CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"23def185-ffac-499e-b923-b42520976427","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah","wgTitle":"Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah","wgCurRevisionId":1252649515,"wgRevisionId":1252649515,"wgArticleId":482939,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from March 2013","Wikipedia semi-protected pages","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from October 2021","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Articles with hCards","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2022","All articles with unsourced statements", "Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Webarchive template wayback links","985 births","1021 deaths","10th-century Fatimid caliphs","11th-century Fatimid caliphs","Druze religious leaders","Druze and Islam","Fatimid people of the Arab–Byzantine wars","Founders of religions","Missing person cases in Egypt","Sons of Fatimid caliphs"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah","wgRelevantArticleId":482939,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault" :true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q342137","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user": "ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns", "ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Gold_dinar_of_al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah%2C_AH_391.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="564"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Gold_dinar_of_al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah%2C_AH_391.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="376"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gold_dinar_of_al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah%2C_AH_391.jpg/640px-Gold_dinar_of_al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah%2C_AH_391.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="301"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah rootpage-Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Al-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Al-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Al-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Al-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lineage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lineage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Lineage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lineage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caliphate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caliphate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Caliphate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Caliphate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Caliphate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Caliphate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-External_rivals_&_House_of_Knowledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_rivals_&_House_of_Knowledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>External rivals & House of Knowledge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_rivals_&_House_of_Knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_unrest_and_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_unrest_and_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Internal unrest and groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_unrest_and_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Baghdad_Manifesto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Baghdad_Manifesto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>The Baghdad Manifesto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Baghdad_Manifesto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Foreign affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disappearance_and_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disappearance_and_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Disappearance and succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disappearance_and_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sobriquet_in_Western_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sobriquet_in_Western_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sobriquet in Western literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sobriquet_in_Western_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-al-Hakim_and_Ismailism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#al-Hakim_and_Ismailism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>al-Hakim and Ismailism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-al-Hakim_and_Ismailism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle al-Hakim and Ismailism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-al-Hakim_and_Ismailism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-House_of_Knowledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Knowledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>House of Knowledge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sessions_of_Wisdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sessions_of_Wisdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sessions of Wisdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sessions_of_Wisdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Druze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Druze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Druze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Druze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interreligious_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interreligious_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Interreligious relationships</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interreligious_relationships-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interreligious relationships subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interreligious_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>First period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_minorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_minorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Religious minorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_minorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Second period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Third period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consort_and_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consort_and_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Consort and issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consort_and_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87" title="الحاكم بأمر الله – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحاكم بأمر الله" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87" title="حاکم بأمرالله – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حاکم بأمرالله" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9" title="ইমাম আল-হাকিম বি-আমর আল্লাহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইমাম আল-হাকিম বি-আমর আল্লাহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-H%C3%A0kim_(fatimita)" title="Al-Hàkim (fatimita) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Al-Hàkim (fatimita)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim" title="Al-Hakim – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Al-Hakim" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-H%C4%81kim_(Fatimide)" title="Al-Hākim (Fatimide) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Al-Hākim (Fatimide)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-H%C3%A1kim_bi-Amrillah" title="Al-Hákim bi-Amrillah – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Al-Hákim bi-Amrillah" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87" title="حاکم بأمرالله – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حاکم بأمرالله" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%ED%95%98%ED%82%B4_%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84%EB%AF%80%EB%A5%B4_%EC%95%8C%EB%9D%BC" title="알하킴 비아므르 알라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알하킴 비아므르 알라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_Biamrillah" title="Al-Hakim Biamrillah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Al-Hakim Biamrillah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim" title="Al-Hakim – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Al-Hakim" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%97%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%9D_(%D7%97%27%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%99)" title="אל-חאכם (ח'ליפה פאטמי) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אל-חאכם (ח'ליפה פאטמי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ალ-ჰაკიმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალ-ჰაკიმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BB-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%9B%D0%BB%D3%99%D2%BB" title="Әл-Хаким би Амри-Лләһ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әл-Хаким би Амри-Лләһ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-H%C3%A1kim_f%C3%A1timida_kalifa" title="Al-Hákim fátimida kalifa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Al-Hákim fátimida kalifa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87" title="الحاكم بامر الله – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الحاكم بامر الله" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A0" title="ハーキム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハーキム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ali_al-Mansur" title="Abu Ali al-Mansur – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Abu Ali al-Mansur" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81" title="حاکم بامراللہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="حاکم بامراللہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A1queme_Biamir_Al%C3%A1" title="Aláqueme Biamir Alá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aláqueme Biamir Alá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Аль-Хаким Биамриллах – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аль-Хаким Биамриллах" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81" title="حاکم بامراللہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="حاکم بامراللہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Alah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Alah – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Alah" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Ел Хаким би Амр Алах – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ел Хаким би Амр Алах" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-H%C4%81kim_bi-amri_%CA%BEll%C4%81h" title="Al-Hākim bi-amri ʾllāh – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Al-Hākim bi-amri ʾllāh" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A2kim_(F%C3%A2t%C4%B1m%C3%AE_halifesi)" title="Hâkim (Fâtımî halifesi) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hâkim (Fâtımî halifesi)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Аль-Хакім – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аль-Хакім" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81" title="حاکم بامراللہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حاکم بامراللہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%9F%BA%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E6%AF%94%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E9%B2%81%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89" title="哈基姆·比阿姆鲁·阿拉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈基姆·比阿姆鲁·阿拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q342137#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah&oldid=1252649515" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah&id=1252649515&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAl-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAl-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q342137" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected until January 24, 2025 at 10:05 UTC."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">6th Fatimid caliph (r. 996–1021) and 16th Ismaili Imam</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Al-Hakim (disambiguation)">Al-Hakim (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الحاكم بأمر الله</span></span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_dinar_of_al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah,_AH_391.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gold_dinar_of_al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah%2C_AH_391.jpg/220px-Gold_dinar_of_al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah%2C_AH_391.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gold_dinar_of_al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah%2C_AH_391.jpg/330px-Gold_dinar_of_al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah%2C_AH_391.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gold_dinar_of_al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah%2C_AH_391.jpg/440px-Gold_dinar_of_al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah%2C_AH_391.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="376" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">Gold dinar</a> of al-Hakim minted in 391 AH (1000/1001 CE)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Isma%27ili_imams" title="List of Isma'ili imams">Imam</a>–<a href="/wiki/List_of_Fatimid_caliphs" title="List of Fatimid caliphs">Caliph</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">14 October 996 – 13 February 1021</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">al-Aziz Billah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-I%27zaz_Din_Allah" title="Al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah">al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">al-Mansur<br />13 August 985<br /><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid Egypt">Fatimid Egypt</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disappeared</th><td class="infobox-data">13 February 1021 (aged 35)<br /><a href="/wiki/Mokattam" title="Mokattam">Mokattam</a>, Cairo, Fatimid Egypt</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>al-Zahir</li> <li>Sitt Misr</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Abu 'Ali al-Mansur al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty" title="Fatimid dynasty">Fatimid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">al-Aziz Billah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data">as-Sayyidah al-'Azīziyyah</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismaili">Ismaili</a> <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:188%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ismailism" title="Category:Ismailism">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:188%;"><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiite_Calligraphy_symbolising_Ali_as_Tiger_of_God.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ismail lion calligram"><img alt="Ismail lion calligram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Shiite_Calligraphy_symbolising_Ali_as_Tiger_of_God.svg/200px-Shiite_Calligraphy_symbolising_Ali_as_Tiger_of_God.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Shiite_Calligraphy_symbolising_Ali_as_Tiger_of_God.svg/300px-Shiite_Calligraphy_symbolising_Ali_as_Tiger_of_God.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Shiite_Calligraphy_symbolising_Ali_as_Tiger_of_God.svg/400px-Shiite_Calligraphy_symbolising_Ali_as_Tiger_of_God.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="409" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiniyya" title="Batiniyya">Batiniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">Ta'wil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahir_(Islam)" title="Zahir (Islam)">Ẓāhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batin_(Islam)" title="Batin (Islam)">Bātin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam)" title="Nūr (Islam)">Nūr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">'Aql</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm_(Arabic)" title="Ilm (Arabic)">ʿIlm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Daʿwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Da%27i" title="Da'i">Dāʿī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_(Shia_Islam)" title="Bab (Shia Islam)">Bāb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujja" title="Hujja">Hujja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satr_(Isma%27ilism)" title="Satr (Isma'ilism)">Satr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqiya">Taqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_(Sufism)" title="Pir (Sufism)">Pīr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerology_(Ismailism)" title="Numerology (Ismailism)">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_Theology#Imami-Ismā'īlīs" class="mw-redirect" title="Schools of Islamic Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation#Islam" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ismaili_titles" title="List of Ismaili titles">Titles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Seven_pillars_of_Ismailism" title="Seven pillars of Ismailism">Seven Pillars</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walayah" title="Walayah">Walayah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'lism</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Nizari_Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Nizari Ismailism">Nizarism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Branches/sects</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li</a></b> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Progressive Dawoodi Bohra">Progressive</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebtiahs_Bohra" title="Hebtiahs Bohra">Hebtiahs Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atba-i-Malak" class="mw-redirect" title="Atba-i-Malak">Atba-i-Malak Bohra</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atba-e-Malak_Badar" title="Atba-e-Malak Badar">Badar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atba-i-Malak_Vakil" class="mw-redirect" title="Atba-i-Malak Vakil">Vakil</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutbi Bohra">Qutbi Bohra</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></b></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizari</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sevener" title="Sevener">Seveners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p><b>States</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qarmatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarmatian">Qarmatian</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Bahrayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahrayn">Bahrayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty_of_Multan" title="Lodi dynasty of Multan">Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayhid_dynasty" title="Sulayhid dynasty">Sulayhid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurayids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurayids">Zurayid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdanids_(Yemen)" title="Hamdanids (Yemen)">Hamdanid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizari_Ismaili_state" title="Nizari Ismaili state">Nizari Ismaili state</a></li></ul> <p><b>People</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamdan_Qarmat" title="Hamdan Qarmat">Hamdan Qarmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hawshab" title="Ibn Hawshab">ibn Faraj ibn Ḥawshab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Fadl_al-Jayshani" title="Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani">ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Mansur_al-Yaman" title="Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman">ibn Mansur al-Yaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_al-Jannabi" title="Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi">Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Tahir_al-Jannabi" title="Abu Tahir al-Jannabi">Abu Tahir al-Jannabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_Numan" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Numan">Qadi Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ahmad_al-Nasafi" title="Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Nasafi">al-Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ya%27qub_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani">al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">al-Kirmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Naysaburi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi">al-Naysaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamiris#Religion" title="Pamiris">Pamiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwa_al-Sulayhi" title="Arwa al-Sulayhi">Queen Arwa al-Sulayhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu%27ayb_ibn_Musa" title="Dhu'ayb ibn Musa">Dhu'ayb ibn Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan-i_Sabbah" title="Hasan-i Sabbah">Hasan-i Sabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ala_Zikrihi%27s_Salam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Ala Zikrihi's Salam">Hassan Ala Zikrihi's Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_ad-Din_Sinan" title="Rashid ad-Din Sinan">Rashid ad-Din Sinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Sadardin" title="Pir Sadardin">Pir Sadardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan" title="Aga Khan">Aga Khans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dai_of_the_Dawoodi_Bohra" title="List of Dai of the Dawoodi Bohra">Dā'ī al-Mutlaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_Nasir_Hunzai" title="Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai">Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai</a></li></ul> <p><b>Centers</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjudan" title="Anjudan">Anjudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nizari_Ismaili_strongholds" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nizari Ismaili strongholds">Nizārī strongholds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamut_Castle" title="Alamut Castle">Alamut </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atashgah_Castle" title="Atashgah Castle">Atashgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerdkuh" title="Gerdkuh">Gerdkuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambsar_Castle" title="Lambsar Castle">Lambsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masyaf_Castle" title="Masyaf Castle">Masyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maymun-Diz" title="Maymun-Diz">Maymun-Diz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudkhan_Castle" title="Rudkhan Castle">Rudkhan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalaat_al-Madiq" title="Qalaat al-Madiq">Qalaat al-Madiq</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Queen_Arwa" title="Palace of Queen Arwa">Palace of Queen Arwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Arwa_Mosque" title="Queen Arwa Mosque">Queen Arwa Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niz%C4%81r%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizārī">Nizārī</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ili_Constitution" title="Isma'ili Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delegation_of_the_Ismaili_Imamat,_Ottawa" title="Delegation of the Ismaili Imamat, Ottawa">Delegation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginans" title="Ginans">Ginans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Du%27a" title="Holy Du'a">Holy Du'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Khana" title="Jama'at Khana">Jama'at Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyama_(Nizari_Isma%27ilism)" title="Qiyama (Nizari Isma'ilism)">Qiyama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a>-<a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Manifesto" title="Baghdad Manifesto">Baghdad Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Knowledge" title="House of Knowledge">House of Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ismailism" title="Women in Ismailism">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ismaili_imams" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ismaili imams">leaders</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Sajjad" title="Ali al-Sajjad">al-Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Isma'il ibn Ja'far">Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar al-Mubārak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Muhammad ibn Ismāʿīl ash-Shākir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Wafi_(Abadullah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Wafi (Abadullah)">ʿAbad Allāh <i>(al-Wāfī Ahmad)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_at-Taqi_(Ahmed_ibn_Abadullah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad at-Taqi (Ahmed ibn Abadullah)">Ahmad <i>(al-Taqī Muhammad)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabi_Abdullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabi Abdullah">Ḥusayn <i>(ar-Raḍī ʿAbd Allāh)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Mahdi_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah">ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī bi'l-Lāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">al-Qāʾim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_bi-Nasr_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah">al-Manṣūr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">Maʿad al-Muʿizz li-Dīn Allāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">Nizār al-ʿAzīz biʾllāh,</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manṣūr al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-i%27zaz_Din_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah">ʿAlī al-Ẓāhir li-iʿzāz Dīn Allāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">Maʿad al-Mustanṣir bi'l-Lāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizar_ibn_al-Mustansir" title="Nizar ibn al-Mustansir">Nizār al-Muṣṭafā li-Dīn’il-Lāh</a> / <a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27li" title="Al-Musta'li">Aḥmad al-Mustāʿlī bi'l-Lāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amir_bi-Ahkami%27l-Lah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amir bi-Ahkami'l-Lah">Manṣūr al-Āmir bi-Aḥkām’il-Lāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hafiz" title="Al-Hafiz">ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Ḥāfiz li-Dīn Allāh</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Qasim_al-Tayyib" title="Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib">Abu'l-Qāsim al-Tayyib</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Incumbent leaders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizārī Ismā'īlī</a> <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Imām</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV" title="Aga Khan IV">Aga Khan IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Ismaili">Musta'li Ismaili</a>-<a href="/wiki/Taiyabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiyabi">Taiyabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Da%27i_al-Mutlaq" title="Da'i al-Mutlaq">Dā'ī al-Mutlaqs</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi Bohra</a>: <a href="/wiki/Haatim_Zakiyuddin" title="Haatim Zakiyuddin">Haatim Zakiyuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mufaddal_Saifuddin" title="Mufaddal Saifuddin">Mufaddal Saifuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutbi Bohra">Qutbi Bohra</a>: <a href="/wiki/Taher_Fakhruddin" title="Taher Fakhruddin">Taher Fakhruddin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ismailism" title="Template:Ismailism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ismailism" title="Template talk:Ismailism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ismailism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ismailism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Druze" title="Category:Druze">a series</a> on </span></span> <br /><span style="font-size:165%;"><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Druze_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Druze Star"><img alt="The Druze Star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/110px-Druze_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/165px-Druze_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/220px-Druze_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Beliefs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_People_of_Monotheism" title="The People of Monotheism">Al-Muwahhidun</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ahl_at-Tawhid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl at-Tawhid">Ahl at-Tawhid</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation#Druze" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Theophany</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Esotericism" title="Druze">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_call" title="Divine call">Divine Call</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_pillars_of_Ismailism#Druze_list" title="Seven pillars of Ismailism">Seven Druze pillars</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taqiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqiya">Taqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walayah" title="Walayah">Walayah</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Important figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ayb" class="mw-redirect" title="Shu'ayb">Shu'ayb</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Darazi" title="Al-Darazi">Al-Darazi</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_al-Muqtana" title="Baha al-Din al-Muqtana">Baha al-Din al-Muqtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sayyid_al-Tanukhi" title="Al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi">Al-Tanukhi</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_Wisdom" title="Epistles of Wisdom">Epistles of Wisdom</a> (<i>Rasa'il al-Hikma</i>)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Holy places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Druze">Mount Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Shu%27ayb" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrine of Shu'ayb">Shrine of Shu'ayb</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalwat_al-Bayada" title="Khalwat al-Bayada">Khalwat</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Holy days</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyara_(Druze)" title="Ziyara (Druze)">Ziyara</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buhturids" title="Buhturids">Tanukh (Buhtur) dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27n_dynasty" title="Ma'n dynasty">Ma'n dynasty</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze" title="1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze">1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druze_power_struggle_(1658%E2%80%931667)" title="Druze power struggle (1658–1667)">Druze Power Struggle (1658–1667)</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Dara" title="Battle of Ain Dara">Battle of Ain Dara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_Druze_revolt" title="1838 Druze revolt">1838 Druze Revolt</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hauran_Druze_Rebellion" title="Hauran Druze Rebellion">Hauran Druze Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Druze_State" title="Jabal Druze State">Jabal Druze State</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Muwahhidin" title="Jaysh al-Muwahhidin">Jaysh al-Muwahhidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalb_Loze_massacre" title="Qalb Loze massacre">Qalb Loze massacre</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Druze communities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Syria" title="Druze in Syria">Syrian Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze in Lebanon">Lebanese Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Israeli Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Jordan" title="Druze in Jordan">Jordanian Druze</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Druze">Persecution of Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Druze" title="List of Druze">List of Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Religious_symbol" title="Druze">Religious symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Druze" title="Christianity and Druze">Christianity and Druze</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Druze" title="Template:Druze"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Druze" title="Template talk:Druze"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Druze" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Druze"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Abu Ali al-Mansur</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أبو علي المنصور</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Abū ʿAlī al-Manṣūr</i></span>; 13 August 985 – 13 February 1021), better known by his <a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">regnal name</a> <b>al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الحاكم بأمر الله</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'The Ruler by the Order of God'), was the sixth <a href="/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimid</a> caliph and 16th <a href="/wiki/Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismaili">Ismaili</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ismaili_imams" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ismaili imams">imam</a> (996–1021). Al-Hakim is an important figure in a number of <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> Ismaili sects, such as the world's 15 million <a href="/wiki/Nizari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizari">Nizaris</a> and 1–2 million <a href="/wiki/Musta%27li" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li">Musta'lis</a>, in addition to 2 million <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aga_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aga-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poonawala_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poonawala-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2001470_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2001470-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ḤĀKEM_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ḤĀKEM-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2001418_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2001418-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Histories of al-Hakim can prove controversial, as diverse views of his life and legacy exist.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Paul Walker writes "Ultimately, both views of him, the mad and despotic tyrant (like Germanic and Roman despots) irrationally given to killing those around him on a whim, and the ideal supreme ruler, divinely ordained and chosen, whose every action was just and righteous, were to persist, the one among his enemies and those who rebelled against him, and the other in the hearts of true believers, who, while perhaps perplexed by events, nonetheless remained avidly loyal to him to the end."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Appraisals of the more controversial accounts<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy-O'Connor2012_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-O'Connor2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of al-Hakim's life and rule have earned him such monikers as "the <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> of Egypt",<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "the Mad Caliph".<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Asbridge_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asbridge-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2></div> <p>Born in 985 CE in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Abu 'Ali al-Mansur was the first Fatimid ruler to have been born in Egypt. Abu 'Ali al-Mansur had been proclaimed as <a href="/wiki/Heir-apparent" class="mw-redirect" title="Heir-apparent">heir-apparent</a> (<i>wali al-'ahd</i>) in 993 CE and succeeded his father <a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">Al-Aziz Billah</a> (975–996) at the age of eleven, on 14 October 996, with the caliphal title of <i>al-Hakim Bi-Amr Allah</i>. Al-Ḥākim is reported to have had blue eyes flecked with reddish gold.<sup id="cite_ref-Jestice2004_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jestice2004-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lineage">Lineage</h3></div> <p>Al-Ḥākim was born on Thursday, 3 <a href="/wiki/Rabi%27_al-awwal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabi' al-awwal">Rabi' al-awwal</a> in AD 985 (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">AH</a> 375). His father, caliph al-'Azīz bil-Lāh, had two consorts. One was an <i><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-walad" title="Umm al-walad">umm al-walad</a></i> who is only known by the title <i>as-Sayyidah al-'Azīziyyah</i> or <i>al-'Azīzah</i> (d. 385/995).<sup id="cite_ref-Cortese_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cortese-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was a <a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkite</a> Christian whose two brothers were appointed <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarchs</a> of the Melkite Church<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2022)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> by Caliph al-'Azīz.<sup id="cite_ref-Cortese_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cortese-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different sources say either one of her brothers or her father was sent by al-'Azīz as an ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cortese_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cortese-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-'Azīzah is considered to be the mother of <a href="/wiki/Sitt_al-Mulk" title="Sitt al-Mulk">Sitt al-Mulk</a>, one of the most famous women in Islamic history, who had a stormy relationship with her half-brother al-Ḥākim and may have had him assassinated.<sup id="cite_ref-Cortese_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cortese-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some, such as the Crusader chronicler <a href="/wiki/William_of_Tyre" title="William of Tyre">William of Tyre</a>, claimed that <i>al-'Azīzah</i> was also the mother of Caliph al-Ḥākim, though most historians dismiss this.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> William of Tyre went so far as to claim that al-Ḥākim's <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre">destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a> in 1009 was due to his eagerness to disprove taunts that he was a Christian born of a Christian woman.<sup id="cite_ref-Cortese_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cortese-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, the chronicler <a href="/wiki/Al-Musabbihi" title="Al-Musabbihi">al-Musabbihi</a> recounts that in 981, al-Ḥākim's Muslim mother sought the aid of an imprisoned Islamic sage named ibn al-Washa and asked him to pray for her son who had fallen ill. The sage wrote the entire <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> in the inner surface of a bowl and bade her wash her son out of it. When al-Ḥākim recovered, she demanded the release of the sage in gratitude. Her request was granted and the sage and his associates were freed from prison.<sup id="cite_ref-Cortese_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cortese-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Druze sources claim that al-Ḥākim's mother was the daughter of 'Abdu l-Lāh, one of <a href="/wiki/Al-Muizz_Lideenillah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muizz Lideenillah">al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah</a>'s sons and therefore al-'Azīz's niece.<sup id="cite_ref-Cortese_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cortese-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians such as Delia Cortese are critical of this claim:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[I]t is more likely that this woman was in fact a wife of al-Hakim, rather than his mother. It could be argued that the Druzes' emphasis on al-Hakim's descent from an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/endogamy" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:endogamy">endogamic</a> union served the doctrinal purpose of reinforcing the charisma genealogically transmitted with the "holy family", thereby enhancing the political and doctrinal status they bestow upon al-Hakim.<sup id="cite_ref-Cortese_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cortese-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caliphate">Caliphate</h2></div> <p>In 996, al-Ḥākim's father Caliph al-'Azīz began a trip to visit <a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Syria</a> (which was held by the Fatimids only by force of arms and was under pressure from the Byzantines). The Caliph fell ill at the beginning of the trip at <a href="/wiki/Bilbeis" title="Bilbeis">Bilbeis</a> and lay in sickbed for several days. He suffered from "stone with pains in the bowels." When he felt that his end was nearing he charged <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">Qadi</a> Muhammad ibn an-Nu'man and General <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasan_ibn_Ammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hasan ibn Ammar">Abū Muhammad al-Hasan ibn 'Ammar</a> to take care of al-Ḥākim, who was then only eleven. He then spoke to his son. Al-Ḥākim later recalled the event: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"I found him with nothing on his body but rags and bandages. I kissed him, and he pressed me to his bosom, exclaiming: "How I grieve for thee, beloved of my heart," and tears flowed from his eyes. He then said: "Go, my master, and play, for I am well." I obeyed and began to amuse myself with sports such as are usual with boys, and soon after God took him to himself. <a href="/wiki/Barjawan" title="Barjawan">Barjawan</a> [the treasurer] then hastened to me, and seeing me on the top of a sycamore tree, exclaimed: "Come down, my boy; may God protect you and us all." When I descended he placed on my head the turban adorned with jewels, kissed the ground before me, and said: "Hail to the Commander of the faithful, with the mercy of God and his blessing." He then led me out in that attire and showed me to all the people, who kissed the ground before me and saluted me with the title of Khalif."<sup id="cite_ref-Short_History_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Short_History-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> On the following day, he and his new court proceeded from Bilbays to Cairo, behind the camel bearing his father's body, and with the dead Caliph's feet protruding from the litter.<sup id="cite_ref-Short_History_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Short_History-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They arrived shortly before evening prayer and his father was buried the next evening next to the tomb of his predecessor al-Mu'īzz. Al-Ḥākim was sworn in by <a href="/wiki/Barjawan" title="Barjawan">Barjawan</a>, a "white eunuch whom al-'Azīz had appointed as <i>Ustad</i> 'tutor'."<sup id="cite_ref-Short_History_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Short_History-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because it had been unclear whether he would inherit his father's position, this successful transfer of power was a demonstration of the stability of the Fatimid dynasty. Al-Hakim's father had intended the eunuch Barjawan to act as regent until al-Hakim was old enough to rule by himself. Ibn 'Ammar and Qadi Muhammad ibn Nu'man were to assist in the guardianship of the new caliph. </p><p>Nevertheless, the <a href="/wiki/Kutama" title="Kutama">Kutama</a> Berbers seized the chance to recover their dominant position in the state, which had eroded under al-Aziz due to the influx of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daylamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Daylamite">Daylamite</a> mercenaries from the <a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Islamic East</a> (the <i>Mashāriqa</i>, "Easterners"). They compelled the underage al-Hakim to dismiss the Christian <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%27%C4%AAsa_ibn_Nestorius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="'Īsa ibn Nestorius (page does not exist)">'Īsa ibn Nestorius</a> (who was executed shortly after) and appoint their leader Ibn Ammar to head the government, with the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Wasita_(title)" title="Wasita (title)">wāsiṭa</a></i> ("intermediary") rather than full vizier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELev1987344–346_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELev1987344–346-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary1990186–187_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary1990186–187-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004327–328_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004327–328-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time the office of <i>sifāra</i> "secretary of state" was also combined within that office. Ibn 'Ammar then took the title of <i>Amīn ad-Dawla</i> "the one trusted in the empire".<sup id="cite_ref-Short_History_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Short_History-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first time that the term "empire" was associated with the Fatimid state.<sup id="cite_ref-Short_History_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Short_History-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Ammar's rule quickly descended into a Berber tyranny: he immediately began staffing the government with Berbers, who engaged in a virtual pillaging of the state coffers. The Berbers' attempts to exclude the other interest groups from power—not only the Turks and the other ethnic contingents of the army, but also the civilian <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a>, whose salary was cut—alienated not only the <i>Mashāriqa</i>, but alarmed Barjawan as well. Barjawan contacted the Fatimid governor of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, the Turk <a href="/wiki/Manjutakin" title="Manjutakin">Manjutakin</a>, and invited him to march onto Egypt and depose Ibn Ammar. Manjutakin accepted, but was defeated by Ibn Ammar's troops under Sulayman ibn Ja'far ibn Falah at <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ascalon</a> and taken prisoner. Barjawan however soon found a new ally, in the person of the Kutama leader Jaysh ibn Samsam, governor of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a>, whom Ibn Falah dismissed and replaced with his own brother. Jaysh and Barjawan gathered a following of other dissatisfied Berber leaders, and launched an uprising in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> in October 997. Ibn Ammar was forced to flee, and Barjawan replaced him as <i>wāsiṭa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary1990187_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary1990187-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004328_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004328-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELev1987345–346_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELev1987345–346-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his predominance, Barjawan managed to balance the two factions, fulfilling the demands of the <i>Mashāriqa</i> while taking care of the Kutama as well. In this vein, he pardoned Ibn Ammar and restored him his monthly salary of 500 <a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">gold dinars</a>. After Bajarwan's murder on 26 March 1000, however, Caliph al-Hakim assumed the reins of government and launched a purge of the Fatimid elites, during which Ibn Ammar and many of the other Kutama leaders were executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary1990187_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary1990187-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELev1987345–346_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELev1987345–346-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To ensure his own power, Hakim limited the authority and terms of office of his wasitas and viziers, of whom there were more than 15 during the remaining 20 years of his caliphate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_rivals_&_House_of_Knowledge"><span id="External_rivals_.26_House_of_Knowledge"></span>External rivals & House of Knowledge</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AHMosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/AHMosque.jpg/200px-AHMosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/AHMosque.jpg/300px-AHMosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/AHMosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_Mosque" title="Al-Hakim Mosque">al-Hakim Mosque</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Al-Hakim's most rigorous and consistent opponent was the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> Caliphate in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, which sought to halt the influence of <a href="/wiki/Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailism">Ismailism</a>. This competition led to the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Manifesto" title="Baghdad Manifesto">Baghdad Manifesto</a> of 1011, in which the Abbāsids claimed that the line al-Ḥākim represented did not legitimately descend from 'Alī. His diplomatic and missionary vehicle was the <a href="/wiki/Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismaili">Ismā'īlī</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">da'wah</a></i> "Mission", with its organizational power center in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. </p><p>He founded the House of knowledge in 1004AD which competed with Baghdad’s <a href="/wiki/House_of_wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="House of wisdom">House of wisdom</a> and eventually surpassed it, becoming the number 1 in the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_unrest_and_groups">Internal unrest and groups</h3></div> <p>Al-Hakim's reign was characterized by a general unrest. The Fatimid army was troubled by a rivalry between two opposing factions, the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a>. Tension grew between the Caliph and his viziers (called <i>wasīta</i>s), and near the end of his reign, the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> movement, a religious sect that deified al-Hakim as God manifest, began to form. Members of that sect were reported to address prayers to al-Hakim, whom they regarded as "a manifestation of God in His unity."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Baghdad_Manifesto">The Baghdad Manifesto</h3></div> <p>Alarmed by the expansion of the Fatimid dominion, the 'Abbasid caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Qadir" title="Al-Qadir">al-Qadir</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> adopted retaliatory measures to halt the spread of Ismailism within the very seat of his realm. In particular, in 1011 he assembled a number of <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver Shiite</a> scholars at his court and commanded them to declare in a written document that Hakim and his predecessors lacked genuine descent from <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimah">Fatima</a>. This so-called <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Manifesto" title="Baghdad Manifesto">Baghdad Manifesto</a> was read out in Friday mosques throughout the 'Abbasid domains accusing the Fatimids of <a href="/wiki/List_of_converts_to_Islam_from_Judaism" title="List of converts to Islam from Judaism">Jewish ancestry</a>. In addition, because of al-Hakim's alleged Christian mother, he was accused of being over-sympathetic to non-Muslims, giving them more privileges than they should have been given under Islamic rule. Such accusations were manifested through poetry criticizing the Fatimids. Qadir also commissioned several refutations of Ismaili doctrines, including those written by the <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a> 'Ali b. Sa'id al-Istakri (1013).<sup id="cite_ref-Daftary_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daftary-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_affairs">Foreign affairs</h3></div> <p>Hakim confronted numerous difficulties and uprisings during his relatively long reign. While he did not lose any important territories in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, the Ismaili communities there were attacked by <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> fighters led by their influential <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> jurists. Relations between the Fatimids and the <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a> also remained hostile. On the other hand, Hakim's Syrian policy was successful as he managed to extend Fatimid hegemony to the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Aleppo">emirate of Aleppo</a>. </p><p>Al-Hakim upheld diplomatic relations between the Fatimid Empire and many different countries. Skillful diplomacy was needed in establishing friendly, or at least neutral relations with the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, which had expansionary goals in the early 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-shen_158_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shen_158-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The geographically farthest-reaching diplomatic mission of al-Hakim was to <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> China.<sup id="cite_ref-shen_158_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shen_158-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fatimid Egyptian sea captain known as <a href="/wiki/Domiyat" title="Domiyat">Domiyat</a> traveled to a <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> pilgrimage site in <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> in AD 1008.<sup id="cite_ref-shen_158_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shen_158-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was on this mission that he sought to present to the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhenzong_of_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Zhenzong of Song">emperor Zhenzong of Song</a> gifts from his ruling Caliph, al-Hakim.<sup id="cite_ref-shen_158_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shen_158-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reestablished diplomatic relations between Egypt and China that had been lost during the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> in 907.<sup id="cite_ref-shen_158_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shen_158-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disappearance_and_succession">Disappearance and succession</h3></div> <p>In the final years of his reign, al-Hakim displayed a growing inclination toward <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a> and withdrew for meditation regularly. On the night of 12/13 February 1021 at the age of 35, al-Hakim left for one of his regular nocturnal meditation journeys to the <a href="/wiki/Mokattam" title="Mokattam">Mokattam</a> hills on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> but failed to return. A search found only his horse and bloodstained garments.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His disappearance has remained a mystery.<sup id="cite_ref-Daftary_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daftary-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern historians have assessed whether al-Hakim's sister <a href="/wiki/Sitt_al-Mulk" title="Sitt al-Mulk">Sitt al-Mulk</a> may have had a hand in his disappearance, but no historic evidence has emerged that would implicate her.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Mulk would lead moves to declare her nephew <a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-I%27zaz_Din_Allah" title="Al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah">al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah</a> as his father's successor as imam-caliph. The heir al-Hakim had designated was removed from court and al-Mulk was appointed regent for her 16-year-old nephew. After al-Zahir came of age, al-Mulk assumed positions within his administration until her death in 1023. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sobriquet_in_Western_literature">Sobriquet in Western literature</h2></div> <p>In Western literature he has been referred to as the "Mad Caliph".<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Asbridge_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asbridge-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This title is largely due to his erratic and oppressive behavior concerning religious minorities under his command, as historian Hunt Janin relates: al-Hakim "was known as the 'Mad Caliph' because of his many cruelties and eccentricities";<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his persecution of Christians is seen as a contributing factor to the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, as he not only forbade pilgrimage to the Holy Land but also ordered the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre">demolishing of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a> in Jerusalem in 1009. The church was reconstructed by his son and successor <a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-I%27zaz_Din_Allah" title="Al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah">al-Zahir</a>, with historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bonner" title="Michael Bonner">Michael Bonner</a> pointing out that the term is also used due to the dramatic difference between al-Hakim and his predecessors and successors and also points out that such persecution is an extreme rarity in Islam during this era. "In his capital of Cairo, this unbalanced (and, in the view of most, mad) caliph raged against the Christians in particular.... On the whole such episodes remained exceptional, like the episodes of forced conversion to Islam."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Michael Foss also notes this contrast: "For more than three hundred and fifty years, from the time when the Caliph <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Omar</a> made a treaty with the <a href="/wiki/Sophronius_of_Jerusalem" title="Sophronius of Jerusalem">Patriarch Sophronius</a> until 1009, when mad al-Hakim began attacks on Christians and Jews, the city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land were open to the West, with an easy welcome and the way there was no more dangerous than a journey from Paris to Rome.... Soon [after al-Hakim] the panic was over. In 1037 <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">al-Mustansir</a> came to an amicable agreement with Emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> As one prominent journal has noted, al-Hakim has attracted the interest of modern historians more than any other member of the Fatimid dynasty because: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"His eccentric character, the inconsistencies and radical shifts in his conduct and policies, the extreme austerity of his personal life, the vindictive and sanguinary ruthlessness of his dealing with the highest officials of his government coupled with an obsession to suppress all signs of corruption and immorality in public life, his attempted annihilation of <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> and call for the systematic destruction of all Christian holy places in the middle east culminating in the destruction of the most holy <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Resurrection</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, his deification by a group of extremist <a href="/wiki/Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismaili">Isma'ili</a> missionaries who became the forerunners and founders of the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> religion, [which] all combine to contrast his reign sharply with that of any of his predecessors and successors and indeed of any Muslim ruler.... The question is to what extent his conduct can be explained as rationally motivated and conditioned by the circumstances rather than as the inscrutable workings of an insane mind."<sup id="cite_ref-JNE_37_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JNE_37-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The claim that al-Hakim was mad and the version of events around him is disputed as mere propaganda by some scholars, such as Willi Frischaue, who states: "His enemies called him the 'Mad Caliph' but he enhanced Cairo's reputation as a centre of civilization."<sup id="cite_ref-Aga_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aga-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The writing of historian <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Halm" title="Heinz Halm">Heinz Halm</a> attempts to dispel "those distorted and hostile accounts, stating that the anti-Fatimid tradition tried to make a real monster of this caliph",<sup id="cite_ref-Poonawala_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poonawala-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while P.J. Vatikiotis writes that, "[al-Hakim's] persecution of Christians and Jews and the legislation enacted for that purpose between 1004 and 1020 seem to have been a policy with a justifiable purpose."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVatikiotis1957153_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVatikiotis1957153-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="al-Hakim_and_Ismailism">al-Hakim and Ismailism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailism">Ismailism</a></div> <p>Al-Hakim maintained a keen interest in the organization and operation of the Fatimid Ismaili da'wa (preaching) centred in Cairo. Under his reign it was systematically intensified outside the Fatimid dominions, especially in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>. In Iraq, the da'is now concentrated their efforts on a number of local <a href="/wiki/Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir">amirs</a> and influential tribal chiefs with whose support they aimed to uproot the <a href="/wiki/Abbasids" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasids">Abbasids</a>. Foremost among the Fatimid da'is of this period operating in the eastern provinces was <a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_Kirmani" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamid al-Din Kirmani">Hamid al-Din Kirmani</a>, the most accomplished Ismaili theologian-philosopher of the entire Fatimid period. The activities of Kirmani and other da'is soon led to concrete results in Iraq: in 1010 the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a> and other towns acknowledged the <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> of Hakim. The 16th Fatimid imam, caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (996–1021) ordered his da'i, Harun ibn Muhammad in Yemen, to give decisions in light of Da'a'im al-Islam only.<sup id="cite_ref-Daftary_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daftary-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1013 he completed the construction of <a href="/wiki/Jame_Anwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jame Anwar">al-Jāmiʻ al-Anwar</a> begun by his father. Commonly known as "Hākim's Mosque", over time it fell into ruin. In the 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohras</a>, an Ismaili Shia sect, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Burhanuddin" title="Mohammed Burhanuddin">Mohammed Burhanuddin</a>, restored the then-dilapidated mosque, using new building methods and materials while maintaining as many of the architectural and artistic features as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their attempts received strong criticism from some academics, conservators, and art historians who saw the effort as constructing "a new building" rather than restoration.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_of_Knowledge">House of Knowledge</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/House_of_Knowledge" title="House of Knowledge">House of Knowledge</a></div> <p>In the area of education and learning, one of Hakim's most important contributions was the founding in 1005 of the <i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Knowledge" title="House of Knowledge">Dār al-ʿIlm</a></i> (House of Knowledge) in Cairo.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A wide range of subjects ranging from the Qur'an and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> to <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> were taught at the Dār al-ʿIlm, which was equipped with a vast library. During his rule, al-Hakim provided paper, ink, pens and inkstands free of charge to all those who studied there <sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Access to education was made available to the public and many Fatimid da'is received at least part of their training in this major institution of learning which served the Ismaili da'wa (mission) until the downfall of the Fatimid dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Daftary_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daftary-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For more than 100 years, Dār al-ʿIlm distinguished itself as a center of learning where astronomers, mathematicians, grammarians, logicians, physicians, philologists, jurists and others conducted research, gave lectures and collaborated. All were welcomed, and it remained unfettered by political pressures or partisan influences.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sessions_of_Wisdom">Sessions of Wisdom</h3></div> <p>Hakim made the education of the Ismailis and the Fatimid <i>da'i</i>s a priority; in his time various study sessions (<i>majalis</i>) were established in Cairo. Hakim provided financial support and endowments for these educational activities. The private 'wisdom sessions' (<i>majalis al-hikma</i>) devoted to <a href="/wiki/Esoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric">esoteric</a> Ismaili doctrines and reserved exclusively for initiates, now became organized so as to be accessible to different categories of participants. Al-Hakim himself often attended these sessions which were held at the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Great_Palaces" title="Fatimid Great Palaces">Fatimid palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Daftary_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daftary-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>majalis al-hikma</i> is still used by the Druze, Nizari and Taiyabi Ismailis as the name of the building in which their religious assembly and worship is carried, often abbreviated as Majlis (session). </p><p>He would allow women to attend the house of knowledge to study so they could teach other women and their children, learning a wide range of subjects from <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> to <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Druze">Druze</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></div> <p>Al-Hakim is a central figure in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> religious sect, whose eponymous founder <a href="/wiki/Ad-Darazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad-Darazi">ad-Darazi</a> proclaimed him as the incarnation of God in 1018.<sup id="cite_ref-Aga_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aga-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poonawala_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poonawala-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daftary_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daftary-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali_ibn_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad">Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad</a> is considered the founder of the Druze and the primary author of the Druze manuscripts,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he proclaimed that God had become human and taken the form of man, al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.<sup id="cite_ref-Aga_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aga-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poonawala_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poonawala-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interreligious_relationships">Interreligious relationships</h2></div> <p>According to the religious scholar Nissim Dana, al-Hakim's relationship with other monotheistic religions can be divided into three separate stages.<sup id="cite_ref-Dana_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dana-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_period">First period</h3></div> <p>From 996 to 1006 when most of the executive functions of the Khalif were performed by his advisors, the <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shiite</a> al-Hakim "behaved like the Shiite khalifs, who he succeeded, exhibiting a hostile attitude with respect to <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> Muslims, whereas the attitude toward '<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>' – Jews and Christians – was one of relative tolerance, in exchange for the <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a> tax."<sup id="cite_ref-Dana_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dana-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1005, al-Hakim ordered a public posting of curses against the first three Caliphs (<a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a>) and against <a href="/wiki/Aisha" title="Aisha">Aisha</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, for denying the caliphate to Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law ʿAlī, who according to Shia beliefs, was the rightful prophetic successor. </p><p>According to historian Nissîm Dānā, al-Hakim ordered that "curses were registered against the warrior <a href="/wiki/Muawiyah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Muawiyah I">Muawiyah I</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>, and against others in the inner circle of Muhammad from the <a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">Sahabah</a> - the compatriots of Muhammad in the way of Islam."<sup id="cite_ref-Dana_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dana-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was in accordance with Shia practice, as laid out by Muslim scholar Ayatollah Haydari: "the followers of <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a> [Shias] say 'O Allah curse all of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Banu Umayya</a>'."<sup id="cite_ref-Kawthar_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kawthar-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shia maintain that out of hatred for ʿAlī, Muʿawiyah ordered the <a href="/wiki/Talbiyah" title="Talbiyah">Talbiyah</a> not be said (as it was promoted by ʿAlī) and ordered people to curse him (<a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BFd_ibn_Abi_Waqqas" class="mw-redirect" title="Saʿd ibn Abi Waqqas">Saʿd ibn Abi Waqqas</a> refused to do so). The Shia hold that Muʿawiyah and all of the Umayyad caliphs (with the possible exception of <a href="/wiki/Umar_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar II">Umar II</a>) were Nasibi who "are the hypocrites for whom hatred of ʿAlī is their religion...They don't just hate ʿAlī, but they worship Allah and seek closeness to Him by hating ʿAlī."<sup id="cite_ref-Kawthar_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kawthar-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After only two years of posting the curses, al-Hakim ended the practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Dana_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dana-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this era, al-Hakim ordered that the inclusion of the phrase <i>as-salāh khayr min an-nawm</i> "prayer is preferable to sleep", which followed <a href="/wiki/Fajr_prayer" title="Fajr prayer">fajr prayer</a>, be stopped – he saw it as a Sunni addition. In its place he ordered that <i>ḥayyi ʿalā khayr al-ʿamal</i> "come to the best of deeds" should be said after the summons was made. He further forbade the use of two prayers – <i>Salāt at-Tarāwih</i> and <i>Salāt ad-Duha</i> as they were believed to have been formulated by Sunni sages.<sup id="cite_ref-Dana_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dana-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_minorities">Religious minorities</h4></div> <p>In 1004 al-Hakim decreed that the Christians could no longer celebrate <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a> or <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_Ousterhout_1989_pp._66-78_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Ousterhout_1989_pp._66-78-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also outlawed the use of wine (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Alcohol" title="Islamic dietary laws"><i>nabidh</i></a>) and even other intoxicating drinks not made from grapes (<i>fuqa</i>) to both Muslims and non-Muslims alike.<sup id="cite_ref-Dana_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dana-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This produced a hardship for both Christians (who <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol#Alcohol_in_Christian_history_and_tradition" title="Christian views on alcohol">used wine in their religious rites</a>) and Jews (who <a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine#Role_of_wine_in_Jewish_holidays_and_rituals" title="Kosher wine">used it in their religious festivals</a>). </p><p>In 1005, al-Hakim ordered that Jews and Christians follow <i>ghiyār</i> "the law of differentiation" – in this case, the <i>mintaq</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Zunnar" title="Zunnar">zunnar</a></i> "belt" (Greek ζωνάριον) and <i>imāmah</i> "turban", both in black. In addition, Jews must wear a wooden calf necklace and Christians a heavy iron cross. In the public baths, Jews must replace the calf with a bell. In addition, women of the <a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a> had to wear two different coloured shoes, one red and one black. These remained in place until 1014<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were thematised and protested by the Arab Christian poet <a href="/wiki/Sulayman_al-Ghazzi" title="Sulayman al-Ghazzi">Sulayman al-Ghazzi</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Diwan_(poetry)" title="Diwan (poetry)">diwan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Masalha_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masalha-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Noble_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noble-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following contemporary Shiite thinking, during this period al-Hakim also issued many other restrictive ordinances (<i><a href="/wiki/Sijill" class="mw-redirect" title="Sijill">sijillat</a></i>). These <i>sijillat</i> included outlawing entrance to a public bath with uncovered loins, forbidding women from appearing in public with their faces uncovered, and closing many clubs and places of entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-Dana_42-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dana-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_period">Second period</h3></div> <p>From 1007 to 1012 "there was a notably tolerant attitude toward the Sunnis and less zeal for Shiite Islam, while the attitude with regard to the 'People of the Book' was hostile."<sup id="cite_ref-Dana_42-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dana-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 October 1009, al-Hakim ordered the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Holy Sepulchre</a> and its associated buildings, apparently outraged by what he regarded as the fraud practiced by the monks in the "miraculous" Descent of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Fire" title="Holy Fire">Holy Fire</a>, celebrated annually at the church during the Easter Vigil. The chronicler Yahia noted that "only those things that were too difficult to demolish were spared." Processions were prohibited, and a few years later all of the convents and churches in Palestine were said to have been destroyed or confiscated.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_Ousterhout_1989_pp._66-78_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Ousterhout_1989_pp._66-78-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only in 1042 that the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine IX">Constantine IX</a> undertook to reconstruct the Holy Sepulchre with the permission of al-Hakim's successor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_period">Third period</h3></div><p> Al-Hakim ultimately allowed the unwilling Christian and Jewish converts to Islam to return to their faith and rebuild their ruined houses of worship.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, from 1012 to 1021 al-Hakim <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>became more tolerant toward the Jews and Christians and hostile toward the Sunnis. Ironically he developed a particularly hostile attitude with regard to the Muslim Shiites. It was during this period, in the year 1017, that the unique religion of the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> began to develop as an independent religion based on the revelation (<i><a href="/wiki/Kashf" title="Kashf">Kashf</a></i>) of al-Hakim as divine.<sup id="cite_ref-Dana_42-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dana-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>While it is clear that <a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn-%27Ali_ibn-Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamza ibn-'Ali ibn-Ahmad">Hamza ibn Ali</a> was the Caliph's chief <i><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81%CA%BF%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dāʿī">dāʿī</a></i>, there are claims that al-Hakim believed in his own divinity.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars disagree with this assertion of direct divinity, particularly the Druze themselves, noting that its proponent was <a href="/wiki/Ad-Darazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad-Darazi">ad-Darazi</a>, who (according to some resources) al-Hakim executed for <i><a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a></i>. Letters show that ad-Darazi was trying to gain control of the <i><a href="/wiki/Muwahhidun" class="mw-redirect" title="Muwahhidun">Muwahhidun</a></i> movement and this claim was an attempt to gain support from the Caliph, who instead found it heretical.<sup id="cite_ref-Dix_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dix-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Biblio_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biblio-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consort_and_issue">Consort and issue</h2></div> <p>The mother of al-Hakim's heir <a href="/wiki/Ali_az-Zahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali az-Zahir">'Alī al-Zāhir</a> was the <i>umm al-walad</i> Amīna Ruqayya, daughter to the late prince Abd Allah, son of al-Mu'izz. Some see her as the same as the woman in the prediction reported by al-Hamidi which held "that in 390/1000 al-Hakim would choose an orphan girl of good stock brought up [by?] his father al-Aziz and that she would become the mother of his successor."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While the chronicler al-Maqrizi claims that al-Hakim's stepsister Sitt al-Mulk was hostile to Amīna, other sources say she gave her and her child refuge when they were fleeing al-Hakim's persecution. Some sources say al-Hakim married the <i>jariya</i> (young female servant) known by the title as-Sayyidah but historians are unsure if this is just another name for Amīna.<sup id="cite_ref-Cortese_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cortese-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides al-Zahir, al-Hakim had a daughter named Sitt Misr (d. 455/1063) who was said to be a princess of generous patronage and a noble character.<sup id="cite_ref-Cortese_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cortese-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2></div> <p>The story of al-Hakim's life inspired (presumably through <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Isaac_Silvestre_de_Sacy" title="Antoine Isaac Silvestre de Sacy">Antoine Isaac Silvestre de Sacy</a>) the French author <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Gérard de Nerval</a> (1808–1855) who recounted his version of it ("Histoire du Calife Hakem": <i>History of the Caliph Hakem</i>) as an appendix to his <i><a href="/wiki/Voyage_to_the_Orient" title="Voyage to the Orient">Voyage to the Orient</a></i> (1851). </p><p>He is a major character in <i>The Prisoner of Al-Hakim</i> by American novelist <a href="/wiki/Bradley_Steffens" title="Bradley Steffens">Bradley Steffens</a>, which recounts the ten-year imprisonment of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham">Ibn al-Haytham</a> under al-Hakim's rule.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A fictional version of al-Hakim is presented in <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Howard" title="Robert E. Howard">Robert E. Howard</a>'s posthumously published short story "Hawks over Egypt". </p><p>The novel "The Sleeper in the Sands" by the English author and popular historian <a href="/wiki/Tom_Holland_(author)" title="Tom Holland (author)">Tom Holland</a> contains another fictional adaptation of the figure of al-Hakim. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Muhammad#Family_tree_linking_prophets_to_Imams" title="Family tree of Muhammad">Family tree of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptians" title="List of Egyptians">List of Egyptians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ismaili_imams" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ismaili imams">List of Ismaili imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_disappeared_mysteriously:_pre-1910" title="List of people who disappeared mysteriously: pre-1910">List of people who disappeared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Egypt" title="Lists of rulers of Egypt">Lists of rulers of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_Mosque" title="Al-Hakim Mosque">Al-Hakim Mosque</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Aga-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aga_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aga_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aga_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aga_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilli_Frischauer1970" class="citation book cs1">Willi Frischauer (1970). <i>The Aga Khans</i>. Bodley Head. p. ?.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aga+Khans&rft.pages=%3F&rft.pub=Bodley+Head&rft.date=1970&rft.au=Willi+Frischauer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span> (<i>Which page?</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poonawala-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Poonawala_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poonawala_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poonawala_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poonawala_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsmail_K._Poonawala" class="citation journal cs1">Ismail K. Poonawala. "Review – The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>119</b> (3): 542. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F605981">10.2307/605981</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/605981">605981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Review+%E2%80%93+The+Fatimids+and+Their+Traditions+of+Learning&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=542&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F605981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F605981%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Ismail+K.+Poonawala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2001470-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2001470_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2001">Brett 2001</a>, p. 470.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ḤĀKEM-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ḤĀKEM_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Farhad_Daftary" title="Farhad Daftary">Daftary, Ferhad</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hakem-be-amr-allah">"ḤĀKEM BE-AMR-ALLĀH"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B8%A4%C4%80KEM+BE-AMR-ALL%C4%80H&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Ferhad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fhakem-be-amr-allah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2001418-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2001418_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2001">Brett 2001</a>, p. 418.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamal_Nkrumah2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Nkrumah" title="Gamal Nkrumah">Gamal Nkrumah</a> (10 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130327053334/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2009/976/cu3.htm">"The crazed caliph"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahram" title="Al-Ahram">Al-Ahram</a> Weekly Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2009/976/cu3.htm">the original</a> on 27 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+crazed+caliph&rft.pub=Al-Ahram+Weekly+Online&rft.date=2009-12-10&rft.au=Gamal+Nkrumah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweekly.ahram.org.eg%2F2009%2F976%2Fcu3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSara_Elkamel2010" class="citation web cs1">Sara Elkamel (24 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/caliph-cairo-rule-and-mysterious-disappearance-al-hakim-bi-amr-allah">"Caliph of Cairo: The rule and mysterious disappearance of al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Egypt_Independent" title="Egypt Independent">Egypt Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Egypt+Independent&rft.atitle=Caliph+of+Cairo%3A+The+rule+and+mysterious+disappearance+of+al-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah&rft.date=2010-08-24&rft.au=Sara+Elkamel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.egyptindependent.com%2Fnews%2Fcaliph-cairo-rule-and-mysterious-disappearance-al-hakim-bi-amr-allah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker,_Paul2010" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Paul (2010). <i>Caliph of Cairo: Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, 996–???</i>. The American University in Cairo Press. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9774163289" title="Special:BookSources/978-9774163289"><bdi>978-9774163289</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caliph+of+Cairo%3A+Al-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah%2C+996%E2%80%93%3F%3F%3F&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9774163289&rft.au=Walker%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murphy-O'Connor2012-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Murphy-O'Connor2012_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerome_Murphy-O'Connor2012" class="citation book cs1">Jerome Murphy-O'Connor (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rOdpBdorm8wC&pg=PA245"><i>Keys to Jerusalem: Collected Essays</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-964202-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-964202-1"><bdi>978-0-19-964202-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keys+to+Jerusalem%3A+Collected+Essays&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-964202-1&rft.au=Jerome+Murphy-O%27Connor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrOdpBdorm8wC%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed_(Sheikh.)1974" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed (Sheikh.) (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wPNPAAAAMAAJ"><i>Muslim Architecture: From the Advent of Islam in Arabia to the Rise of the Great Ummayad Khilafat in Spain</i></a>. Pakistan Institute of Arts and Design of Book-Production. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Architecture%3A+From+the+Advent+of+Islam+in+Arabia+to+the+Rise+of+the+Great+Ummayad+Khilafat+in+Spain&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Pakistan+Institute+of+Arts+and+Design+of+Book-Production&rft.date=1974&rft.au=Ahmed+%28Sheikh.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwPNPAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica_1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/252121/al-Hakim">Britannica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asbridge-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Asbridge_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asbridge_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4QwwnrZgvbEC&pg=PA16">The First Crusade: A New History, Thomas Asbridge</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica_2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_2_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_2_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j2MIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA604">Britannica 1810</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jestice2004-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jestice2004_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhyllis_G._Jestice2004" class="citation book cs1">Phyllis G. Jestice (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H5cQH17-HnMC&pg=PA341"><i>Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-355-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-355-1"><bdi>978-1-57607-355-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+People+of+the+World%3A+A+Cross-cultural+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=341&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-355-1&rft.au=Phyllis+G.+Jestice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH5cQH17-HnMC%26pg%3DPA341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cortese-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cortese_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cortese_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cortese_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cortese_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cortese_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cortese_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cortese_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cortese_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cortese_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cortese_15-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelia_Cortese_and_Simonetta_Calderini2006" class="citation book cs1">Delia Cortese and Simonetta Calderini (2006). <i>Women and the Fatimids in the World of Islam</i>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-1733-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-1733-7"><bdi>0-7486-1733-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+the+Fatimids+in+the+World+of+Islam&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7486-1733-7&rft.au=Delia+Cortese+and+Simonetta+Calderini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Short_History-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Short_History_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Short_History_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Short_History_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Short_History_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Short_History_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Leary1923" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/De_Lacy_O%27Leary" title="De Lacy O'Leary">O'Leary, De Lacy</a> (1923). <i>A Short History of the Fatimid Khalifate</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Fatimid+Khalifate&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=O%27Leary&rft.aufirst=De+Lacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELev1987344–346-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELev1987344–346_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLev1987">Lev 1987</a>, pp. 344–346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary1990186–187-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary1990186–187_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary1990">Daftary 1990</a>, pp. 186–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004327–328-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004327–328_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2004">Kennedy 2004</a>, pp. 327–328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary1990187-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary1990187_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary1990187_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary1990">Daftary 1990</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004328-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004328_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2004">Kennedy 2004</a>, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELev1987345–346-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELev1987345–346_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELev1987345–346_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLev1987">Lev 1987</a>, pp. 345–346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mortimer, Edward, <i>Faith and Power: The Politics of Islam</i>, Vintage Books, 1982, p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daftary-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daftary_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daftary_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daftary_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daftary_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daftary_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daftary_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr_Farhad_Daftary2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dr Farhad Daftary (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141111120851/http://www.iis.ac.uk/view_article.asp?ContentID=104798">"al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. 11, pp. 572–573, ed. Ehsan Yarshater, New York, 2003</i>. Institute of Ismaili Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iis.ac.uk/view_article.asp?ContentID=104798">the original</a> on 11 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=al-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+11%2C+pp.+572%E2%80%93573%2C+ed.+Ehsan+Yarshater%2C+New+York%2C+2003&rft.pub=Institute+of+Ismaili+Studies&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Dr+Farhad+Daftary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iis.ac.uk%2Fview_article.asp%3FContentID%3D104798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shen_158-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shen_158_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shen_158_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shen_158_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shen_158_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shen_158_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShen,_Fuwei1996" class="citation book cs1">Shen, Fuwei (1996). <i>Cultural flow between China and the outside world</i>. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-119-00431-X" title="Special:BookSources/7-119-00431-X"><bdi>7-119-00431-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+flow+between+China+and+the+outside+world&rft.pub=Beijing%3A+Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=7-119-00431-X&rft.au=Shen%2C+Fuwei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorduan2013" class="citation book cs1">Corduan, Winfried (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=loxLBAAAQBAJ&dq=al+hakim+disappeared+horse+blood&pg=PA107"><i>Neighboring Faiths: A Christian Introduction to World Religions</i></a>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-7197-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-7197-1"><bdi>978-0-8308-7197-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neighboring+Faiths%3A+A+Christian+Introduction+to+World+Religions&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-7197-1&rft.aulast=Corduan&rft.aufirst=Winfried&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DloxLBAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dal%2Bhakim%2Bdisappeared%2Bhorse%2Bblood%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakarim1974" class="citation book cs1">Makarim, Sami Nasib (1974). <i>The Druze faith</i>. New York: Caravan Books. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88206-003-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-88206-003-1"><bdi>0-88206-003-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druze+faith&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Caravan+Books&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-88206-003-1&rft.aulast=Makarim&rft.aufirst=Sami+Nasib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaeri2020" class="citation book cs1">Haeri, Shahla (2020). <i>The Unforgettable Queens of Islam: Succession, Authority, Gender</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107123038" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107123038"><bdi>978-1107123038</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unforgettable+Queens+of+Islam%3A+Succession%2C+Authority%2C+Gender&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1107123038&rft.aulast=Haeri&rft.aufirst=Shahla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt_Janin2005" class="citation book cs1">Hunt Janin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pursuitoflearnin0000jani"><i>The Pursuit of Learning in the Islamic World, 610–2003</i></a>. McFarland & Company Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786419547" title="Special:BookSources/0786419547"><bdi>0786419547</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pursuit+of+Learning+in+the+Islamic+World%2C+610%E2%80%932003&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company+Inc&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0786419547&rft.au=Hunt+Janin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpursuitoflearnin0000jani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Bonner2006" class="citation book cs1">Michael Bonner (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofjihadsh00bonn"><i>Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691125740" title="Special:BookSources/0691125740"><bdi>0691125740</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad+in+Islamic+History%3A+Doctrines+and+Practice&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0691125740&rft.au=Michael+Bonner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsofjihadsh00bonn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Foss1997" class="citation book cs1">Michael Foss (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peopleoffirstcru00foss"><i>People of the First Crusade: The Truth About the Christian-Muslim War Revealed</i></a></span>. Arcade Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1559704144" title="Special:BookSources/1559704144"><bdi>1559704144</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+of+the+First+Crusade%3A+The+Truth+About+the+Christian-Muslim+War+Revealed&rft.pub=Arcade+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1559704144&rft.au=Michael+Foss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeopleoffirstcru00foss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JNE_37-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JNE_37_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilferd_Madelung2013" class="citation book cs1">Wilferd Madelung (2013). <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>. Vol. 37–3. p. 280.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.pages=280&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Wilferd+Madelung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVatikiotis1957153-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVatikiotis1957153_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVatikiotis1957">Vatikiotis 1957</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaifiyah2016" class="citation book cs1">Saifiyah (2016). <i>al-Jāmiʻ al-Anwar: The Luminous Masjid</i>. Northolt, Middlesex, UK: Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5262-0503-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5262-0503-2"><bdi>978-1-5262-0503-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/990015520">990015520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=al-J%C4%81mi%CA%BB+al-Anwar%3A+The+Luminous+Masjid&rft.place=Northolt%2C+Middlesex%2C+UK&rft.pub=Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F990015520&rft.isbn=978-1-5262-0503-2&rft.au=Saifiyah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusanna_Myllylä" class="citation journal cs1">Susanna Myllylä. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180915151405/http://tampub.uta.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/68235/building_peace_by_intercultural_dialogue_2008.pdf?sequence=1">"Islamic Cairo imagined: from a historical city slum to a time machine for tourism?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Building Peace by Intercultural Dialogue</i>: 225. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tampub.uta.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/68235/building_peace_by_intercultural_dialogue_2008.pdf?sequence=1">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Building+Peace+by+Intercultural+Dialogue&rft.atitle=Islamic+Cairo+imagined%3A+from+a+historical+city+slum+to+a+time+machine+for+tourism%3F&rft.pages=225&rft.au=Susanna+Myllyl%C3%A4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftampub.uta.fi%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10024%2F68235%2Fbuilding_peace_by_intercultural_dialogue_2008.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maqrizi, 1853–54, 1995; Halm, 1997, pp. 71–78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirani2007" class="citation book cs1">Virani, Shafique N. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43674448"><i>The Ismailis in the Middle Ages</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195311730.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311730.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531173-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531173-0"><bdi>978-0-19-531173-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ismailis+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195311730.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-531173-0&rft.aulast=Virani&rft.aufirst=Shafique+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F43674448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aramcoworld.com/Articles/January-2019/Cairo-s-House-of-Knowledge">"Cairo's House of Knowledge"</a>. <i>www.aramcoworld.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aramcoworld.com&rft.atitle=Cairo%27s+House+of+Knowledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aramcoworld.com%2FArticles%2FJanuary-2019%2FCairo-s-House-of-Knowledge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrixOkeja2018" class="citation book cs1">Hendrix, Scott; Okeja, Uchenna, eds. (2018). <i>The World's Greatest Religious Leaders: How Religious Figures Helped Shape World History [2 volumes]</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1440841385" title="Special:BookSources/978-1440841385"><bdi>978-1440841385</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Greatest+Religious+Leaders%3A+How+Religious+Figures+Helped+Shape+World+History+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1440841385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-expression - Page 95 by Mordechai Nisan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status - Page 41 by Nissim Dana</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dana-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dana_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dana_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dana_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dana_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dana_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dana_42-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dana_42-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dana_42-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dana_42-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNissim_Dana2003" class="citation book cs1">Nissim Dana (2003). <i>The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status</i>. Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903900-36-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-903900-36-0"><bdi>1-903900-36-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druze+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Their+Faith%2C+Leadership%2C+Identity+and+Status&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-903900-36-0&rft.au=Nissim+Dana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kawthar-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kawthar_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kawthar_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Ayatollah Seyyid Kamal Haydari. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OHaGoerzUsg"><i>Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan's hatred for Imam Ali- Seyyid Kamal Haydari ENG SUBS</i></a>. <i>Al-Kawthar tv</i>. YouTube. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/OHaGoerzUsg">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muawiya+ibn+Abi+Sufyan%27s+hatred+for+Imam+Ali-+Seyyid+Kamal+Haydari+ENG+SUBS&rft.pub=YouTube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DOHaGoerzUsg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (March 2013)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah#Dubious" title="Talk:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">discuss</a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_Ousterhout_1989_pp._66-78-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Ousterhout_1989_pp._66-78_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Ousterhout_1989_pp._66-78_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Ousterhout, "Rebuilding the Temple: Constantine Monomachus and the Holy Sepulchre" in <i>The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians</i>, Vol. 48, No. 1 (March, 1989), pp. 66–78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStillman2000" class="citation book cs1">Stillman, Yedida Kalfon (2000). Stillman, Norman A. (ed.). <i>Arab Dress: A Short History - From the Dawn of Islam to Modern Times</i>. Themes in Islamic Studies. Vol. 2. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11373-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11373-8"><bdi>90-04-11373-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+Dress%3A+A+Short+History+-+From+the+Dawn+of+Islam+to+Modern+Times&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=Themes+in+Islamic+Studies&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=90-04-11373-8&rft.aulast=Stillman&rft.aufirst=Yedida+Kalfon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Masalha-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Masalha_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasalha2022" class="citation book cs1">Masalha, Nur (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OeRSEAAAQBAJ"><i>Palestine Across Millennia: A History of Literacy, Learning and Educational Revolutions</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 122–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-4296-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-4296-0"><bdi>978-0-7556-4296-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+Across+Millennia%3A+A+History+of+Literacy%2C+Learning+and+Educational+Revolutions&rft.pages=122-123&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-7556-4296-0&rft.aulast=Masalha&rft.aufirst=Nur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOeRSEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noble-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Noble_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoble2010" class="citation book cs1">Noble, Samuel (2010). "Sulayman al-Ghazzi". In Thomas, David; Mallett, Alexander (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G-R5DwAAQBAJ"><i>Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. Volume 2 (900–1050)</i></a>. Brill. pp. 618–622. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21618-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21618-1"><bdi>978-90-04-21618-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sulayman+al-Ghazzi&rft.btitle=Christian-Muslim+Relations.+A+Bibliographical+History.+Volume+2+%28900%E2%80%931050%29&rft.pages=618-622&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21618-1&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG-R5DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTillier2022" class="citation journal cs1">Tillier, Mathieu (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shs.hal.science/halshs-04070338v1/document">"Droit et messianisme chez les Fatimides de l'an 1000"</a>. <i>L'Eurasie autour de l'an 1000. Cultures, religions et sociétés d'un monde en développement</i>: 205–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fjj.1357315.11">10.2307/jj.1357315.11</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Eurasie+autour+de+l%27an+1000.+Cultures%2C+religions+et+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s+d%27un+monde+en+d%C3%A9veloppement&rft.atitle=Droit+et+messianisme+chez+les+Fatimides+de+l%27an+1000&rft.pages=205-236&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fjj.1357315.11&rft.aulast=Tillier&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshs.hal.science%2Fhalshs-04070338v1%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_Thomas_Walker_Arnold1896" class="citation book cs1">Sir Thomas Walker Arnold (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/preachingislama00arnogoog"><i>The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith</i></a>. A. Constable and co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/preachingislama00arnogoog/page/n373">343</a>. <q>thomas walker arnold preaching.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+preaching+of+Islam%3A+a+history+of+the+propagation+of+the+Muslim+faith&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=A.+Constable+and+co.&rft.date=1896&rft.au=Sir+Thomas+Walker+Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpreachingislama00arnogoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">John Esposito</a>, <i>Islam: the Straight Path</i>, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNissim_Dana2003" class="citation book cs1">Nissim Dana (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2nCWIsyZJxUC&pg=PA3"><i>The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status</i></a>. Sussex Academic Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781903900369" title="Special:BookSources/9781903900369"><bdi>9781903900369</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druze+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Their+Faith%2C+Leadership%2C+Identity+and+Status&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781903900369&rft.au=Nissim+Dana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2nCWIsyZJxUC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMordechai_Nisan2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Nisan" title="Mordechai Nisan">Mordechai Nisan</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=keD9z1XWuNwC&pg=PA95"><i>Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-expression</i></a>. McFarland. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786451333" title="Special:BookSources/9780786451333"><bdi>9780786451333</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minorities+in+the+Middle+East%3A+A+History+of+Struggle+and+Self-expression&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780786451333&rft.au=Mordechai+Nisan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkeD9z1XWuNwC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCherine_Badawi2004" class="citation book cs1">Cherine Badawi (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r9-_tLE0saAC&pg=PA96"><i>Egypt</i></a>. Footprint. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781903471777" title="Special:BookSources/9781903471777"><bdi>9781903471777</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Footprint&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781903471777&rft.au=Cherine+Badawi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr9-_tLE0saAC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeidan_Atashi1997" class="citation book cs1">Zeidan Atashi (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1DescF3BhLIC&pg=PA12"><i>Druze and Jews in Israel: A Shared Destiny?</i></a>. Sussex Academic Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781898723387" title="Special:BookSources/9781898723387"><bdi>9781898723387</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Druze+and+Jews+in+Israel%3A+A+Shared+Destiny%3F&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781898723387&rft.au=Zeidan+Atashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1DescF3BhLIC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dix-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dix_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwayd2006" class="citation book cs1">Swayd, Sami (2006). <i>Historical dictionary of the Druzes</i>. Historical dictionaries of peoples and cultures. Vol. 3. Maryland: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-5332-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-5332-9"><bdi>0-8108-5332-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+the+Druzes&rft.place=Maryland&rft.series=Historical+dictionaries+of+peoples+and+cultures&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8108-5332-9&rft.aulast=Swayd&rft.aufirst=Sami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biblio-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biblio_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwayd1998" class="citation book cs1">Swayd, Samy (1998). <i>The Druzes: an annotated bibliography</i>. Kirkland WA: ISES Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9662932-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9662932-0-7"><bdi>0-9662932-0-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druzes%3A+an+annotated+bibliography&rft.place=Kirkland+WA&rft.pub=ISES+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-9662932-0-7&rft.aulast=Swayd&rft.aufirst=Samy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Prisoner of Al-Hakim. Clifton, NJ: Blue Dome Press, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1682060160" title="Special:BookSources/1682060160">1682060160</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBianquis1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis" title="Thierry Bianquis">Bianquis, Thierry</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DmttAAAAMAAJ"><i>Damas et la Syrie sous la domination fatimide (359–468/969–1076): essai d'interprétation de chroniques arabes médiévales. Tome premier</i></a> (in French). Damascus: Institut français de Damas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35159130-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35159130-7"><bdi>978-2-35159130-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Damas+et+la+Syrie+sous+la+domination+fatimide+%28359%E2%80%93468%2F969%E2%80%931076%29%3A+essai+d%27interpr%C3%A9tation+de+chroniques+arabes+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vales.+Tome+premier&rft.place=Damascus&rft.pub=Institut+fran%C3%A7ais+de+Damas&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-2-35159130-7&rft.aulast=Bianquis&rft.aufirst=Thierry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDmttAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrett2001" class="citation book cs1">Brett, Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BqCdfhW3nVwC"><i>The Rise of the Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of the Hijra, Tenth Century CE</i></a>. The Medieval Mediterranean. Vol. 30. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004117415" title="Special:BookSources/9004117415"><bdi>9004117415</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Fatimids%3A+The+World+of+the+Mediterranean+and+the+Middle+East+in+the+Fourth+Century+of+the+Hijra%2C+Tenth+Century+CE&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=The+Medieval+Mediterranean&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9004117415&rft.aulast=Brett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBqCdfhW3nVwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Farhad_Daftary" title="Farhad Daftary">Daftary, Farhad</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kQGlyZAy134C"><i>The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37019-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37019-6"><bdi>978-0-521-37019-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ism%C4%81%CA%BF%C4%B1%CC%84l%C4%B1%CC%84s%3A+Their+History+and+Doctrines&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-37019-6&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkQGlyZAy134C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalm2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Halm" title="Heinz Halm">Halm, Heinz</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hj2bhVntO3EC"><i>Die Kalifen von Kairo: Die Fatimiden in Ägypten, 973–1074</i></a> [<i>The Caliphs of Cairo: The Fatimids in Egypt, 973–1074</i>] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-48654-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-48654-1"><bdi>3-406-48654-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Kalifen+von+Kairo%3A+Die+Fatimiden+in+%C3%84gypten%2C+973%E2%80%931074&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=C.+H.+Beck&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-406-48654-1&rft.aulast=Halm&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHj2bhVntO3EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. Kennedy">Kennedy, Hugh</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wux0lWbxs1kC"><i>The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century</i></a> (Second ed.). Harlow: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-40525-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-40525-7"><bdi>978-0-582-40525-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet+and+the+Age+of+the+Caliphates%3A+The+Islamic+Near+East+from+the+6th+to+the+11th+Century&rft.place=Harlow&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-582-40525-7&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWux0lWbxs1kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLev1987" class="citation journal cs1">Lev, Yaacov (1987). "Army, Regime, and Society in Fatimid Egypt, 358–487/968–1094". <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 337–365. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800056762">10.1017/S0020743800056762</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/163658">163658</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162310414">162310414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Army%2C+Regime%2C+and+Society+in+Fatimid+Egypt%2C+358%E2%80%93487%2F968%E2%80%931094&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=337-365&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162310414%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F163658%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743800056762&rft.aulast=Lev&rft.aufirst=Yaacov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVatikiotis1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/P._J._Vatikiotis" title="P. J. Vatikiotis">Vatikiotis, Panayiotis J.</a> (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nw-CAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Fatimid Theory of State</i></a>. Lahore: Orientalia Publishers – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fatimid+Theory+of+State&rft.place=Lahore&rft.pub=Orientalia+Publishers&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Vatikiotis&rft.aufirst=Panayiotis+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNw-CAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Hakim+bi-Amr+Allah" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ismaili.net/histoire/history05/history543.html">al-Hakim</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iis.ac.uk/research/encyclopaedias/hakim_bi_amr_allah.htm">Institute of Ismaili Studies:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181019121757/http://www.iis.ac.uk/research/encyclopaedias/hakim_bi_amr_allah.htm">Archived</a> 19 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baheyeldin.com/history/al-hakim-bi-amr-allah-fatimid-caliph-of-egypt.html">al-Hakim bi Amr Allah</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty" title="Fatimid dynasty">Fatimid dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 13 August 985</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 12 February 1021</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">al-Aziz Billah</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliph</a> </b><br />14 October 996 – 12 February 1021 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-I%27zaz_Din_Allah" title="Al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah">al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">al-Aziz Billah</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Isma%27ili_imams" title="List of Isma'ili imams">Imam</a> of <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a> </b><br />14 October 996 – 12 February 1021 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-I%27zaz_Din_Allah" title="Al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah">al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fatimid_Caliphs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fatimid_caliphs" title="Template:Fatimid caliphs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fatimid_caliphs" title="Template talk:Fatimid caliphs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fatimid_caliphs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fatimid caliphs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fatimid_Caliphs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Fatimid_caliphs" title="List of Fatimid caliphs">Fatimid Caliphs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_al-Mahdi_Billah" title="Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah">al-Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_Billah" title="Al-Mansur Billah">al-Mansur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">al-Mu'izz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">al-Aziz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">al-Hakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-I%27zaz_Din_Allah" title="Al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah">al-Zahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">al-Mustansir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27li" title="Al-Musta'li">al-Musta'li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amir_bi-Ahkam_Allah" title="Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah">al-Amir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hafiz" title="Al-Hafiz">al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zafir" title="Al-Zafir">al-Zafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fa%27iz_bi-Nasr_Allah" title="Al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah">al-Fa'iz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adid" title="Al-Adid">al-Adid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fatimid_Caliphate_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fatimid_Caliphate_topics" title="Template:Fatimid Caliphate topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fatimid_Caliphate_topics" title="Template talk:Fatimid Caliphate topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fatimid_Caliphate_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fatimid Caliphate topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fatimid_Caliphate_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Fatimid_caliphs" title="List of Fatimid caliphs">Imam-Caliphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_al-Mahdi_Billah" title="Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah">al-Mahdi Billah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_Billah" title="Al-Mansur Billah">al-Mansur Billah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">al-Aziz Billah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-i%27zaz_Din_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah">al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">al-Mustansir Billah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27li" title="Al-Musta'li">al-Musta'li Billah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amir_bi-Ahkam_Allah" title="Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah">al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hafiz" title="Al-Hafiz">al-Hafiz li-Din Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zafir" title="Al-Zafir">al-Zafir bi-Amr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fa%27iz_bi-Nasr_Allah" title="Al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah">al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adid" title="Al-Adid">al-Adid li-Din Allah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty" title="Fatimid dynasty">Dynasty</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Foundation and rise (909–973)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_conquest_of_Ifriqiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid conquest of Ifriqiya">Conquest of Aghlabid Ifriqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_al-Mahdi_Billah#Establishment_of_the_Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ziyadat_Allah_ibn_Qurhub" title="Ahmad ibn Ziyadat Allah ibn Qurhub">1st Sicilian revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_invasion_of_Egypt_(914%E2%80%93915)" title="Fatimid invasion of Egypt (914–915)">1st invasion of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_invasion_of_Egypt_(919%E2%80%93921)" title="Fatimid invasion of Egypt (919–921)">2nd invasion of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_ibn_Ishaq_al-Tamimi#Governorship_of_Sicily" title="Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi">2nd Sicilian revolt</a></li> <li>Rebellion of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yazid" title="Abu Yazid">Abu Yazid</a> (943–947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_campaigns_in_the_western_Maghreb_(958%E2%80%93960)" title="Fatimid campaigns in the western Maghreb (958–960)">Conquest of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Fatimid conquest of Egypt">Conquest of Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Apogee and crisis (973–1073)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Expansion into Syria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandretta" title="Battle of Alexandretta">Alexandretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Qarmatian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="First Qarmatian invasion of Egypt">1st</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Qarmatian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="Second Qarmatian invasion of Egypt">2nd</a> Qarmatian invasions</li> <li>Struggle with <a href="/wiki/Alptakin" title="Alptakin">Alptakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(994%E2%80%93995)" title="Siege of Aleppo (994–995)">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Apamea" title="Battle of Apamea">Apamea</a></li> <li>Uprisings of <a href="/wiki/Mufarrij_ibn_Daghfal_ibn_al-Jarrah" title="Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah">Muffarij b. Daghfal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Uqhuwana" title="Battle of al-Uqhuwana">Bedouin alliance uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li>Revolt of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Rakwa" title="Abu Rakwa">Abu Rakwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilalian_invasion_of_Ifriqiya" title="Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya">Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Basasiri" title="Al-Basasiri">al-Basasiri</a>'s conquest of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Funaydiq" title="Battle of al-Funaydiq">Loss of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustansirite_Hardship" title="Mustansirite Hardship">Mustansirite Hardship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Recovery and downfall (1073–1171)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/Badr_al-Jamali" title="Badr al-Jamali">Badr al-Jamali</a></li> <li>Revolt of <a href="/wiki/Nizar_ibn_al-Mustansir" title="Nizar ibn al-Mustansir">Nizar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li</a>–<a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizari</a> schism</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ascalon" title="Siege of Ascalon">Siege of Ascalon</a></li> <li>Regime of <a href="/wiki/Kutayfat" title="Kutayfat">Kutayfat</a> and accession of <a href="/wiki/Al-Hafiz" title="Al-Hafiz">al-Hafiz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a> schism</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusader_invasions_of_Egypt" title="Crusader invasions of Egypt">Crusader invasions of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin_in_Egypt" title="Saladin in Egypt">End of the Fatimid Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Blacks" title="Battle of the Blacks">Battle of the Blacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Fatimid_conspiracy_against_Saladin" title="Pro-Fatimid conspiracy against Saladin">Conspiracy against Saladin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Government<br />and military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Fatimid_Caliphate)" title="Vizier (Fatimid Caliphate)">Viziers</a><br />and regents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawdhar" title="Jawdhar">Jawdhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27qub_ibn_Killis" title="Ya'qub ibn Killis">Ya'qub ibn Killis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasan_ibn_Ammar_al-Kalbi" title="Al-Hasan ibn Ammar al-Kalbi">Ibn Ammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barjawan" title="Barjawan">Barjawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitt_al-Mulk" title="Sitt al-Mulk">Sitt al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Ahmad_al-Jarjara%27i" title="Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i">Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Yazuri" title="Abu Muhammad al-Yazuri">Abu Muhammad al-Yazuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasad" title="Rasad">Rasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Dawla_Ibn_Hamdan" title="Nasir al-Dawla Ibn Hamdan">Nasir al-Dawla Ibn Hamdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr_al-Jamali" title="Badr al-Jamali">Badr al-Jamali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_Shahanshah" title="Al-Afdal Shahanshah">al-Afdal Shahanshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutayfat" title="Kutayfat">Kutayfat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_al-Hafiz" title="Hasan ibn al-Hafiz">Hasan ibn al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_al-Armani" title="Bahram al-Armani">Bahram al-Armani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridwan_ibn_Walakhshi" title="Ridwan ibn Walakhshi">Ridwan ibn Walakhshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun_al-Bata%27ihi" title="Al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi">al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adil_ibn_al-Sallar" title="Al-Adil ibn al-Sallar">al-Adil ibn al-Sallar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Abi_al-Futuh" title="Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh">Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala%27i_ibn_Ruzzik" title="Tala'i ibn Ruzzik">Tala'i ibn Ruzzik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzzik_ibn_Tala%27i" title="Ruzzik ibn Tala'i">Ruzzik ibn Tala'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawar" title="Shawar">Shawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirgham" title="Dirgham">Dirgham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirkuh" title="Shirkuh">Shirkuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Vassal dynasties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalbids" title="Kalbids">Kalbids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muslim_Sicily" title="Muslim Sicily">Sicily</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty" title="Hammadid dynasty">Hammadids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifate_of_Mecca" title="Sharifate of Mecca">Sharifs of Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifate_of_Medina" title="Sharifate of Medina">Sharifs of Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrahids" title="Jarrahids">Jarrahids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayhid_dynasty" title="Sulayhid dynasty">Sulayhids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamdanids_(Yemen)" title="Hamdanids (Yemen)">Hamdanids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zurayids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurayids">Zurayids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_history_of_Yemen" title="Islamic history of Yemen">Yemen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Kanz" title="Banu Kanz">Banu Kanz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty_of_Multan" title="Lodi dynasty of Multan">Lodi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Multan" title="Emirate of Multan">Multan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Officials_of_the_Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Category:Officials of the Fatimid Caliphate">Officials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Governors_of_the_Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Category:Governors of the Fatimid Caliphate">governors</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Generals_of_the_Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Category:Generals of the Fatimid Caliphate">generals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ja%27far_Muhammad_ibn_Ahmad_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Baghdadi">Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_ibn_Ishaq_al-Tamimi" title="Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi">Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawhar_(general)" title="Jawhar (general)">Jawhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakjur" title="Bakjur">Bakjur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjutakin" title="Manjutakin">Manjutakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushtakin_al-Dizbari" title="Anushtakin al-Dizbari">Anushtakin al-Dizbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Basasiri" title="Al-Basasiri">al-Basasiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_al-Fadil" title="Qadi al-Fadil">Qadi al-Fadil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_army" title="Fatimid army">Fatimid army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kutama" title="Kutama">Kutama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_navy" title="Fatimid navy">Fatimid navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Doctrines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujja" title="Hujja">Hujja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">Esotericism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batin_(Islam)" title="Batin (Islam)">Batin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zahir_(Islam)" title="Zahir (Islam)">Zahir</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Branches and offshoots</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza ibn Ali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Missionaries</a><br />and theologians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamdan_Qarmat" title="Hamdan Qarmat">Hamdan Qarmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hawshab" title="Ibn Hawshab">Ibn Hawshab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Fadl_al-Jayshani" title="Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani">Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_al-Shi%27i" title="Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i">Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ahmad_al-Nasafi" title="Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Nasafi">Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hatim_Ahmad_ibn_Hamdan_al-Razi" title="Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi">Abu Hatim al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Tammam_(Isma%27ili_missionary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Tammam (Isma'ili missionary) (page does not exist)">Abu Tammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Mansur_al-Yaman" title="Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman">Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu'man">al-Qadi al-Nu'man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ya%27qub_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani">Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Naysaburi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fawaris_Ahmad_ibn_Ya%27qub" title="Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub">Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_(Ismaili_missionary_to_Gujarat)" title="Abdallah (Ismaili missionary to Gujarat)">Abdallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Anti-Fatimid<br />movement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhu_Muhsin" title="Akhu Muhsin">Akhu Muhsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Manifesto" title="Baghdad Manifesto">Baghdad Manifesto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_art" title="Fatimid art">Art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahdia" title="Mahdia">Mahdiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mahdiya" title="Great Mosque of Mahdiya">Great Mosque of Mahdiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skifa_Kahla" title="Skifa Kahla">Skifa Kahla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansouria,_Tunisia" title="Mansouria, Tunisia">Mansuriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_Mosque" title="Al-Hakim Mosque">Al-Hakim Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqmar_Mosque" title="Aqmar Mosque">Aqmar Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Futuh" title="Bab al-Futuh">Bab al-Futuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Nasr_(Cairo)" title="Bab al-Nasr (Cairo)">Bab al-Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Zuweila" title="Bab Zuweila">Bab Zuweila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Great_Palaces" title="Fatimid Great Palaces">Fatimid Great Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juyushi_Mosque" title="Juyushi Mosque">Juyushi Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashhad_of_Sayyida_Ruqayya" title="Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya">Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portable_mihrab_from_the_Mashhad_of_Sayyida_Ruqayya" title="Portable mihrab from the Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya">Portable mihrab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Salih_Tala%27i_Mosque" title="Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque">Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar_of_the_Ibrahimi_Mosque" title="Minbar of the Ibrahimi Mosque">Minbar of the Ibrahimi Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Husayn%27s_Head" title="Shrine of Husayn's Head">Shrine of Husayn's Head</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Literature and learning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Muhammad_al-Iyadi" title="Ali ibn Muhammad al-Iyadi">Ali ibn Muhammad al-Iyadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu'man">al-Qadi al-Nu'man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Hani_al-Andalusi_al-Azdi" title="Muhammad ibn Hani al-Andalusi al-Azdi">Muhammad ibn Hani al-Andalusi al-Azdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musabbihi" title="Al-Musabbihi">al-Musabbihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">al-Azhar University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Knowledge" title="House of Knowledge">House of Knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fatimid_Caliphate" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fatimid Caliphate">Media</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Druze" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Druze_footer" title="Template:Druze footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Druze_footer" title="Template talk:Druze footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Druze_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Druze footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Druze" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_People_of_Monotheism" title="The People of Monotheism">Al-Muwahhidūn</a>/<a href="/wiki/Muwahhid_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muwahhid Muslim">Mowahhid</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ahl_at-Tawh%C4%ABd" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl at-Tawhīd">Ahl at-Tawhīd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_call" title="Divine call">Divine call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Esotericism" title="Druze">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation#Druze" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqiya">Taqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Theophany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_pillars_of_Ismailism#Druze_list" title="Seven pillars of Ismailism">Seven Durzi pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walayah" title="Walayah">Walayah</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Druze_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Druze Star"><img alt="The Druze Star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/110px-Druze_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/165px-Druze_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/220px-Druze_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Important figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sayyid_al-Tanukhi" title="Al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi">Al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_al-Muqtana" title="Baha al-Din al-Muqtana">Bahā'a ad-Dīn al-Muqtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad-Darazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad-Darazi">Muhammad al-Darazī</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_Wisdom" title="Epistles of Wisdom">Epistles of Wisdom</a> (<i>Rasa'il al-Hikma</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holy places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druze_Khalwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Druze Khalwa (page does not exist)">Druze Khalwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Druze" title="Jabal al-Druze">Jabal al-Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwat_al-Bayada" title="Khalwat al-Bayada">Khalwat al-Bayada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabi_Shu%27ayb" title="Nabi Shu'ayb">Nabi Shu'ayb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holy days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khidr_Festival" title="Al-Khidr Festival">Al-Khidr Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid Al Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat_al-Nabi_Shu%27ayb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyarat al-Nabi Shu'ayb">Ziyarat Al Nabi Shu'ayb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Taym" title="Wadi al-Taym">Wadi al-Taym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisrawan_campaigns_(1292%E2%80%931305)" title="Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305)">Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhturids" title="Buhturids">Tanukh (Buhtur) dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27n_dynasty" title="Ma'n dynasty">Ma'n dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Lebanon Emirate">Mount Lebanon Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze" title="1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze">1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_power_struggle_(1658%E2%80%931667)" title="Druze power struggle (1658–1667)">Druze Power Struggle (1658–1667)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Dara" title="Battle of Ain Dara">Battle of Ain Dara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_Druze_revolt" title="1838 Druze revolt">1838 Druze Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauran_Druze_Rebellion" title="Hauran Druze Rebellion">Hauran Druze Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Druze_State" title="Jabal Druze State">Jabal Druze State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_War_(Lebanon)" title="Mountain War (Lebanon)">Mountain War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Druze in Mandatory Palestine">Druze in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Muwahhideen" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaysh al-Muwahhideen">Jaysh al-Muwahhideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalb_Loze_massacre" title="Qalb Loze massacre">Qalb Loze massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prophets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Khidr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_the_Persian" title="Salman the Persian">Salman the Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relationship with<br /> other religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Druze" title="Christianity and Druze">Christianity and Druze</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite-Druze_dualism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maronite-Druze dualism (page does not exist)">Maronite-Druze dualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and Druze">Islam and Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Druze">Judaism and Druze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druze_Zionist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze Zionist movement">Druze Zionism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Druze communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Syria" title="Druze in Syria">Syrian Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze in Lebanon">Lebanese Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Israeli Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Jordan" title="Druze in Jordan">Jordanian Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Location" title="Druze">Druze diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mohammad_Jawad_Walieddine" title="Abu Mohammad Jawad Walieddine">Abu Mohammad Jawad Walieddine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Atrash" title="Al-Atrash">Al-Atrash clan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Atrash" title="Sultan al-Atrash">Sultan al-Atrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alam_al-Din_dynasty" title="Alam al-Din dynasty">Alam al-Din dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_Tarif" title="Amin Tarif">Amin Tarif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druze_Arabic_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Druze Arabic dialect (page does not exist)">Druze Arabic dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze cuisine">Druze cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumblatt_family" title="Jumblatt family">Jumblatt family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Druze" title="List of Druze">List of Druze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_Druze" title="List of Israeli Druze">List of Israeli Druze</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majid_Arslan" title="Majid Arslan">Majid Arslan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mowafaq_Tarif" title="Mowafaq Tarif">Mowafaq Tarif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Druze">Persecution of Druze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Druze" title="Category:Druze">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q342137#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q342137#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q342137#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000066345213">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/33389755">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1822418/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJh4w8xWYYpvWcPb4VFBT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118545027">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84022821">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb158595522">France</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12653023w">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb158595522">BnF data</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12653023w">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p23829370X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/xv8bdqzg5vcswqz">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810698120405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/51203">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262362605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118545027">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/153774657">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/hakim-biemrillah">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah&oldid=1252649515">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah&oldid=1252649515</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:985_births" title="Category:985 births">985 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1021_deaths" title="Category:1021 deaths">1021 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:10th-century_Fatimid_caliphs" title="Category:10th-century Fatimid caliphs">10th-century Fatimid caliphs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:11th-century_Fatimid_caliphs" title="Category:11th-century Fatimid caliphs">11th-century Fatimid caliphs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Druze_religious_leaders" title="Category:Druze religious leaders">Druze religious leaders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Druze_and_Islam" title="Category:Druze and Islam">Druze and Islam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fatimid_people_of_the_Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Category:Fatimid people of the Arab–Byzantine wars">Fatimid people of the Arab–Byzantine wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Founders_of_religions" title="Category:Founders of religions">Founders of religions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Missing_person_cases_in_Egypt" title="Category:Missing person cases in Egypt">Missing person cases in Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sons_of_Fatimid_caliphs" title="Category:Sons of Fatimid caliphs">Sons of Fatimid caliphs</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_March_2013" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from March 2013">Articles with disputed statements from March 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia semi-protected pages">Wikipedia semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2021">Use dmy dates from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_December_2022" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2022">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 October 2024, at 10:02<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-8b85p","wgBackendResponseTime":169,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.415","walltime":"1.783","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9534,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":242371,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":12498,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":336806,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1558.489 1 -total"," 22.90% 356.952 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.25% 284.360 1 Template:Infobox_royalty"," 17.56% 273.622 2 Template:Infobox"," 16.68% 259.897 35 Template:Cite_book"," 8.97% 139.734 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 8.55% 133.195 3 Template:Nobold"," 8.28% 129.088 1 Template:Lang"," 8.20% 127.748 1 Template:Ismailis"," 8.10% 126.186 7 Template:Br_separated_entries"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.820","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22503867,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAhmed_(Sheikh.)1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBianquis1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrett2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCherine_Badawi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorduan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaftary\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelia_Cortese_and_Simonetta_Calderini2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDr_Farhad_Daftary2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGamal_Nkrumah2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaeri2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendrixOkeja2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunt_Janin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsmail_K._Poonawala\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJerome_Murphy-O\u0026#039;Connor2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLev1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakarim1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasalha2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Bonner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Foss1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMordechai_Nisan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNissim_Dana2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNoble2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Leary1923\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhyllis_G._Jestice2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaifiyah2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSara_Elkamel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShen,_Fuwei1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSir_Thomas_Walker_Arnold1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStillman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSusanna_Myllylä\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwayd1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwayd2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTillier2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVatikiotis1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVirani2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker,_Paul2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilferd_Madelung2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilli_Frischauer1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeidan_Atashi1997\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 4,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 32,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite video\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Hakim Bi-Amr Allah\"] = 1,\n [\"Daftary-The Ismailis\"] = 1,\n [\"Die Kalifen von Kairo\"] = 1,\n [\"Disappeared date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Druze\"] = 1,\n [\"Druze footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"Fatimid Caliphate topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Fatimid caliphs\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox person\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox royalty\"] = 1,\n [\"Ismailis\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Lowercase title\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Other people\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 2,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 2,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-hou\"] = 1,\n [\"S-reg\"] = 1,\n [\"S-rel\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 11,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Which\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-hjnvf","timestamp":"20241125145204","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q342137","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q342137","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-02-22T22:01:37Z","dateModified":"2024-10-22T10:02:26Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/3e\/Gold_dinar_of_al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah%2C_AH_391.jpg","headline":"6th Fatimid caliph (r. 996\u20131021) and 16th Ismaili Imam"}</script> </body> </html>