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<button aria-controls="toc-Early_unrealized_projects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early unrealized projects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_unrealized_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opera_project:_St._John's_Eve_(1858)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opera_project:_St._John's_Eve_(1858)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Opera project: <i>St. John's Eve</i> (1858)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opera_project:_St._John's_Eve_(1858)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opera_project:_The_Witch_(1860)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opera_project:_The_Witch_(1860)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Opera project: <i>The Witch</i> (1860)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opera_project:_The_Witch_(1860)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_for_piano_and_orchestra_(early_1860s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_for_piano_and_orchestra_(early_1860s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Work for piano and orchestra (early 1860s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_for_piano_and_orchestra_(early_1860s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone_poem:_St._John's_Eve_on_Bald_Mountain_(1867)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone_poem:_St._John's_Eve_on_Bald_Mountain_(1867)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tone poem: <i>St. John's Eve on Bald Mountain</i> (1867)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tone_poem:_St._John's_Eve_on_Bald_Mountain_(1867)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tone poem: <i>St. John's Eve on Bald Mountain</i> (1867) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tone_poem:_St._John's_Eve_on_Bald_Mountain_(1867)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Composition_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Composition history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Performance history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrumentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrumentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Instrumentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrumentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Setting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Setting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Setting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Setting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Program_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Program_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Program_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Recordings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glorification_of_Chernobog_from_Mlada_(1872)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glorification_of_Chernobog_from_Mlada_(1872)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span><i>Glorification of Chernobog</i> from <i>Mlada</i> (1872)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Glorification_of_Chernobog_from_Mlada_(1872)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <i>Glorification of Chernobog</i> from <i>Mlada</i> (1872) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Glorification_of_Chernobog_from_Mlada_(1872)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Composition_history_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition_history_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Composition history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition_history_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Program_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Program_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Program_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Setting_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Setting_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Setting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Setting_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Plot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dream_Vision_of_the_Peasant_Lad_from_The_Fair_at_Sorochyntsi_(1880)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dream_Vision_of_the_Peasant_Lad_from_The_Fair_at_Sorochyntsi_(1880)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span><i>Dream Vision of the Peasant Lad</i> from <i>The Fair at Sorochyntsi</i> (1880)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dream_Vision_of_the_Peasant_Lad_from_The_Fair_at_Sorochyntsi_(1880)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <i>Dream Vision of the Peasant Lad</i> from <i>The Fair at Sorochyntsi</i> (1880) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dream_Vision_of_the_Peasant_Lad_from_The_Fair_at_Sorochyntsi_(1880)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Composition_history_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition_history_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Composition history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition_history_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_history_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_history_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Performance history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_history_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Program_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Program_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Program_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Setting_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Setting_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Setting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Setting_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plot_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plot_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Plot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plot_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recordings_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recordings_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Recordings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recordings_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rimsky-Korsakov's_fantasy:_Night_on_Bald_Mountain_(1886)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rimsky-Korsakov's_fantasy:_Night_on_Bald_Mountain_(1886)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rimsky-Korsakov's fantasy: <i>Night on Bald Mountain</i> (1886)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rimsky-Korsakov's_fantasy:_Night_on_Bald_Mountain_(1886)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rimsky-Korsakov's fantasy: <i>Night on Bald Mountain</i> (1886) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rimsky-Korsakov's_fantasy:_Night_on_Bald_Mountain_(1886)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Composition_history_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition_history_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Composition history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition_history_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_history_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_history_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Performance history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_history_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrumentation_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrumentation_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Instrumentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrumentation_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Program_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Program_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Program_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leopold_Stokowski's_arrangement:_Night_on_Bald_Mountain_(1940)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leopold_Stokowski's_arrangement:_Night_on_Bald_Mountain_(1940)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Leopold Stokowski's arrangement: <i>Night on Bald Mountain</i> (1940)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leopold_Stokowski's_arrangement:_Night_on_Bald_Mountain_(1940)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Leopold Stokowski's arrangement: <i>Night on Bald Mountain</i> (1940) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Leopold_Stokowski's_arrangement:_Night_on_Bald_Mountain_(1940)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Composition_history_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition_history_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Composition history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition_history_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrumentation_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrumentation_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Instrumentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrumentation_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recordings_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recordings_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Recordings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recordings_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_arrangements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_arrangements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Other arrangements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_arrangements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Night on Bald Mountain</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nag_op_%27n_Kaal_Berg" title="Nag op 'n Kaal Berg – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nag op 'n Kaal Berg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nozvezh_war_ar_Menez_Moal" title="Nozvezh war ar Menez Moal – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nozvezh war ar Menez Moal" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noc_na_Lys%C3%A9_ho%C5%99e" title="Noc na Lysé hoře – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Noc na Lysé hoře" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eine_Nacht_auf_dem_kahlen_Berge" title="Eine Nacht auf dem kahlen Berge – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eine Nacht auf dem kahlen Berge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8D%CF%87%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%8C_%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%8C" title="Νύχτα Στο Φαλακρό Βουνό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νύχτα Στο Φαλακρό Βουνό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Una_noche_en_el_Monte_Pelado" title="Una noche en el Monte Pelado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Una noche en el Monte Pelado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaua_Mendi_Gorrian" title="Gaua Mendi Gorrian – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gaua Mendi Gorrian" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="شبی بر فراز کوه سنگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شبی بر فراز کوه سنگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Une_nuit_sur_le_mont_Chauve" title="Une nuit sur le mont Chauve – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Une nuit sur le mont Chauve" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Composition by Modest Mussorgsky</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Mussorgsky compositions. For the 1964 Patrick White play, see <a href="/wiki/Night_on_Bald_Mountain_(play)" title="Night on Bald Mountain (play)"><i>Night on Bald Mountain</i> (play)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C._%D0%9F._%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/%D0%9C._%D0%9F._%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C_1865.jpg/170px-%D0%9C._%D0%9F._%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/%D0%9C._%D0%9F._%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C_1865.jpg/255px-%D0%9C._%D0%9F._%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/%D0%9C._%D0%9F._%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C_1865.jpg/340px-%D0%9C._%D0%9F._%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C_1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2620" data-file-height="4172" /></a><figcaption>Modest Mussorgsky, 1865</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Night on Bald Mountain</b></i> (Russian: <span lang="ru">Ночь на лысой горе</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Noch′ na lysoy gore</i></span>), also known as <i><b>Night on the Bare Mountain</b></i>, is a series of compositions by <a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Modest Mussorgsky</a> (1839–1881). Inspired by Russian <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/St._John%27s_Eve_(Gogol,_unsourced)" class="extiw" title="s:St. John's Eve (Gogol, unsourced)">literary works</a> and legend, Mussorgsky composed a "musical picture", <i>St. John's Eve on Bald Mountain</i> (Russian: <span lang="ru">Иванова ночь на лысой горе</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Ivanova noch′ na lysoy gore</i></span>) on the theme of a <a href="/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath" title="Witches' Sabbath">Witches' Sabbath</a> occurring at <a href="/wiki/Bald_Mountain_(folklore)" title="Bald Mountain (folklore)">Bald Mountain</a> on <a href="/wiki/Kupala_Night" title="Kupala Night">St. John's Eve</a>, which he completed on that very night, 23 June 1867. Together with <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Sadko_(musical_tableau)" title="Sadko (musical tableau)">Sadko</a></i> (1867), it is one of the first <a href="/wiki/Tone_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone poem">tone poems</a> by a Russian composer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvocoressi195678_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvocoressi195678-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Mussorgsky was proud of his youthful effort, his mentor, <a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Mily Balakirev</a>, refused to perform it. To salvage what he considered worthy material, Mussorgsky attempted to insert his <i>Bald Mountain</i> music, recast for vocal soloists, chorus, and orchestra, into two subsequent projects—the collaborative opera-ballet <i><a href="/wiki/Mlada" title="Mlada">Mlada</a></i> (1872), and the opera <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fair_at_Sorochyntsi" title="The Fair at Sorochyntsi">The Fair at Sorochyntsi</a></i> (1880). However, <i>Night on Bald Mountain</i> was never performed in any form during Mussorgsky's lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvocoressiAbraham197421_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvocoressiAbraham197421-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1886, five years after Mussorgsky's death, Rimsky-Korsakov published an arrangement of the work, described as a "<a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasia (music)">fantasy</a> for orchestra." Some musical scholars consider this version to be an original composition of Rimsky-Korsakov, albeit one based on Mussorgsky's last version of the music, for <i>The Fair at Sorochyntsi</i>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I need hardly remind the reader that the orchestral piece universally known as 'Mussorgsky's <i>Night on the Bare Mountain</i>' is an orchestral composition by Rimsky-Korsakov based on the later version of the <i>Bare Mountain</i> music which Mussorgsky prepared for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fair_at_Sorochyntsi" title="The Fair at Sorochyntsi">Sorochintsy Fair</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Calvocoressi,_Abraham_p._175_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calvocoressi,_Abraham_p._175-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Gerald Abraham</a>, musicologist and an authority on Mussorgsky, 1945</cite></div></blockquote> <p>It is through Rimsky-Korsakov's version that <i>Night on Bald Mountain</i> achieved lasting fame. Premiering in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> in 1886, the work became a concert favourite. Half a century later, the work obtained perhaps its greatest exposure through the <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> animated film <i><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(1940_film)" title="Fantasia (1940 film)">Fantasia</a></i> (1940), featuring an arrangement by <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a>, based on Rimsky-Korsakov's version. Mussorgsky's tone poem was not published in its original form until 1968. It has started to gain exposure and become familiar to modern audiences.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original Russian title of the tone poem, <i>Иванова ночь на лысой горе</i>, translates literally as <i>Saint John's Eve on Bald Mountain</i>, usually shortened to <i>Night on Bald Mountain</i>. However, due to several ambiguities, the composition is also known by a number of alternative titles in English. </p><p>The Russian word "ночь" (<i>noch′</i>) is literally "night" in English, but idiomatically this would refer to the night following <a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">St. John's Day</a>, variously observed between 21 June (the summer solstice) and 25 June. The night before St. John's Day is usually referred to as "St. John's Eve" in English; Russian does not make this distinction. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Lysa_Hora_(Kyiv)" title="Lysa Hora (Kyiv)">Bald Mountain</a></i> is the most familiar translation of "лысой горе" (<i>lysoy gore</i>) in English, and is also the most literal. The adjective "bald" is commonly used in English place names for barren hills, mountains, and other features, and so is also idiomatic. However, because the most familiar use of "bald" describes hairlessness, this part of the title is also known as "Bare Mountain". The use of "bald" to describe barren landscapes is common in European languages. In French, the piece is known as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Une nuit sur le mont Chauve</i></span> and in Italian <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Una Notte sul Monte Calvo</i></span> (<i>A Night on Bald Mountain</i>). </p><p>Some performances of the work also insert the article "the" before "Bald Mountain" or "Bare Mountain". Articles are not used in Russian, but are often applied to nouns when translating Russian into languages that regularly use articles, such as English and French. However, because the title of the work refers to a specific place <i>called</i> "Bald Mountain", an article would not normally be used in English.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_unrealized_projects">Early unrealized projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early unrealized projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opera_project:_St._John's_Eve_(1858)"><span id="Opera_project:_St._John.27s_Eve_.281858.29"></span>Opera project: <i>St. John's Eve</i> (1858)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Opera project: St. John's Eve (1858)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A sheet of paper apparently found among Mussorgsky's manuscripts contains the following statement: </p> <blockquote> <p>Program of the opera <i>St. John's Night</i>, in three acts, after the tale by Gogol, written by <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Boborykin" title="Pyotr Boborykin">P. Boborïkin</a>, in the presence and with the help of Modest Mussorgsky, Yevgeniy Mussorgsky, and Vasiliy. Witness to the proceedings: Mily Balakirev.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvocoressi195631_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvocoressi195631-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>This curious fragment, dated 25 December 1858, has been interpreted as an indication of Mussorgsky's intent to write an opera on the subject of Gogol's short story <i><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Eve_(short_story)" title="St. John's Eve (short story)">St. John's Eve</a></i> (Russian: <span lang="ru">Вечер накануне Ивана Купала</span>, <i>Vecher nakanune Ivana Kupala</i>, <i>St. John's Eve</i>). Gogol's tale contains the elements of <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a> common to other stories in the <i><a href="/wiki/Evenings_on_a_Farm_Near_Dikanka" title="Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka">Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka</a></i> collection, but does not feature a <a href="/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath" title="Witches' Sabbath">Witches' Sabbath</a>. No further plans for this project were mentioned.<sup id="cite_ref-Calvocoressi20_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calvocoressi20-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opera_project:_The_Witch_(1860)"><span id="Opera_project:_The_Witch_.281860.29"></span>Opera project: <i>The Witch</i> (1860)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Opera project: The Witch (1860)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The theme of a <a href="/wiki/Witch" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch">witches'</a> sabbath, the central theme in all subsequent <i>Night on Bald Mountain</i> projects, appears to have been derived from the nonextant play <i>The Witch</i> (Russian: <span lang="ru">Ведьма</span>, <i>Ved′ma</i>) by Baron Georgiy Mengden, a military friend of the composer. In 1860 Mussorgsky informed Balakirev that he had been commissioned to write one act of an opera on this subject:<sup id="cite_ref-Calvocoressi20_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calvocoressi20-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have also received some very interesting work which must be prepared for the coming summer. This work is: a whole act on The Bald Mountain (from Mengden's drama <i>The Witch</i>), a witches' sabbath, separate episodes of sorcerers, a ceremonial march of all this rubbish, a finale—glory to the sabbath... The libretto is very good. There are already some materials, perhaps a very good thing will come of it.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Modest Mussorgsky, letter to Balakirev, 26 September 1860<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusorgskiy198427_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusorgskiy198427-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>However, as with the previous project, it is unknown whether any materials were written down, and, if so, whether they were transferred to subsequent projects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_for_piano_and_orchestra_(early_1860s)"><span id="Work_for_piano_and_orchestra_.28early_1860s.29"></span>Work for piano and orchestra (early 1860s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Work for piano and orchestra (early 1860s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rimsky-Korsakov declares in his memoirs (<i>Chronicle of My Musical Life</i>) that in the early 1860s Mussorgsky, under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Totentanz_(Liszt)" title="Totentanz (Liszt)">Totentanz</a></i>, had written a version of the <i>Bald Mountain</i> music for piano and orchestra. However, it is believed that Mussorgsky did not hear Liszt's work until 1866, by which time he was planning the orchestral tone poem <i>St. John's Eve on Bald Mountain</i> (see below). No trace of a work for piano and orchestra has survived outside Rimsky-Korsakov's recollections, so it is assumed that the score has been lost, or, more likely, that it never existed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tone_poem:_St._John's_Eve_on_Bald_Mountain_(1867)"><span id="Tone_poem:_St._John.27s_Eve_on_Bald_Mountain_.281867.29"></span>Tone poem: <i>St. John's Eve on Bald Mountain</i> (1867)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tone poem: St. John's Eve on Bald Mountain (1867)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition_history">Composition history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Composition history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1866 Mussorgsky wrote to Balakirev expressing a desire to discuss his plans for <i>The Witches</i>, his informal name for his <i>Bald Mountain</i> music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvocoressiAbraham197420_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvocoressiAbraham197420-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early June 1867, he began composing the orchestral version of the piece. The score is inscribed with the following details: </p> <blockquote> <p>Conceived in 1866. Began to write for orchestra 12 June 1867, completed work on the eve of St. John's Day, 23 June 1867, in Luga District on Minkino Farm. Modest Mussorgskiy. </p> <p><i>Russian original</i>: Задумана в 1866 году. Начал писать на оркестр 12-го июня 1867 года, окончил работу в Канун Иванова дня 23 июня 1867 года в Лугском уезде на Мызе Минкино. Модест Мусоргский<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Mussorgsky described the piece in a letter to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Nikolsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Nikolsky (page does not exist)">Vladimir Nikolsky</a>: </p> <blockquote> <p>So far as my memory doesn't deceive me, the witches used to gather on this mountain, ... gossip, play tricks and await their chief—<a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>. On his arrival they, i.e. the witches, formed a circle round the throne on which he sat, in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">kid</a>, and sang his praise. When Satan was worked up into a sufficient passion by the witches' praises, he gave the command for the sabbath, in which he chose for himself the witches who caught his fancy. So this is what I've done. At the head of my score I've put its content: 1. Assembly of the witches, their talk and gossip; 2. Satan's journey; 3. Obscene praises of Satan; and 4. Sabbath ... The form and character of the composition are Russian and original ... I wrote <i>St. John's Eve</i> quickly, straight away in full score, I wrote it in about twelve days, glory to God ... While at work on <i>St. John's Eve</i> I didn't sleep at night and actually finished the work on the eve of St. John's Day, it seethed within me so, and I simply didn't know what was happening within me ... I see in my wicked prank an independent Russian product, free from German profundity and routine, and, like <i>Savishna</i>, grown on our native fields and nurtured on Russian bread.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusorgskiy198473–74_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusorgskiy198473–74-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>He also stated—incorrectly, as it turned out—that he would never re-model it: "with whatever shortcomings, it is born; and with them it must live if it is to live at all." Having finally completed the work, Mussorgsky was crushed when his mentor <a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Mily Balakirev</a> was savagely critical of it. The score is peppered with comments such as "the devil knows what [this is]", "what rubbish", and "this might be of use", probably pencilled in by Balakirev.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd-Jones1974_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd-Jones1974-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This "first version" was put aside, and did not appear in print until 1968, in a new edition prepared by Georgiy Kirkor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance_history">Performance history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Performance history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original tone poem, <i>St. John's Eve on Bald Mountain</i> (1867), was not performed until the 20th century. Musicologist Aleksandra Orlova claims that the original manuscript of this version was discovered in the library of the Leningrad Conservatory by musicologist Georgiy Orlov in the late 1920s, that it was performed once by the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra">Leningrad Philharmonic Society</a>, and that <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Malko" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Malko">Nikolay Malko</a> brought along a copy of it when he emigrated to the West.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlova1991166_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlova1991166-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Gerald Abraham</a> states that this version was performed by Malko on 3 February 1932, apparently in England.<sup id="cite_ref-Calvocoressi,_Abraham_p._175_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calvocoressi,_Abraham_p._175-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michel-Dimitri_Calvocoressi" title="Michel-Dimitri Calvocoressi">Michel-Dimitri Calvocoressi</a> claims that Malko performed this version in several countries in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvocoressi195674_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvocoressi195674-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Instrumentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Strings:</i> <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violins</a> I & II, <a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">violas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cellos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double basses</a></li> <li><i>Woodwinds:</i> <a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolo</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Western_concert_flute" title="Western concert flute">flutes</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboes</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinets</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoons</a></li> <li><i>Brass:</i> 4 <a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">French horns</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Cornet" title="Cornet">cornets</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpets</a>, 3 <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuba" title="Tuba">tuba</a></li> <li><i>Percussion:</i> <a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">timpani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">cymbals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">tambourine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">triangle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">snare drum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tam-tam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tam-tam">tam-tam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Program">Program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Setting">Setting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Setting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Russian legend tells of a witches' sabbath taking place on <a href="/wiki/Kupala_Night" title="Kupala Night">St. John's Night</a> (23–24 June) on the <a href="/wiki/Lysa_Hora_(folklore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysa Hora (folklore)">Lysa Hora</a> (Bald Mountain), near Kyiv. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Program_2">Program</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following program is taken from the score: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Seq. </th> <th>Original </th> <th>Transliteration </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1 </td> <td>Сбор ведьм, их толки и сплетни </td> <td><i>Sbor ved′m, ikh tolki i spletni</i> </td> <td>Assembly of the witches, their chatter and gossip </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2 </td> <td>Поезд Сатаны </td> <td><i>Poyezd Satany</i> </td> <td>Satan's cortege </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3 </td> <td>Чёрная служба <i>(Messe noire)</i> </td> <td><i>Chyornaya sluzhba (Messe noire)</i> </td> <td>Black mass </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4 </td> <td>Шабаш </td> <td><i>Shabash</i> </td> <td>Sabbath </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recordings">Recordings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Recordings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1961, <a href="/wiki/Lovro_von_Matacic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lovro von Matacic">Lovro von Matacic</a>, Philharmonia Orchestra</li> <li>1962, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Mander" title="Francesco Mander">Francesco Mander</a>, Orchestra Sinfonica Torino</li> <li>1971, <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd-Jones_(conductor)" title="David Lloyd-Jones (conductor)">David Lloyd-Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="London Philharmonic Orchestra">London Philharmonic Orchestra</a></li> <li>1980, <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Abbado" title="Claudio Abbado">Claudio Abbado</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra" title="London Symphony Orchestra">London Symphony Orchestra</a></li> <li>1988, <a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_Pops_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Pops Orchestra">Boston Pops Orchestra</a></li> <li>1991, <a href="/wiki/Christoph_von_Dohn%C3%A1nyi" title="Christoph von Dohnányi">Christoph von Dohnányi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Orchestra" title="Cleveland Orchestra">Cleveland Orchestra</a></li> <li>1991, <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Kitayenko" title="Dmitri Kitayenko">Dmitriy Kitayenko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bergen_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra">Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra</a></li> <li>1993, <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Abbado" title="Claudio Abbado">Claudio Abbado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Philharmoniker" class="mw-redirect" title="Berliner Philharmoniker">Berliner Philharmoniker</a></li> <li>2001, Peter Richard Conte, transcribed for the <a href="/wiki/Wanamaker_Organ" title="Wanamaker Organ">Wanamaker Organ</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2003, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Kuchar" title="Theodore Kuchar">Theodore Kuchar</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Symphony_Orchestra_of_Ukraine" title="National Symphony Orchestra of Ukraine">National Symphony Orchestra of Ukraine</a></li> <li>2004, <a href="/wiki/Valery_Gergiev" title="Valery Gergiev">Valery Gergiev</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Symphony_Orchestra" title="BBC Symphony Orchestra">BBC Symphony Orchestra</a></li> <li>2006, <a href="/wiki/Esa-Pekka_Salonen" title="Esa-Pekka Salonen">Esa-Pekka Salonen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Philharmonic" title="Los Angeles Philharmonic">Los Angeles Philharmonic</a></li> <li>2011, <a href="/wiki/Kirill_Karabits" title="Kirill Karabits">Kirill Karabits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra">Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glorification_of_Chernobog_from_Mlada_(1872)"><span id="Glorification_of_Chernobog_from_Mlada_.281872.29"></span><i>Glorification of Chernobog</i> from <i>Mlada</i> (1872)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Glorification of Chernobog from Mlada (1872)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition_history_2">Composition history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Composition history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first re-modelling of the tone poem took place in 1872, when Mussorgsky revised and recast it for vocal soloists, <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">chorus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a> as part of act 3 that he was assigned to contribute to the collaborative <a href="/wiki/Opera_ballet" class="mw-redirect" title="Opera ballet">opera-ballet</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Mlada" title="Mlada">Mlada</a></i>. In this new version the music was to form the basis of the <i>Night on Mount Triglav</i> (Russian: <span lang="ru">Ночь на горе Триглаве</span>, <i>Noch′ na gore Triglave</i>) scene. </p><p>Mussorgsky referred to this piece under the title <i>Glorification of Chernobog</i> (Russian: <span lang="ru">Славленье Чёрнобога</span>, <i>Slavlenye Chornoboga</i>) in a <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Modest_Mussorgsky#Opus_numbers" title="List of compositions by Modest Mussorgsky">list of his compositions</a> given to <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Stasov" title="Vladimir Stasov">Vladimir Stasov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvocoressi195611_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvocoressi195611-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1930, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavel_Lamm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pavel Lamm (page does not exist)">Pavel Lamm</a>, in his edition of Mussorgsky's complete works, referred to the piece as <i>Worship of the Black Goat</i> (Russian: <span lang="ru">Служение чёрному козлу</span>, <i>Sluzheniye chornomy kozlu</i>). </p><p><i>Mlada</i> was a project doomed to failure, however, and this "second version" languished along with the first. The score of <i>Glorification of Chernobog</i> has not survived, and was never published or performed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Program_3">Program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following scenario is taken from Rimsky-Korsakov's later "magic opera-ballet" <i><a href="/wiki/Mlada_(Rimsky-Korsakov)" title="Mlada (Rimsky-Korsakov)">Mlada</a></i> (1890), based on the same libretto by Viktor Krïlov. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Setting_2">Setting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Setting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Mlada</i> is set in the 9th or 10th century city of <a href="/wiki/Rethra" title="Rethra">Retra</a>, in the (formerly) Slavic lands between the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> coast and the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> River. This would be the land of the pre-<a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Polabian_Slavs" title="Polabian Slavs">Polabian Slavs</a>, in the region corresponding to the modern German areas of <a href="/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein">Holstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg" title="Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Vorpommern" class="mw-redirect" title="Vorpommern">Vorpommern</a>. </p><p>The <i>Mlada</i> scenario is the only <i>Bald Mountain</i> setting that mentions a "Mt. Triglav", where the supernatural events of act 3 take place. The name Triglav (<i>tri</i> three + <i>glav</i> head) happens to be the name of an <a href="/wiki/Triglav_(mythology)" title="Triglav (mythology)">ancient three-headed Slavic deity</a> or a trinity of deities, and is also the name of a <a href="/wiki/Triglav" title="Triglav">famous peak</a> in <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, which is, however, some 750 km (470 miles) distant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plot">Plot</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Plot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Voyslava and her father Mstivoy, the Prince of Retra, have poisoned Mlada, the betrothed of Yaromir, Prince of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Arkona" title="Cape Arkona">Arkona</a>. Voyslava sells her soul to Morena, an evil goddess, to obtain her aid in making Yaromir forget Mlada so she may have him to herself. In act 3, the <a href="/wiki/Shade_(mythology)" title="Shade (mythology)">shade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">ghost</a>) of Mlada leads Yaromir up the slopes of Mount Triglav to a pine wood in a gorge on top of the mountain. Mlada's shade joins a gathering of the spirits of the dead. She expresses in <a href="/wiki/Mime" class="mw-redirect" title="Mime">mime</a> to Yaromir the wish to be reunited with him in the kingdom of dead souls. He is eager to join her. However, there is a rumbling sound announcing the appearance, apparently from underground, of the following fantastic characters (many of whom also appear in <i>Dream Vision of the Peasant Lad</i> from <i>The Fair at Sorochyntsi</i>, described below): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Russian </th> <th>Transliteration </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>Злые духи </td> <td><i>Zlyye dukhi</i> </td> <td>Evil spirits </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ведьмы </td> <td><i>Ved′my</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Кикиморы </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Kikimora" title="Kikimora">Kikimory</a></i> </td> <td>Female <a href="/wiki/Hobgoblin" title="Hobgoblin">hobgoblins</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Чёрнобог </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Chernobog" class="mw-redirect" title="Chernobog">Chyornobog</a></i> </td> <td><i>Cherno</i> (black) + <i>bog</i> (god), an infernal Slavic deity, in the form of a goat </td></tr> <tr> <td>Морена </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Marzanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Marzanna">Morena</a></i> </td> <td>An infernal Slavic deity </td></tr> <tr> <td>Кащей </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Kashchei" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashchei">Kashchey</a></i> </td> <td>An <a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">ogre</a> familiar from Russian folktales; plays a <a href="/wiki/Gusli" title="Gusli">gusli</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Червь </td> <td><i>Cherv′</i> </td> <td>Worm, god of <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Чума </td> <td><i>Chuma</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">Plague</a>, god of pestilence </td></tr> <tr> <td>Топелец </td> <td><i>Topelets</i> </td> <td>'Drowner', god of floods </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The evil spirits sing in a strange demonic language, in the manner of the "demons and the damned" of <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/La_damnation_de_Faust" title="La damnation de Faust">La damnation de Faust</a></i>. Morena calls on Chernobog to help make Yaromir forsake Mlada. Kashchey determines that Morena and Chernobog will be successful if Yaromir is seduced by another. Chernobog commands Yaromir's soul to separate from his body, and for Queen <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a> to appear. Instantly the scene changes to a hall in <a href="/wiki/Egypt#Ptolemaic_and_Roman_Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, where the shade of Cleopatra attempts to entice Yaromir's soul to her side with a seductive dance. She almost succeeds in doing so when a cock crow announcing the break of day causes the entire infernal host to vanish. Yaromir awakens and ponders the mysterious events he has witnessed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dream_Vision_of_the_Peasant_Lad_from_The_Fair_at_Sorochyntsi_(1880)"><span id="Dream_Vision_of_the_Peasant_Lad_from_The_Fair_at_Sorochyntsi_.281880.29"></span><i>Dream Vision of the Peasant Lad</i> from <i>The Fair at Sorochyntsi</i> (1880)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dream Vision of the Peasant Lad from The Fair at Sorochyntsi (1880)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition_history_3">Composition history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Composition history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The work's "third version", the <i>Dream Vision of the Peasant Lad</i> (Russian: <span lang="ru">Сонное видение паробка</span>, <i>Sonnoye videniye parobka</i>), was composed eight years later when Mussorgsky revived and revised the second version to function as a "dream <a href="/wiki/Intermezzo" title="Intermezzo">intermezzo</a>" in his opera <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fair_at_Sorochyntsi" title="The Fair at Sorochyntsi">The Fair at Sorochyntsi</a></i> (1874–80), a work which was still incomplete at the time of his death in 1881. Mussorgsky's <a href="/wiki/Piano-vocal_score" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano-vocal score">piano-vocal score</a> is dated 10 May 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mussorgsky originally chose the end of act 1 of the opera as the location for his choral <a href="/wiki/Intermezzo" title="Intermezzo">intermezzo</a>. It is now generally performed in the <a href="/wiki/Shebalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Shebalin">Shebalin</a> version (1930) of the opera, where it is relocated to act 3, just after a partial reprise of the peasant lad's dumka. The theme of the dumka also serves as one of the main themes of the new quiet ending. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance_history_2">Performance history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Performance history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Dream Vision of the Peasant Lad</i> was first performed as part of <a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Shebalin" title="Vissarion Shebalin">Vissarion Shebalin</a>'s performing edition of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fair_at_Sorochyntsi" title="The Fair at Sorochyntsi">The Fair at Sorochyntsi</a></i>, which premiered in 1931 in <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a> at the Maly Theater, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Samuil_Samosud" title="Samuil Samosud">Samuil Samosud</a>. Shebalin's orchestration was published by <a href="/wiki/Muzgiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzgiz">Muzgiz</a> (<a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Muzgiz" class="extiw" title="scores:Muzgiz">IMSLP</a>) in 1934. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Program_4">Program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Setting_3">Setting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Setting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fair_at_Sorochyntsi" title="The Fair at Sorochyntsi">The Fair at Sorochyntsi</a></i> is set in and around the <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> village of <a href="/wiki/Velyki_Sorochyntsi" title="Velyki Sorochyntsi">Velyki Sorochyntsi</a>, some 500 kilometers east of <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> and the famous "Bald Mountain" (<a href="/wiki/Lysa_Hora_(folklore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysa Hora (folklore)">Lysa Hora</a>), in the year 1800. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plot_2">Plot</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Plot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The peasant Solopiy Cherevik, his domineering wife Khivrya, and pretty daughter Parasya are visiting the Sorochyntsi Fair. Parasya is wooed by Gritsko Golopupenko, the "peasant lad" of the title. Gritsko desires Cherevik's consent to marry his daughter. Although Cherevik is not against the match, his wife objects because Gritsko had thrown mud in her face on the way to the fair. Gritsko strikes a bargain with a <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">gypsy</a> to assist him in winning Parasya. They exploit the superstitious fears of the fairgoers, who believe that the location of the fair this year is ill-chosen, it being the haunt of a devil who was thrown out of hell, took to drinking, went broke, pawned his jacket, and has returned to claim it. After various pranks and comic circumstances, Gritsko achieves his goal and all ends happily. </p><p>At the end of act 1, Gritsko falls asleep some distance from the fair, and, because there has been talk of devilry, has a dream of a witches' sabbath. The following remarks are taken from the score (page numbers supplied): </p> <blockquote> <p>Act 1, scene 2 – "Dream Vision of the Peasant Lad" (Intermezzo) </p> <dl><dd>p. 1) A hilly desolate area. An approaching subterranean choir of infernal forces. The curtain rises. The peasant lad sleeps at the foot of a hill.</dd> <dd>p. 3) Witches and devils surround the sleeping peasant lad.</dd> <dd>p. 5) On a hill appear fiery serpents. The approach of Chernobog. Chernobog rises from underground. Following him are Kashchey, Cherv, Chuma, Topelets, Smert, and the rest of his retinue.</dd> <dd>p. 7) Worship of Chernobog.</dd> <dd>p. 10) Sabbath.</dd> <dd>p. 11) Ballet.</dd> <dd>p. 16) Stroke of a matins bell.</dd> <dd>p. 17) Satan and his retinue vanish. The scene is covered by clouds.</dd> <dd>p. 21) The peasant lad awakens and stands up, stretching and looking around wildly. The clouds disperse. The scene is illuminated by the rising sun.</dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Russian original</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <p>Первое действие, вторая картина: «Сонное видение паробка» (Intermezzo) </p> <dl><dd>л. 1: Холмистая глухая местность. Подземный приближающийся хор адских сил. Занавес поднимается. У подножия холма спит Паробок.</dd> <dd>л. 3: Ведьмы и бесы окружают спящего паробка.</dd> <dd>л. 5: На холме показываются огненные змеи; приближение Чернобога. Из под земли поднимается Чернобог; за ним Кащей, Червь, Топелец, Чума, Смерть и прочая свита.</dd> <dd>л. 7: Служба Чернобогу.</dd> <dd>л. 10: Шабаш.</dd> <dd>л. 11: Балет.</dd> <dd>л. 16: Удар утреннего колокола.</dd> <dd>л. 17: Сатана и его свита исчезают. Сцена покрывается облаками.</dd> <dd>л. 21: Паробок просыпается и встает, потягиваясь и дико оглядываясь. Облака разбегаются. Сцена освещается восходящим солнцем.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusorgskiy1971172–174_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusorgskiy1971172–174-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </div></div></blockquote> <p>Surviving the transfer from <i>Glorification of Chernobog</i> are the same supernatural characters, although Morena has been replaced by Death (Russian: <span lang="ru">Смерть</span>, <i>Smert'</i>). Chernobog and his accomplices form a kind of <a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Six Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a>. The demon language the characters sing, of which Mussorgsky was contemptuous in a letter, is preserved. </p><p>Mussorgsky sent the following program to <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Stasov" title="Vladimir Stasov">Vladimir Stasov</a> about three months after its composition in 1880: </p> <blockquote> <p>The peasant lad sleeps at the foot of a hillock at some distance from the hut where he should have been. In his sleep appear to him: </p> <ol><li>Subterranean roar of non-human voices, uttering non-human words.</li> <li>The subterranean kingdom of darkness comes into its own—mocking the sleeping peasant lad.</li> <li>Foreshadowing of the appearance of Chernobog (Satan).</li> <li>The peasant lad left by the spirits of darkness. Appearance of Chernobog.</li> <li>Worship of Chernobog and the <a href="/wiki/Black_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Black mass">black mass</a>.</li> <li>Sabbath.</li> <li>At the wildest moment of the sabbath the sound of a <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> church bell. Chernobog suddenly disappears.</li> <li>Suffering of the demons.</li> <li>Voices of the clergy in church.</li> <li>Disappearance of the demons and the peasant lad's awakening.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvocoressiAbraham1974162_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvocoressiAbraham1974162-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Russian original</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <p>Паробок спит у подножия пригорка, далеко, вдали от хаты, куда бы должен попасть. Во сне ему мерещатся: </p> <ol><li>Подземный гул нечеловеческих голосов, произносящих нечеловеческие слова.</li> <li>Подземное царство тьмы входит в свои права – трунит над спящим Паробком.</li> <li>Предзнамение появления Чернобога (Сатаны).</li> <li>Паробок оставлен духами тьмы. Появление Чернобога.</li> <li>Величание Чернобога и Черная служба.</li> <li>Шабаш.</li> <li>В самом разгаре шабаша удар колокола христианской церкви. Чернобог исчезает мгновенно.</li> <li>Страдания бесов.</li> <li>Голоса церковного клира.</li> <li>Исчезновение бесов и пробуждение Паробка.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusorgskiy1971154_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusorgskiy1971154-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> </div></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recordings_2">Recordings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Recordings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As part of <i>The Fair at Sorochyntsi</i>: </p> <ul><li>1969, <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Ahronovitch" title="Yuri Ahronovitch">Yuriy Aronovich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tchaikovsky_Symphony_Orchestra_of_Moscow_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Tchaikovsky Symphony Orchestra of Moscow Radio">Moscow Radio Orchestra and Chorus</a></li> <li>1983, Vladimir Yesipov, <a href="/wiki/Stanislavski_and_Nemirovich-Danchenko_Moscow_Academic_Music_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislavski and Nemirovich-Danchenko Moscow Academic Music Theatre">Stanislavsky Theater Orchestra and Chorus</a></li></ul> <p>Concert version: </p> <ul><li>1981, <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Rozhdestvensky" title="Gennady Rozhdestvensky">Gennady Rozhdestvensky</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Singers" title="BBC Singers">BBC Singers</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Symphony_Chorus" title="BBC Symphony Chorus">BBC Symphony Chorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Symphony_Orchestra" title="BBC Symphony Orchestra">BBC Symphony Orchestra</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moscow_Radio_Orchestra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moscow Radio Orchestra (page does not exist)">Moscow Radio Orchestra</a></li> <li>1997, <a href="/wiki/Valery_Polyansky" title="Valery Polyansky">Valeriy Polyansky</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Symphony_Capella_of_Russia" title="State Symphony Capella of Russia">State Symphony Capella of Russia</a></li> <li>1997, <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Abbado" title="Claudio Abbado">Claudio Abbado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Philharmoniker" class="mw-redirect" title="Berliner Philharmoniker">Berliner Philharmoniker</a></li> <li>1997, <a href="/wiki/Zden%C4%9Bk_M%C3%A1cal" title="Zdeněk Mácal">Zdeněk Mácal</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Symphony_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="New Jersey Symphony Orchestra">New Jersey Symphony Orchestra</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rimsky-Korsakov's_fantasy:_Night_on_Bald_Mountain_(1886)"><span id="Rimsky-Korsakov.27s_fantasy:_Night_on_Bald_Mountain_.281886.29"></span>Rimsky-Korsakov's fantasy: <i>Night on Bald Mountain</i> (1886)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Rimsky-Korsakov's fantasy: Night on Bald Mountain (1886)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1905_Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1905_Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-1905_Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1905_Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-1905_Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1905_Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-1905_Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption>Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition_history_4">Composition history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Composition history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the years after Mussorgsky's death, his friends prepared his manuscripts for publication and created performing editions of his unfinished works to enable them to enter the repertoire. The majority of the editorial work was done by <a href="/wiki/Rimsky-Korsakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a>, who in 1886 produced a redacted edition of <i>Night on Bald Mountain</i> from the <i>Dream Vision of the Peasant Lad</i> <a href="/wiki/Vocal_score" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal score">vocal score</a>. Rimsky-Korsakov discusses his work on the piece, designated a "fantasy for orchestra", in his memoirs, <i>Chronicle of My Musical Life</i> (1909): </p> <blockquote> <p>During the season of 1882/83, I continued working on <i><a href="/wiki/Khovanshchina" title="Khovanshchina">Khovanshchina</a></i> and other compositions of Mussorgsky's. <i>A Night on Bald Mountain</i> was the only thing I could not find my way with. Originally composed in the sixties under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a>'s <i>Danse Macabre</i> (<a href="/wiki/Totentanz_(Liszt)" title="Totentanz (Liszt)">Totentanz</a>) for the piano with accompaniment of orchestra, this piece (then called <i>St. John's Eve</i>, and both severely and justly criticized by <a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a>) had long been utterly neglected by its author, gathering dust among his unfinished works. When composing <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Gedeonov" title="Stepan Gedeonov">Gedeonov</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mlada" title="Mlada">Mlada</a></i>, Mussorgsky had made use of the material to be found in <i>Night</i>, and, introducing singing into it, had written the scene of <a href="/wiki/Chernobog" class="mw-redirect" title="Chernobog">Chernobog</a> on Mount Triglav. That was the second form of the same piece in substance. Its third form had developed in his composing of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fair_at_Sorochyntsi" title="The Fair at Sorochyntsi">Sorochintsï Fair</a></i>, when Mussorgsky conceived the queer and incoherent idea of making the peasant lad, without rhyme or reason, see the sabbath of devilry in a dream, which was to form a sort of stage intermezzo that did not chime at all with the rest of the scenario of <i>Sorochintsy Fair</i>. This time the piece ended with the ringing of the village church bell, at the sounds of which the frightened evil spirits vanished. Tranquility and dawn were built on the theme of the peasant lad himself, who had seen the fantastic dream. In working on Mussorgsky's piece, I made use of its last version for the purpose of closing the composition. Now then, the first form of the piece was for piano solo with orchestra; the second form and the third, vocal compositions and for the stage, into the bargain (unorchestrated). None of these forms was fit to be published and performed. With Mussorgsky's material as a basis, I decided to create an instrumental piece by retaining all of the author's best and coherent material, adding the fewest possible interpolations of my own. It was necessary to create a form in which Mussorgsky's ideas would mould in the best fashion. It was a difficult task, of which the satisfactory solution baffled me for two years, though in the other works of Mussorgsky I had got on with comparative ease. I had been unable to get at either form, modulation, or orchestration, and the piece lay inert until the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERimsky-Korsakov1923261–262_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERimsky-Korsakov1923261–262-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Russian original</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <p>«В сезоне 1882/83 года я продолжал работу над «Хованщиной» и другими сочинениями Мусоргского. Не давалась мне только «Ночь на Лысой горе». Сочиненная первоначально в 60-х годах под влиянием листовского «Danse macabre» для фортепиано с сопровождением оркестра, пьеса эта (называвшаяся в то время «Ивановой ночью» и подвергшаяся суровой и справедливой критике Балакирева) была надолго совершенно заброшена автором и лежала без движения среди его «inachevé». При сочинении гедеоновской «Млады» Мусоргский воспользовался имеющимся в «Ночи» материалом и, введя туда пение, написал сцену Чернобога на горе Триглаве. Это был второй вид той же пьесы по существу. Третий вид ее образовался при сочинении «Сорочйнской ярмарки», когда Мусоргскому пришла странная и несуразная мысль заставить парубка, ни с того ни с сего, увидеть шабаш чертовщины во сне, что должно было составить некое сценическое интермеццо, отнюдь не вяжущееся со всем остальным сценариумом «Сорочинской ярмарки». На этот раз пьеса оканчивалась звоном колокола деревенской церкви, при звуках которого испуганная нечистая сила исчезала. Успокоение и рассвет были построены на теме самого парубка, видевшего фантастическое сновидение. При работе над пьесой Мусоргского я воспользовался последним вариантом для заключения сочинения. Итак, первый вид пьесы был solo фортепиано с оркестром, второй и третий вид – вокальное произведение, и притом сценическое (не оркестрованное). Ни один из видов этих не годился для издания и исполнения. Я решился создать из материала Мусоргского инструментальную пьесу, сохранив в ней все, что было лучшего и связного у автора, и добавляя своего по возможности менее. Надо было создать форму, в которую уложились бы наилучшим способом мысли Мусоргского. Задача была трудная, удовлетворительно разрешить которую мне не удавалось в течение двух лет, между тем как с другими сочинениями Мусоргского я справился сравнительно легко. Не давались мне ни форма, ни модуляции, ни оркестровка, и пьеса лежала без движения до следующего года.» </p> </div></div></blockquote> <p>Rimsky-Korsakov made "corrections" typical of him, as he did with <i><a href="/wiki/Khovanshchina" title="Khovanshchina">Khovanshchina</a></i>, and was later to do with <i><a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov_(opera)" title="Boris Godunov (opera)">Boris Godunov</a></i>, preserving the general thematic structure, but adding or omitting bars, and making modifications to melody, harmony, rhythm, and dynamics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance_history_3">Performance history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Performance history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Night_on_the_Bare_Mountain_Score_Title_Page_Bessel_1886a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Night_on_the_Bare_Mountain_Score_Title_Page_Bessel_1886a.jpg/220px-Night_on_the_Bare_Mountain_Score_Title_Page_Bessel_1886a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Night_on_the_Bare_Mountain_Score_Title_Page_Bessel_1886a.jpg/330px-Night_on_the_Bare_Mountain_Score_Title_Page_Bessel_1886a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Night_on_the_Bare_Mountain_Score_Title_Page_Bessel_1886a.jpg/440px-Night_on_the_Bare_Mountain_Score_Title_Page_Bessel_1886a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="998" /></a><figcaption>Title page of Rimsky-Korsakov's edition, published by <a href="/wiki/V._Bessel_and_Co." title="V. Bessel and Co.">V. Bessel and Co.</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Rimsky-Korsakov's edition was completed in 1886, and published in the same year by <a href="/wiki/V._Bessel_and_Co." title="V. Bessel and Co.">V. Bessel and Co.</a> It received its premiere on 15 October 1886 in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>'s Kononov Hall, performed by the orchestra of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Symphony_Concerts" title="Russian Symphony Concerts">Russian Symphony Concerts</a>. Rimsky-Korsakov conducted the performance himself, and gives the following account of it in his memoirs, <i>Chronicle of My Musical Life</i> (1909): </p> <blockquote> <p>The orchestration of <i>A Night on Bald Mountain</i>, which had baffled me so long, was finished for the concerts of [the 1886/87] season, and the piece, given by me at the first concert in a manner that could not be improved upon, was demanded again and again with unanimity. Only a tam-tam had to be substituted for the bell; the one I selected at the bell-store proved to be off pitch in the hall, owing to a change in temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERimsky-Korsakov1923281–282_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERimsky-Korsakov1923281–282-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>The Western European premiere performance of his edition was likely the one described further on: </p> <blockquote> <p>In the summer of 1889, the <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1889)" title="Exposition Universelle (1889)">Universal Exposition</a> took place. <a href="/wiki/Mitrofan_Belyayev" title="Mitrofan Belyayev">Belyayev</a> decided to give there two symphonic concerts of Russian music at the <a href="/wiki/Trocad%C3%A9ro,_Paris" title="Trocadéro, Paris">Trocadéro</a>, under my direction... The concerts were set for Saturdays 22 and 29 June, new style. Upon our arrival in Paris, rehearsals commenced. The orchestra, which proved to be excellent, the men being amiable and painstaking, had been borrowed from <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Colonne" title="Édouard Colonne">Colonne</a>. Their playing in the concerts was fine... The success was considerable, with plenty of applause, but the attendance was not large.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERimsky-Korsakov1923301–302_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERimsky-Korsakov1923301–302-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p><i>Night on Bald Mountain</i> was performed at the second concert, on 29 June 1889, where it followed <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a>'s 'Polovtsian Dances' and 'Polovtsian March' from <i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Igor" title="Prince Igor">Prince Igor</a></i> in the second half of the program.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERimsky-Korsakov1923471_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERimsky-Korsakov1923471-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rimsky-Korsakov later mentions another performance of the piece, taking place on 25 April 1890, at the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Monnaie" class="mw-redirect" title="Théâtre de la Monnaie">Théâtre de la Monnaie</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERimsky-Korsakov1923306_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERimsky-Korsakov1923306-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Modest_Mussorgsky_-_night_on_bald_mountain.ogg" title="File:Modest Mussorgsky - night on bald mountain.ogg"><i>Night on Bald Mountain</i><br />(Rimsky-Korsakov edition, 1886)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="734" data-mwtitle="Modest_Mussorgsky_-_night_on_bald_mountain.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Modest_Mussorgsky_-_night_on_bald_mountain.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/Modest_Mussorgsky_-_night_on_bald_mountain.ogg/Modest_Mussorgsky_-_night_on_bald_mountain.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Performed by the Skidmore College Orchestra.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instrumentation_2">Instrumentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Instrumentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Strings:</i> <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">violas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cellos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double basses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a></li> <li><i>Woodwinds:</i> <a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolo</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Western_concert_flute" title="Western concert flute">flutes</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboes</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinets</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoons</a></li> <li><i>Brass:</i> 4 <a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">French horns</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpets</a>, 3 <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuba" title="Tuba">tuba</a></li> <li><i>Percussion:</i> <a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">timpani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">cymbals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tam-tam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tam-tam">tam-tam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tubular_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubular bell">bell</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Program_5">Program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following program is printed in Rimsky-Korsakov's edition of <i>Night on Bald Mountain</i>, published in 1886 by <a href="/wiki/V._Bessel_and_Co." title="V. Bessel and Co.">V. Bessel and Co.</a>: </p> <blockquote> <p>Subterranean sounds of non-human voices. Appearance of the spirits of darkness, followed by that of Chernobog. Glorification of Chernobog and <a href="/wiki/Black_Mass" title="Black Mass">Black Service</a>. Sabbath. At the height of the sabbath, the distant ringing of a village church bell is heard; it disperses the spirits of darkness. Morning.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leopold_Stokowski's_arrangement:_Night_on_Bald_Mountain_(1940)"><span id="Leopold_Stokowski.27s_arrangement:_Night_on_Bald_Mountain_.281940.29"></span>Leopold Stokowski's arrangement: <i>Night on Bald Mountain</i> (1940)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Leopold Stokowski's arrangement: Night on Bald Mountain (1940)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leopold_Stokowski_LOC_26447u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Leopold_Stokowski_LOC_26447u.jpg/170px-Leopold_Stokowski_LOC_26447u.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Leopold_Stokowski_LOC_26447u.jpg/255px-Leopold_Stokowski_LOC_26447u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Leopold_Stokowski_LOC_26447u.jpg/340px-Leopold_Stokowski_LOC_26447u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3064" data-file-height="4219" /></a><figcaption>Leopold Stokowski</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition_history_5">Composition history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Composition history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Millions of 20th-century listeners owe their initial acquaintance with Mussorgsky's tone poem to <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a>'s version, specially produced for <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a>'s 1940 film <i><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(1940_film)" title="Fantasia (1940 film)">Fantasia</a></i>. Stokowski stated that he based it on the <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a> arrangement in form and content (though notably without the "fanfare" that marks the entrance of <a href="/wiki/Chernobog_and_Belobog" title="Chernobog and Belobog">Chernobog</a>), but on Mussorgsky's original in orchestration. However, like Rimsky-Korsakov, Stokowski had no copy of the original tone poem from 1867, so he did what he felt Mussorgsky would have done, being somewhat familiar with Mussorgsky's style. Stokowski had conducted the U.S. premiere of the original version of <i><a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov_(opera)" title="Boris Godunov (opera)">Boris Godunov</a></i> in 1929, and subsequently produced a symphonic synthesis of <i>Boris</i> for concert purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the success of <i>Fantasia</i>, Rimsky-Korsakov's orchestration remains the concert favorite, and the one most often programmed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instrumentation_3">Instrumentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Instrumentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Strings:</i> <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">violas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cellos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double basses</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harps</a></li> <li><i>Woodwinds:</i> 2 <a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolos</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flutes</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboes</a>, 1 <a href="/wiki/Cor_anglais" title="Cor anglais">cor anglais</a>, 1 <a href="/wiki/E-flat_clarinet" title="E-flat clarinet">E-flat clarinet</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinets</a>, 1 <a href="/wiki/Bass_clarinet" title="Bass clarinet">bass clarinet</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoons</a>, 1 <a href="/wiki/Contrabassoon" title="Contrabassoon">contrabassoon</a></li> <li><i>Brass:</i> 5 <a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">french horns</a>, 4 <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpets</a>, 4 <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombones</a>, 1 <a href="/wiki/Tuba" title="Tuba">tuba</a></li> <li><i>Percussion:</i> <a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">timpani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">snare drum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">cymbals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">xylophone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tam-tam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tam-tam">tam-tam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tubular_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubular bell">bell</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recordings_3">Recordings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Recordings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1940, Leopold Stokowski, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestra" title="Philadelphia Orchestra">Philadelphia Orchestra</a></li> <li>1953, Stokowski, "His Symphony Orchestra"</li> <li>1967, Stokowski, <a href="/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra" title="London Symphony Orchestra">London Symphony Orchestra</a></li> <li>1986, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Kunzel" title="Erich Kunzel">Erich Kunzel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Pops_Orchestra" title="Cincinnati Pops Orchestra">Cincinnati Pops Orchestra</a></li> <li>1995, James Sedares, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Symphony_Orchestra" title="New Zealand Symphony Orchestra">New Zealand Symphony Orchestra</a></li> <li>1996, <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Bamert" title="Matthias Bamert">Matthias Bamert</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Philharmonic" title="BBC Philharmonic">BBC Philharmonic</a></li> <li>2004, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Knussen" title="Oliver Knussen">Oliver Knussen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Orchestra" title="Cleveland Orchestra">Cleveland Orchestra</a></li> <li>2005, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Serebrier" title="José Serebrier">José Serebrier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra">Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_arrangements">Other arrangements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Other arrangements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the climax of the 1939 film version of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)">The Wizard of Oz</a></i>, an arrangement of the piece is heard, while the <a href="/wiki/Wicked_Witch_of_the_West" title="Wicked Witch of the West">Wicked Witch of the West</a> pursues <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Gale" title="Dorothy Gale">Dorothy Gale</a> and her friends. </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_Shire" title="David Shire">David Shire</a> arranged an orchestral <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a> adaptation, "Night on Disco Mountain", for the 1977 motion picture <i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fever" title="Saturday Night Fever">Saturday Night Fever</a></i>. The arrangement was released as part of <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fever_(soundtrack)" title="Saturday Night Fever (soundtrack)">the film's soundtrack</a>. "Night on Disco Mountain" is based on the first portion of Mussorgsky's composition, complementing the composer's unusual selection of instruments with "<a href="/wiki/Wah-wah_pedal" title="Wah-wah pedal">wah-wah electric guitar</a> solo, synthesized bells, a constantly throbbing electric bass, hi-hat, snare drum, and a variety of exotic bongos and percussion instruments", "various studio sound effects", and "an otherworldly synthesized chorus".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German <a href="/wiki/Progressive_metal" title="Progressive metal">progressive</a> <a href="/wiki/Thrash_metal" title="Thrash metal">thrash metal</a> band <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta_(band)" title="Mekong Delta (band)">Mekong Delta</a> features a cover of the piece on their fourth studio album, <i><a href="/wiki/Dances_of_Death_(and_Other_Walking_Shadows)" title="Dances of Death (and Other Walking Shadows)">Dances of Death (and Other Walking Shadows)</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second main level of <a href="/wiki/Earthworm_Jim_(video_game)" title="Earthworm Jim (video game)">Earthworm Jim</a> ("<i>What the Heck?</i>") opens with this theme.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a> game <i><a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Country_2:_Diddy_Kong%27s_Quest" class="mw-redirect" title="Donkey Kong Country 2: Diddy Kong's Quest"> Donkey Kong Country 2</a></i> has a version of the song called "Haunted Chase" in the level "Haunted Hall". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yoko_Shimomura" title="Yoko Shimomura">Yoko Shimomura</a> arranged a version of the piece for the international release of the 2002 video game <i><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Hearts_(video_game)" title="Kingdom Hearts (video game)">Kingdom Hearts</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Re-arrangements of that version were then used in <i><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Hearts_3D:_Dream_Drop_Distance" title="Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance">Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Hearts_HD_1.5_Remix" title="Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix">Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A section of the piece is found in the 2014 video game <i><a href="/wiki/Skylanders:_Trap_Team" title="Skylanders: Trap Team">Skylanders: Trap Team</a></i> during the final boss fight with the villain Kaos. </p><p>A version of the piece was arranged for the game <i><a href="/wiki/The_End_Is_Nigh_(video_game)" title="The End Is Nigh (video game)">The End Is Nigh</a></i> titled <i>Golgotha – Night On Bald Mountain (Mussorgsky 1867)</i> by video game composer team Ridiculon (Matthias Bossi and Jon Evans).<sup id="cite_ref-EndIsNigh_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EndIsNigh-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Russian dancer and choreographer <a href="/wiki/Igor_Moiseyev" title="Igor Moiseyev">Igor Moiseyev</a> also created a piece from variations of the same theme.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The piece appears in the 2022 film <i><a href="/wiki/Babylon_(2022_film)" title="Babylon (2022 film)">Babylon</a></i>. </p><p>The piece from <i>Fantasia</i> once again returns in the 2023 short <i><a href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Studio" title="Once Upon a Studio">Once Upon a Studio</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In fact, the use of "the" in this context changes "Bald Mountain" from a proper noun, referring to a particular place, to a common noun, which might refer to any mountain fitting the description.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russian: «Подземный гулъ нечеловѣчeскихъ голосовъ. Появление духовъ тьмы и, вследъ за ними, Чернобога. Величаніе Чернобога и Черная Служба. Шабашъ. Въ самомъ разгарѣ шабаша, раздаются отдаленные удары колокола деревенской церкви; они разсѣеваютъ духовъ тьмы. Утро.»</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvocoressi195678-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvocoressi195678_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalvocoressi1956">Calvocoressi 1956</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvocoressiAbraham197421-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvocoressiAbraham197421_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalvocoressiAbraham1974">Calvocoressi & Abraham 1974</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calvocoressi,_Abraham_p._175-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Calvocoressi,_Abraham_p._175_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calvocoressi,_Abraham_p._175_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalvocoressiAbraham1974">Calvocoressi & Abraham 1974</a>, p. 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvocoressi195631-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvocoressi195631_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalvocoressi1956">Calvocoressi 1956</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calvocoressi20-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Calvocoressi20_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calvocoressi20_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalvocoressiAbraham1974">Calvocoressi & Abraham 1974</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusorgskiy198427-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusorgskiy198427_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMusorgskiy1984">Musorgskiy 1984</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvocoressiAbraham197420-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvocoressiAbraham197420_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalvocoressiAbraham1974">Calvocoressi & Abraham 1974</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatalog">Catalog</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusorgskiy198473–74-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusorgskiy198473–74_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMusorgskiy1984">Musorgskiy 1984</a>, pp. 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd-Jones1974-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd-Jones1974_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLloyd-Jones1974">Lloyd-Jones 1974</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlova1991166-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlova1991166_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrlova1991">Orlova 1991</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvocoressi195674-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvocoressi195674_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalvocoressi1956">Calvocoressi 1956</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pipedreams.publicradio.org/listings/2003/0344/">"Peter Richard Conte and the Wanamaker Grand Court Organ"</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Public_Media" title="American Public Media">American Public Media</a>, October 2003, about a recording in July 2002 on Dorian DOR-90308</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvocoressi195611-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvocoressi195611_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalvocoressi1956">Calvocoressi 1956</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusorgskiy1971172–174-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusorgskiy1971172–174_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMusorgskiy1971">Musorgskiy 1971</a>, pp. 172–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvocoressiAbraham1974162-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvocoressiAbraham1974162_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalvocoressiAbraham1974">Calvocoressi & Abraham 1974</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusorgskiy1971154-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusorgskiy1971154_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMusorgskiy1971">Musorgskiy 1971</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERimsky-Korsakov1923261–262-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERimsky-Korsakov1923261–262_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRimsky-Korsakov1923">Rimsky-Korsakov 1923</a>, pp. 261–262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERimsky-Korsakov1923281–282-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERimsky-Korsakov1923281–282_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRimsky-Korsakov1923">Rimsky-Korsakov 1923</a>, pp. 281–282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERimsky-Korsakov1923301–302-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERimsky-Korsakov1923301–302_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRimsky-Korsakov1923">Rimsky-Korsakov 1923</a>, pp. 301–302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERimsky-Korsakov1923471-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERimsky-Korsakov1923471_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRimsky-Korsakov1923">Rimsky-Korsakov 1923</a>, p. 471.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERimsky-Korsakov1923306-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERimsky-Korsakov1923306_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRimsky-Korsakov1923">Rimsky-Korsakov 1923</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Serebrier, José, notes for Naxos 8.557645, <i>Mussorgsky-Stokowski Transcriptions</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod2006" class="citation journal cs1">McLeod, Ken (Autumn 2006). " 'A Fifth of Beethoven': Disco, Classical Music, and the Politics of Inclusion". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Music_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Music (journal)">American Music</a></i>. <b>24</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">347–</span>363, at 357, 358. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25046036">10.2307/25046036</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25046036">25046036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Music&rft.atitle=%26thinsp%3B%27A+Fifth+of+Beethoven%27%3A+Disco%2C+Classical+Music%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Inclusion&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E347-%3C%2Fspan%3E363%2C+at+357%2C+358&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25046036&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25046036%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McLeod&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANight+on+Bald+Mountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Cheal: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/bea5f36a-6389-11e5-9846-de406ccb37f2">"The Life of a Song: Night on Disco Mountain"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>, 2 October 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/75697/Mekong-Delta-Dances-of-Death-and-other-Walking-Shadows/">"Mekong Delta – Dances of Death (and other Walking Shadows)"</a>. Sputnikmusic<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mekong+Delta+%E2%80%93+Dances+of+Death+%28and+other+Walking+Shadows%29&rft.pub=Sputnikmusic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sputnikmusic.com%2Freview%2F75697%2FMekong-Delta-Dances-of-Death-and-other-Walking-Shadows%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANight+on+Bald+Mountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarner" class="citation web cs1">Garner, Katherine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rocketworm.com/classical.html">"Earthworm Jim Music"</a>. <i>Rocket Worm!</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rocket+Worm%21&rft.atitle=Earthworm+Jim+Music&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frocketworm.com%2Fclassical.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANight+on+Bald+Mountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vgmdb.net/album/295">"Kingdom Hearts – Final Mix – Additional Tracks"</a>. Video Game Music Database<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kingdom+Hearts+%E2%80%93+Final+Mix+%E2%80%93+Additional+Tracks&rft.pub=Video+Game+Music+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvgmdb.net%2Falbum%2F295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANight+on+Bald+Mountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vgmdb.net/album/31306">"Kingdom Hearts 3D [Dream Drop Distance] Original Soundtrack"</a>. Video Game Music Database<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kingdom+Hearts+3D+%5BDream+Drop+Distance%5D+Original+Soundtrack&rft.pub=Video+Game+Music+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvgmdb.net%2Falbum%2F31306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANight+on+Bald+Mountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vgmdb.net/album/48219">"Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 ReMIX – Original Soundtrack"</a>. Video Game Music Database<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kingdom+Hearts+HD+1.5+ReMIX+%E2%80%93+Original+Soundtrack&rft.pub=Video+Game+Music+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvgmdb.net%2Falbum%2F48219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANight+on+Bald+Mountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EndIsNigh-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EndIsNigh_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ridiculon.bandcamp.com/track/golgotha-night-on-bald-mountain-mussorgsky-1867">"Golgotha – Night On Bald Mountain (Mussorgsky 1867) from <i>The End Is Nigh</i>: OST by Ridiculon"</a>. Ridiculon / Bandcamp<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Golgotha+%E2%80%93+Night+On+Bald+Mountain+%28Mussorgsky+1867%29+from+The+End+Is+Nigh%3A+OST+by+Ridiculon&rft.pub=Ridiculon+%2F+Bandcamp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fridiculon.bandcamp.com%2Ftrack%2Fgolgotha-night-on-bald-mountain-mussorgsky-1867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANight+on+Bald+Mountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKisselgoff1986" class="citation news cs1">Kisselgoff, Anna (5 September 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/05/arts/dance-folk-ensemble-the-moiseyev-troupe.html">"Dance: Folk Ensemble, The Moiseyev Troupe"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dance%3A+Folk+Ensemble%2C+The+Moiseyev+Troupe&rft.date=1986-09-05&rft.aulast=Kisselgoff&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F09%2F05%2Farts%2Fdance-folk-ensemble-the-moiseyev-troupe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANight+on+Bald+Mountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvocoressi1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michel-Dimitri_Calvocoressi" title="Michel-Dimitri Calvocoressi">Calvocoressi, M.-D.</a> (1956). <i>Modest Mussorgsky: His Life and Works</i>. London: Rockliff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modest+Mussorgsky%3A+His+Life+and+Works&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Rockliff&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Calvocoressi&rft.aufirst=M.-D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANight+on+Bald+Mountain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvocoressiAbraham1974" class="citation book cs1">Calvocoressi, Michel-Dimitri; <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham, Gerald</a> (1974). <i>Mussorgsky</i>. Master Musicians Series. London: J. M. Dent & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussorgsky&rft.place=London&rft.series=Master+Musicians+Series&rft.pub=J.+M.+Dent+%26+Sons&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Calvocoressi&rft.aufirst=Michel-Dimitri&rft.au=Abraham%2C+Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANight+on+Bald+Mountain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFCatalog"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblio.conservatory.ru/Today/Public/Miller02.htm">Catalog of autographs of M. P. Mussorgsky</a> in the manuscript department of the St. Petersburg Conservatory [in Russian] (accessed December 26, 2007)</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFLloyd-Jones1974"><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd-Jones_(conductor)" title="David Lloyd-Jones (conductor)">Lloyd-Jones, D.</a>, notes to CD RD70405 (Mussorgsky: Orchestral and Choral works) RCA Records, 1974</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFMusorgskiy1971">Musorgskiy, M., <i>Literary Legacy (Literaturnoye naslediye)</i>, Orlova, A., Pekelis, M. (editors), Moscow: Muzïka (Music, publisher), 1971 [Мусоргский, М., <i>Литературное наследие</i>, Орлова, А., Пекелис, М., Москва: Музыка, 1971]</cite><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Shouldn't this be spelled Mussorgsky? (August 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFMusorgskiy1984">Musorgskiy, M., <i>M. P. Musorgskiy: Letters</i>, 2nd edition, Gordeyeva, Ye. (editor), Moscow: Muzïka (Music, publisher), 1984 [Мусоргский, М., <i>М. П. Мусоргский: Письма</i>, Гордеева, Е., Москва: Музыка, 1984]</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlova1991" class="citation book cs1">Orlova, Aleksandra (1991). <i>Musorgsky Remembered</i>. Translated by Zaytzeff, V.; Morrison, F. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musorgsky+Remembered&rft.place=Bloomington+and+Indianapolis&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Orlova&rft.aufirst=Aleksandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANight+on+Bald+Mountain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRimsky-Korsakov1923" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai</a> (1923). <i>Chronicle of My Musical Life</i>. Translated by Joffe, J. A. New York: Knopf.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicle+of+My+Musical+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Rimsky-Korsakov&rft.aufirst=Nikolai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANight+on+Bald+Mountain" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_on_Bald_Mountain&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Night_on_Bald_Mountain" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Night on Bald Mountain">Night on Bald Mountain</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Night_on_Bald_Mountain_(Mussorgsky,_Modest)" class="extiw" title="scores:Night on Bald Mountain (Mussorgsky, Modest)"><i>Night on Bald Mountain</i></a>: Scores at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Template:Modest Mussorgsky"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Template talk:Modest Mussorgsky"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modest Mussorgsky"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modest_Mussorgsky369" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Modest Mussorgsky</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Modest_Mussorgsky" title="List of compositions by Modest Mussorgsky">List of compositions</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4_(Mussorgsky)" title="Salammbô (Mussorgsky)"><i>Salammbô</i></a> (1866)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhenitba" title="Zhenitba">Zhenitba</a></i> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov_(opera)" title="Boris Godunov (opera)"><i>Boris Godunov</i></a> (1872) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov_discography" title="Boris Godunov discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mlada" title="Mlada">Mlada</a></i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khovanshchina" title="Khovanshchina">Khovanshchina</a></i> (1880)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fair_at_Sorochyntsi" title="The Fair at Sorochyntsi">The Fair at Sorochyntsi</a></i> (1880)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov_(1954_film)" title="Boris Godunov (1954 film)"><i>Boris Godunov</i> (1954 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khovanshchina_(film)" title="Khovanshchina (film)"><i>Khovanshchina</i> (1959 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov_(1989_film)" title="Boris Godunov (1989 film)"><i>Boris Godunov</i> (1989 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orchestral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Night on Bald Mountain</a></i> (1867, revised 1872 and 1880)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Piano</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pictures_at_an_Exhibition" title="Pictures at an Exhibition">Pictures at an Exhibition</a></i> (1874) <ul><li>Ravel orchestration (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictures_at_an_Exhibition_(Stokowski_orchestration)" title="Pictures at an Exhibition (Stokowski orchestration)">Stokowski orchestration (1939)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vocal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Destruction_of_Sennacherib_(choral_work)" title="The Destruction of Sennacherib (choral work)">The Destruction of Sennacherib</a></i> (1867)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nursery_(song_cycle)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nursery (song cycle)">The Nursery</a></i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunless_(song_cycle)" title="Sunless (song cycle)">Sunless</a></i> (1874)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songs_and_Dances_of_Death" title="Songs and Dances of Death">Songs and Dances of Death</a></i> (1877)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Night_(Mussorgsky_song)" title="Night (Mussorgsky song)">"Night"</a> (1864)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_the_Flea" class="mw-redirect" title="The Song of the Flea">The Song of the Flea</a>" (1879)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Namesakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1059_Mussorgskia" title="1059 Mussorgskia">1059 Mussorgskia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussorgskij_(crater)" title="Mussorgskij (crater)">Mussorgskij (crater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320_family" title="Airbus A320 family">Airbus A321 "M. Mussorgsky"</a> (number <a href="/wiki/File:Aeroflot_Airbus_A321-211_VP-BWP_Bidini.jpg" title="File:Aeroflot Airbus A321-211 VP-BWP Bidini.jpg">VP-BWP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_477983_Soviet_military_equipment_loaded_in_Rostock.jpg" title="File:RIAN archive 477983 Soviet military equipment loaded in Rostock.jpg">Ferry "Compositor Musorgskij"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urals_Mussorgsky_State_Conservatoire" title="Urals Mussorgsky State Conservatoire">Urals Mussorgsky State Conservatoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhailovsky_Theatre" title="Mikhailovsky Theatre">The St Petersburg Mussorgsky State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre — Mikhailovsky Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mussorgsky_(film)" title="Mussorgsky (film)"><i>Mussorgsky</i> (1950 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussorgsky_family" title="Mussorgsky family">Mussorgsky family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel-Dimitri_Calvocoressi" title="Michel-Dimitri Calvocoressi">Michel-Dimitri Calvocoressi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Category:Modest Mussorgsky">Category</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="sound icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/16px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/24px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/32px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Audio_files_of_music_by_Modest_Mussorgsky" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Audio files of music by Modest Mussorgsky">Audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(franchise)" title="Fantasia (franchise)">Fantasia</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(1940_film)" title="Fantasia (1940 film)">Fantasia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_2000" title="Fantasia 2000">Fantasia 2000</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_2000_(soundtrack)" title="Fantasia 2000 (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conductors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a> (<i>Fantasia</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Kostal" title="Irwin Kostal">Irwin Kostal</a> (1982 digital re-recording)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Levine" title="James Levine">James Levine</a> (<i>Fantasia 2000</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orchestras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestra" title="Philadelphia Orchestra">Philadelphia Orchestra</a> (<i>Fantasia</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Chicago Symphony Orchestra">Chicago Symphony Orchestra</a> (<i>Fantasia 2000</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Segments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Fantasia</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toccata_and_Fugue_in_D_minor,_BWV_565" title="Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 565">Toccata and Fugue in D minor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nutcracker" title="The Nutcracker">The Nutcracker Suite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sorcerer%27s_Apprentice_(Dukas)" title="The Sorcerer's Apprentice (Dukas)">The Sorcerer's Apprentice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Beethoven)">Symphony No. 6 (Beethoven)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dance_of_the_Hours" title="Dance of the Hours">Dance of the Hours</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Night on Bald Mountain</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Ave_Maria_(Schubert)" title="Ave Maria (Schubert)">Ave Maria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Fantasia 2000</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)">Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pines_of_Rome" title="Pines of Rome">Pines of Rome</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_in_Blue" title="Rhapsody in Blue">Rhapsody in Blue</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._2_(Shostakovich)" title="Piano Concerto No. 2 (Shostakovich)">Piano Concerto No. 2 (Shostakovich)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Carnival_of_the_Animals" title="The Carnival of the Animals">The Carnival of the Animals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sorcerer%27s_Apprentice_(Dukas)" title="The Sorcerer's Apprentice (Dukas)">The Sorcerer's Apprentice</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomp_and_Circumstance_Marches" title="Pomp and Circumstance Marches">Pomp and Circumstance Marches</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird Suite</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Fantasia_(franchise)_characters" title="List of Fantasia (franchise) characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mouse" title="Mickey Mouse">Mickey Mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Duck" title="Donald Duck">Donald Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Duck" title="Daisy Duck">Daisy Duck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sorcerer%27s_Apprentice_(Atari_2600)" title="Sorcerer's Apprentice (Atari 2600)">Sorcerer's Apprentice</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(video_game)" title="Fantasia (video game)">Fantasia</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantasia:_Music_Evolved" title="Fantasia: Music Evolved">Fantasia: Music Evolved</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Related7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Hearts" title="Kingdom Hearts">Kingdom Hearts</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Hearts_3D:_Dream_Drop_Distance" title="Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance">Dream Drop Distance</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epic_Mickey" title="Epic Mickey">Epic Mickey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Disney_Magical_World" title="Disney Magical World">Disney Magical World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Disney_Infinity_(video_game)" title="Disney Infinity (video game)">Disney Infinity</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Corny_Concerto" title="A Corny Concerto">A Corny Concerto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gumbasia" title="Gumbasia">Gumbasia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Allegro_Non_Troppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegro Non Troppo">Allegro Non Troppo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantasmic!" title="Fantasmic!">Fantasmic!</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorcerer%27s_Hat" title="Sorcerer's Hat">Sorcerer's Hat</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mickey%27s_PhilharMagic" title="Mickey's PhilharMagic">Mickey's PhilharMagic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_Gardens" title="Fantasia Gardens">Fantasia Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasound" title="Fantasound">Fantasound</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Destino" title="Destino">Destino</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_(film)" title="Lorenzo (film)">Lorenzo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_by_One_(2004_film)" title="One by One (2004 film)">One by One</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Matchgirl_(2006_film)" title="The Little Matchgirl (2006 film)">The Little Matchgirl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sorcerer%27s_Apprentice_(2010_film)" title="The Sorcerer's Apprentice (2010 film)">The Sorcerer's Apprentice</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Studio" title="Once Upon a Studio">Once Upon a Studio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_(TV_series)" title="Once Upon a Time (TV series)">Once Upon a Time</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_(season_4)" class="mw-redirect" title="Once Upon a Time (season 4)">season 4</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Pieces" title="Ten Pieces">Ten Pieces</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deems_Taylor" title="Deems Taylor">Deems Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fantasia_(franchise)" title="Category:Fantasia (franchise)">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/21px-Audio_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/32px-Audio_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/42px-Audio_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Classical music</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285976#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1618" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285976#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1618" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285976#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/184285928">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/183847786">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/300113056">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82040734">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb140107198">France</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb140142500">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb140107198">BnF data</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb140142500">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35528885">Australia</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36033161">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007605626305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513453106706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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