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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Halligen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Halligen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>List of Halligen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Halligen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Halligen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halligen" title="Halligen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Halligen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%86" title="هاليجن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هاليجن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halligen" title="Halligen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Halligen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Halligen" title="Die Halligen – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Die Halligen" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallig" title="Hallig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hallig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallig" title="Hallig – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hallig" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallig" title="Hallig – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hallig" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haligo" title="Haligo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Haligo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallig" title="Hallig – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hallig" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halligen" title="Halligen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Halligen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallig" title="Hallig – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hallig" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Халиг – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Халиг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halligen" title="Halligen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Halligen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Halgen" title="A Halgen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="A Halgen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallig" title="Hallig – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hallig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallig" title="Hallig – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hallig" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Халлиген – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Халлиген" 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Halligen&params=54_34_N_8_39_E_region:DE_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°34′N</span> <span class="longitude">8°39′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.567°N 8.650°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.567; 8.650</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Islands off the Danish/German coast</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129712854">.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-title-embed{background-color:#efefef;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Halligen</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="ib-islands-native">Native name: <div class="nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Halligen</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">Halliger</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>)</span></li></ul></div></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nordfriesisches_Wattenmeer_D_und_DK-en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Nordfriesisches_Wattenmeer_D_und_DK-en.png/260px-Nordfriesisches_Wattenmeer_D_und_DK-en.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="637" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Nordfriesisches_Wattenmeer_D_und_DK-en.png/390px-Nordfriesisches_Wattenmeer_D_und_DK-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Nordfriesisches_Wattenmeer_D_und_DK-en.png/520px-Nordfriesisches_Wattenmeer_D_und_DK-en.png 2x" data-file-width="1797" data-file-height="4404" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">North Frisian and <a href="/wiki/Danish_Wadden_Sea_Islands" title="Danish Wadden Sea Islands">Danish Wadden Sea Islands</a> with Halligen (darker green)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="7" data-overlays="["_ac4d81b221486a505da0345614aac8dcf5ce57a0"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,7,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Halligen&revid=1274289512&groups=_ac4d81b221486a505da0345614aac8dcf5ce57a0" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,7,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Halligen&revid=1274289512&groups=_ac4d81b221486a505da0345614aac8dcf5ce57a0 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Halligen&params=54_34_N_8_39_E_region:DE_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°34′N</span> <span class="longitude">8°39′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.567°N 8.650°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.567; 8.650</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total islands</th><td class="infobox-data">13</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Administration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div><b>Germany, Denmark</b></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">about 291</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Halligen</b></i> (German, singular <i><b>Hallig</b></i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈhalɪç]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/98\/De-Hallig.ogg\/De-Hallig.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Hallig.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/De-Hallig.ogg/De-Hallig.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Hallig.ogg" title="File:De-Hallig.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>) or the <i><b>halliger</b></i> (Danish, singular <i><b>hallig</b></i>) are small islands without protective <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">dikes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_March_2020_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_March_2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are variously pluralized in English as the Halligen, Halligs, Hallig islands, or Halligen islands. There are ten <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> <i>halligen</i> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_Islands" title="North Frisian Islands">North Frisian Islands</a> on <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a>–<a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> coast in the district of <a href="/wiki/Nordfriesland" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordfriesland">Nordfriesland</a><sup id="cite_ref-Walker_Jan_2020_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_Jan_2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one remaining hallig at the west coast of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Langli_(island)" title="Langli (island)">Langli</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming">Naming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halligen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name is cognate to Old-English <i>halh</i>, meaning "slightly raised ground isolated by marsh".<sup id="cite_ref-Stiles_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stiles-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The very existence of the <i>halligen</i> is a result of frequent floods and poor coastal protection. The floods were much more common in the Middle Ages and coastal protection was much poorer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aspects">Aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halligen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>halligen</i> have areas ranging from 7 to 956 ha, and are often former parts of the <a href="/wiki/Mainland" title="Mainland">mainland</a>, separated therefrom by <a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">storm tide</a> <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>. Some are parts of once much bigger islands sundered by the same forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_Dec_2019_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_Dec_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some, owing to sediment deposition, have actually grown together to form larger ones. <a href="/wiki/Langene%C3%9F" title="Langeneß">Langeneß</a> (or Langeness) includes a former island by that same name, and two others that were called Nordmarsch and Butwehl. </p><p>Dwellings and commercial buildings are built upon metre-high, man-made mounds, called <i><a href="/wiki/Artificial_dwelling_hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial dwelling hill">Warften</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Artificial_dwelling_hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial dwelling hill">Værft</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, to guard against storm tides. Some <i>halligen</i> also have overflow dikes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Not very many people live on the <i>halligen</i>. Their livelihoods are mainly based on <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>, coastal protection, and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>. This last activity mainly involves raising <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> in the fertile, often flooded, <a href="/wiki/Salt_meadow" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt meadow">salt meadows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-andresen_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andresen-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-adam_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adam-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>halligen</i> are to be found in the <a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea_National_Parks" title="Wadden Sea National Parks">Schleswig-Holsteinisches Wattenmeer National Park</a>. The commercially developed <i>halligen</i> of <a href="/wiki/Nordstrandischmoor" title="Nordstrandischmoor">Nordstrandischmoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B6de" title="Gröde">Gröde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oland_(Frisian_island)" title="Oland (Frisian island)">Oland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langene%C3%9F" title="Langeneß">Langeneß</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hooge_(hallig)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hooge (hallig)">Hooge</a> are surrounded by the protected area, but not an integral part of it. The smaller <i>halligen</i>, <a href="/wiki/Hallig_Habel" title="Hallig Habel">Habel</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdfall" title="Südfall">Südfall</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCderoog" title="Süderoog">Süderoog</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norderoog" title="Norderoog">Norderoog</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Hamburger_Hallig" title="Hamburger Hallig">Hamburger Hallig</a> are parts of the national park. Walks on the <a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">tidal flats</a> and informational meetings are offered by tourist boards and the park administration. </p><p>In the west the German <i>halligen</i> are protected from the open sea by the <a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_Barrier_Island" title="North Frisian Barrier Island">North Frisian Barrier Island</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halligen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 280px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Halligen_1650.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Halligen area around 1650 on a map by Johannes Mejer"><img alt="The Halligen area around 1650 on a map by Johannes Mejer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Halligen_1650.png/232px-Halligen_1650.png" decoding="async" width="232" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Halligen_1650.png/348px-Halligen_1650.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Halligen_1650.png/464px-Halligen_1650.png 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="948" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Halligen area around 1650 on a map by Johannes Mejer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 280px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Halligen_1858.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The North Frisian Halligen area around 1850, showing changes"><img alt="The North Frisian Halligen area around 1850, showing changes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Halligen_1858.png/250px-Halligen_1858.png" decoding="async" width="213" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Halligen_1858.png/330px-Halligen_1858.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Halligen_1858.png/500px-Halligen_1858.png 2x" data-file-width="2368" data-file-height="2784" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The North Frisian Halligen area around 1850, showing changes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 280px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1895_Alberts_Bl%C3%BChende_Hallig_anagoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A hallig: the salt meadow in bloom"><img alt="A hallig: the salt meadow in bloom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/1895_Alberts_Bl%C3%BChende_Hallig_anagoria.JPG/250px-1895_Alberts_Bl%C3%BChende_Hallig_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/1895_Alberts_Bl%C3%BChende_Hallig_anagoria.JPG/375px-1895_Alberts_Bl%C3%BChende_Hallig_anagoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/1895_Alberts_Bl%C3%BChende_Hallig_anagoria.JPG/500px-1895_Alberts_Bl%C3%BChende_Hallig_anagoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A hallig: the <a href="/wiki/Salt_meadow" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt meadow">salt meadow</a> in bloom</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 280px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1906_Eckner_Halligwarft_w%C3%A4hrend_einer_Sturmflut_anagoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexander Eckener: Warft of a Hallig during a storm tide, 1906"><img alt="Alexander Eckener: Warft of a Hallig during a storm tide, 1906" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/1906_Eckner_Halligwarft_w%C3%A4hrend_einer_Sturmflut_anagoria.JPG/250px-1906_Eckner_Halligwarft_w%C3%A4hrend_einer_Sturmflut_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/1906_Eckner_Halligwarft_w%C3%A4hrend_einer_Sturmflut_anagoria.JPG/500px-1906_Eckner_Halligwarft_w%C3%A4hrend_einer_Sturmflut_anagoria.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3485" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Eckener" title="Alexander Eckener">Alexander Eckener</a>: <i>Warft of a Hallig during a storm tide</i>, 1906</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 280px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:30_Halligbahn_1984_(15528408194).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dagebüll hallig railway, flooded, in 1984"><img alt="Dagebüll hallig railway, flooded, in 1984" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/30_Halligbahn_1984_%2815528408194%29.jpg/250px-30_Halligbahn_1984_%2815528408194%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/30_Halligbahn_1984_%2815528408194%29.jpg/500px-30_Halligbahn_1984_%2815528408194%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="6480" data-file-height="4191" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dageb%C3%BCll%E2%80%93Oland%E2%80%93Langene%C3%9F_island_railway" title="Dagebüll–Oland–Langeneß island railway">Dagebüll hallig railway</a>, flooded, in 1984 </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Halligen">List of Halligen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halligen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: List of Halligen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Currently, there are 10 <i>halligen</i> in Germany. The following list does not include formerly existing Halligen that have either vanished or merged with current <i>halligen</i> or the mainland: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langene%C3%9F" title="Langeneß">Langeneß</a> – 956 ha, 16 <a href="/wiki/Artificial_dwelling_hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial dwelling hill"><i>Warften</i></a>, about 110 inhabitants. <a href="/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow gauge railway">Narrow gauge railway</a> connection to Oland (over <a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">causeway</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooge_(hallig)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hooge (hallig)">Hooge</a> – 574 ha, 10 <i>Warften</i>, about 120 inhabitants.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B6de" title="Gröde">Gröde</a> – 277 ha, 2 <i>Warften</i>, 11 inhabitants.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordstrandischmoor" title="Nordstrandischmoor">Nordstrandischmoor</a>; 175 ha, 4 <i>Warften</i>, 18 inhabitants. <a href="/wiki/One-room_school" title="One-room school">One-room schoolhouse</a>. Narrow gauge railway connection to mainland.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oland_(German_island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oland (German island)">Oland</a> – 96 ha, 1 <i>Warft</i>, about 30 inhabitants. Narrow gauge railway connection to mainland and Langeneß.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCderoog" title="Süderoog">Süderoog</a> – 60 ha, 1 <i>Warft</i>, 2 inhabitants.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdfall" title="Südfall">Südfall</a> – 50 ha, 1 <i>Warft</i>, bird sanctuary.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburger_Hallig" title="Hamburger Hallig">Hamburger Hallig</a> – 50 ha, 2 <i>Warften</i>, uninhabited, inn occupied in summer, joined to the mainland by a 4 km-long causeway and a <a href="/wiki/Polder" title="Polder">polder</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norderoog" title="Norderoog">Norderoog</a> – 9 ha, no <i>Warften</i>, bird sanctuary tended year-round.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallig_Habel" title="Hallig Habel">Habel</a> – 3.6 ha, 1 <i>Warft</i>, uninhabited, bird sanctuary occupied in summer.</li></ul> <p>On the <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> side, one still exists: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langli_(island)" title="Langli (island)">Langli</a></li></ul> <p>Also Danish <a href="/wiki/Mand%C3%B8" title="Mandø">Mandø</a> used to be a hallig, but it has dikes today. The German peninsula and former island of <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer_Werder_(Zingst)" title="Großer Werder (Zingst)">Großer Werder</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> coast is also nicknamed "Baltic Hallig" (<i>Ostsee-Hallig</i>) due to its remote situation and appearance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halligen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Denmark" title="List of islands of Denmark">List of islands of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Germany" title="List of islands of Germany">List of islands of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_island" title="Tidal island">Tidal island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthlande" title="Uthlande">Uthlande</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halligen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Walker_March_2020-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walker_March_2020_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWalker2020" class="citation web cs1">Walker, Tamsin (2020-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/hallig-flooding-nature-the-german-islands-that-vanish-beneath-the-sea-a-50621648/a-50621648">"The German islands that regularly vanish beneath the sea"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224093513/https://www.dw.com/en/hallig-flooding-nature-the-german-islands-that-vanish-beneath-the-sea-a-50621648/a-50621648">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle+%28www.dw.com%29&rft.atitle=The+German+islands+that+regularly+vanish+beneath+the+sea&rft.date=2020-03-01&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Tamsin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fhallig-flooding-nature-the-german-islands-that-vanish-beneath-the-sea-a-50621648%2Fa-50621648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalligen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker_Jan_2020-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walker_Jan_2020_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalker2020" class="citation web cs1">Walker, Tamsin (2020-01-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/germany-north-sea-hallig-islands-climate-change-storms/a-50628748">"Will Germany's vanishing Hallig islands survive rising seas?"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224093504/https://www.dw.com/en/germany-north-sea-hallig-islands-climate-change-storms/a-50628748">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle+%28www.dw.com%29&rft.atitle=Will+Germany%27s+vanishing+Hallig+islands+survive+rising+seas%3F&rft.date=2020-01-14&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Tamsin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fgermany-north-sea-hallig-islands-climate-change-storms%2Fa-50628748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalligen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stiles-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stiles_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStiles1997" class="citation book cs1">Stiles, Patrick V. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34634267">"OE <i>halh</i> "slightly raised ground isolated by marsh"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. In Rumble, Alexander; Mills, A. D. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38013841"><i>Names, places and people : an onomastic miscellany in memory of John McNeal Dodgson</i></a>. Stamford: Paul Watkins. pp. <span class="nowrap">330–</span>344. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-871615-90-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-871615-90-9"><bdi>1-871615-90-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38013841">38013841</a>. <q>An etymology from <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> word <i>hal</i>, meaning "salt" is less likely.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=OE+halh+%22slightly+raised+ground+isolated+by+marsh%22&rft.btitle=Names%2C+places+and+people+%3A+an+onomastic+miscellany+in+memory+of+John+McNeal+Dodgson&rft.place=Stamford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E330-%3C%2Fspan%3E344&rft.pub=Paul+Watkins&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38013841&rft.isbn=1-871615-90-9&rft.aulast=Stiles&rft.aufirst=Patrick+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34634267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalligen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker_Dec_2019-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walker_Dec_2019_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalker2019" class="citation web cs1">Walker, Tasmin (2019-12-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/rising-sea-levels-should-we-let-the-ocean-in-a-50704953/a-50704953">"Could flooding be a cure for rising seas?"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114112624/https://www.dw.com/en/rising-sea-levels-should-we-let-the-ocean-in-a-50704953/a-50704953">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle+%28www.dw.com%29&rft.atitle=Could+flooding+be+a+cure+for+rising+seas%3F&rft.date=2019-12-23&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Tasmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Frising-sea-levels-should-we-let-the-ocean-in-a-50704953%2Fa-50704953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalligen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andresen-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-andresen_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndresenBakkerBrongersHeydemann1990" class="citation journal cs1">Andresen, H.; Bakker, J. P.; Brongers, M.; Heydemann, B.; Irmler, U. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20038672">"Long-Term Changes of Salt Marsh Communities by Cattle Grazing"</a>. <i>Vegetatio</i>. <b>89</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">137–</span>148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00032166">10.1007/BF00032166</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0042-3106">0042-3106</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20038672">20038672</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20754802">20754802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vegetatio&rft.atitle=Long-Term+Changes+of+Salt+Marsh+Communities+by+Cattle+Grazing&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0042-3106&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20754802%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20038672%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00032166&rft.aulast=Andresen&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Bakker%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=Brongers%2C+M.&rft.au=Heydemann%2C+B.&rft.au=Irmler%2C+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20038672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalligen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adam-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-adam_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdam1990" class="citation book cs1">Adam, Paul (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20217629"><i>Saltmarsh Ecology</i></a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24508-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24508-7"><bdi>0-521-24508-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20217629">20217629</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saltmarsh+Ecology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20217629&rft.isbn=0-521-24508-7&rft.aulast=Adam&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F20217629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalligen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halligen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohann_C._Biernatzki1856" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johann_C._Biernatzki" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann C. Biernatzki">Johann C. Biernatzki</a> (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/halligorsheepfo00biergoog"><i>The Hallig: or, The sheepfold in the waters. A tale of humble life on the coast of Schleswig</i></a>. Translated, with a biographical sketch of the author, by Mrs. <a href="/wiki/George_P._Marsh" class="mw-redirect" title="George P. Marsh">George P. Marsh</a>. Boston: Gould and Lincoln.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hallig%3A+or%2C+The+sheepfold+in+the+waters.+A+tale+of+humble+life+on+the+coast+of+Schleswig&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Gould+and+Lincoln&rft.date=1856&rft.au=Johann+C.+Biernatzki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhalligorsheepfo00biergoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalligen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBreitenbach2012" class="citation web cs1">Breitenbach, Dagmar (2012-04-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://p.dw.com/p/14SFD">"Hallig Hooge: Almost an island"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011040458/http://www.dw.com/en/hallig-hooge-almost-an-island/a-15838223">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-10-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle+%28www.dw.com%29&rft.atitle=Hallig+Hooge%3A+Almost+an+island&rft.date=2012-04-02&rft.aulast=Breitenbach&rft.aufirst=Dagmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fp.dw.com%2Fp%2F14SFD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalligen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://p.dw.com/p/2joxF"><i>Election campaign on the North Sea coast</i></a> (Television production). Deutsche Welle. 2017-09-13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170921094501/http://www.dw.com/en/election-campaign-on-the-north-sea-coast/av-40473305">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Election+campaign+on+the+North+Sea+coast&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft.date=2017-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fp.dw.com%2Fp%2F2joxF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalligen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalker2019" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Tamsin (2019-09-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/living-planet-hallig-islands/av-50593719">"Living Planet: Hallig Islands"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(mp3)</span>. <i>Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com)</i> (Radio broadcast report). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190927044318/https://www.dw.com/en/living-planet-hallig-islands/av-50593719">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle+%28www.dw.com%29&rft.atitle=Living+Planet%3A+Hallig+Islands&rft.date=2019-09-26&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Tamsin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fliving-planet-hallig-islands%2Fav-50593719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalligen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BrJk47au5A0">"Island Life 03 - The Halligen"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(video)</span>. <i>youtube.com</i>. Deutsche Welle / euromaxx. 2010-07-21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/BrJk47au5A0">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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BBC Reel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/9jqv-fK44Zg">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=youtube.com&rft.atitle=The+German+island+with+a+population+of+16&rft.date=2020-01-14&rft.aulast=Shebab&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D9jqv-fK44Zg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalligen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/eu-na/waddensea-schleswig-holstein">"Wadden Sea and Hallig Islands of Schleswig-Holstein Biosphere Reserve, Germany"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></i>. Oct 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022041616/https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/eu-na/waddensea-schleswig-holstein">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Frisian_Islands" title="Template:Frisian Islands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Frisian_Islands" title="Template talk:Frisian Islands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Frisian_Islands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Frisian Islands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Frisian_Islands240" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Frisian_Islands" title="Frisian Islands">Frisian Islands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_Islands" title="West Frisian Islands">West Frisian Islands</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noorderhaaks" title="Noorderhaaks">Noorderhaaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texel" title="Texel">Texel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlieland" title="Vlieland">Vlieland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richel" title="Richel">Richel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terschelling" title="Terschelling">Terschelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griend" title="Griend">Griend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameland" title="Ameland">Ameland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_(sandbank)" title="Rif (sandbank)">Rif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelsmanplaat" title="Engelsmanplaat">Engelsmanplaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiermonnikoog" title="Schiermonnikoog">Schiermonnikoog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonszand" title="Simonszand">Simonszand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rottumerplaat" title="Rottumerplaat">Rottumerplaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rottumeroog" title="Rottumeroog">Rottumeroog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuiderduintjes" title="Zuiderduintjes">Zuiderduintjes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eierland" title="Eierland">Eierland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wieringen" title="Wieringen">Wieringen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monnikenlangenoog" title="Monnikenlangenoog">Monnikenlangenoog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosch_(island)" title="Bosch (island)">Bosch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_image_of_Heligoland.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heligoland"><img alt="Heligoland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Aerial_image_of_Heligoland.jpg/120px-Aerial_image_of_Heligoland.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Aerial_image_of_Heligoland.jpg/250px-Aerial_image_of_Heligoland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Islands" title="East Frisian Islands">East Frisian Islands</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borkum" title="Borkum">Borkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCtje_H%C3%B6rn" title="Lütje Hörn">Lütje Hörn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachelotplate" title="Kachelotplate">Kachelotplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memmert" title="Memmert">Memmert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juist" title="Juist">Juist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norderney" title="Norderney">Norderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltrum" title="Baltrum">Baltrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langeoog" title="Langeoog">Langeoog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiekeroog" title="Spiekeroog">Spiekeroog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge" title="Wangerooge">Wangerooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsener_Oog" title="Minsener Oog">Minsener-Oldoog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellum" title="Mellum">Mellum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buise" title="Buise">Buise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heligoland_Bight" title="Heligoland Bight">Heligoland Bight</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langl%C3%BCtjen" title="Langlütjen">Langlütjen I & II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer_Knechtsand" title="Großer Knechtsand">Großer Knechtsand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCne" title="Düne">Düne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuwerk" title="Neuwerk">Neuwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scharh%C3%B6rn" title="Scharhörn">Scharhörn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeh%C3%B6rn" title="Nigehörn">Nigehörn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trischen" title="Trischen">Trischen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertius_(sandbank)" title="Tertius (sandbank)">Tertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blauort" title="Blauort">Blauort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_Islands" title="North Frisian Islands">North Frisian Islands</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_Barrier_Island" title="North Frisian Barrier Island">Barrier Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellworm" title="Pellworm">Pellworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrum" title="Amrum">Amrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6hr" title="Föhr">Föhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylt" title="Sylt">Sylt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uth%C3%B6rn" title="Uthörn">Uthörn</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Halligen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B6de" title="Gröde">Gröde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallig_Habel" title="Hallig Habel">Habel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburger_Hallig" title="Hamburger Hallig">Hamburger Hallig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooge,_Germany" title="Hooge, Germany">Hooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langene%C3%9F" title="Langeneß">Langeneß</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norderoog" title="Norderoog">Norderoog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordstrandischmoor" title="Nordstrandischmoor">Nordstrandischmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oland_(Frisian_island)" title="Oland (Frisian island)">Oland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCderoog" title="Süderoog">Süderoog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdfall" title="Südfall">Südfall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hainshallig" title="Hainshallig">Hainshallig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordstrand,_Germany" title="Nordstrand, Germany">Nordstrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_(island)" title="Strand (island)">Strand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danish_Wadden_Sea_Islands" title="Danish Wadden Sea Islands">Danish Wadden Sea Islands</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8m%C3%B8" title="Rømø">Rømø</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koresand" title="Koresand">Koresand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan%C3%B8" title="Fanø">Fanø</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Halligen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langli_(island)" title="Langli (island)">Langli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mand%C3%B8" title="Mandø">Mandø</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordsand" title="Jordsand">Jordsand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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