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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Layer of small animals in the ocean</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Static_image_of_sonar_data_scan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Static_image_of_sonar_data_scan.jpg/300px-Static_image_of_sonar_data_scan.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Static_image_of_sonar_data_scan.jpg/450px-Static_image_of_sonar_data_scan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Static_image_of_sonar_data_scan.jpg/600px-Static_image_of_sonar_data_scan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Static image of a sonar scan. The backscattered signal (green) above the bottom is likely the deep scattering layer.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V20_D769_Longitudonal_section_of_a_bleak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/PSM_V20_D769_Longitudonal_section_of_a_bleak.jpg/220px-PSM_V20_D769_Longitudonal_section_of_a_bleak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/PSM_V20_D769_Longitudonal_section_of_a_bleak.jpg/330px-PSM_V20_D769_Longitudonal_section_of_a_bleak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/PSM_V20_D769_Longitudonal_section_of_a_bleak.jpg/440px-PSM_V20_D769_Longitudonal_section_of_a_bleak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1369" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Swim_bladder" title="Swim bladder">swim bladder</a> (marked here as <i>S</i> and <i>S'</i>) of <i>Alburnoides bipunctatus</i>. The swim bladders of large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Mesopelagic_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopelagic fish">mesopelagic fishes</a> cause sonar waves to be reflected in a recognisable layer</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>deep scattering layer</b>, sometimes referred to as the <b>sound scattering layer</b>, is a layer in the ocean consisting of a variety of marine animals. It was discovered through the use of <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a>, as ships found a layer that scattered the sound and was thus sometimes mistaken for the <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">seabed</a>. For this reason it is sometimes called the <b>false bottom</b> or <b>phantom bottom</b>. It can be seen to rise and fall each day in keeping with <a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">diel vertical migration</a>. </p><p>Sonar operators, using the newly developed sonar technology during World War II, were puzzled by what appeared to be a false sea floor 300–500 metres (980–1,640 ft) deep at day, and less deep at night. Initially, this mysterious phenomenon was called the <b>ECR layer</b> using the initials of its three discoverers.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It turned out to be due to millions of marine organisms, most particularly small <a href="/wiki/Mesopelagic_zone" title="Mesopelagic zone">mesopelagic</a> fish, with <a href="/wiki/Swim_bladder" title="Swim bladder">swim bladders</a> that reflected the sonar. These organisms migrate up into shallower water at dusk to feed on plankton. The layer is deeper when the moon is out, and can become shallower when clouds pass over the moon.<sup id="cite_ref-TeAraMZ_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TeAraMZ-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lanternfish" title="Lanternfish">Lanternfish</a> account for much of the biomass responsible for the deep scattering layer of the world's oceans. <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a> reflects off the millions of lanternfish swim bladders, giving the appearance of a false bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornejo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornejo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_scattering_layer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:California_headlightfish.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/California_headlightfish.png/220px-California_headlightfish.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/California_headlightfish.png/330px-California_headlightfish.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/California_headlightfish.png/440px-California_headlightfish.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lanternfish" title="Lanternfish">Lanternfish</a> account for as much as 65 percent of all deep sea fish <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> and are largely responsible for the deep scattering layer of the world's oceans.</figcaption></figure> <p>The phantom bottom is caused by the sonar misinterpreting as the ocean floor a layer of small seagoing creatures that congregate between 1,000 and 1,500 feet (300 and 460 m) below the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Carson2011_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carson2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carson1999_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carson1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name is derived from the fact that the first people to see these measurements erroneously reported that they had discovered sunken islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Carson1999_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carson1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most mesopelagic fishes are small <a href="/wiki/Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">filter feeders</a> which ascend at night to feed in the nutrient rich waters of the <a href="/wiki/Epipelagic_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipelagic zone">epipelagic zone</a>. During the day, they return to the dark, cold, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_deficient_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen deficient water">oxygen deficient waters</a> of the mesopelagic where they are relatively safe from predators.<sup id="cite_ref-Carson1999_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carson1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most mesopelagic organisms, including <a href="/wiki/Mesopelagic_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopelagic fish">mesopelagic fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siphonophore" class="mw-redirect" title="Siphonophore">siphonophores</a>, make <a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">daily vertical migrations</a>. They ascend at night into the shallow <a href="/wiki/Epipelagic_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipelagic zone">epipelagic zone</a>, often following similar migrations of <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a>, and return to the mesopelagic depths for safety when there is daylight.<sup id="cite_ref-Moyle585_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moyle585-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These vertical migrations often occur over large vertical distances. Fish undertake these migrations with the assistance of a <a href="/wiki/Swimbladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Swimbladder">swimbladder</a>. The swimbladder is inflated when the fish wants to move up, and, due to the high pressures in the mesopelagic zone, this requires significant energy. As the fish ascends, the pressure in the swimbladder must adjust to prevent it from bursting. When the fish wants to return to the depths, the swimbladder is deflated.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some mesopelagic fishes make daily migrations through the <a href="/wiki/Thermocline" title="Thermocline">thermocline</a>, where the temperature changes between 10 and 20 °C, thus displaying considerable tolerances for temperature change. </p><p>In 1998, sampling via deep <a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">trawling</a> indicated <a href="/wiki/Lanternfish" title="Lanternfish">lanternfish</a> account for as much as 65% of all deep sea fish <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EoF_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoF-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lanternfish are among the most widely distributed, populous, and diverse of all <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>, playing an important <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecological</a> role as prey for larger organisms. The previous estimated global biomass of lanternfish was 550–660 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, about six times the annual tonnage captured worldwide by fisheries. However, this was revised upwards as these fish have a special gland for detecting movement from up to 30 metres away (e.g. fishing nets and fish sampling nets). In 2007 global sonar detectors indicated a more accurate figure for the global biomass was between 5,000 and 10,000 million tonnes: a truly massive weight of living mass.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornejo_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornejo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeepDive_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeepDive-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Sonar_data_scan_of_the_water_column.ogv/220px--Sonar_data_scan_of_the_water_column.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="147" data-durationhint="8" data-mwtitle="Sonar_data_scan_of_the_water_column.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Sonar_data_scan_of_the_water_column.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Sonar_data_scan_of_the_water_column.ogv/Sonar_data_scan_of_the_water_column.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Sonar_data_scan_of_the_water_column.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Sonar_data_scan_of_the_water_column.ogv/Sonar_data_scan_of_the_water_column.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Sonar_data_scan_of_the_water_column.ogv/Sonar_data_scan_of_the_water_column.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Sonar_data_scan_of_the_water_column.ogv/Sonar_data_scan_of_the_water_column.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Time lapse video of a 3-D mapping of water column sonar data by the NOAA research ship <i><a href="/wiki/Okeanos_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Okeanos Explorer">Okeanos Explorer</a></i> in the North Atlantic Ocean<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_scattering_layer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">Diel vertical migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_bottom_(sea_ice)" title="False bottom (sea ice)">False bottom (sea ice)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_scattering_layer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/wcd/">Water Column Sonar Data</a> National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCarson2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Carson, Rachel</a> (2011) [1951]. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sea_Around_Us" title="The Sea Around Us">The Sea Around Us</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Road_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Road Media">Open Road Media</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4532-1476-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4532-1476-3"><bdi>978-1-4532-1476-3</bdi></a>. <q>The discovery was made by three scientists, C. F. Eyring, R. J. Christensen, and R. W. Raitt, aboard the <a href="/wiki/USS_Jasper_(PYc-13)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Jasper (PYc-13)">USS <i>Jasper</i></a> in 1942...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sea+Around+Us&rft.pub=Open+Road+Media&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4532-1476-3&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+scattering+layer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TeAraMZ-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TeAraMZ_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ryan P <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/EarthSeaAndSky/SeaLife/DeepSeaCreatures/2/en">"Deep-sea creatures: The mesopelagic zone"</a> <i>Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i>. Updated 21 September 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cornejo-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cornejo_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cornejo_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Cornejo,_R._KoppelmannT._Sutton" class="citation web cs1">R. Cornejo, R. Koppelmann & T. Sutton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agu.org/meetings/os06/os06-sessions/os06_OS45Q.html">"Deep-sea fish diversity and ecology in the benthic boundary layer"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927193049/https://www.agu.org/meetings/os06/os06-sessions/os06_OS45Q.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deep-sea+fish+diversity+and+ecology+in+the+benthic+boundary+layer&rft.au=R.+Cornejo%2C+R.+Koppelmann&rft.au=T.+Sutton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agu.org%2Fmeetings%2Fos06%2Fos06-sessions%2Fos06_OS45Q.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+scattering+layer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson2011-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carson2011_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachel_Carson2011" class="citation book cs1">Rachel Carson (29 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tj6zCt4HE3oC&pg=PT35"><i>The Sea Around Us</i></a>. Open Road Media. pp. 33–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4532-1476-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4532-1476-3"><bdi>978-1-4532-1476-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sea+Around+Us&rft.pages=33-36&rft.pub=Open+Road+Media&rft.date=2011-03-29&rft.isbn=978-1-4532-1476-3&rft.au=Rachel+Carson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtj6zCt4HE3oC%26pg%3DPT35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+scattering+layer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson1999-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carson1999_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carson1999_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carson1999_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachel_Carson1999" class="citation book cs1">Rachel Carson (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFPC9gONLWEC&pg=PA81"><i>Lost Woods: The Discovered Writing of Rachel Carson</i></a>. Beacon Press. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-8547-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-8547-9"><bdi>978-0-8070-8547-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Woods%3A+The+Discovered+Writing+of+Rachel+Carson&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-8547-9&rft.au=Rachel+Carson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZFPC9gONLWEC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+scattering+layer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moyle585-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moyle585_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moyle and Cech, 2004, p. 585</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bone & Moore 2008, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarham_EG1963" class="citation journal cs1">Barham EG (May 1963). "Siphonophores and the Deep Scattering Layer". <i>Science</i>. <b>140</b> (3568): 826–828. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963Sci...140..826B">1963Sci...140..826B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.140.3568.826">10.1126/science.140.3568.826</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17746436">17746436</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43485719">43485719</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Siphonophores+and+the+Deep+Scattering+Layer&rft.volume=140&rft.issue=3568&rft.pages=826-828&rft.date=1963-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.140.3568.826&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43485719%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17746436&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1963Sci...140..826B&rft.au=Barham+EG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+scattering+layer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas EL, Friedl WA and Pickwell GV (1976) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/191/4230/957">"Fishes in oxygen-minimum zones: blood oxygenation characteristics"</a> <i>Science</i>, <b>191</b> (4230) 957–959.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoF-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EoF_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHulley,_P._Alexander1998" class="citation book cs1">Hulley, P. Alexander (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Fishes</i>. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 127–128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-547665-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-547665-2"><bdi>978-0-12-547665-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Fishes&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pages=127-128&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-12-547665-2&rft.au=Hulley%2C+P.+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+scattering+layer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeepDive-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeepDive_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowan_at_Facts_in_Motion" class="citation web cs1">Rowan at Facts in Motion. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8KpuydjfJI">"How this tiny fish is cooling the planet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=How+this+tiny+fish+is+cooling+the+planet&rft.au=Rowan+at+Facts+in+Motion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DI8KpuydjfJI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+scattering+layer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_references">Further references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_scattering_layer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bone Q and Moore RH (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sLoqT_xWaqoC&q=%22Biology+of+fishes%22++Bone+Moore"><i>Biology of Fishes</i></a> Taylor & Francis Group. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-37562-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-37562-7">978-0-415-37562-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_scattering_layer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/deep-scattering-layer">Deep scattering layer</a> <i>Britannica online</i>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="/wiki/Acoustic_release" title="Acoustic release">Acoustic release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_Doppler_current_profiler" title="Acoustic Doppler current profiler">Acoustic Doppler current profiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_seabed_classification" title="Acoustic seabed classification">Acoustic seabed classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustical_oceanography" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustical oceanography">Acoustical oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrophone" title="Hydrophone">Hydrophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_baseline_acoustic_positioning_system" title="Long baseline acoustic positioning system">Long baseline acoustic positioning system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acoustic_tomography" title="Ocean acoustic tomography">Ocean acoustic tomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_baseline_acoustic_positioning_system" title="Short baseline acoustic positioning system">Short baseline acoustic positioning system</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Acoustic_ecology" title="Acoustic ecology">Acoustic ecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_survey_in_fishing" title="Acoustic survey in fishing">Acoustic survey in fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_tag" title="Acoustic tag">Acoustic tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">Animal echolocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beached_whale" class="mw-redirect" title="Beached whale">Beached whale</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deep scattering layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishfinder" title="Fishfinder">Fishfinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_acoustics" title="Fisheries acoustics">Fisheries acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_range#Marine_mammals" title="Hearing range">Hearing range of marine mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Whale sound">Whale song</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_signature" title="Acoustic signature">Acoustic signature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioacoustics" title="Bioacoustics">Bioacoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophony" class="mw-redirect" title="Biophony">Biophony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_MASINT" title="Geophysical MASINT">Geophysical MASINT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrographic_survey" title="Hydrographic survey">Hydrographic survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_map" title="Noise map">Noise map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundscape" title="Soundscape">Soundscape</a></li></ul> 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<li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_water_equations" title="Shallow water equations">shallow water equations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_fetch" title="Wind fetch">Wind fetch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_setup" title="Wind setup">Wind setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave_model" title="Wind wave model">model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Upwelling.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Upwelling"><img alt="Upwelling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/120px-Upwelling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/180px-Upwelling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/240px-Upwelling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="242" /></a></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_bottom_water.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antarctic bottom water"><img alt="Antarctic bottom water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/120px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/180px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/240px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="470" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Circulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">Atmospheric circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroclinity" title="Baroclinity">Baroclinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_current" title="Boundary current">Boundary current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">Coriolis force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis%E2%80%93Stokes_force" title="Coriolis–Stokes force">Coriolis–Stokes force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craik%E2%80%93Leibovich_vortex_force" title="Craik–Leibovich vortex force">Craik–Leibovich vortex force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downwelling" title="Downwelling">Downwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_(fluid_dynamics)" title="Eddy (fluid dynamics)">Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_layer" title="Ekman layer">Ekman layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_spiral" title="Ekman spiral">Ekman spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_transport" title="Ekman transport">Ekman transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern_Oscillation" title="El Niño–Southern Oscillation">El Niño–Southern Oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_circulation_model" title="General circulation model">General circulation model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemical_Ocean_Sections_Study" title="Geochemical Ocean Sections Study">Geochemical Ocean Sections Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geostrophic_current" title="Geostrophic current">Geostrophic current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Ocean_Data_Analysis_Project" title="Global Ocean Data Analysis Project">Global Ocean Data Analysis Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_circulation" title="Hydrothermal circulation">Hydrothermal circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langmuir_circulation" title="Langmuir circulation">Langmuir circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_Current" title="Loop Current">Loop Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Ocean_Model" title="Modular Ocean Model">Modular Ocean Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Ocean current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_dynamical_thermostat" title="Ocean dynamical thermostat">Ocean dynamical thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_dynamics" title="Ocean dynamics">Ocean dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_gyre" title="Ocean gyre">Ocean gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overflow_(oceanography)" title="Overflow (oceanography)">Overflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Ocean_Model" title="Princeton Ocean Model">Princeton Ocean Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsurface_ocean_current" title="Subsurface ocean current">Subsurface ocean current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverdrup_balance" title="Sverdrup balance">Sverdrup balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">Thermohaline circulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shutdown_of_thermohaline_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutdown of thermohaline circulation">shutdown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool" title="Whirlpool">Whirlpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_generated_current" title="Wind generated current">Wind generated current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Ocean_Circulation_Experiment" title="World Ocean Circulation Experiment">World Ocean Circulation Experiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphidromic_point" title="Amphidromic point">Amphidromic point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_tide" title="Earth tide">Earth tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_tide" title="Head of tide">Head of tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_tide" title="Internal tide">Internal tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunitidal_interval" title="Lunitidal interval">Lunitidal interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perigean_spring_tide" title="Perigean spring tide">Perigean spring tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_tide" title="Rip tide">Rip tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_twelfths" title="Rule of twelfths">Rule of twelfths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack_tide" title="Slack tide">Slack tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_tides" title="Theory of tides">Theory of tides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_bore" title="Tidal bore">Tidal bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">Tidal force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_race" title="Tidal race">Tidal race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">Tidal range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_resonance" title="Tidal resonance">Tidal resonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_gauge" title="Tide gauge">Tide gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tideline" title="Tideline">Tideline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssal_fan" title="Abyssal fan">Abyssal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyssal_plain" title="Abyssal plain">Abyssal plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathymetric_chart" title="Bathymetric chart">Bathymetric chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_platform" title="Carbonate platform">Carbonate platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">Continental margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_rise" title="Continental rise">Continental rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contourite" title="Contourite">Contourite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyot" title="Guyot">Guyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">Hydrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoll_(oceanography)" title="Knoll (oceanography)">Knoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_bank" title="Ocean bank">Ocean bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_basin" title="Oceanic basin">Oceanic basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_plateau" title="Oceanic plateau">Oceanic plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">Oceanic trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">Passive margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">Seabed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">Seamount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">Submarine volcano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate<br />tectonics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">Convergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">Divergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracture_zone" title="Fracture zone">Fracture zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_geology" title="Marine geology">Marine geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Mid-ocean ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87_discontinuity" title="Mohorovičić discontinuity">Mohorovičić discontinuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">Oceanic crust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_trench_swell" title="Outer trench swell">Outer trench swell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge_push" title="Ridge push">Ridge push</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafloor_spreading" title="Seafloor spreading">Seafloor spreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_pull" title="Slab pull">Slab pull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_suction" title="Slab suction">Slab suction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_window" title="Slab window">Slab window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">Subduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">Transform fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine%E2%80%93Matthews%E2%80%93Morley_hypothesis" title="Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis">Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ocean zones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ocean_water" title="Deep ocean water">Deep ocean water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sea" title="Deep sea">Deep sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopelagic_zone" title="Mesopelagic zone">Mesopelagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_zone" title="Oceanic zone">Oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">Photic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_zone" title="Surf zone">Surf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">Sea level</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-ocean_Assessment_and_Reporting_of_Tsunamis" title="Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis">Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Sea_Level_Observing_System" title="Global Sea Level Observing System">Global Sea Level Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_Shelf_Operational_Oceanographic_System" title="North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System">North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea-level_curve" title="Sea-level curve">Sea-level curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_drop" title="Sea level drop">Sea level drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Geodetic_System" title="World Geodetic System">World Geodetic System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acoustical_oceanography" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustical oceanography">Acoustics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deep scattering layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acoustic_tomography" title="Ocean acoustic tomography">Ocean acoustic tomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofar_bomb" title="Sofar bomb">Sofar bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOFAR_channel" title="SOFAR channel">SOFAR channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">Underwater acoustics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jason-1" title="Jason-1">Jason-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSTM/Jason-2" title="OSTM/Jason-2">OSTM/Jason-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason-3" title="Jason-3">Jason-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo_(oceanography)" title="Argo (oceanography)">Argo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_lander" title="Benthic lander">Benthic lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Color of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Alvin" title="DSV Alvin">DSV <i>Alvin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal sea">Marginal sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooring_(oceanography)" title="Mooring (oceanography)">Mooring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanographic_Data_Center" title="National Oceanographic Data Center">National Oceanographic Data Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Explorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_observations" title="Ocean observations">Observations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_reanalysis" title="Ocean reanalysis">Reanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_surface_topography" title="Ocean surface topography">Ocean surface topography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">Ocean temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_oceanography" title="Outline of oceanography">Outline of oceanography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_sediment" title="Pelagic sediment">Pelagic sediment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_microlayer" title="Sea surface microlayer">Sea surface microlayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">Sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">Seawater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_On_a_Sphere" title="Science On a Sphere">Science On a Sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">Stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermocline" title="Thermocline">Thermocline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_glider" title="Underwater glider">Underwater glider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">Water column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Ocean_Atlas" title="World Ocean Atlas">World Ocean Atlas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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