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id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Portal" title="Sobre el projecte, què podeu fer, on trobareu les coses"><span>Portal viquipedista</span></a></li><li id="n-Agenda-d'actes" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Trobades"><span>Agenda d'actes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Canvis_recents" title="Una llista dels canvis recents al wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Canvis recents</span></a></li><li id="n-La-taverna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:La_taverna"><span>La taverna</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Contacte"><span>Contacte</span></a></li><li id="n-Xat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Canals_IRC"><span>Xat</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Ajuda" title="El lloc per a saber més coses"><span>Ajuda</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> 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href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Fot%C3%B3" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Fot%C3%B3" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més 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class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l'edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribucions_pr%C3%B2pies" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d'aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Discussi%C3%B3_personal" title="Discussió sobre les edicions per aquesta adreça ip. [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Nomenclatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenclatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Nomenclatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomenclatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propietats_físiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propietats_físiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Propietats físiques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Propietats_físiques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Propietats físiques</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Propietats_físiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emissió" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emissió"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Emissió</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emissió-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Absorció" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absorció"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Absorció</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absorció-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energia_i_moviment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energia_i_moviment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Energia i moviment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energia_i_moviment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplicacions_tecnològiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplicacions_tecnològiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aplicacions tecnològiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aplicacions_tecnològiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegeu_també" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegeu_també"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vegeu també</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegeu_també-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fotó</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 112 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">112 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton" title="Foton - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Foton" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fot%C3%B3n" title="Fotón - aragonès" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fotón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="فوتون - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فوتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86" title="فوطون - Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فوطون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fot%C3%B3n" title="Fotón - asturià" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fotón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton" title="Foton - azerbaidjanès" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Foton" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidjanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon" title="Photon - bavarès" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Photon" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фатон - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фатон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фатон - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фатон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фотон - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фотон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8" title="ফোটন - bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফোটন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton" title="Foton - bosnià" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Foton" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86" title="فۆتۆن - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فۆتۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton" title="Foton - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Foton" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фотон - txuvaix" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Фотон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffoton" title="Ffoton - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffoton" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton" title="Foton - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Foton" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon" title="Photon - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Photon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%89%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Φωτόνιο - grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φωτόνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon" title="Photon - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Photon" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotono" title="Fotono - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fotono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fot%C3%B3n" title="Fotón - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fotón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footon" title="Footon - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Footon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoi" title="Fotoi - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fotoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="فوتون - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فوتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoni" title="Fotoni - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fotoni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodon" title="Foodon - Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Foodon" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon" title="Photon - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Photon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3t%C3%B3n" title="Fótón - irlandès" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fótón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton" title="Foton - Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Foton" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fot%C3%B3n" title="Fotón - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fotón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%89%E0%AA%A8" title="ફોટૉન - gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ફોટૉન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualitat"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="פוטון - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="फोटॉन - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फोटॉन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton" title="Foton - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Foton" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton" title="Foton - crioll d’Haití" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Foton" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioll d’Haití" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton" title="Foton - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Foton" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="article bo"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ֆոտոն - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆոտոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon" title="Photon - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Photon" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton" title="Foton - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Foton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotono" title="Fotono - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fotono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lj%C3%B3seind" title="Ljóseind - islandès" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ljóseind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotone" title="Fotone - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fotone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" title="光子 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="光子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuotan" title="Fuotan - crioll anglès de Jamaica" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Fuotan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="crioll anglès de Jamaica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton" title="Foton - javanès" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Foton" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ფოტონი - georgià" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფოტონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фотон - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фотон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಫೋಟಾನ್ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಫೋಟಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%9E%90" title="광자 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="광자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پھوٹان - caixmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پھوٹان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="caixmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton" title="Foton - kurd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Foton" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фотон - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фотон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon" title="Photon - llatí" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Photon" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="llatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton" title="Foton - limburguès" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Foton" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fut%C3%B9n" title="Futùn - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Futùn" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotonas" title="Fotonas - lituà" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fotonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotons" title="Fotons - letó" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fotons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voankazavana" title="Voankazavana - malgaix" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Voankazavana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фотон - macedoni" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фотон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="ഫോട്ടോൺ - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫോട്ടോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фотон - mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Фотон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="फोटॉन - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फोटॉन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton" title="Foton - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Foton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဖိုတွန် - birmà" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖိုတွန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon" title="Photon - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Photon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="फोटोन - nepalès" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फोटोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton" title="Foton - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Foton" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton" title="Foton - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Foton" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton" title="Foton - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Foton" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton" title="Foton - occità" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Foton" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occità" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suudifa" title="Suudifa - oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Suudifa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ଫୋଟନ୍‌ - oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଫୋଟନ୍‌" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A8" title="ਫ਼ੋਟੌਨ - panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ੋਟੌਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton" title="Foton - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Foton" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%86" title="فوٹون - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فوٹون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%86" title="فوټون - paixtu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فوټون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paixtu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fot%C3%A3o" title="Fotão - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fotão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phutun" title="Phutun - quítxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Phutun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quítxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton" title="Foton - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Foton" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualitat"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фотон - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фотон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фотон - Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Фотон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="प्रकाशाणु - sànscrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="प्रकाशाणु" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sànscrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoni" title="Fotoni - sicilià" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Fotoni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%BD%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فوٽان - sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فوٽان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton" title="Foton - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Foton" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon" title="Photon - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Photon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fot%C3%B3n" title="Fotón - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fotón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton" title="Foton - eslovè" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Foton" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovè" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoni" title="Fotoni - albanès" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fotoni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualitat"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фотон - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фотон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon" title="Photon - Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Photon" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton" title="Foton - sondanès" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Foton" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sondanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton" title="Foton - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Foton" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoni" title="Fotoni - suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fotoni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81" title="ஒளியணு - tàmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒளியணு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tàmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఫోటాన్ - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫోటాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="โฟตอน - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โฟตอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon" title="Photon - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Photon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton" title="Foton - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Foton" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фотон - tàtar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фотон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tàtar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фотон - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фотон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%86" title="فوٹون - urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فوٹون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton" title="Foton - uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Foton" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualitat"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon" title="Photon - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Photon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon" title="Photon - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Photon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" title="光子 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="光子" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="פאטאן - ídix" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאטאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ídix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualitat"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" title="光子 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="光子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kng-ch%C3%BA" title="Kng-chú - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kng-chú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" title="光子 - cantonès" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="光子" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibane" title="Ibane - zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ibane" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3198#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fot%C3%B3" title="Vegeu el contingut de la pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussi%C3%B3:Fot%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussió sobre el contingut d'aquesta pàgina (encara no existeix) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">català</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vistes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fot%C3%B3"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fot%C3%B3&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fot%C3%B3&action=history" title="Versions antigues d'aquesta pàgina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Eines</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Més opcions" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fot%C3%B3"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fot%C3%B3&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fot%C3%B3&action=history"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Enlla%C3%A7os/Fot%C3%B3" title="Una llista de totes les pàgines wiki que enllacen amb aquesta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Què hi enllaça</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguiment/Fot%C3%B3" rel="nofollow" title="Canvis recents a pàgines enllaçades des d'aquesta pàgina [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Canvis relacionats</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A0gines_especials" title="Llista totes les pàgines especials [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pàgines especials</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fot%C3%B3&oldid=34006953" title="Enllaç permanent a aquesta revisió de la pàgina"><span>Enllaç permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fot%C3%B3&action=info" title="Més informació sobre aquesta pàgina"><span>Informació de la pàgina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citau&page=Fot%C3%B3&id=34006953&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informació sobre com citar aquesta pàgina"><span>Citau aquest article</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFot%25C3%25B3"><span>Obtén una URL abreujada</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFot%25C3%25B3"><span>Descarrega el codi QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimeix/exporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Llibre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Fot%C3%B3"><span>Crea un llibre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Fot%C3%B3&action=show-download-screen"><span>Baixa com a PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fot%C3%B3&printable=yes" title="Versió per a impressió d'aquesta pàgina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versió per a impressora</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> En altres projectes </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photon" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3198" title="Enllaç a l'element del repositori de dades connectat [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element a Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="font-size:90%;width:25em"><caption style="font-weight:bold;background-color:#b0d1ad;"><span style="float:left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Atom_editor_logo_black.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Infotaula de partícula"><img alt="Infotaula de partícula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Atom_editor_logo_black.svg/25px-Atom_editor_logo_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Atom_editor_logo_black.svg/38px-Atom_editor_logo_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Atom_editor_logo_black.svg/50px-Atom_editor_logo_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="131" data-file-height="120" /></a></span></span>Fotó</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Military_laser_experiment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Military_laser_experiment.jpg/300px-Military_laser_experiment.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Military_laser_experiment.jpg/450px-Military_laser_experiment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Military_laser_experiment.jpg/600px-Military_laser_experiment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a></span><div style="font-size:90%;">Fotons emesos en un raig <a href="/wiki/Coher%C3%A8ncia_(f%C3%ADsica)" title="Coherència (física)">coherent</a> de <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A0ser" title="Làser">làser</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee;">Classificació</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bos%C3%B3_de_gauge" title="Bosó de gauge">bosó gauge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula_sense_massa" title="Partícula sense massa">partícula sense massa</a>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q21660975" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q21660975">partícula elemental estable</a>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4204340" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q4204340">partícula neutral real</a>, <a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula_mediadora" title="Partícula mediadora">Partícula mediadora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A0ntum" title="Quàntum">quàntum</a> i <a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula_elemental" title="Partícula elemental">partícula elemental</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198?uselang=ca#P279" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula#Composició" title="Partícula">Composició</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula_elemental" title="Partícula elemental">Partícula elemental</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Estad%C3%ADstica_de_part%C3%ADcules" title="Estadística de partícules">Estadística</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bos%C3%B3" title="Bosó">Bosònica</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee;">Grup</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bos%C3%B3_de_Gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosó de Gauge">Bosó de Gauge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Forces_fonamentals" title="Forces fonamentals">Interaccions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetisme" title="Electromagnetisme">Electromagnètica</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee;">Símbol</th><td class="infobox-data">γ, <a href="/wiki/Constant_de_Planck" title="Constant de Planck"><i>h</i></a><a href="/wiki/Freq%C3%BC%C3%A8ncia" title="Freqüència">ν</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Constant_de_Planck#Constant_de_Planck_reduïda" title="Constant de Planck">ħ</a><a href="/wiki/Freq%C3%BC%C3%A8ncia_angular" class="mw-redirect" title="Freqüència angular">ω</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Antipart%C3%ADcula" title="Antipartícula">Antipartícula</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">fotó</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198?uselang=ca#P2152" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee;">Teorització</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee;">Descoberta</th><td class="infobox-data">1923 <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198?uselang=ca#P575" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Massa_invariant" class="mw-redirect" title="Massa invariant">Massa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6982100000000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−18</sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=EV/c%C2%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EV/c² (encara no existeix)">eV/c²</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-Particle_table_2009_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Particle_table_2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Vida_mitjana" title="Vida mitjana">Vida mitjana</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Estable<sup id="cite_ref-Particle_table_2009_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Particle_table_2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegraci%C3%B3_de_part%C3%ADcules&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desintegració de partícules (encara no existeix)">Desintegració en</a></th><td class="infobox-data">cap valor <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198?uselang=ca#P816" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A0rrega_el%C3%A8ctrica" title="Càrrega elèctrica">Càrrega elèctrica</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6946160217648700000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−35</sup> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A0rrega_el%C3%A8ctrica_elemental" title="Càrrega elèctrica elemental"><i>e</i></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-Particle_table_2009_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Particle_table_2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADn" title="Espín">Espín</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Paritat_(f%C3%ADsica)" title="Paritat (física)">Paritat</a></th><td class="infobox-data">−1<sup id="cite_ref-Particle_table_2009_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Particle_table_2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Paritat_C" title="Paritat C">Paritat C</a></th><td class="infobox-data">−1<sup id="cite_ref-Particle_table_2009_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Particle_table_2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee;">Condensada</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Isoesp%C3%ADn" title="Isoespín">I</a></i>(<i><a href="/wiki/Moment_angular_total" title="Moment angular total">J</a></i><sup><i><a href="/wiki/Paritat_(f%C3%ADsica)" title="Paritat (física)">P</a><a href="/wiki/Paritat_C" title="Paritat C">C</a></i></sup>)=0,1(1<sup>−−</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-Particle_table_2009_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Particle_table_2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Supersimetria" title="Supersimetria">Supercompanya</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fot%C3%AD" title="Fotí">Fotí</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee;">Número de partícula de Monte Carlo</th><td class="infobox-data">22 <span class="penicon" data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198?uselang=ca#P1360" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Un <b>fotó</b> és una <a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula_elemental" title="Partícula elemental">partícula elemental</a>, el <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A0ntum" title="Quàntum">quàntum</a> de totes les formes de <a href="/wiki/Radiaci%C3%B3_electromagn%C3%A8tica" title="Radiació electromagnètica">radiació electromagnètica</a>, incloent la <a href="/wiki/Llum" title="Llum">llum</a>. És la <a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula_mediadora" title="Partícula mediadora">partícula mediadora</a> de la <a href="/wiki/For%C3%A7a_electromagn%C3%A8tica" title="Força electromagnètica">força electromagnètica</a>, fins i tot quan està estàtic a través de <a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula_virtual" title="Partícula virtual">fotons virtuals</a>. El fotó no té <a href="/wiki/Massa_en_rep%C3%B2s" title="Massa en repòs">massa en repòs</a> i conseqüentment les interaccions d'aquesta força fonamental són observables a escala tant <a href="/wiki/Microsc%C3%B2pic" class="mw-redirect" title="Microscòpic">microscòpica</a> com <a href="/wiki/Macrosc%C3%B2pic" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroscòpic">macroscòpica</a>. Com totes les partícules elementals, els fotons s'expliquen amb la <a href="/wiki/Mec%C3%A0nica_qu%C3%A0ntica" title="Mecànica quàntica">mecànica quàntica</a> però presenten una <a href="/wiki/Dualitat_ona-part%C3%ADcula" title="Dualitat ona-partícula">dualitat ona-partícula</a>, exhibint simultàniament propietats d'<a href="/wiki/Ona" title="Ona">ones</a> i de <a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula" title="Partícula">partícules</a>. Per exemple, una <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">lent</a> pot <a href="/wiki/Refracci%C3%B3" title="Refracció">refractar</a> un sol fotó i en el procés <a href="/wiki/Interfer%C3%A8ncia_(propagaci%C3%B3_d%27ones)" title="Interferència (propagació d'ones)">interferir</a> amb si mateix com si fos una ona, o pot actuar com una partícula que té una <a href="/wiki/Posici%C3%B3" title="Posició">posició</a> definida i una <a href="/wiki/Quantitat_de_moviment" title="Quantitat de moviment">quantitat de moviment</a> mesurable. Les propietats d'ona i de quàntum del fotó són dos aspectes observables d'un mateix fenomen i la seva naturalesa no pot ser descrita en termes de cap model mecànic,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> per la qual cosa la representació d'aquesta propietat dual de la llum, que assumeix que l'energia es concentra a certs punts del front d'ona, és també impossible. Els quàntums en una ona de llum no es poden localitzar en l'espai; es pren nota d'alguns paràmetres físics definits del fotó. </p><p>El concepte modern del fotó fou desenvolupat de forma gradual per <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> a principis del segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xx</span> per explicar les observacions experimentals que no concordaven amb el model clàssic de la llum com a ona electromagnètica. El model del fotó quadrava amb el fet que l'energia de la llum depengués de la seva freqüència i explicava la capacitat de la <a href="/wiki/Mat%C3%A8ria" title="Matèria">matèria</a> i la radiació electromagnètica d'estar en <a href="/wiki/Equilibri_t%C3%A8rmic" title="Equilibri tèrmic">equilibri tèrmic</a>. A més, el model del fotó també explicava certes observacions anòmales com ara la <a href="/wiki/Radiaci%C3%B3_del_cos_negre" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiació del cos negre">radiació del cos negre</a> que altres físics, notablement <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a>, havia intentat explicar emprant <i>models semiclàssics</i>. En el model de Planck, la llum estava descrita per les <a href="/wiki/Equacions_de_Maxwell" title="Equacions de Maxwell">equacions de Maxwell</a> però els objectes materials que emetien i absorbien llum ho feien en paquets discrets d'energia. Encara que aquests models semiclàssics contribuïren al desenvolupament de la mecànica quàntica, diversos experiments posteriors<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> començant per l'<a href="/wiki/Efecte_Compton" title="Efecte Compton">efecte Compton</a> validaren la hipòtesi d'Einstein que la <i>llum en si</i> està <a href="/wiki/Quantificaci%C3%B3_(f%C3%ADsica)" title="Quantificació (física)">quantificada</a>. El 1926 el físic òptic Frithiof Wolfers i el químic <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert N. Lewis">Gilbert N. Lewis</a> encunyaren el terme «fotó» per aquestes partícules. Després que Arthur H. Compton guanyés el Premi Nobel el 1927 pels seu estudis de dispersió, la majoria de científics acceptaren que els quàntums de la llum tenen una existència independent i s'acceptà el nom de fotó per aquests quàntums. </p><p>En el <a href="/wiki/Model_est%C3%A0ndard" class="mw-disambig" title="Model estàndard">model estàndard</a> de la <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_de_part%C3%ADcules" title="Física de partícules">física de partícules</a>, els fotons i les altres partícules elementals es descriuen com una conseqüència necessària del fet que les lleis de la física tenguin una certa <a href="/wiki/Simetria_en_f%C3%ADsica" title="Simetria en física">simetria</a> en l'<a href="/wiki/Espaitemps" title="Espaitemps">espaitemps</a>. Les propietats intrínseques de les partícules, com la <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A0rrega_el%C3%A8ctrica" title="Càrrega elèctrica">càrrega elèctrica</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Massa_en_rep%C3%B2s" title="Massa en repòs">massa</a> i l'<a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADn" title="Espín">espín</a> venen determinades per les propietats d'aquesta <a href="/wiki/Teoria_de_gauge" title="Teoria de gauge">simetria de gauge</a>. El concepte de fotó ha conduït a avenços transcendents en física teòrica i experimental, per exemple els <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A0ser" title="Làser">làsers</a>, el <a href="/wiki/Condensat_de_Bose-Einstein" title="Condensat de Bose-Einstein">condensat de Bose-Einstein</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Teoria_qu%C3%A0ntica_de_camps" title="Teoria quàntica de camps">teoria quàntica de camps</a> i la <a href="/wiki/Amplitud_de_probabilitat" title="Amplitud de probabilitat">interpretació probabilística</a> de la mecànica quàntica. S'ha aplicat en <a href="/wiki/Fotoqu%C3%ADmica" title="Fotoquímica">fotoquímica</a>, en la <a href="/wiki/Microsc%C3%B2pia_d%27excitaci%C3%B3_de_dos_fotons" title="Microscòpia d'excitació de dos fotons">microscòpia d'alta resolució</a> i en la <a href="/wiki/Transmissi%C3%B3_d%27energia_de_resson%C3%A0ncia" title="Transmissió d'energia de ressonància">mesura de distàncies moleculars</a>. Recentment, els fotons s'han estudiat com a element dels <a href="/wiki/Ordinador_qu%C3%A0ntic" title="Ordinador quàntic">ordinadors quàntics</a> i per les seves aplicacions en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imatgeria_%C3%B2ptica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imatgeria òptica (encara no existeix)">imatgeria òptica</a> i <a href="/wiki/Comunicaci%C3%B3_%C3%B2ptica" title="Comunicació òptica">comunicació òptica</a> com la <a href="/wiki/Criptografia_qu%C3%A0ntica" title="Criptografia quàntica">criptografia quàntica</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclatura">Nomenclatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fot%C3%B3&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Nomenclatura"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El fotó va ser anomenat originalment per <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a><sup id="cite_ref-Einstein1905_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Einstein1905-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> «quant de llum» (<a href="/wiki/Alemany" title="Alemany">alemany</a>: <span lang="de"><i>Lichtquant</i></span>). El seu nom modern prové de la <a href="/wiki/Grec" title="Grec">paraula grega</a> φῶς (que es transcriu com a phôs), que significa llum, i va ser encunyat el 1926 pel físic <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert N. Lewis">Gilbert N. Lewis</a>, qui va publicar una teoria especulativa<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis1926_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis1926-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en què els fotons no es podien «crear ni destruir». Encara que la teoria de Lewis mai no va ser acceptada —i va ser contradita en molts experiments— el nou nom <i>"fotó"</i> va ser adoptat de seguida per la majoria dels científics. </p><p>En física, el fotó es representa normalment amb el símbol γ (la lletra <a href="/wiki/Alfabet_grec" title="Alfabet grec">grega</a> <a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">gamma</a> minúscula). Aquest símbol prové possiblement dels <a href="/wiki/Radiaci%C3%B3_gamma" title="Radiació gamma">raigs gamma</a>, descoberts i batejats amb aquest nom el 1900 per <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ulrich_Villard" title="Paul Ulrich Villard">Villard</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i que van resultar ser una forma de <a href="/wiki/Radiaci%C3%B3_electromagn%C3%A8tica" title="Radiació electromagnètica">radiació electromagnètica</a> segons van demostrar <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Rutherford</a> i <a href="/wiki/Edward_Andrade" title="Edward Andrade">Andrade</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> el 1914. En la <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química">química</a> i enginyeria òptica, els fotons se simbolitzen habitualment per <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h\nu \!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>h</mi> <mi>ν</mi> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h\nu \!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1ae8b42fb0af6c669cf6aa9d4e806d360875b1da" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:2.571ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h\nu \!}"></span>, que representa també l'energia associada a un fotó, on <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>h</mi> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/84115b0a1069a3381cfbe24ee368e6b42455c46c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.338ex; width:1.29ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h\!}"></span> és la <a href="/wiki/Constant_de_Planck" title="Constant de Planck">constant de Planck</a> i la <a href="/wiki/Alfabet_grec" title="Alfabet grec">lletra grega</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu \!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ν</mi> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu \!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eb595d7cbf6969a67e27c0bb9a3874b93ea9481b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:1.232ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu \!}"></span> és la <a href="/wiki/Freq%C3%BC%C3%A8ncia" title="Freqüència">freqüència</a> de la partícula. Amb molta menor assiduïtat, el fotó també es representa per <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle hf\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>h</mi> <mi>f</mi> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle hf\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7b05c444af6404cab28d9198156942d5d040981d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:2.618ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle hf\!}"></span>, sent <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e8e5892a78a5fde92fb689f3fe6721034bac8d40" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\!}"></span>, en aquest cas, la freqüència. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Propietats_físiques"><span id="Propietats_f.C3.ADsiques"></span>Propietats físiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fot%C3%B3&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Propietats físiques"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r30997230">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Article principal: <a href="/wiki/Teoria_especial_de_la_relativitat" class="mw-redirect" title="Teoria especial de la relativitat">Teoria especial de la relativitat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Bhabha_T_channel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bhabha_T_channel.svg/220px-Bhabha_T_channel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bhabha_T_channel.svg/330px-Bhabha_T_channel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bhabha_T_channel.svg/440px-Bhabha_T_channel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Diagrama_de_Feynman" title="Diagrama de Feynman">Diagrama de Feynman</a> mostrant l'intercanvi d'un fotó virtual (simbolitzat per una línia ondulada i <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>γ</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/65da7961fee8269d576e5d06e838bf8695fc5179" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.649ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma \,}"></span>) entre un <a href="/wiki/Positr%C3%B3" title="Positró">positró</a> i un <a href="/wiki/Electr%C3%B3" title="Electró">electró</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>El fotó no té massa,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tampoc posseeix <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A0rrega_el%C3%A8ctrica" title="Càrrega elèctrica">càrrega elèctrica</a><sup id="cite_ref-chargeless_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chargeless-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i no es desintegra espontàniament al buit. El fotó té dos estats possibles de <a href="/wiki/Polaritzaci%C3%B3_electromagn%C3%A8tica" title="Polarització electromagnètica">polarització</a> que es poden descriure mitjançant tres paràmetres continus: els components del seu <a href="/wiki/Vector_d%27ona" title="Vector d'ona">vector d'ona</a>, que en determinen la longitud d'ona <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda \!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>λ</mi> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda \!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fe01f3dea36045b374a4eb8f3e7c4b3a60be526d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.327ex; width:1.295ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda \!}"></span> i la seva direcció de propagació. El fotó és el <a href="/wiki/Bos%C3%B3_de_gauge" title="Bosó de gauge">bosó de gauge</a> de la <a href="/wiki/Interacci%C3%B3_electromagn%C3%A8tica" class="mw-redirect" title="Interacció electromagnètica">interacció electromagnètica</a>, i per tant tots els altres nombres quàntics —com el <a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%BAmero_lept%C3%B2nic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Número leptònic (encara no existeix)">número leptònic</a>, el <a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%BAmero_bari%C3%B2nic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Número bariònic (encara no existeix)">número bariònic</a> o l'<a href="/wiki/Estranyesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Estranyesa">estranyesa</a>— són exactament zero. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emissió"><span id="Emissi.C3.B3"></span>Emissió</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fot%C3%B3&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Emissió"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Els fotons són emesos per molts processos naturals, com quan les partícules carregades s'alenteixen durant una transició molecular, atòmica o nuclear a un nivell d'energia més baix, o quan s'<a href="/wiki/Anihilaci%C3%B3_positr%C3%B3-electr%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Anihilació positró-electró">aniquila una partícula amb la seva antipartícula</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absorció"><span id="Absorci.C3.B3"></span>Absorció</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fot%C3%B3&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Absorció"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Els fotons s'absorbeixen en els processos de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simetria-T&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simetria-T (encara no existeix)">reversió temporal</a> que es corresponen amb els ja esmentats: per exemple, a la <a href="/wiki/Creaci%C3%B3_de_parells" title="Creació de parells">producció de parells partícula-antipartícula</a> o a les transicions moleculars, atòmiques o nuclears a un nivell d'energia més alt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energia_i_moviment">Energia i moviment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fot%C3%B3&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Energia i moviment"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A l'espai buit els fotons es mouen a la <a href="/wiki/Velocitat_de_la_llum" title="Velocitat de la llum">velocitat de la llum</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}"></span>, i la seva <a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energia</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}"></span> i <a href="/wiki/Moment_lineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Moment lineal">moment lineal</a> <i><b>p</b></i> estan relacionats mitjançant l'expressió <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=cp}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=cp}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6c6a2d1233e421dff5431b8cfe9c57742093b7fb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.05ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=cp}"></span>, on <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}"></span> és el mòdul del moment lineal. En comparació, l'equació corresponent a partícules amb una <a href="/wiki/Massa" title="Massa">massa</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}"></span> és <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E^{2}=c^{2}p^{2}+m^{2}c^{4}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E^{2}=c^{2}p^{2}+m^{2}c^{4}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/aae851121f4b3ae4ccb30ee29b49368703cc15e5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:18.227ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E^{2}=c^{2}p^{2}+m^{2}c^{4}}"></span>, com es demostra a la <a href="/wiki/Teoria_de_la_Relativitat_Especial" class="mw-redirect" title="Teoria de la Relativitat Especial">relativitat especial</a>. </p><p>L'energia i el moment lineal d'un fotó depenen únicament de la <a href="/wiki/Freq%C3%BC%C3%A8ncia" title="Freqüència">freqüència</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu \!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ν</mi> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu \!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eb595d7cbf6969a67e27c0bb9a3874b93ea9481b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:1.232ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu \!}"></span> o, el que és equivalent, de la seva <a href="/wiki/Longitud_d%27ona" title="Longitud d'ona">longitud d'ona</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda \!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>λ</mi> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda \!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fe01f3dea36045b374a4eb8f3e7c4b3a60be526d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.327ex; width:1.295ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda \!}"></span>. </p> <center><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=\hbar \omega =h\nu ={\frac {hc}{\lambda }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ</mi> <mi>ω</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mi>ν</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> <mi>λ</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=\hbar \omega =h\nu ={\frac {hc}{\lambda }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ce3f4f21edb23ddd9a4a0941d0faf4a12cdaee74" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:19.576ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=\hbar \omega =h\nu ={\frac {hc}{\lambda }}}"></span></center> <center><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {p} =\hbar \mathbf {k} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">k</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {p} =\hbar \mathbf {k} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/95e73faf974069648fc56ca99c29c35950e6819c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.301ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {p} =\hbar \mathbf {k} }"></span></center> <p>i en conseqüència el mòdul del <a href="/wiki/Moment_lineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Moment lineal">moment lineal</a> és: </p> <center><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p=\hbar k={\frac {h}{\lambda }}={\frac {h\nu }{c}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ</mi> <mi>k</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>h</mi> <mi>λ</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> <mi>c</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p=\hbar k={\frac {h}{\lambda }}={\frac {h\nu }{c}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4049e884a5706f08c5efbcd93df1a9f0b6989ef4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:18.671ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p=\hbar k={\frac {h}{\lambda }}={\frac {h\nu }{c}}}"></span></center> <p>on <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \hbar =h/2\pi \!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \hbar =h/2\pi \!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/30dd78c6322d6ede20e95cc075fb3dc0c973e33b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:9.401ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \hbar =h/2\pi \!}"></span> (coneguda com a <a href="/wiki/Constant_de_Planck" title="Constant de Planck">constant de Dirac o constant reduïda de Planck</a>); <i><b>k</b></i> és el <a href="/wiki/Vector_d%27ona" title="Vector d'ona">vector d'ona</a> (de mòdul <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k=2\pi /\lambda \!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>λ</mi> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k=2\pi /\lambda \!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/75b67b4b1a9014f0c32e8397db1cdb7e39e74640" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-right: -0.327ex; width:9.261ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k=2\pi /\lambda \!}"></span>) i <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega =2\pi \nu \!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ω</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mi>ν</mi> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega =2\pi \nu \!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8baf53878ac07ab7e802ce5ab063df2be2259996" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:8.271ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega =2\pi \nu \!}"></span> és la <a href="/wiki/Freq%C3%BC%C3%A8ncia_angular" class="mw-redirect" title="Freqüència angular">freqüència angular</a>. Cal tenir en compte que <i><b>k</b></i> apunta a la direcció de propagació del fotó. Aquest té a més <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADn" title="Espín">moment angular d'espín</a> que no depèn de la freqüència. El mòdul de tal espín és <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}\hbar }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> <mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}\hbar }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5a51e6e9d375419624d5e2364231cc4fa3938adb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.405ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}\hbar }"></span>, i la component mesurada al llarg de la seva direcció de moviment, la seva <a href="/wiki/Helicitat_(f%C3%ADsica_de_part%C3%ADcules)" title="Helicitat (física de partícules)">helicitat</a>, ha de ser <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pm \hbar }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>±</mo> <mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pm \hbar }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5c578ae2b02e515c92a2981d6db0ffb5943e3357" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.115ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pm \hbar }"></span>. Aquests dos possibles valors corresponen als dos possibles estats de polarització circular del fotó (en sentit horari o antihorari). </p><p>Per il·lustrar la importància d'aquestes fórmules, l'<a href="/wiki/Aniquilaci%C3%B3_positr%C3%B3-electr%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Aniquilació positró-electró">aniquilació d'una partícula amb la seva antipartícula</a> ha de donar lloc a la creació d'almenys dos fotons per la raó següent: en el <a href="/wiki/Sistema_de_refer%C3%A8ncia" title="Sistema de referència">sistema de referència</a> fix en el <a href="/wiki/Centre_de_masses" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre de masses">centre de masses</a>, les antipartícules que col·lisionen no tenen moment lineal net, mentre que un fotó aïllat sempre ho té. En conseqüència, la llei de <a href="/wiki/Moment_lineal#Conservació" class="mw-redirect" title="Moment lineal">conservació del moment lineal</a> requereix que almenys es creïn dos fotons perquè el moment lineal resultant pugui ser igual a zero. Les energies dels dos fotons —o el que és equivalent, les seves freqüències— poden determinar-se per les <a href="/wiki/Llei_de_conservaci%C3%B3" title="Llei de conservació">lleis de conservació</a>. El procés invers, la <a href="/wiki/Creaci%C3%B3_de_parells" title="Creació de parells">creació de parells</a>, és el mecanisme principal pel qual els fotons d'alta energia (com els raigs gamma) perden energia en passar a través de la matèria. </p><p>Les fórmules clàssiques per a l'energia i el moment lineal de la radiació electromagnètica poden ser expressades també en termes d'esdeveniments fotònics. Per exemple, la <a href="/wiki/Pressi%C3%B3_de_radiaci%C3%B3" title="Pressió de radiació">pressió de radiació electromagnètica</a> sobre un objecte és deguda a la transferència de moment lineal dels fotons per unitat de temps i unitat de superfície de l'objecte, ja que la pressió és força per unitat de superfície i la força, alhora, és la variació del moment lineal per unitat de temps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aplicacions_tecnològiques"><span id="Aplicacions_tecnol.C3.B2giques"></span>Aplicacions tecnològiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fot%C3%B3&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Aplicacions tecnològiques"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Els fotons tenen moltes aplicacions en tecnologia. Els exemples següents es trien per il·lustrar les aplicacions dels fotons "per se" en lloc de dispositius òptics generals com ara lents, etc. que podrien funcionar sota una teoria clàssica de la llum. </p><p>Els fotons individuals es poden detectar mitjançant diversos mètodes. El tub <a href="/wiki/Fotomultiplicador" class="mw-redirect" title="Fotomultiplicador">fotomultiplicador</a> clàssic explota l'<a href="/wiki/Efecte_fotoel%C3%A8ctric" title="Efecte fotoelèctric">efecte fotoelèctric</a>: un fotó d'energia suficient colpeja una placa metàl·lica i deixa lliure un electró, iniciant una allau d'electrons cada cop més amplificada. Els xips <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a> de <a href="/wiki/Sensor_CCD" title="Sensor CCD">sensors CCD</a> utilitzen un efecte similar: un fotó incident genera una càrrega en un <a href="/wiki/Condensador" title="Condensador">condensador</a> microscòpic que es pot detectar. Altres detectors com els <a href="/wiki/Comptador_Geiger" title="Comptador Geiger">comptador Geiger</a> utilitzen la capacitat dels fotons per <a href="/wiki/Ionitzaci%C3%B3" title="Ionització">ionitzar</a> les molècules de gas contingudes en el dispositiu, provocant un canvi detectable de la <a href="/wiki/Conductivitat_el%C3%A8ctrica" title="Conductivitat elèctrica">conductivitat</a> del gas.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La fórmula energètica de Planck <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=h\nu }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=h\nu }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c6c0386dc6d9530519404f95570fcc8548ed2326" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.445ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=h\nu }"></span> s'utilitza sovint per enginyers i químics en el disseny, tant per calcular el canvi d'energia resultant de l'absorció d'un fotó com per determinar la freqüència de la llum emesa per un fotó determinat. Per exemple, l'<a href="/wiki/Espectre_d%27emissi%C3%B3" title="Espectre d'emissió">espectre d'emissió</a> d'una <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A0mpada_de_desc%C3%A0rrega_de_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Làmpada de descàrrega de gas">làmpada de descàrrega de gas</a> es pot alterar omplint-la amb (mescles de) gasos amb diferents <a href="/wiki/Nivell_d%27energia" title="Nivell d'energia">nivells d'energia</a> de configuracions electròniques.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En algunes condicions, una transició energètica pot ser excitada per "dos" fotons que serien insuficients si actuessin individualment. Això permet una microscòpia de major resolució, perquè la mostra absorbeix energia només en l'espectre on dos feixos de diferents colors se superposen significativament, cosa que es pot fer a un nivell molt més petit que el volum d'excitació d'un sol feix. A més, aquests fotons causen menys danys a la mostra, ja que són de menor energia.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En alguns casos, es poden acoblar dues transicions energètiques de manera que, a mesura que un sistema absorbeix un fotó, un altre sistema proper "robi" la seva energia i reemeti un fotó d'una freqüència diferent. Aquesta és la base de la <a href="/wiki/Transmissi%C3%B3_d%27energia_de_resson%C3%A0ncia" title="Transmissió d'energia de ressonància">transmissió d'energia de ressonància</a>, una tècnica que s'utilitza en <a href="/wiki/Biologia_molecular" title="Biologia molecular">biologia molecular</a> per estudiar la interacció de <a href="/wiki/Prote%C3%AFna" title="Proteïna">proteïnes</a> adequades.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diversos tipus diferents de generadors de nombres aleatoris de maquinàries impliquen la detecció de fotons individuals. En un exemple, per a cada bit de la seqüència aleatòria que s'ha de produir, s'envia un fotó a un <a href="/wiki/Divisor_de_feix" title="Divisor de feix">divisor de feix</a>. En aquesta situació, hi ha dos possibles resultats d'igual probabilitat. El resultat real s'utilitza per determinar si el bit següent de la seqüència és "0" o "1".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fot%C3%B3&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la secció: Notes"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="plainlinks ambox ambox-style" style="" data-severity="1"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image" style="width: 52px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Tango_Globe_of_Letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Tango_Globe_of_Letters.svg/35px-Tango_Globe_of_Letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Tango_Globe_of_Letters.svg/53px-Tango_Globe_of_Letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Tango_Globe_of_Letters.svg/70px-Tango_Globe_of_Letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td> <td class="mbox-text" style=""> <div class="mbox-text-span"><b>Aquest article o secció necessita millorar una <a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Traduccions" title="Viquipèdia:Traduccions">traducció</a> deficient</b>.<br /><span style="font-size:90%;" class="hide-when-compact">Podeu col·laborar-hi si coneixeu prou la llengua d'origen. També podeu <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discussi%C3%B3:Fot%C3%B3&veaction=edit&preloadtitle=Millorar+la+traducci%C3%B3&section=new&preload=Plantilla:Millorar_traducció/preload&preloadparams%5b%5d=Manlleus">iniciar un fil de discussió</a> per consultar com es pot millorar. Elimineu aquest avís si creieu que està solucionat raonablement.</span></div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-width" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A diferencia de otras partículas como el <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electr%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electrón (encara no existeix)">electrón</a> o el <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quark</a>. Debido a los resultados de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimento&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Experimento (encara no existeix)">experimentos</a> y a consideraciones teóricas descritas en este artículo, se cree que la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masa_invariante&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masa invariante (encara no existeix)">masa</a> del fotón es exactamente cero. Algunas fuentes utilizan también el concepto de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masa_relativista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masa relativista (encara no existeix)">masa relativista</a></i> para la energía expresada con unidades de masa. Para un fotón con longitud de onda <i>λ</i> o energía <i>E</i>, su masa relativista es <i>h/λc</i> o <i>E</i>/<i>c</i><sup>2</sup>. Este uso del término "masa" no es común actualmente en la literatura científica.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fot%C3%B3&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Particle_table_2009-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Particle_table_2009_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Particle_table_2009_1-1">1,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Particle_table_2009_1-2">1,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Particle_table_2009_1-3">1,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Particle_table_2009_1-4">1,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Particle_table_2009_1-5">1,5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Amsler, C. <i>et al.</i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Particle_Data_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Particle Data Group (encara no existeix)">Particle Data Group</a>) «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225235527/http://pdg.lbl.gov/2009/tables/rpp2009-sum-gauge-higgs-bosons.pdf%0A">Review of Particle Physics: Gauge and Higgs bosons</a>». <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physics_Letters_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physics Letters B (encara no existeix)">Physics Letters B</a></i>, 667, 2008 +2009 partial update, pàg. 1. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2009/tables/rpp2009-sum-gauge-higgs-bosons.pdf">original</a> el 2018-12-25. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhLB..667....1P">2008PhLB..667....1P</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physletb.2008.07.018">10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018</a> [Consulta: 19 desembre 2012].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFJoos1951"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Joos</span>, George. <i>Theoretical Physics</i>.  London and Glasgow: Blackie and Son Limited, 1951, p. 679.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theoretical+Physics&rft.date=1951&rft.pub=Blackie+and+Son+Limited&rft.place=London+and+Glasgow&rft.pages=679"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Kimble, H.J.; Dagenais, M.; Mandel, L.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Dagenais</span>; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Mandel</span> «Photon Anti-bunching in Resonance Fluorescence». <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a></i>, 39, 11, 1977, pàg. 691–695. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977PhRvL..39..691K">1977PhRvL..39..691K</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.39.691">10.1103/PhysRevLett.39.691</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Grangier, P.; Roger, G.; Aspect, A.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Roger</span>; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Aspect</span> «Experimental Evidence for a Photon Anticorrelation Effect on a Beam Splitter: A New Light on Single-Photon Interferences». <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=EPL_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EPL (journal) (encara no existeix)">Europhysics Letters</a></i>, 1, 4, 1986, pàg. 173–179. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986EL......1..173G">1986EL......1..173G</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1209%2F0295-5075%2F1%2F4%2F004">10.1209/0295-5075/1/4/004</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Einstein1905-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Einstein1905_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFEinstein_1905"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Einstein</span>, A</a> «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_annalen-der-physik_1905_17_1/page/132">Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt (trad. Model heurístic de la creació i transformació de la llum)</a>». <i>Annalen der Physik</i>, 17,  1905, pàg. 132–148 (en alemany).</span> Una <a href="https://ca.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Heuristic_Model_of_the_Creation_and_Transformation_of_Light" class="extiw" title="s:A Heuristic Model of the Creation and Transformation of Light">traducció anglesa</a> del treball d'Einstein es troba disponible a <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis1926-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis1926_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFLewis_1926"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert N. Lewis"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lewis</span>, GN</a> «The conservation of photons». <i><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></i>, 118,  1926, pàg. 874–875.</span>(en anglès)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFVillard_1900"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ulrich_Villard" title="Paul Ulrich Villard"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Villard</span>, P</a> «Sur la réflexion et la réfraction des rayons cathodiques et des rayons déviables du radium». <i>Comptes Rendus</i>, 130,  1900, pàg. 1010–1012.</span>(en francès)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFVillard_1900"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ulrich_Villard" title="Paul Ulrich Villard"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Villard</span>, P</a> «Sur le rayonnement du radium». <i>Comptes Rendus</i>, 130,  1900, pàg. 1178–1179.</span>(en francès)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFRutherford_1914"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Rutherford</span>, E</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edward_Andrade" title="Edward Andrade">Andrade ENC</a> «The Wavelength of the Soft Gamma Rays from Radium B». <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>, 27,  1914, pàg. 854–868.</span>(en anglès)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240516021352/https://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/ParticleAndNuclear/photon_mass.html">What is the mass of a photon?</a>» (en anglès).  University of California at Riverside. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/ParticleAndNuclear/photon_mass.html">original</a> el 2024-05-16. [Consulta: 6 juliol 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chargeless-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-chargeless_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKobychev_2005"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Kobychev</span>, V V; Popov, S B «Constraints on the photon charge from observations of extragalactic sources». <i>Astronomy Letters</i>, 31,  2005, pàg. 147–151. 10.1134/1.1883345.</span> (en anglès)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Secció Photomultiplier 1.1.10, secció CCDs 1.1.8, secció Geiger counters 1.3.2.1 a <span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKitchin2008"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Kitchin</span>, C.R.. <i>Astrophysical Techniques</i>.  Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2008. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-1-4200-8243-2" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-1-4200-8243-2">ISBN 978-1-4200-8243-2</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astrophysical+Techniques&rft.aulast=Kitchin&rft.aufirst=C.R.&rft.date=2008&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-8243-2"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFWaymouth1971"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Waymouth</span>, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electricdischarg00waym"><i>Electric Discharge Lamps</i></a>.  Cambridge, MA: The M.I.T. Press, 1971. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-262-23048-3" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-262-23048-3">ISBN 978-0-262-23048-3</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electric+Discharge+Lamps&rft.aulast=Waymouth&rft.aufirst=John&rft.date=1971&rft.pub=The+M.I.T.+Press&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.isbn=978-0-262-23048-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felectricdischarg00waym"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"> «Photon upmanship: Why multiphoton imaging is more than a gimmick». <i>Neuron</i>, 18, 3, 1997, pàg. 351–357. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0896-6273%2800%2981237-4">10.1016/S0896-6273(00)81237-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9115730?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:9115730">9115730</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFLakowicz2006"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lakowicz</span>, J.R.. [<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=-PSybuLNxcAC&pg=PA529">Fotó</a></i>, p. 529, a <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> <i>Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy</i>].  Springer, 2006, p. 529 ff. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-387-31278-1" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-387-31278-1">ISBN 978-0-387-31278-1</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Fluorescence+Spectroscopy&rft.aulast=Lakowicz&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=Springer&rft.pages=529+ff&rft.isbn=978-0-387-31278-1&rft_id=%27%27%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-PSybuLNxcAC%26pg%3DPA529+Fot%C3%B3%5D%27%27%2C+p.+529%2C+a+%5B%5BGoogle+Books%5D%5D"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFJenneweinAchleitnerWeihsWeinfurter2000"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Jennewein</span>, T.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Achleitner</span>, U.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Weihs</span>, G.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Weinfurter</span>, H.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Zeilinger</span>, A. «A fast and compact quantum random number generator». <i>Review of Scientific Instruments</i>, 71, 4, 2000, pàg. 1675–1680. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9912118">quant-ph/9912118</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000RScI...71.1675J">2000RScI...71.1675J</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1150518">10.1063/1.1150518</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFStefanovGisinGuinnardGuinnard2000"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Stefanov</span>, A.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Gisin</span>, N.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Guinnard</span>, O.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Guinnard</span>, L.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Zbiden</span>, H. «Optical quantum random number generator». <i>Journal of Modern Optics</i>, 47, 4, 2000, pàg. 595–598. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F095003400147908">10.1080/095003400147908</a>.</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vegeu_també"><span id="Vegeu_tamb.C3.A9"></span>Vegeu també</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fot%C3%B3&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la secció: Vegeu també"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33663753">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-center{clear:both;margin:auto}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">A <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0gina_principal?uselang=ca">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photon" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Photon">Fotó</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fot%C3%B3_magn%C3%A8tic" title="Fotó magnètic">Fotó magnètic</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat%C3%A8ria_fot%C3%B2nica" title="Matèria fotònica">Matèria fotònica</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Model_estàndard_de_física_de_partícules" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plantilla:Part%C3%ADcules" title="Plantilla:Partícules"><img alt="Vegeu aquesta plantilla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/18px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/27px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/36px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></li></ul></div><div id="Model_estàndard_de_física_de_partícules" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Model_est%C3%A0ndard_de_f%C3%ADsica_de_part%C3%ADcules" title="Model estàndard de física de partícules">Model estàndard de física de partícules</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula_elemental" title="Partícula elemental">Elementals</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Fermi%C3%B3" title="Fermió">Fermions</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">Quarks</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Quark_amunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark amunt">u</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Quark_avall" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark avall">d</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Quark_encant" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark encant">c</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Quark_estrany" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark estrany">s</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Quark_cim" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark cim">t</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Quark_fons" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark fons">b</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Antiquark" title="Antiquark">Antiquarks</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Antiquark_amunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquark amunt"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">u</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Antiquark_avall" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquark avall"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">d</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Antiquark_encant" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquark encant"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">c</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Antiquark_estrany" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquark estrany"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">s</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Antiquark_cim" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquark cim"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">t</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Antiquark_fons" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquark fons"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">b</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Lept%C3%B3" title="Leptó">Leptons</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Electr%C3%B3" title="Electró">e<sup>-</sup></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mu%C3%B3" title="Muó">μ<sup>-</sup></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tau%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauó">τ<sup>-</sup></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Neutr%C3%AD" title="Neutrí">ν</a> <b>(</b><a href="/wiki/Neutr%C3%AD_electr%C3%B2nic" title="Neutrí electrònic">ν<sub>e</sub></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Neutr%C3%AD_mu%C3%B2nic" title="Neutrí muònic">ν<sub>μ</sub></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Neutr%C3%AD_tau%C3%B2nic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrí tauònic">ν<sub>τ</sub></a><b>)</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Antilept%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Antileptó">Antileptons</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Positr%C3%B3" title="Positró">e<sup>+</sup></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Antimu%C3%B3" title="Antimuó">μ<sup>+</sup></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Antitau%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitauó">τ<sup>+</sup></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Antineutr%C3%AD" title="Antineutrí"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ν</span></a> <b>(</b><a href="/wiki/Antineutr%C3%AD_electr%C3%B2nic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineutrí electrònic"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ν</span><sub>e</sub></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Antineutr%C3%AD_mu%C3%B2nic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineutrí muònic"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ν</span><sub>μ</sub></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Antineutr%C3%AD_tau%C3%B2nic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineutrí tauònic"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ν</span><sub>τ</sub></a><b>)</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Bos%C3%B3" title="Bosó">Bosons</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Bos%C3%B3_de_gauge" title="Bosó de gauge">Gauge</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">γ</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Glu%C3%B3" title="Gluó">g</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bos%C3%B3_W" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosó W">W<sup>±</sup></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bos%C3%B3_Z" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosó Z">Z</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bos%C3%B3_E(38)" title="Bosó E(38)">E<sub>38</sub></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Bos%C3%B3_escalar" title="Bosó escalar">Escalar</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bos%C3%B3_de_Higgs" title="Bosó de Higgs">H<sup>0</sup></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Altres</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Camp_fantasma" title="Camp fantasma">Fantasmes</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula_hipot%C3%A8tica" title="Partícula hipotètica">Hipotètiques</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Supercompany" title="Supercompany">Supercompanyes</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Sfermi%C3%B3" title="Sfermió">Sfermions</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Squark" title="Squark">Squarks</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><small><a href="/wiki/Quark_samunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark samunt"><span style="font-size:120%;">u͂</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Quark_savall" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark savall"><span style="font-size:120%;">d͂</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Quark_sencant" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark sencant"><span style="font-size:120%;">c͂</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Quark_sestrany" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark sestrany"><span style="font-size:120%;">s͂</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Quark_sim" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark sim"><span style="font-size:120%;">t͂</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Quark_sfons" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark sfons"><span style="font-size:120%;">b͂</span></a></small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Slept%C3%B3" title="Sleptó">Sleptons</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><small><a href="/wiki/Selectr%C3%B3_(part%C3%ADcula)" class="mw-redirect" title="Selectró (partícula)"><span style="font-size:120%;">e͂</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Smu%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Smuó"><span style="font-size:120%;">μ͂</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Stau%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Stauó"><span style="font-size:120%;">τ͂</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sneutr%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Sneutrí"><span style="font-size:120%;">ν͂</span></a> (<a href="/wiki/Sneutr%C3%AD_electr%C3%B2nic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sneutrí electrònic"><span style="font-size:120%;">ν͂</span><sub>e</sub></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sneutr%C3%AD_mu%C3%B2nic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sneutrí muònic"><span style="font-size:120%;">ν͂</span><sub>μ</sub></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sneutr%C3%AD_tau%C3%B2nic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sneutrí tauònic"><span style="font-size:120%;">ν͂</span><sub>τ</sub></a>)</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Gaug%C3%AD" title="Gaugí">Gaugins</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><small><a href="/wiki/Be%C3%AD" title="Beí"><span style="font-size:120%;">B͂</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Fot%C3%AD" title="Fotí"><span style="font-size:120%;">γ͂</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Glu%C3%AD" title="Gluí"><span style="font-size:120%;">g͂</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Gravit%C3%AD" title="Gravití"><span style="font-size:120%;">G͂</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/We%C3%AD" title="Weí"><span style="font-size:120%;">W͂</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Zet%C3%AD" title="Zetí"><span style="font-size:120%;">Z͂</span></a></small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Altres</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ax%C3%AD" title="Axí">Axí</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Carregu%C3%AD" title="Carreguí">Carreguí</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Higgs%C3%AD" title="Higgsí">Higgsí</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Neutral%C3%AD" title="Neutralí">Neutralí</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Altres</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Axi%C3%B3" title="Axió">A<sup>0</sup></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Dilat%C3%B3" title="Dilató">D</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Fermi%C3%B3_de_Majorana" title="Fermió de Majorana">Fermió de Majorana</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Fot%C3%B3_magn%C3%A8tic" title="Fotó magnètic">Fotó magnètic</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Gravit%C3%B3" title="Gravitó">G</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Gravifot%C3%B3" title="Gravifotó">Gravifotó</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Inflat%C3%B3" title="Inflató">Inflató</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Leptoquark" title="Leptoquark">Leptoquark</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Major%C3%B3" title="Majoró">J</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Monopol_magn%C3%A8tic" title="Monopol magnètic">m</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Neutr%C3%AD_est%C3%A8ril" title="Neutrí estèril">neutrí estèril</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Pre%C3%B3" title="Preó">Preó</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Taqui%C3%B3" title="Taquió">Taquió</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bos%C3%B3_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosó X">X</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bos%C3%B3_Y" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosó Y">Y</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bos%C3%B3_W%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosó W'">W'</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bos%C3%B3_Z%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosó Z'">Z'</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula_composta" title="Partícula composta">Compostes</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Hadr%C3%B3" title="Hadró">Hadrons</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Bari%C3%B3" title="Barió">Barions</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Nucle%C3%B3" title="Nucleó">Nucleons</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Prot%C3%B3" title="Protó">p</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Neutr%C3%B3" title="Neutró">n</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Antiprot%C3%B3" title="Antiprotó"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">p</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Antineutr%C3%B3" title="Antineutró"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">n</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Hiper%C3%B3" title="Hiperó">Hiperons</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bari%C3%B3_Delta" title="Barió Delta">Δ</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Lambda_(bari%C3%B3)" title="Lambda (barió)">Λ</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bari%C3%B3_Sigma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barió Sigma (encara no existeix)">Σ</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bari%C3%B3_Ksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barió Ksi (encara no existeix)">Ξ</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bari%C3%B3_Omega&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barió Omega (encara no existeix)">Ω</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Mes%C3%B3" title="Mesó">Mesons</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B3" title="Pió">Pió</a> (π)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mes%C3%B3_rho" title="Mesó rho">Mesó rho</a> (ρ)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mesons_eta_i_eta_prima" title="Mesons eta i eta prima">Mesons eta i eta prima</a> (η) i (η')<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mes%C3%B3_fi" title="Mesó fi">Mesó fi</a> (φ)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mes%C3%B3_omega" title="Mesó omega">Mesó omega</a> (ω)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mes%C3%B3_psi%C3%B3" title="Mesó psió">Mesó psió</a> (J/ψ)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mes%C3%B3_%C3%ADpsilon" title="Mesó ípsilon">Mesó ípsilon</a> (ϒ)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mes%C3%B3_theta" title="Mesó theta">Mesó theta</a> (θ)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mes%C3%B3_K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesó K (encara no existeix)">Mesó K</a> (K)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mes%C3%B3_B" title="Mesó B">Mesó B</a> (B)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mes%C3%B3_D" title="Mesó D">Mesó D</a> (D)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mes%C3%B3_T" title="Mesó T">Mesó T</a> (T)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Quarkonium" title="Quarkonium">Quarkonium</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Altres</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nucli_at%C3%B2mic" title="Nucli atòmic">Nucli atòmic</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/%C3%80tom" title="Àtom">Àtom</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Diquark" title="Diquark">Diquark</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/%C3%80tom_ex%C3%B2tic" title="Àtom exòtic">Àtom exòtic</a> <b>(</b> <a href="/wiki/Positroni" title="Positroni">Positroni</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Muoni" title="Muoni">Muoni</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tautoni" title="Tautoni">Tautoni</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Oni_(part%C3%ADcula)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oni (partícula)">Oni</a> <b>)</b><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Super%C3%A0tom" title="Superàtom">Superàtoms</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mol%C3%A8cula" title="Molècula">Molècula</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula_hipot%C3%A8tica" title="Partícula hipotètica">Hipotètiques</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Hadr%C3%B3_ex%C3%B2tic" title="Hadró exòtic">Hadrons exòtics</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Bari%C3%B3_ex%C3%B2tic" title="Barió exòtic">Barions exòtics</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Dibari%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibarió">Dibarió</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Pentaquark" title="Pentaquark">Pentaquark</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Skyrmi%C3%B3" title="Skyrmió">Skyrmió</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Mes%C3%B3_ex%C3%B2tic" title="Mesó exòtic">Mesons exòtics</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bola_de_gluons" title="Bola de gluons">Bola de gluons</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tetraquark" title="Tetraquark">Tetraquark</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Altres</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Mol%C3%A8cula_mes%C3%B2nica" title="Molècula mesònica">Molècula mesònica</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Pomer%C3%B3" title="Pomeró">Pomeró</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quasipart%C3%ADcula" title="Quasipartícula">Quasipartícules</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solit%C3%B3_de_Davydov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solitó de Davydov (encara no existeix)">Solitó de Davydov</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Excit%C3%B3" title="Excitó">Excitó</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Hol%C3%B3" title="Holó">Holó</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Magn%C3%B3" title="Magnó">Magnó</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Fon%C3%B3" title="Fonó">Fonó</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmar%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasmaró (encara no existeix)">Plasmaró</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Plasm%C3%B3" title="Plasmó">Plasmó</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polarit%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polaritó (encara no existeix)">Polaritó</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Polar%C3%B3" title="Polaró">Polaró</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Rot%C3%B3" title="Rotó">Rotó</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tri%C3%B3_(f%C3%ADsica)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trió (física) (encara no existeix)">Trió</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Descartades</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Part%C3%B3" title="Partó">Partó</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Llistes</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Llista_de_part%C3%ADcules" title="Llista de partícules">Llista de partícules</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Cronologia_de_la_f%C3%ADsica_de_part%C3%ADcules" title="Cronologia de la física de partícules">Cronologia de la física de partícules</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Books" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Books">Llibres</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33711417">.mw-parser-output .languageicon{font-size:0.95em;color:#555;background-color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .languageicon{background-color:inherit;color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .languageicon{background-color:inherit;color:white}}</style><span class="languageicon" title="En anglès">(anglès)</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Particles_of_the_Standard_Model">Book:Particles of the Standard Model<span 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