1272</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a></td><td>5039–5040</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendars</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></i></td><td>1335–1336</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Shaka Samvat</a></i></td><td>1200–1201</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></i></td><td>4379–4380</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene calendar</a></td><td>11279</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo calendar</a></td><td>279–280</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian calendar</a></td><td>657–658</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></td><td>677–678</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dan_(Kamakura_period)" title="Kōan (Kamakura period)">Kōan</a> 2<br />(弘安２年)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese calendar</a></td><td>1189–1190</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a></td><td>1279<br /><span style="font-family: serif;"><i>MCCLXXIX</i></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean calendar</a></td><td>3612</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Minguo_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Minguo calendar">Minguo calendar</a></td><td>633 before <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">ROC</a><br />民前633年</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></td><td>−189</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Thai solar calendar</a></td><td>1821–1822</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan calendar</a></td><td>阳土虎年<br />(male Earth-<a href="/wiki/Tiger_(zodiac)" title="Tiger (zodiac)">Tiger</a>)<br />1405 or 1024 or 252<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />阴土兔年<br />(female Earth-<a href="/wiki/Rabbit_(zodiac)" title="Rabbit (zodiac)">Rabbit</a>)<br />1406 or 1025 or 253</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongol_Song_Wars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Mongol_Song_Wars.jpg/300px-Mongol_Song_Wars.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Mongol_Song_Wars.jpg/450px-Mongol_Song_Wars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Mongol_Song_Wars.jpg/600px-Mongol_Song_Wars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2158" data-file-height="1460" /></a><figcaption>Mongol invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China" title="Northern and southern China">Northern and Southern China</a> (1234–79)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg/300px-YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg/450px-YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg/600px-YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3221" data-file-height="4018" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> (1215–1294)</figcaption></figure> <p>Year <b>1279 A.D</b> (<b><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">MCCLXXIX</a></b>) was a <a href="/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Sunday" title="Common year starting on Sunday">common year starting on Sunday</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1279&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_place">By place</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1279&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Byzantine_Empire">Byzantine Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1279&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_17" title="July 17">July 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Devina" title="Battle of Devina">Battle of Devina</a>: Emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a> sends a Byzantine expeditionary force (some 10,000 men) to <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a>, to impose his ally (and son-in-law) <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_III_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Asen III of Bulgaria">Ivan Asen III</a> on the throne. Tsar <a href="/wiki/Ivaylo_of_Bulgaria" title="Ivaylo of Bulgaria">Ivaylo</a>, former rebel leader (see <a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Ivaylo" title="Uprising of Ivaylo">Uprising of Ivaylo</a>), attacks the Byzantines in the <a href="/wiki/Kotel_Pass" title="Kotel Pass">Kotel Pass</a>, completely routing them. Many of them perish in the battle – while the rest are captured and later killed by orders from Ivaylo. Later, Michael sends another army of some 5,000 men, but this is also defeated by Ivaylo before reaching the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan Mountains</a>. Without support, Ivan Asen has to flee to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and the turmoil in Bulgaria continues.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1279&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_5" title="March 5">March 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aizkraukle" title="Battle of Aizkraukle">Battle of Aizkraukle</a>: Lithuanian forces led by Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Traidenis" title="Traidenis">Traidenis</a> defeat an army of <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Knights</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a> at <a href="/wiki/Aizkraukle" title="Aizkraukle">Aizkraukle</a>. During the battle, the order suffers a great defeat, some 70 knights are killed, including Grand Master <a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Ratzeburg" title="Ernst von Ratzeburg">Ernst von Ratzeburg</a> (or Rassburg). The <a href="/wiki/Semigallians" title="Semigallians">Semigallians</a>, allies of the Livonian Order, revolt but later submit to Traidenis for protection.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_20" title="July 20">July 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Algeciras_(1278%E2%80%931279)" title="Siege of Algeciras (1278–1279)">Siege of Algeciras</a>: Castilian forces led by King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X</a> ("the Wise") abandon the siege (begun in <a href="/wiki/1278" title="1278">1278</a>), after their fleet (some 400 ships) is destroyed by the Marinids led by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_Yusuf_an-Nasr" title="Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr">Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr</a>. All prisoners are decapitated except the officers who are taken hostage. For the second time, the entire Castilian fleet is lost and Alfonso is forced to sign a new truce.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>November – Alfonso X ("the Wise") grants the cities of <a href="/wiki/Medina-Sidonia" title="Medina-Sidonia">Medina-Sidonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_de_los_Gazules" title="Alcalá de los Gazules">Alcalá de los Gazules</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Mary_of_Spain" title="Order of Saint Mary of Spain">Order of Saint Mary of Spain</a>. He also donates the town of <a href="/wiki/Mor%C3%B3n_de_la_Frontera" title="Morón de la Frontera">Morón de la Frontera</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Alc%C3%A1ntara" title="Order of Alcántara">Order of Alcántara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="England">England</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1279&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>November – The first of the <a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Mortmain" title="Statutes of Mortmain">Statutes of Mortmain</a> are passed during the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> ("Longshanks"), which prevents land from passing into the possession of the Church.</li> <li>The second of two main surveys of the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Rolls" title="Hundred Rolls">Hundred Rolls</a>, a census seen as a follow-up to the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> completed in <a href="/wiki/1086" title="1086">1086</a>, is begun; it lasts until <a href="/wiki/1280" title="1280">1280</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint" title="Royal Mint">Royal Mint</a> is moved into the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>. Mints outside <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> are reduced, with only a few local and <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">episcopal</a> mints continuing to operate.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Levant">Levant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1279&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – Mamluk forces led by the 19-year-old Sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Said_Barakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Said Barakah">Al-Said Barakah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qalawun" title="Qalawun">Qalawun</a> ("the Thousander") invade <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician Armenia</a>; a revolt in <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt</a> while they are away force Barakah to abdicate. In August, <a href="/wiki/Qalawun" title="Qalawun">Qalawun</a> takes over the government in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> and proclaims himself sultan. He sends <a href="/wiki/Solamish" title="Solamish">Solamish</a>, youngest son of former Sultan <a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baibars</a>, into exile. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Sunqur_al-Ashqar" title="Sunqur al-Ashqar">Sunqur al-Ashqar</a>, Mamluk viceroy of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, refuses to accept Qalawun's authority and begins a rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Africa">Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1279&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abu Ishaq, uncle of the Hafsid caliph <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_Ibrahim_I" title="Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I">Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I</a>, sides with the Almohad rebels of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, and takes <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia">Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1279&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_19" title="March 19">March 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yamen" title="Battle of Yamen">Battle of Yamen</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>'s Mongol Yuan fleet attacks the Chinese Song fleet (some 1,000 ships) under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shijie" title="Zhang Shijie">Zhang Shijie</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yamen,_Guangdong" title="Yamen, Guangdong">Yamen</a>. The Mongols send fireships, but this is not effective as the Song fleet is coated with fire-resistant mud. <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Hongfan" title="Zhang Hongfan">Zhang Hongfan</a>, commander of the Mongol forces, orders the Song fleet to be cut off from its base, depriving it of its supplies. He splits the Yuan fleet into four squadrons and again attacks the Song. The ill and weakened Song soldiers are no match for the Mongols in close combat, and the chaotic environment makes battle command impossible. The chained Song ships can neither support or maneuver. Song Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Lu_Xiufu" title="Lu Xiufu">Lu Xiufu</a> and Emperor <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Bing" title="Zhao Bing">Zhao Bing</a> drown themselves rather than be taken captive. This marks the end of the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> after three centuries, Kublai Khan becomes sole emperor of China. The <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> reaches its largest extent, although it has already partially fragmented.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_17" title="April 17">April 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thawun_Gyi" title="Thawun Gyi">Thawun Gyi</a> settles at <a href="/wiki/Taungoo" title="Taungoo">Taungoo</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>), and becomes the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Toungoo" title="List of rulers of Toungoo">first ruler</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Toungoo_dynasty" title="Toungoo dynasty">Toungoo dynasty</a> (until <a href="/wiki/1317" title="1317">1317</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_12" title="October 12">October 12</a> – The <i><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Sh%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB#Object_of_Veneration" title="Nichiren Shōshū">Dai-Gohonzon</a></i>, supreme object of veneration of <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Sh%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB" title="Nichiren Shōshū">Nichiren Shōshū</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, is said to be inscribed by <a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a>.</li> <li>A Mongol Yuan embassy, sent by Kublai Khan to <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, is killed by orders from <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Tokimune" title="Hōjō Tokimune">Hōjō Tokimune</a>, leading to a <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan#Second_invasion_(1281)" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">second invasion</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Khamhaeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Khamhaeng">Ram Khamhaeng</a> becomes the third king of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_monarchs" title="List of Thai monarchs">Phra Ruang dynasty</a>, ruling the <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_India" title="History of South India">South India</a> falls, due to attacks by the <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty">Pandya kingdom</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_topic">By topic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1279&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cities_and_Towns">Cities and Towns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1279&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cities and Towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The town of <a href="/wiki/Haapsalu" title="Haapsalu">Haapsalu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Danish_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish Estonia">Estonia</a> is founded and later becomes the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_%C3%96sel%E2%80%93Wiek" title="Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek">Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medicine">Medicine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1279&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abu Bakr al-Razi</a>'s (or Rhazes') medical writings are translated into Latin by <a href="/wiki/Faraj_ben_Salim" title="Faraj ben Salim">Faraj ben Salim</a>, some 350 years after al-Razi's death.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1279&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Births"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_3" title="March 3">March 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ismail_I_of_Granada" title="Ismail I of Granada">Ismail I</a>, Nasrid ruler of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1325" title="1325">1325</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_5" title="April 5">April 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al-Nuwayri" title="Al-Nuwayri">Al-Nuwayri</a>, Egyptian encyclopedist (d. <a href="/wiki/1333" title="1333">1333</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Asida_Muhammad_II" title="Abu Asida Muhammad II">Abu Asida Muhammad II</a>, Hafsid ruler of <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1309" title="1309">1309</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Bek_(bishop_of_Norwich)" title="Antony Bek (bishop of Norwich)">Antony Bek</a>, English chancellor and bishop (d. <a href="/wiki/1343" title="1343">1343</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Hirotoki" title="Hōjō Hirotoki">Hōjō Hirotoki</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1315" title="1315">1315</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I,_Burgrave_of_Nuremberg" title="John I, Burgrave of Nuremberg">John I</a>, German nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">House of Hohenzollern</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1300" title="1300">1300</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I,_Duke_of_Bourbon" title="Louis I, Duke of Bourbon">Louis I, Duke of Bourbon</a> ("the Lame"), French nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1341" title="1341">1341</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muktabai" title="Muktabai">Muktabai</a> (or Mukta), Indian religious leader (d. <a href="/wiki/1297" title="1297">1297</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_de_Brus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigel de Brus">Nigel de Brus</a>, Scottish nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1306" title="1306">1306</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Duke_of_Pomerania" title="Otto I, Duke of Pomerania">Otto I</a>, Polish nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Griffin" title="House of Griffin">House of Griffin</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1344" title="1344">1344</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahida_Abbasiyah" title="Zahida Abbasiyah">Zahida Abbasiyah</a>, Abbasid poet and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1328" title="1328">1328</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1279&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Deaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_16" title="February 16">February 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Afonso_III_of_Portugal" title="Afonso III of Portugal">Afonso III</a> ("the Boulonnais"), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1210" title="1210">1210</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_5" title="March 5">March 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Ratzeburg" title="Ernst von Ratzeburg">Ernst von Ratzeburg</a>, German knight and Grand Master</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_16" title="March 16">March 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joan,_Countess_of_Ponthieu" title="Joan, Countess of Ponthieu">Joan of Dammartin</a>, Spanish queen consort (b. <a href="/wiki/1220" title="1220">1220</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_19" title="March 19">March 19</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xiufu" title="Lu Xiufu">Lu Xiufu</a> (or Junshi), Chinese Grand Chancellor (b. <a href="/wiki/1236" title="1236">1236</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Bing" title="Zhao Bing">Zhao Bing</a>, Chinese emperor (<a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">House of Zhao</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1272" title="1272">1272</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rinchen_Gyaltsen" title="Rinchen Gyaltsen">Rinchen Gyaltsen</a>, Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Imperial_preceptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial preceptor">imperial preceptor</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1238" title="1238">1238</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2" title="April 2">April 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Abel,_Lord_of_Langeland" title="Abel, Lord of Langeland">Abel Abelsøn</a>, Danish nobleman and landowner (b. <a href="/wiki/1252" title="1252">1252</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_7" title="May 7">May 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alberto_da_Bergamo" title="Alberto da Bergamo">Alberto da Bergamo</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> friar (b. <a href="/wiki/1214" title="1214">1214</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_28" title="May 28">May 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Wishart" title="William Wishart">William Wishart</a> (or Wischard), Scottish bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1225" title="1225">1225</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_15" title="July 15">July 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Langton" title="William Langton">William Langton</a> (or Rotherfield), English archdeacon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_22" title="July 22">July 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Spanheim" title="Philip of Spanheim">Philip of Spanheim</a>, German archbishop and patriarch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">August 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Albert_I,_Duke_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a> ("the Great"), German nobleman (b. 1236)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_3" title="September 3">September 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Tempier" title="Étienne Tempier">Étienne Tempier</a>, French bishop and chancellor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11" title="September 11">September 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kilwardby" title="Robert Kilwardby">Robert Kilwardby</a>, English archbishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1215" title="1215">1215</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_18" title="September 18">September 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_II,_Count_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Ulrich II, Count of Württemberg">Ulrich II, Count of Württemberg</a>, German nobleman and ruler (b. <a href="/wiki/1254" title="1254">1254</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_7" title="December 7">December 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_V_the_Chaste" title="Bolesław V the Chaste">Bolesław V the Chaste</a>, Polish nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1226" title="1226">1226</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_18" title="December 18">December 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Gravesend" title="Richard of Gravesend">Richard of Gravesend</a>, English priest and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajall_Shams_al-Din_Omar" title="Ajall Shams al-Din Omar">Ajall Shams al-Din Omar</a>, Persian governor and ruler (b. <a href="/wiki/1211" title="1211">1211</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_de_Lindsay_of_the_Byres" title="David de Lindsay of the Byres">David de Lindsay</a>, Scottish nobleman and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain" title="Lord Chamberlain">Lord Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilla_in_Choimded_%C3%93_Cerbaill%C3%A1in" title="Gilla in Choimded Ó Cerbailláin">Gilla in Choimded Ó Cerbailláin</a> (or Germanus), Irish bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ye_(mathematician)" title="Li Ye (mathematician)">Li Ye</a> (or Li Zhi), Chinese mathematician and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1192" title="1192">1192</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Ferrers,_6th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby">Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby</a>, English nobleman and landowner (b. <a href="/wiki/1239" title="1239">1239</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Giffard" title="Walter Giffard">Walter Giffard</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a> and archbishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1225" title="1225">1225</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1279&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Urban, William (1994). <i>The Baltic Crusade</i>, pp. 283–286. Chicago, Illinois: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-929700-10-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-929700-10-4">0-929700-10-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait</i>, pp. 77–78. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait</i>, p. 78. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C207">"Records of the Royal Mint"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Archive">The National Archive</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Royal+Mint&rft.pub=The+National+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fr%2FC207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1279" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, p. 324. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeynier2010" class="citation book cs1">Meynier, Gilbert (2010). <i>L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)</i>. Paris: La Découverte. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7071-5231-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7071-5231-2"><bdi>978-2-7071-5231-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Alg%C3%A9rie+c%C5%93ur+du+Maghreb+classique.+De+l%27ouverture+islamo-arabe+au+repli+%28658-1518%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=La+D%C3%A9couverte&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2-7071-5231-2&rft.aulast=Meynier&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1279" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Richardson, Kimball G. Everingham, <i>Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families</i>, page 192</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1279&oldid=1267065369">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1279&oldid=1267065369</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1279" title="Category:1279">1279</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_February_2011" title="Category:Use mdy dates from February 2011">Use mdy dates from February 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 January 2025, at 12:47<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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