CINXE.COM

Megatsunami - Wikipedia

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Megatsunami - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"887b22be-53da-484b-b69c-6275866900d9","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Megatsunami","wgTitle":"Megatsunami","wgCurRevisionId":1258755948,"wgRevisionId":1258755948,"wgArticleId":238246,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Harv and Sfn no-target errors","CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)","CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from June 2023","Articles needing additional references from July 2021","All articles needing additional references","Articles using Mw magnitude scale","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from June 2023", "All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021","Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2021","All articles containing potentially dated statements","CS1 errors: missing periodical","Commons category link from Wikidata","Webarchive template wayback links","Megatsunami","Water waves","Geological hazards","Tsunami","Oceanographical terminology"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Megatsunami","wgRelevantArticleId":238246,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"}, "wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q583313","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles" :"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession", "wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Lituya_Bay_megatsunami_diagram_%28English%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="711"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lituya_Bay_megatsunami_diagram_%28English%29.png/800px-Lituya_Bay_megatsunami_diagram_%28English%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="474"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lituya_Bay_megatsunami_diagram_%28English%29.png/640px-Lituya_Bay_megatsunami_diagram_%28English%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="379"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Megatsunami - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatsunami"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatsunami"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&amp;feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Megatsunami rootpage-Megatsunami skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&amp;returnto=Megatsunami" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=Megatsunami" title="You&#039;re encouraged to log in; however, it&#039;s not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&amp;returnto=Megatsunami" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=Megatsunami" title="You&#039;re encouraged to log in; however, it&#039;s not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition_of_the_concept_of_megatsunami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition_of_the_concept_of_megatsunami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Recognition of the concept of megatsunami</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition_of_the_concept_of_megatsunami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis_of_mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis_of_mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Analysis of mechanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis_of_mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistoric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Prehistoric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Historic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-c._2000_BC:_Réunion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#c._2000_BC:_Réunion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>c. 2000 BC: Réunion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-c._2000_BC:_Réunion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-c._1600_BC:_Santorini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#c._1600_BC:_Santorini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>c. 1600 BC: Santorini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-c._1600_BC:_Santorini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-c._1100_BC:_Lake_Crescent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#c._1100_BC:_Lake_Crescent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>c. 1100 BC: Lake Crescent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-c._1100_BC:_Lake_Crescent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1674:_Ambon_Island,_Banda_Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1674:_Ambon_Island,_Banda_Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>1674: Ambon Island, Banda Sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1674:_Ambon_Island,_Banda_Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1731:_Storfjorden,_Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1731:_Storfjorden,_Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>1731: Storfjorden, Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1731:_Storfjorden,_Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1741:_Oshima-Ōshima,_Sea_of_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1741:_Oshima-Ōshima,_Sea_of_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>1741: Oshima-Ōshima, Sea of Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1741:_Oshima-Ōshima,_Sea_of_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1756:_Langfjorden,_Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1756:_Langfjorden,_Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>1756: Langfjorden, Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1756:_Langfjorden,_Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1792:_Mount_Unzen,_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1792:_Mount_Unzen,_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.5</span> <span>1792: Mount Unzen, Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1792:_Mount_Unzen,_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1853–1854:_Lituya_Bay,_Alaska" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1853–1854:_Lituya_Bay,_Alaska"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.6</span> <span>1853–1854: Lituya Bay, Alaska</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1853–1854:_Lituya_Bay,_Alaska-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1874:_Lituya_Bay,_Alaska" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1874:_Lituya_Bay,_Alaska"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.7</span> <span>1874: Lituya Bay, Alaska</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1874:_Lituya_Bay,_Alaska-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1883:_Krakatoa,_Sunda_Strait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1883:_Krakatoa,_Sunda_Strait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.8</span> <span>1883: Krakatoa, Sunda Strait</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1883:_Krakatoa,_Sunda_Strait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1905:_Lovatnet,_Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1905:_Lovatnet,_Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.9</span> <span>1905: Lovatnet, Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1905:_Lovatnet,_Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1905:_Disenchantment_Bay,_Alaska" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1905:_Disenchantment_Bay,_Alaska"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.10</span> <span>1905: Disenchantment Bay, Alaska</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1905:_Disenchantment_Bay,_Alaska-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1934:_Tafjorden,_Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1934:_Tafjorden,_Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.11</span> <span>1934: Tafjorden, Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1934:_Tafjorden,_Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1936:_Lovatnet,_Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1936:_Lovatnet,_Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.12</span> <span>1936: Lovatnet, Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1936:_Lovatnet,_Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1936:_Lituya_Bay,_Alaska" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1936:_Lituya_Bay,_Alaska"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.13</span> <span>1936: Lituya Bay, Alaska</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1936:_Lituya_Bay,_Alaska-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1958:_Lituya_Bay,_Alaska,_US" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1958:_Lituya_Bay,_Alaska,_US"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.14</span> <span>1958: Lituya Bay, Alaska, US</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1958:_Lituya_Bay,_Alaska,_US-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1963:_Vajont_Dam,_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1963:_Vajont_Dam,_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.15</span> <span>1963: Vajont Dam, Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1963:_Vajont_Dam,_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1964:_Valdez_Arm,_Alaska" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1964:_Valdez_Arm,_Alaska"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.16</span> <span>1964: Valdez Arm, Alaska</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1964:_Valdez_Arm,_Alaska-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980:_Spirit_Lake,_Washington,_US" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980:_Spirit_Lake,_Washington,_US"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.17</span> <span>1980: Spirit Lake, Washington, US</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980:_Spirit_Lake,_Washington,_US-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000:_Paatuut,_Greenland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000:_Paatuut,_Greenland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.18</span> <span>2000: Paatuut, Greenland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000:_Paatuut,_Greenland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2007:_Chehalis_Lake,_British_Columbia,_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2007:_Chehalis_Lake,_British_Columbia,_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.19</span> <span>2007: Chehalis Lake, British Columbia, Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2007:_Chehalis_Lake,_British_Columbia,_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015:_Taan_Fiord,_Alaska,_US" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015:_Taan_Fiord,_Alaska,_US"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.20</span> <span>2015: Taan Fiord, Alaska, US</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015:_Taan_Fiord,_Alaska,_US-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017:_Karrat_Fjord,_Greenland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017:_Karrat_Fjord,_Greenland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.21</span> <span>2017: Karrat Fjord, Greenland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017:_Karrat_Fjord,_Greenland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020:_Elliot_Creek,_British_Columbia,_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020:_Elliot_Creek,_British_Columbia,_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.22</span> <span>2020: Elliot Creek, British Columbia, Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020:_Elliot_Creek,_British_Columbia,_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023:_Dickson_Fjord,_Greenland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023:_Dickson_Fjord,_Greenland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.23</span> <span>2023: Dickson Fjord, Greenland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023:_Dickson_Fjord,_Greenland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_future_megatsunamis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_future_megatsunamis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Potential future megatsunamis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Potential_future_megatsunamis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Potential future megatsunamis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Potential_future_megatsunamis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_Columbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Columbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>British Columbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Columbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canary_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canary_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Canary Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canary_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hawaii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hawaii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Hawaii</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hawaii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Megatsunami</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" title="ميجاتسونامي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميجاتسونامي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatsunami" title="Megatsunami – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Megatsunami" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatsunami" title="Megatsunami – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Megatsunami" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatsunami" title="Megatsunami – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Megatsunami" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatsunami" title="Megatsunami – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Megatsunami" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatsunami" title="Megatsunami – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Megatsunami" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="کلان‌سونامی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلان‌سونامی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9gatsunami" title="Mégatsunami – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mégatsunami" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B1%B0%EB%8C%80%ED%95%B4%EC%9D%BC" title="거대해일 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="거대해일" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megacunami" title="Megacunami – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Megacunami" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatsunami" title="Megatsunami – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Megatsunami" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megacunami" title="Megacunami – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Megacunami" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF" title="മെഗാസുനാമി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മെഗാസുനാമി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatsunami" title="Megatsunami – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Megatsunami" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatsunami" title="Megatsunami – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Megatsunami" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%A5%E6%B3%A2" title="巨大津波 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="巨大津波" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatsun%C3%A2mi" title="Megatsunâmi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Megatsunâmi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megacunami" title="Megacunami – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Megacunami" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9ga_Sunami" title="Méga Sunami – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Méga Sunami" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatsunami" title="Megatsunami – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Megatsunami" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatsunami" title="Megatsunami – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Megatsunami" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Мегацунамі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мегацунамі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B5%B7%E5%98%AF" title="大海嘯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大海嘯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q583313#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Megatsunami" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Megatsunami" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Megatsunami"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Megatsunami"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Megatsunami" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Megatsunami" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;oldid=1258755948" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&amp;page=Megatsunami&amp;id=1258755948&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMegatsunami"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMegatsunami"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Megatsunami&amp;action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Megatsunami" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q583313" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Very large wave created by a large, sudden displacement of material into a body of water</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lituya_Bay_megatsunami_diagram_(English).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lituya_Bay_megatsunami_diagram_%28English%29.png/290px-Lituya_Bay_megatsunami_diagram_%28English%29.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lituya_Bay_megatsunami_diagram_%28English%29.png/435px-Lituya_Bay_megatsunami_diagram_%28English%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lituya_Bay_megatsunami_diagram_%28English%29.png/580px-Lituya_Bay_megatsunami_diagram_%28English%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the <a href="/wiki/1958_Lituya_Bay_earthquake_and_megatsunami" title="1958 Lituya Bay earthquake and megatsunami">1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami</a>, which proved the existence of megatsunamis</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>megatsunami</b> is a very large wave created by a large, sudden displacement of material into a body of water. </p><p>Megatsunamis have different features from ordinary <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a>. Ordinary tsunamis are caused by underwater <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">tectonic activity</a> (movement of the earth's plates) and therefore occur along plate boundaries and as a result of <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a> and the subsequent rise or fall in the <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">sea floor</a> that displaces a volume of water. Ordinary tsunamis exhibit shallow waves in the deep waters of the open ocean that increase dramatically in height upon approaching land to a maximum <a href="/wiki/Wave_run-up" title="Wave run-up">run-up</a> height of around 30 metres (100&#160;ft) in the cases of the most powerful earthquakes.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> By contrast, megatsunamis occur when a large amount of material <a href="/wiki/Rockfall" title="Rockfall">suddenly falls into water</a> or anywhere near water (such as via a <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meteor_impact" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteor impact">meteor impact</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic eruption">volcanic eruption</a>). They can have extremely large initial wave heights in the hundreds of metres, far beyond the height of any ordinary tsunami. These giant wave heights occur because the water is "splashed" upwards and outwards by the displacement. </p><p>Examples of modern megatsunamis include the one associated with the <a href="/wiki/1883_eruption_of_Krakatoa#Tsunamis_and_distant_effects" title="1883 eruption of Krakatoa">1883 eruption of Krakatoa</a> (volcanic eruption), the <a href="/wiki/1958_Lituya_Bay_megatsunami" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami">1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami</a> (a landslide which caused an initial wave of 524 metres (1,719&#160;ft)), and the 1963 <a href="/wiki/Vajont_Dam" title="Vajont Dam">Vajont Dam</a> landslide (caused by human activity destabilizing sides of valley). Prehistoric examples include the <a href="/wiki/Storegga_Slide" title="Storegga Slide">Storegga Slide</a> (landslide), and the <a href="/wiki/Chicxulub_crater" title="Chicxulub crater">Chicxulub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_impact_crater" title="Chesapeake Bay impact crater">Chesapeake Bay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eltanin_impact" title="Eltanin impact">Eltanin</a> meteor impacts. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Megatsunami" title="Special:EditPage/Megatsunami">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>&#32;in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A megatsunami is a tsunami with an initial <a href="/wiki/Wave" title="Wave">wave</a> <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wave_height" title="Wave height">height</a>) measured in many tens or hundreds of metres. The term "megatsunami" has been defined by media and has no precise definition, although it is commonly taken to refer to tsunamis over 100 metres (330&#160;ft) high.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGuire2006123_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGuire2006123-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A megatsunami is a separate class of event from an ordinary tsunami and is caused by different physical mechanisms. </p><p>Normal tsunamis result from displacement of the sea floor due to movements in the Earth's crust (plate tectonics). Powerful earthquakes may cause the sea floor to displace vertically on the order of tens of metres, which in turn displaces the water column above and leads to the formation of a tsunami. Ordinary tsunamis have a small wave height offshore and generally pass unnoticed at sea, forming only a slight swell on the order of 30&#160;cm (12&#160;in) above the normal sea surface. In deep water it is possible that a tsunami could pass beneath a ship without the crew of the vessel noticing. As it approaches land, the wave height of an ordinary tsunami increases dramatically as the sea floor slopes upward and the base of the wave pushes the water column above it upwards. Ordinary tsunamis, even those associated with the most powerful strike-slip earthquakes, typically do not reach heights in excess of 30&#160;m (100&#160;ft).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>By contrast, megatsunamis are caused by landslides and other <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">impact events</a> that displace large volumes of water, resulting in waves that may exceed the height of an ordinary tsunami by tens or even hundreds of metres. Underwater <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">volcanic eruptions</a> do not normally generate megatsunamis, but <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a> next to bodies of water resulting from earthquakes or volcanic eruptions can, since they cause a much larger amount of water <a href="/wiki/Displacement_field_(mechanics)" title="Displacement field (mechanics)">displacement</a>. If the landslide or impact occurs in a limited body of water, as happened at the <a href="/wiki/Vajont_Dam" title="Vajont Dam">Vajont Dam</a> (1963) and in <a href="/wiki/1958_Lituya_Bay,_Alaska_earthquake_and_megatsunami" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 Lituya Bay, Alaska earthquake and megatsunami">Lituya Bay</a> (1958) then the water may be unable to disperse and one or more exceedingly large waves may result.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Submarine landslides can pose a significant hazard when they cause a tsunami. Although a variety of different types of landslides can cause tsunami, all the resulting tsunami have similar features such as large run-ups close to the tsunami, but quicker attenuation compared to tsunami caused by earthquakes. An example of this was the July 17, 1998, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinean</a> landslide tsunami where waves up to 15&#160;m high impacted a 20&#160;km section of the coast killing 2,200 people, yet at greater distances the tsunami was not a major hazard. This is due to the comparatively small source area of most landslide tsunami (relative to the area affected by large earthquakes) which causes the generation of shorter wavelength waves. These waves are greatly affected by coastal amplification (which amplifies the local effect) and radial damping (which reduces the distal effect).<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McAdoo_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAdoo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The size of landslide-generated tsunamis depends both on the geological details of the landslide (such as its <a href="/wiki/Froude_number" title="Froude number">Froude number</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELøvholtPedersenGisler20083_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELøvholtPedersenGisler20083-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) and also on assumptions about the <a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrodynamics">hydrodynamics</a> of the model used to simulate tsunami generation, thus they have a large margin of uncertainty. Generally, landslide-induced tsunamis decay more quickly with distance than earthquake-induced tsunamis,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMassonHarbitzWynnPedersen20062024_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassonHarbitzWynnPedersen20062024-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> as the former, often having a dipole structure at the source,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawsonStewart2007169_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawsonStewart2007169-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> tend to spread out radially and has a shorter wavelength (the rate at which a wave loses energy is inversely proportional to its wavelength, in other words the longer the <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> of a wave, the slower it loses energy)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while the latter disperses little as it propagates away perpendicularly to the source <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">fault</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMassonHarbitzWynnPedersen20062025_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassonHarbitzWynnPedersen20062025-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Testing whether a given tsunami model is correct is complicated by the rarity of giant collapses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPararas-Carayannis2002255_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPararas-Carayannis2002255-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent findings show that the nature of a tsunami is dependent upon volume, velocity, initial acceleration, length and thickness of the contributing landslide. Volume and initial acceleration are the key factors which determine whether a landslide will form a tsunami. A sudden deceleration of the landslide may also result in larger waves. The length of the slide influences both the wavelength and the maximum wave height. Travel time or run out distance of slide will also influence the resulting tsunami wavelength. In most cases the submarine landslides are noticeably subcritical, that is the <a href="/wiki/Froude_number" title="Froude number">Froude number</a> (the ratio of slide speed to wave propagation) is significantly less than one. This suggests that the tsunami will move away from the wave generating slide preventing the buildup of the wave. Failures in shallow waters tend to produce larger tsunamis because the wave is more critical as the speed of propagation is less here. Furthermore, shallower waters are generally closer to the coast meaning that there is less radial damping by the time the tsunami reaches the shore. Conversely tsunamis triggered by earthquakes are more critical when the seabed displacement occurs in the deep ocean as the first wave (which is less affected by depth) has a shorter wavelength and is enlarged when travelling from deeper to shallower waters.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McAdoo_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAdoo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Determining a height range typical of megatsunamis is a complex and scientifically debated topic. This complexity is increased due to the fact that two different heights are often reported for tsunamis – the height of the wave itself in open water, and the height to which it surges when it encounters land. Depending upon the locale, this second or so-called "<a href="/wiki/Wave_run-up" title="Wave run-up">run-up</a> height" can be several times larger than the wave's height just before reaching shore.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While there is currently no minimum or average height classification for megatsunamis that is broadly accepted by the scientific community, the limited number of observed megatsunami events in recent history have all had run-up heights that exceeded 100 metres (300&#160;ft). The megatsunami in Spirit Lake, Washington, USA that was caused by the <a href="/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens" title="1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens">1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens</a> reached 260 metres (853&#160;ft), while the tallest megatsunami ever recorded (Lituya Bay in 1958) reached a run-up height of 520 metres (1,720&#160;ft).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is also possible that much larger megatsunamis occurred in prehistory; researchers analyzing the geological structures left behind by prehistoric asteroid impacts have suggested that these events could have resulted in megatsunamis that exceeded 1,500 metres (4,900&#160;ft) in height.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition_of_the_concept_of_megatsunami">Recognition of the concept of megatsunami</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Recognition of the concept of megatsunami"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1958_Lituya_Bay_earthquake_and_megatsunami" title="1958 Lituya Bay earthquake and megatsunami">1958 Lituya Bay earthquake and megatsunami</a></div> <p>Before the 1950s, scientists had theorized that tsunamis orders of magnitude larger than those observed with earthquakes could have occurred as a result of ancient geological processes, but no concrete evidence of the existence of these "monster waves" had yet been gathered. <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">Geologists</a> searching for oil in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> in 1953 observed that in <a href="/wiki/Lituya_Bay" title="Lituya Bay">Lituya Bay</a>, mature tree growth did not extend to the shoreline as it did in many other bays in the region. Rather, there was a band of younger trees closer to the shore. Forestry workers, glaciologists, and geographers call the boundary between these bands a <a href="/wiki/Trim_line" title="Trim line">trim line</a>. Trees just above the trim line showed severe scarring on their seaward side, while those from below the trim line did not. This indicated that a large force had impacted all of the elder trees above the trim line, and presumably had killed off all the trees below it. Based on this evidence, the scientists hypothesized that there had been an unusually large wave or waves in the deep inlet. Because this is a recently deglaciated <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjord</a> with steep slopes and crossed by a major fault (the <a href="/wiki/Fairweather_Fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairweather Fault">Fairweather Fault</a>), one possibility was that this wave was a landslide-generated tsunami.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 9, 1958, a 7.8 <a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#Mw" title="Seismic magnitude scales"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000019-QINU`"'</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="Moment mag. scale">M<sub>w</sub></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)#Strike-slip_faults" title="Fault (geology)">strike-slip</a> earthquake in southeast Alaska caused 80,000,000 metric tons (90,000,000 short tons) of rock and ice to drop into the deep water at the head of Lituya Bay. The block fell almost vertically and hit the water with sufficient force to create a <a href="/wiki/1958_Lituya_Bay,_Alaska_earthquake_and_megatsunami" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 Lituya Bay, Alaska earthquake and megatsunami">wave</a> that surged up the opposite side of the head of the bay to a height of 520 metres (1,710 feet), and was still many tens of metres high further down the bay when it carried eyewitnesses Howard Ulrich and his son Howard Jr. over the trees in their fishing boat. They were washed back into the bay and both survived.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis_of_mechanism">Analysis of mechanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Analysis of mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mechanism giving rise to megatsunamis was analysed for the Lituya Bay event in a study presented at the Tsunami Society in 1999;<sup id="cite_ref-PC_Model_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PC_Model-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> this model was considerably developed and modified by a second study in 2010. </p><p>Although the earthquake which caused the megatsunami was considered very energetic, it was determined that it could not have been the sole contributor based on the measured height of the wave. Neither water drainage from a lake, nor a landslide, nor the force of the earthquake itself were sufficient to create a megatsunami of the size observed, although all of these may have been contributing factors. </p><p>Instead, the megatsunami was caused by a combination of events in quick succession. The primary event occurred in the form of a large and sudden <a href="/wiki/Impulse_(physics)" title="Impulse (physics)">impulsive</a> impact when about 40 million cubic yards of rock several hundred metres above the bay was fractured by the earthquake, and fell "practically as a monolithic unit" down the almost-vertical slope and into the bay.<sup id="cite_ref-PC_Model_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PC_Model-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Rockfall" title="Rockfall">rockfall</a> also caused air to be "dragged along" due to <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> effects, which added to the volume of displacement, and further impacted the <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> on the floor of the bay, creating a large crater. The study concluded that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The giant wave <a href="/wiki/Wave_run-up" title="Wave run-up">runup</a> of 1,720&#160;feet (524&#160;m) at the head of the Bay and the subsequent huge wave along the main body of Lituya Bay which occurred on July 9, 1958, were caused primarily by an enormous subaerial rockfall into Gilbert Inlet at the head of Lituya Bay, triggered by dynamic earthquake ground motions along the Fairweather Fault. </p><p>The large monolithic mass of rock struck the sediments at bottom of Gilbert Inlet at the head of the bay with great force. The impact created a large crater and displaced and folded recent and Tertiary deposits and sedimentary layers to an unknown depth. The displaced water and the displacement and folding of the sediments broke and uplifted 1,300&#160;feet of ice along the entire front face of the Lituya Glacier at the north end of Gilbert Inlet. Also, the impact and the sediment displacement by the rockfall resulted in an air bubble and in water splashing action that reached the 1,720-foot (524&#160;m) elevation on the other side of the head of Gilbert Inlet. The same rockfall impact, in combination with the strong ground movements, the net vertical crustal uplift of about 3.5&#160;feet, and an overall tilting seaward of the entire crustal block on which Lituya Bay was situated, generated the giant solitary gravity wave which swept the main body of the bay. </p><p> This was the most likely scenario of the event – the "PC model" that was adopted for subsequent mathematical modeling studies with source dimensions and parameters provided as input. Subsequent mathematical modeling at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (Mader, 1999, Mader &amp; Gittings, 2002) supported the proposed mechanism and indicated that there was indeed sufficient volume of water and an adequately deep layer of sediments in the Lituya Bay inlet to account for the giant wave runup and the subsequent inundation. The modeling reproduced the documented physical observations of runup.</p></blockquote> <p>A 2010 model that examined the amount of infill on the floor of the bay, which was many times larger than that of the rockfall alone, and also the energy and height of the waves, and the accounts given by eyewitnesses, concluded that there had been a "dual slide" involving a rockfall, which also triggered a release of 5 to 10 times its volume of sediment trapped by the adjacent Lituya Glacier, as an almost immediate and many times larger second slide, a ratio comparable with other events where this "dual slide" effect is known to have happened.<sup id="cite_ref-2010model_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010model-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric">Prehistoric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Prehistoric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>An <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">astronomical object</a> between 37 and 58 kilometres (23 and 36&#160;mi) wide traveling at 20 kilometres (12.4&#160;mi) per second struck the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> 3.26 billion years ago east of what is now <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, near South Africa's border with <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>, in what was then an <a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean</a> ocean that covered most of the planet, creating a crater about 500 kilometres (310&#160;mi) wide. The impact generated a megatsunami that probably extended to a depth of thousands of meters beneath the surface of the ocean and rose to the height of a <a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">skyscraper</a> when it reached shorelines. The resultant event created the <a href="/wiki/Barberton_Greenstone_Belt" title="Barberton Greenstone Belt">Barberton Greenstone Belt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> linked to the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">extinction of dinosaurs</a>, which created the <a href="/wiki/Chicxulub_crater" title="Chicxulub crater">Chicxulub crater</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a> approximately 66 million years ago, would have caused a megatsunami over 100 metres (330&#160;ft) tall. The height of the tsunami was limited due to relatively shallow sea in the area of the impact; had the asteroid struck in the deep sea the megatsunami would have been 4.6 kilometres (2.9&#160;mi) tall. Among the mechanisms triggering megatsunamis were the direct impact, shockwaves, returning water in the crater with a new push outward and <a href="/wiki/Seismic_wave" title="Seismic wave">seismic waves</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Richter magnitude scale">magnitude</a> up to ~11.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A more recent simulation of the global effects of the Chicxulub megatsunami showed an initial wave height of 1.5 kilometres (0.9&#160;mi), with later waves up to 100 metres (330&#160;ft) in height in the Gulf of Mexico, and up to 14 metres (46&#160;ft) in the North Atlantic and South Pacific; the discovery of mega-ripples in Louisiana via seismic imaging data, with average wavelengths of 600 metres (2,000&#160;ft) and average wave heights of 16 metres (52&#160;ft), looks like to confirm it.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> David Shonting and Cathy Ezrailson propose an "Edgerton effect" mechanism generating the megatsunami, similar to a milk drop falling on water that triggers a crown-shape water column, with a comparable height to the <a href="/wiki/Chicxulub_crater" title="Chicxulub crater">Chicxulub impactor's</a>, that means over 10–12 kilometres (6–7&#160;mi) for the initial seawater forced outward by the explosion and blast waves; then, its collapse triggers megatsunamis changing their height according to the different water depth, raising up to 500 metres (1,600&#160;ft).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the initial <a href="/wiki/Shock_wave" title="Shock wave">shock wave</a> via impact triggered <a href="/wiki/Seismic_wave" title="Seismic wave">seismic waves</a> producing giant <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a> and slumping around the region (the largest known event deposits on Earth) with subsequent megatsunamis of various sizes,<sup id="cite_ref-Sanford2016_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanford2016-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Seiche" title="Seiche">seiches</a> of 10 to 100 metres (30 to 300&#160;ft) in <a href="/wiki/Tanis_(fossil_site)" title="Tanis (fossil site)">Tanis</a>, 3,000 kilometres (1,900&#160;mi) away, part of a vast inland sea at the time and directly triggered via seismic shaking by the impact within a few minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>During the <a href="/wiki/Messinian" title="Messinian">Messinian</a> the coasts of northern Chile were likely struck by various megatsunamis.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>A megatsunami affected the coast of <a href="/wiki/Zona_Sur" title="Zona Sur">south–central Chile</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> as evidenced by the <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary record">sedimentary record</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ranquil_Formation" title="Ranquil Formation">Ranquil Formation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LeRouxetal2008_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeRouxetal2008-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Eltanin_impact" title="Eltanin impact">Eltanin impact</a> in the southeast Pacific Ocean 2.5 million years ago caused a megatsunami that was over 200 metres (660&#160;ft) high in southern Chile and the Antarctic Peninsula; the wave swept across much of the Pacific Ocean.</li> <li>The northern half of the <a href="/wiki/East_Molokai_Volcano" title="East Molokai Volcano">East Molokai Volcano</a> on <a href="/wiki/Molokai" title="Molokai">Molokai</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> suffered a catastrophic collapse about 1.5 million years ago, generating a megatsunami, and now lies as a debris field scattered northward across the ocean bottom,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while what remains on the island are the highest <a href="/wiki/Sea_cliff" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea cliff">sea cliffs</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The megatsunami may have reached a height of 610 metres (2,000&#160;ft) near its origin and reached <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>The existence of large scattered <a href="/wiki/Boulder" title="Boulder">boulders</a> in only one of the four <a href="/wiki/Marine_terrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine terrace">marine terraces</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herradura_Bay&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Herradura Bay (page does not exist)">Herradura Bay</a> south of the Chilean city of <a href="/wiki/Coquimbo" title="Coquimbo">Coquimbo</a> has been interpreted by <a href="/wiki/Roland_Paskoff" title="Roland Paskoff">Roland Paskoff</a> as the result of a mega-tsunami that occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, a megatsunami at least 400 metres (1,312&#160;ft) in height deposited marine <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> at a modern-day elevation of 326 metres (1,070&#160;ft) – 375 to 425 metres (1,230 to 1,394&#160;ft) above <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a> at the time the wave struck – on <a href="/wiki/Lanai" title="Lanai">Lanai</a> about 105,000 years ago. The tsunami also deposited such sediments at an elevation of 60 to 80 metres (197 to 262&#160;ft) on <a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oahu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molokai" title="Molokai">Molokai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">island of Hawaii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>The collapse of the ancestral Mount Amarelo on <a href="/wiki/Fogo,_Cape_Verde" title="Fogo, Cape Verde">Fogo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Verde Islands">Cape Verde Islands</a> about 73,000 years ago triggered a megatsunami which struck <a href="/wiki/Santiago,_Cape_Verde" title="Santiago, Cape Verde">Santiago</a>, 55 kilometres (34&#160;mi; 30&#160;nmi) away, with a height of at least 170 metres (558&#160;ft) and a <a href="/wiki/Wave_run-up" title="Wave run-up">run-up</a> height of over 270 metres (886&#160;ft).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>A major collapse of the western edge of the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tahoe" title="Lake Tahoe">Lake Tahoe</a> basin, a landslide with a volume of 12.5 cubic kilometres (3.0&#160;cu&#160;mi) which formed McKinney Bay between 21,000 and 12,000 years ago, generated megatsunamis/<a href="/wiki/Seiche" title="Seiche">seiche waves</a> with an initial height of probably about 100&#160;m (330&#160;ft) and caused the lake's water to slosh back and forth for days. Much of the water in the megatsunamis washed over the lake's outlet at what is now <a href="/wiki/Tahoe_City,_California" title="Tahoe City, California">Tahoe City</a>, California, and flooded down the <a href="/wiki/Truckee_River" title="Truckee River">Truckee River</a>, carrying house-sized boulders as far downstream as the California-Nevada border at what is now <a href="/wiki/Verdi,_California" title="Verdi, California">Verdi</a>, California.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Storegga_Slide" title="Storegga Slide">Storegga Slide</a> caused a megatsunami approximately 8,200 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is estimated to have completely flooded the remainder of <a href="/wiki/Doggerland" title="Doggerland">Doggerland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Around 6370 BCE, a 25-cubic-kilometre (6&#160;cu&#160;mi) landslide on the eastern slope of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> triggered a megatsunami in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> with an initial wave height along the eastern coast of Sicily of 40 metres (131&#160;ft). It struck the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> village of <a href="/wiki/Atlit_Yam" title="Atlit Yam">Atlit Yam</a> off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> with a height of 2.5 metres (8&#160;ft 2&#160;in), prompting the village's abandonment.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Around 5650 B.C., a landslide in <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> created a megatsunami with a <a href="/wiki/Wave_run-up" title="Wave run-up">run-up</a> height on <a href="/wiki/Alluttoq_Island" title="Alluttoq Island">Alluttoq Island</a> of 41 to 66 metres (135 to 217&#160;ft).<sup id="cite_ref-Korsgaardetal_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korsgaardetal-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Around 5350 B.C., a landslide in Greenland created a megatsunami with a <a href="/wiki/Wave_run-up" title="Wave run-up">run-up</a> height on Alluttoq Island of 45 to 70 metres (148 to 230&#160;ft).<sup id="cite_ref-Korsgaardetal_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korsgaardetal-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic">Historic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Historic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="c._2000_BC:_Réunion"><span id="c._2000_BC:_R.C3.A9union"></span>c. 2000 BC: Réunion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: c. 2000 BC: Réunion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslide</a> on <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> island, to the east of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, may have caused a megatsunami.<sup id="cite_ref-Mega-tsunami:_Wave_of_Destruction_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mega-tsunami:_Wave_of_Destruction-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Source reference citation states &quot;Scientists now realise that the greatest danger comes from large volcanic islands, which are particularly prone to these massive landslides. Geologists began to look for evidence of past landslides on the sea bed, and what they saw astonished them. The sea floor around Hawaii, for instance, was covered with the remains of millions of years&#39; worth of ancient landslides, colossal in size.But huge landslides and the mega-tsunami that they cause are extremely rare – the last one happened 4,000 years ago on the island of Réunion.&quot; This is incorrect because even this Wikipedia article lists more recent volcanic island collapses causing megatsunamis e.g. Mount Unzen (1792), Krakatoa (1883), Ritter Island (1888) and Mt St Helens (1980). (June 2023)">better&#160;source&#160;needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="c._1600_BC:_Santorini">c. 1600 BC: Santorini</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: c. 1600 BC: Santorini"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minoan_eruption" title="Minoan eruption">Minoan eruption</a></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Thera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thera">Thera</a> volcano erupted, the force of the eruption causing megatsunamis which affected the whole <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> and the eastern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="c._1100_BC:_Lake_Crescent">c. 1100 BC: Lake Crescent</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: c. 1100 BC: Lake Crescent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>An earthquake generated the 7,200,000-cubic-metre (9,400,000&#160;cu&#160;yd) Sledgehammer Point Rockslide, which fell from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Storm_King" title="Mount Storm King">Mount Storm King</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and entered waters at least 140 metres (459&#160;ft) deep in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Crescent" title="Lake Crescent">Lake Crescent</a>, generating a megatsunami with an estimated maximum <a href="/wiki/Wave_run-up" title="Wave run-up">run-up</a> height of 82 to 104 metres (269 to 341&#160;ft).<sup id="cite_ref-chehalis2007_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chehalis2007-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1674:_Ambon_Island,_Banda_Sea"><span id="1674:_Ambon_Island.2C_Banda_Sea"></span>1674: Ambon Island, Banda Sea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: 1674: Ambon Island, Banda Sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1674_Ambon_earthquake_and_megatsunami" title="1674 Ambon earthquake and megatsunami">1674 Ambon earthquake and megatsunami</a></div> <p>On February 17, 1674, between 19:30 and 20:00 local time, an earthquake struck the Maluku Islands. Ambon Island received <a href="/wiki/Wave_run-up" title="Wave run-up">run-up</a> heights of 100 metres (328&#160;ft), making the wave far too large to be caused by the quake itself. Instead, it was probably the result of an underwater landslide triggered by the earthquake. The quake and tsunami killed 2,347 people.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1731:_Storfjorden,_Norway"><span id="1731:_Storfjorden.2C_Norway"></span>1731: Storfjorden, Norway</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: 1731: Storfjorden, Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At 10:00&#160;p.m. on January 8, 1731, a <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslide</a> with a volume of possibly 6,000,000 cubic metres (7,800,000&#160;cu&#160;yd) fell from the mountain Skafjell from a height of 500 metres (1,640&#160;ft) into the <a href="/wiki/Storfjorden_(Sunnm%C3%B8re)" title="Storfjorden (Sunnmøre)">Storfjorden</a> opposite <a href="/wiki/Stranda,_M%C3%B8re_og_Romsdal" title="Stranda, Møre og Romsdal">Stranda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>. The slide generated a megatsunami 30 metres (100&#160;ft) in height that struck Stranda, flooding the area for 100 metres (330&#160;ft) inland and destroying the church and all but two <a href="/wiki/Boathouse" title="Boathouse">boathouses</a>, as well as many boats. Damaging waves struck as far away as <a href="/wiki/%C3%98rskog" title="Ørskog">Ørskog</a>. The waves killed 17 people.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1741:_Oshima-Ōshima,_Sea_of_Japan"><span id="1741:_Oshima-.C5.8Cshima.2C_Sea_of_Japan"></span>1741: Oshima-Ōshima, Sea of Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: 1741: Oshima-Ōshima, Sea of Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1741_eruption_of_Oshima%E2%80%93%C5%8Cshima_and_the_Kampo_tsunami" title="1741 eruption of Oshima–Ōshima and the Kampo tsunami">1741 eruption of Oshima–Ōshima and the Kampo tsunami</a></div> <p>An eruption of Oshima-Ōshima occurred that lasted from 18 August 1741 to 1 May 1742. On 29 August 1741, a devastating tsunami occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-Significant_Volcanic_Eruption_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Significant_Volcanic_Eruption-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It killed at least 1,467 people along a 120-kilometre (75&#160;mi) section of the coast, excluding native residents whose deaths were not recorded. Wave heights for Gankakezawa have been estimated at 34 metres (112&#160;ft) based on oral histories, while an estimate of 13 metres (43&#160;ft) is derived from written records. At Sado Island, over 350 kilometres (217&#160;mi; 189&#160;nmi) away, a wave height of 2 to 5 metres (6&#160;ft 7&#160;in to 16&#160;ft 5&#160;in) has been estimated based on descriptions of the damage, while oral records suggest a height of 8 metres (26&#160;ft). Wave heights have been estimated at 3 to 4 metres (9.8 to 13.1&#160;ft) even as far away as the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> There is still no consensus in the debate as to what caused it but much evidence points to a landslide and debris avalanche along the flank of the volcano. An alternative hypothesis holds that an earthquake caused the tsunami.<sup id="cite_ref-Sang_Oh_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sang_Oh-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Survey_Study_Group_on_Large-Scale_Earthquakes_in_the_Sea_of_Japan_report_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Survey_Study_Group_on_Large-Scale_Earthquakes_in_the_Sea_of_Japan_report-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Abe_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abe-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The event reduced the elevation of the peak of Hishiyama from 850 to 722 metres (2,789 to 2,369&#160;ft). An estimated 2.4-cubic-kilometre (0.58&#160;cu&#160;mi) section of the volcano collapsed onto the <a href="/wiki/Sea_bed" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea bed">seafloor</a> north of the island; the collapse was similar in size to the 2.3-cubic-kilometre (0.55&#160;cu&#160;mi) collapse which occurred during the <a href="/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens" title="1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens">1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Satake01_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Satake01-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1756:_Langfjorden,_Norway"><span id="1756:_Langfjorden.2C_Norway"></span>1756: Langfjorden, Norway</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: 1756: Langfjorden, Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Just before 8:00&#160;p.m. on February 22, 1756, a landslide with a volume of 12,000,000 to 15,000,000 cubic metres (16,000,000 to 20,000,000&#160;cu&#160;yd) travelled at high speed from a height of 400 metres (1,300&#160;ft) on the side of the mountain Tjellafjellet into the <a href="/wiki/Langfjorden_(M%C3%B8re_og_Romsdal)" title="Langfjorden (Møre og Romsdal)">Langfjorden</a> about 1 kilometre (0.6&#160;mi) west of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tjelle&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tjelle (page does not exist)">Tjelle</a>, Norway, between Tjelle and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gramsgr%C3%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gramsgrø (page does not exist)">Gramsgrø</a>. The slide generated three megatsunamis in the Langfjorden and the <a href="/wiki/Eresfjorden" title="Eresfjorden">Eresfjorden</a> with heights of 40 to 50 metres (130 to 160&#160;ft). The waves flooded the shore for 200 metres (660&#160;ft) inland in some areas, destroying farms and other inhabited areas. Damaging waves struck as far away as <a href="/wiki/Ve%C3%B8y" title="Veøy">Veøy</a>, 25 kilometres (16&#160;mi) from the landslide – where they washed inland 20 metres (66&#160;ft) above normal flood levels – and <a href="/wiki/Gjermundnes" title="Gjermundnes">Gjermundnes</a>, 40 kilometres (25&#160;mi) from the slide. The waves killed 32 people and destroyed 168 buildings, 196 boats, large amounts of forest, and roads and boat landings.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1792:_Mount_Unzen,_Japan"><span id="1792:_Mount_Unzen.2C_Japan"></span>1792: Mount Unzen, Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: 1792: Mount Unzen, Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1792_Unzen_landslide_and_tsunami" title="1792 Unzen landslide and tsunami">1792 Unzen landslide and tsunami</a></div> <p>On 21 May 1792, a flank of the Mayamaya dome of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Unzen" title="Mount Unzen">Mount Unzen</a> collapsed after two large earthquakes. This had been preceded by a series of earthquakes coming from the mountain, beginning near the end of 1791. Initial wave heights were 100 metres (330&#160;ft), but when they hit the other side of Ariake Bay, they were only 10 to 20 metres (33 to 66&#160;ft) in height, though one location received 57-metre (187&#160;ft) waves due to <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">seafloor</a> <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a>. The waves bounced back to Shimabara, which, when they hit, accounted for about half of the tsunami's victims. According to estimates, 10,000 people were killed by the tsunami, and a further 5,000 were killed by the landslide. As of 2011, it was the deadliest known volcanic event in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Hays1990_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hays1990-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1853–1854:_Lituya_Bay,_Alaska"><span id="1853.E2.80.931854:_Lituya_Bay.2C_Alaska"></span>1853–1854: Lituya Bay, Alaska</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: 1853–1854: Lituya Bay, Alaska"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometime between August 1853 and May 1854, a megatsunami occurred in <a href="/wiki/Lituya_Bay" title="Lituya Bay">Lituya Bay</a> in what was then <a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian America</a>. Studies of Lituya Bay between 1948 and 1953 first identified the event, which probably occurred because of a large landslide on the south shore of the bay near Mudslide Creek. The wave had a maximum <a href="/wiki/Wave_run-up" title="Wave run-up">run-up</a> height of 120 metres (394&#160;ft), flooding the coast of the bay up to 230 metres (750&#160;ft) inland.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1874:_Lituya_Bay,_Alaska"><span id="1874:_Lituya_Bay.2C_Alaska"></span>1874: Lituya Bay, Alaska</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: 1874: Lituya Bay, Alaska"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study of Lituya Bay in 1953 concluded that sometime around 1874, perhaps in May 1874, another megatsunami occurred in <a href="/wiki/Lituya_Bay" title="Lituya Bay">Lituya Bay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>. Probably occurring because of a large landslide on the south shore of the bay in the Mudslide Creek Valley, the wave had a maximum <a href="/wiki/Wave_run-up" title="Wave run-up">run-up</a> height of 24 metres (80&#160;ft), flooding the coast of the bay up to 640 metres (2,100&#160;ft) inland.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1883:_Krakatoa,_Sunda_Strait"><span id="1883:_Krakatoa.2C_Sunda_Strait"></span>1883: Krakatoa, Sunda Strait</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: 1883: Krakatoa, Sunda Strait"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1883_eruption_of_Krakatoa#Tsunamis_and_distant_effects" title="1883 eruption of Krakatoa">1883 eruption of Krakatoa §&#160;Tsunamis and distant effects</a></div> <p>The massive explosion of <a href="/wiki/Krakatoa" title="Krakatoa">Krakatoa</a> created <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">pyroclastic flows</a> which generated megatsunamis when they hit the waters of the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Strait" title="Sunda Strait">Sunda Strait</a> on 27 August 1883. The waves reached heights of up to 24 metres (79 feet) along the south coast of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and up to 42 metres (138 feet) along the west coast of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The tsunamis were powerful enough to kill over 30,000 people, and their effect was such that an area of land in <a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a> had its human settlements wiped out, and they never repopulated. (This area rewilded and was later declared a national park.) The <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamship</a> <i>Berouw</i>, a colonial <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboat</a>, was flung over a mile (1.6&#160;km) inland on Sumatra by the wave, killing its entire crew. Two thirds of the island collapsed into the sea after the event.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Groups of human skeletons were found floating on pumice numerous times, up to a year after the event.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The eruption also generated what is often called the loudest sound in history, which was heard 4,800 kilometres (3,000&#160;mi; 2,600&#160;nmi) away on <a href="/wiki/Rodrigues" title="Rodrigues">Rodrigues</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1905:_Lovatnet,_Norway"><span id="1905:_Lovatnet.2C_Norway"></span>1905: Lovatnet, Norway</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: 1905: Lovatnet, Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On January 15, 1905, a landslide on the slope of the mountain Ramnefjellet with a volume of 350,000 cubic metres (460,000&#160;cu&#160;yd) fell from a height of 500 metres (1,600&#160;ft) into the southern end of the lake <a href="/wiki/Lovatnet" title="Lovatnet">Lovatnet</a> in Norway, generating three megatsunamis of up to 40.5 metres (133&#160;ft) in height. The waves destroyed the villages of <a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%B8dal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bødal (page does not exist)">Bødal</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nesdal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nesdal (page does not exist)">Nesdal</a> near the southern end of the lake, killing 61 people – half their combined population – and 261 farm animals and destroying 60 houses, all the local <a href="/wiki/Boathouse" title="Boathouse">boathouses</a>, and 70 to 80 boats, one of which – the tourist boat <i>Lodalen</i> – was thrown 300 metres (1,000&#160;ft) inland by the last wave and wrecked. At the northern end of the 11.7-kilometre (7.3&#160;mi) long lake, a wave measured at almost 6 metres (20&#160;ft) destroyed a bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-loen_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loen-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1905:_Disenchantment_Bay,_Alaska"><span id="1905:_Disenchantment_Bay.2C_Alaska"></span>1905: Disenchantment Bay, Alaska</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: 1905: Disenchantment Bay, Alaska"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On July 4, 1905, an overhanging glacier – since known as the Fallen Glacier – broke loose, slid out of its valley, and fell 300 metres (1,000&#160;ft) down a steep slope into <a href="/wiki/Disenchantment_Bay" title="Disenchantment Bay">Disenchantment Bay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, clearing vegetation along a path 0.8 kilometres (0.5&#160;mi) wide. When it entered the water, it generated a megatsunami which broke tree branches 34 metres (110&#160;ft) above ground level 0.8 kilometres (0.5&#160;mi) away. The wave killed vegetation to a height of 20 metres (65&#160;ft) at a distance of 5 kilometres (3&#160;mi) from the landslide, and it reached heights of 15 to 35 metres (50 to 115&#160;ft) at different locations on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Haenke_Island" title="Haenke Island">Haenke Island</a>. At a distance of 24 kilometres (15&#160;mi) from the slide, observers at <a href="/wiki/Russell_Fjord" class="mw-redirect" title="Russell Fjord">Russell Fjord</a> reported a series of large waves that caused the water level to rise and fall 5 to 6 metres (15 to 20&#160;ft) for a half-hour.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1934:_Tafjorden,_Norway"><span id="1934:_Tafjorden.2C_Norway"></span>1934: Tafjorden, Norway</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: 1934: Tafjorden, Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On April 7, 1934, a landslide on the slope of the mountain Langhamaren with a volume of 3,000,000 cubic metres (3,900,000&#160;cu&#160;yd) fell from a height of about 730 metres (2,395&#160;ft) into the <a href="/wiki/Tafjorden" title="Tafjorden">Tafjorden</a> in Norway, generating three megatsunamis, the last and largest of which reached a height of between 62 and 63.5 metres (203 and 208&#160;ft) on the opposite shore. Large waves struck <a href="/wiki/Tafjord" title="Tafjord">Tafjord</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fj%C3%B8r%C3%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fjørå (page does not exist)">Fjørå</a>. At Tafjord, the last and largest wave was 17 metres (56&#160;ft) tall and struck at an estimated speed of 160 kilometres per hour (100&#160;mph), flooding the town for 300 metres (328&#160;yd) inland and killing 23 people. At Fjørå, waves reached 13 metres (43&#160;ft), destroyed buildings, removed all soil, and killed 17 people. Damaging waves struck as far as 50 kilometres (31&#160;mi) away, and waves were detected at a distance of 100 kilometres (62&#160;mi) from the landslide. One survivor suffered serious injuries requiring hospitalization.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1936:_Lovatnet,_Norway"><span id="1936:_Lovatnet.2C_Norway"></span>1936: Lovatnet, Norway</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: 1936: Lovatnet, Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 13, 1936, a landslide on the slope of the mountain Ramnefjellet with a volume of 1,000,000 cubic metres (1,300,000&#160;cu&#160;yd) fell from a height of 800 metres (3,000&#160;ft) into the southern end of the lake <a href="/wiki/Lovatnet" title="Lovatnet">Lovatnet</a> in Norway, generating three megatsunamis, the largest of which reached a height of 74 metres (243&#160;ft). The waves destroyed all farms at <a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%B8dal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bødal (page does not exist)">Bødal</a> and most farms at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nesdal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nesdal (page does not exist)">Nesdal</a> – completely washing away 16 farms – as well as 100 houses, bridges, a <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power station</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Workshop" title="Workshop">workshop</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmill</a>, several <a href="/wiki/Grain_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain mill">grain mills</a>, a restaurant, a schoolhouse, and all boats on the lake. A 12.6-metre (41&#160;ft) wave struck the southern end of the 11.7-kilometre (7.3&#160;mi) long lake and caused damaging flooding in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Loelva_River&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Loelva River (page does not exist)">Loelva River</a>, the lake's northern outlet. The waves killed 74 people and severely injured 11.<sup id="cite_ref-loen_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loen-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1936:_Lituya_Bay,_Alaska"><span id="1936:_Lituya_Bay.2C_Alaska"></span>1936: Lituya Bay, Alaska</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: 1936: Lituya Bay, Alaska"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On October 27, 1936, a megatsunami occurred in Lituya Bay in Alaska with a maximum <a href="/wiki/Wave_run-up" title="Wave run-up">run-up</a> height of 150 metres (490&#160;ft) in Crillon Inlet at the head of the bay. The four eyewitnesses to the wave in Lituya Bay itself all survived and described it as between 30 and 76 metres (100 and 250&#160;ft) high. The maximum inundation distance was 610 metres (2,000&#160;ft) inland along the north shore of the bay. The cause of the megatsunami remains unclear, but may have been a submarine landslide.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1958:_Lituya_Bay,_Alaska,_US"><span id="1958:_Lituya_Bay.2C_Alaska.2C_US"></span>1958: Lituya Bay, Alaska, US</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section: 1958: Lituya Bay, Alaska, US"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1958_Lituya_Bay_earthquake_and_megatsunami" title="1958 Lituya Bay earthquake and megatsunami">1958 Lituya Bay earthquake and megatsunami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lituya_Bay" title="Lituya Bay">Lituya Bay</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lituya-Bay-overview-with-arrows.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lituya-Bay-overview-with-arrows.png/220px-Lituya-Bay-overview-with-arrows.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lituya-Bay-overview-with-arrows.png/330px-Lituya-Bay-overview-with-arrows.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lituya-Bay-overview-with-arrows.png/440px-Lituya-Bay-overview-with-arrows.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Damage from the <a href="/wiki/1958_Lituya_Bay,_Alaska_earthquake_and_megatsunami" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 Lituya Bay, Alaska earthquake and megatsunami">1958 Lituya Bay, Alaska earthquake and megatsunami</a> can be seen in this oblique aerial photograph of <a href="/wiki/Lituya_Bay" title="Lituya Bay">Lituya Bay</a>, Alaska as the lighter areas at the shore where trees have been stripped away. The red arrow shows the location of the landslide, and the yellow arrow shows the location of the high point of the wave sweeping over the headland.</figcaption></figure> <p>On July 9, 1958, a giant landslide at the head of <a href="/wiki/Lituya_Bay" title="Lituya Bay">Lituya Bay</a> in Alaska, caused by an earthquake, generated a wave that washed out trees to a maximum elevation of 520 metres (1,710&#160;ft) at the entrance of Gilbert Inlet.<sup id="cite_ref-Mader_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mader-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The wave surged over the headland, stripping trees and soil down to bedrock, and surged along the <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjord</a> which forms Lituya Bay, destroying two fishing boats anchored there and killing two people.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This was the highest wave of any kind ever recorded.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> The subsequent study of this event led to the establishment of the term "megatsunami," to distinguish it from ordinary tsunamis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1963:_Vajont_Dam,_Italy"><span id="1963:_Vajont_Dam.2C_Italy"></span>1963: Vajont Dam, Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section: 1963: Vajont Dam, Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vajont_Dam" title="Vajont Dam">Vajont Dam</a></div> <p>On October 9, 1963, a <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslide</a> above <a href="/wiki/Vajont_Dam" title="Vajont Dam">Vajont Dam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> produced a 250&#160;m (820&#160;ft) surge that overtopped the dam and destroyed the villages of <a href="/wiki/Longarone" title="Longarone">Longarone</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirago&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pirago (page does not exist)">Pirago</a>, Rivalta, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Villanova_(Belluno)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Villanova (Belluno) (page does not exist)">Villanova</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fa%C3%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Faè (page does not exist)">Faè</a>, killing nearly 2,000 people. This is currently the only known example of a megatsunami that was indirectly caused by human activities.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1964:_Valdez_Arm,_Alaska"><span id="1964:_Valdez_Arm.2C_Alaska"></span>1964: Valdez Arm, Alaska</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section: 1964: Valdez Arm, Alaska"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On March 27, 1964, the <a href="/wiki/1964_Alaska_earthquake" title="1964 Alaska earthquake">1964 Alaska earthquake</a> triggered a <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslide</a> that generated a megatsunami which reached a height of 70 metres (230&#160;ft) in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valdez_Arm&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Valdez Arm (page does not exist)">Valdez Arm</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Sound" title="Prince William Sound">Prince William Sound</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southcentral_Alaska" title="Southcentral Alaska">Southcentral Alaska</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1980:_Spirit_Lake,_Washington,_US"><span id="1980:_Spirit_Lake.2C_Washington.2C_US"></span>1980: Spirit Lake, Washington, US</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edit section: 1980: Spirit Lake, Washington, US"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Spirit_Lake_(Washington)" title="Spirit Lake (Washington)">Spirit Lake (Washington)</a>, <a href="/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens" title="1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens">1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Helens" title="Mount St. Helens">Mount St. Helens</a></div> <p>On May 18, 1980, the upper 400 metres (1,300&#160;ft) of <a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Helens" title="Mount St. Helens">Mount St. Helens</a> collapsed, creating a <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslide</a>. This released the pressure on the magma trapped beneath the summit bulge which exploded as a <a href="/wiki/Lateral_eruption" title="Lateral eruption">lateral blast</a>, which then released the pressure on the magma chamber and resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Plinian_eruption" title="Plinian eruption">plinian eruption</a>. </p><p>One lobe of the avalanche surged onto <a href="/wiki/Spirit_Lake_(Washington)" title="Spirit Lake (Washington)">Spirit Lake</a>, causing a megatsunami which pushed the lake waters in a series of surges, which reached a maximum height of 260 metres (850&#160;ft)<sup id="cite_ref-Voight_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voight-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> above the pre-eruption water level (about 975&#160;m (3,199&#160;ft) ASL). Above the upper limit of the tsunami, trees lie where they were knocked down by the <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_surge" title="Pyroclastic surge">pyroclastic surge</a>; below the limit, the fallen trees and the surge deposits were removed by the megatsunami and deposited in Spirit Lake.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2000:_Paatuut,_Greenland"><span id="2000:_Paatuut.2C_Greenland"></span>2000: Paatuut, Greenland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edit section: 2000: Paatuut, Greenland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On November 21, 2000, a landslide composed of 90,000,000 cubic metres (120,000,000&#160;cu&#160;yd) of rock with a mass of 260,000,000 tons fell from an elevation of 1,000 to 1,400 metres (3,300 to 4,600&#160;ft) at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paatuut&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paatuut (page does not exist)">Paatuut</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Nuussuaq_Peninsula" title="Nuussuaq Peninsula">Nuussuaq Peninsula</a> on the west coast of <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, reaching a speed of 140 kilometres per hour (87&#160;mph). About 30,000,000 cubic metres (39,000,000&#160;cu&#160;yd) of material with a mass of 87,000,000 tons entered <a href="/wiki/Sullorsuaq_Strait" title="Sullorsuaq Strait">Sullorsuaq Strait</a> (known in <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> as Vaigat Strait), generating a megatsunami. The wave had a <a href="/wiki/Wave_run-up" title="Wave run-up">run-up</a> height of 50 metres (164&#160;ft) near the landslide and 28 metres (92&#160;ft) at <a href="/wiki/Qullissat" title="Qullissat">Qullissat</a>, the site of an abandoned settlement across the <a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">strait</a> on <a href="/wiki/Disko_Island" title="Disko Island">Disko Island</a>, 20 kilometres (11&#160;nmi; 12&#160;mi) away, where it inundated the coast as far as 100 metres (328&#160;ft) inland. Refracted energy from the tsunami created a wave that destroyed boats at the closest populated village, <a href="/wiki/Saqqaq" title="Saqqaq">Saqqaq</a>, on the southwestern coast of the Nuussuaq Peninsula 40 kilometres (25&#160;mi) from the landslide.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2007:_Chehalis_Lake,_British_Columbia,_Canada"><span id="2007:_Chehalis_Lake.2C_British_Columbia.2C_Canada"></span>2007: Chehalis Lake, British Columbia, Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Edit section: 2007: Chehalis Lake, British Columbia, Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On December 4, 2007, a landslide composed of 3,000,000 cubic metres (3,900,000&#160;cu&#160;yd) of rock and debris fell from an elevation of 550 metres (1,804&#160;ft) on the slope of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Orrock&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mount Orrock (page does not exist)">Mount Orrock</a> on the western short of <a href="/wiki/Chehalis_Lake" title="Chehalis Lake">Chehalis Lake</a>. The landslide entered the 175-metre (574&#160;ft) deep lake, generating a megatsunamii with a <a href="/wiki/Wave_run-up" title="Wave run-up">run-up</a> height of 37.8 metres (124&#160;ft) on the opposite shore and 6.3 metres (21&#160;ft) at the lake's exit point 7.5 kilometres (4.7&#160;mi) away to the south. The wave then continued down the <a href="/wiki/Chehalis_River_(British_Columbia)" title="Chehalis River (British Columbia)">Chehalis River</a> for about 15 kilometres (9.3&#160;mi).<sup id="cite_ref-chehalis2007_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chehalis2007-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2015:_Taan_Fiord,_Alaska,_US"><span id="2015:_Taan_Fiord.2C_Alaska.2C_US"></span>2015: Taan Fiord, Alaska, US</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Edit section: 2015: Taan Fiord, Alaska, US"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Survey_of_megatsunami_runup_damage_Taan_Fiord_9_August_2016.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Survey_of_megatsunami_runup_damage_Taan_Fiord_9_August_2016.PNG/220px-Survey_of_megatsunami_runup_damage_Taan_Fiord_9_August_2016.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Survey_of_megatsunami_runup_damage_Taan_Fiord_9_August_2016.PNG/330px-Survey_of_megatsunami_runup_damage_Taan_Fiord_9_August_2016.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Survey_of_megatsunami_runup_damage_Taan_Fiord_9_August_2016.PNG/440px-Survey_of_megatsunami_runup_damage_Taan_Fiord_9_August_2016.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="938" /></a><figcaption>On 9 August 2016, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> scientists survey <a href="/wiki/Wave_run-up" title="Wave run-up">run-up</a> damage from the 17 October 2015 megatsunami in Taan Fiord. Based on visible damage to trees that remained standing, they estimated <a href="/wiki/Wave_run-up" title="Wave run-up">run-up</a> heights in this area of 5 metres (16.4&#160;ft).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Icy_Bay_(Alaska)" title="Icy Bay (Alaska)">Icy Bay (Alaska)</a></div> <p>At 8:19&#160;p.m. <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska Time">Alaska Daylight Time</a> on October 17, 2015, the side of a mountain collapsed at the head of Taan Fiord, a finger of <a href="/wiki/Icy_Bay_(Alaska)" title="Icy Bay (Alaska)">Icy Bay</a> in Alaska.<sup id="cite_ref-landslidepresentation_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landslidepresentation-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-higman20180906_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-higman20180906-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-npstaanfiord_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npstaanfiord-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some of the resulting landslide came to rest on the toe of <a href="/wiki/Tyndall_Glacier_(Alaska)" title="Tyndall Glacier (Alaska)">Tyndall Glacier</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-landslidepresentation_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landslidepresentation-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rozell20160407_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rozell20160407-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but about 180,000,000 short tons (161,000,000 long tons; 163,000,000 metric tons) of rock with a volume of about 50,000,000 cubic metres (65,400,000&#160;cu&#160;yd) fell into the <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-npstaanfiord_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npstaanfiord-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-landslidepresentation_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landslidepresentation-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-underwood20190426_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-underwood20190426-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mooney20180906_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mooney20180906-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The landslide generated a megatsunami with an initial height of about 100 metres (330 feet)<sup id="cite_ref-rozell20160407_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rozell20160407-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stolz20170317_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stolz20170317-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> that struck the opposite shore of the fjord, with a <a href="/wiki/Wave_run-up" title="Wave run-up">run-up</a> height there of 193 metres (633 feet).<sup id="cite_ref-landslidepresentation_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landslidepresentation-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-higman20180906_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-higman20180906-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the next 12 minutes,<sup id="cite_ref-higman20180906_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-higman20180906-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> the wave travelled down the fjord at a speed of up to 97 kilometres per hour (60&#160;mph),<sup id="cite_ref-mooney20180906_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mooney20180906-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> with run-up heights of over 100 metres (328 feet) in the upper fjord to between 30 and 100 metres (98 and 330 feet) or more in its middle section, and 20 metres (66 feet) or more at its mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-landslidepresentation_78-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landslidepresentation-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-higman20180906_79-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-higman20180906-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Still probably 12 metres (40 feet) tall when it entered Icy Bay,<sup id="cite_ref-stolz20170317_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stolz20170317-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> the tsunami inundated parts of Icy Bay's shoreline with run-ups of 4 to 5 metres (13 to 16 feet) before dissipating into insignificance at distances of 5 kilometres (3.1&#160;mi) from the mouth of Taan Fiord,<sup id="cite_ref-higman20180906_79-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-higman20180906-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> although the wave was detected 140 kilometres (87 miles) away.<sup id="cite_ref-landslidepresentation_78-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landslidepresentation-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Occurring in an uninhabited area, the event was unwitnessed, and several hours passed before the signature of the landslide was noticed on <a href="/wiki/Seismograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismograph">seismographs</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-higman20180906_79-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-higman20180906-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-morford20151218_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morford20151218-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2017:_Karrat_Fjord,_Greenland"><span id="2017:_Karrat_Fjord.2C_Greenland"></span>2017: Karrat Fjord, Greenland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Edit section: 2017: Karrat Fjord, Greenland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 17, 2017, 35,000,000 to 58,000,000 cubic metres (46,000,000 to 76,000,000&#160;cu&#160;yd) of rock on the mountain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ummiammakku&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ummiammakku (page does not exist)">Ummiammakku</a> fell from an elevation of roughly 1,000 metres (3,280&#160;ft) into the waters of the <a href="/wiki/Karrat_Fjord" title="Karrat Fjord">Karrat Fjord</a>. The event was thought to be caused by melting ice that destabilised the rock. It registered as a magnitude 4.1 earthquake and created a 100-metre (328&#160;ft) wave. The settlement of <a href="/wiki/Nuugaatsiaq" title="Nuugaatsiaq">Nuugaatsiaq</a>, 32 kilometres (20&#160;mi) away, saw <a href="/wiki/Wave_run-up" title="Wave run-up">run-up</a> heights of 9 metres (30&#160;ft). Eleven buildings were swept into the sea, four people died, and 170 residents of Nuugaatsiaq and <a href="/wiki/Illorsuit" title="Illorsuit">Illorsuit</a> were evacuated because of a danger of additional landslides and waves. The tsunami was noted at settlements as far as 100 kilometres (62&#160;mi) away.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-independenttsunami_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independenttsunami-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2020:_Elliot_Creek,_British_Columbia,_Canada"><span id="2020:_Elliot_Creek.2C_British_Columbia.2C_Canada"></span>2020: Elliot Creek, British Columbia, Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Edit section: 2020: Elliot Creek, British Columbia, Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 28 November 2020, unseasonably heavy rainfall triggered a <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslide</a> of 18,000,000&#160;m<sup>3</sup> (24,000,000&#160;cu&#160;yd) into a <a href="/wiki/Glacial_lake" title="Glacial lake">glacial lake</a> at the head of Elliot Creek. The sudden displacement of water generated a 100&#160;m (330&#160;ft) high megatsunami that cascaded down Elliot Creek and the <a href="/wiki/Southgate_River" title="Southgate River">Southgate River</a> to the head of <a href="/wiki/Bute_Inlet" title="Bute Inlet">Bute Inlet</a>, covering a total distance of over 60&#160;km (37&#160;mi). The event generated a <a href="/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale" title="Moment magnitude scale">magnitude</a> 5.0 earthquake and destroyed over 8.5&#160;km (5.3&#160;mi) of <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> habitat along Elliot Creek.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2023:_Dickson_Fjord,_Greenland"><span id="2023:_Dickson_Fjord.2C_Greenland"></span>2023: Dickson Fjord, Greenland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Edit section: 2023: Dickson Fjord, Greenland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 16 September 2023 a large landslide originating 300–400&#160;m (980–1,310&#160;ft) above sea level entered <a href="/wiki/Dickson_Fjord" title="Dickson Fjord">Dickson Fjord</a>, triggering a tsunami exceeding 200&#160;m (660&#160;ft) in run-up. Run-up of 60&#160;m (200&#160;ft) was observed along a 10&#160;km (6.2&#160;mi) stretch of coast. There was no major damage and there were no casualties. The tsunami was followed by a seiche that lasted for a week.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The seiche produced a nine-day disturbance recorded by seismic instruments globally.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Potential_future_megatsunamis">Potential future megatsunamis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="Edit section: Potential future megatsunamis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a BBC television documentary broadcast in 2000, experts said that they thought that a landslide on a volcanic ocean island is the most likely future cause of a megatsunami.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The size and power of a wave generated by such means could produce devastating effects, travelling across oceans and inundating up to 25 kilometres (16&#160;mi) inland from the coast. This research was later found to be flawed.<sup id="cite_ref-MegatsunamiStudyFlawed_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MegatsunamiStudyFlawed-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The documentary was produced before the experts' scientific paper was published and before responses were given by other geologists. There have been megatsunamis in the past,<sup id="cite_ref-PastCanaryIslesMegatsunami_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PastCanaryIslesMegatsunami-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and future megatsunamis are possible but current geological consensus is that these are only local. A megatsunami in the Canary Islands would diminish to a normal tsunami by the time it reached the continents.<sup id="cite_ref-LaPalmaMegatsunamipropagation_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaPalmaMegatsunamipropagation-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Also, the current consensus for La Palma is that the region conjectured to collapse is too small and too geologically stable to do so in the next 10,000 years, although there is evidence for past megatsunamis local to the Canary Islands thousands of years ago. Similar remarks apply to the suggestion of a megatsunami in Hawaii.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalGeographicNoMegatsunami_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalGeographicNoMegatsunami-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Columbia">British Columbia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="Edit section: British Columbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some geologists consider an unstable rock face at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Breakenridge" title="Mount Breakenridge">Mount Breakenridge</a>, above the north end of the giant fresh-water fjord of <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Lake" title="Harrison Lake">Harrison Lake</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Valley" title="Fraser Valley">Fraser Valley</a> of southwestern <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, Canada, to be unstable enough to collapse into the lake, generating a megatsunami that might destroy the town of <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Hot_Springs" title="Harrison Hot Springs">Harrison Hot Springs</a> (located at its south end).<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canary_Islands">Canary Islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="Edit section: Canary Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cumbre_Vieja_tsunami_hazard" title="Cumbre Vieja tsunami hazard">Cumbre Vieja tsunami hazard</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cumbre_Vieja#Potential_megatsunami" title="Cumbre Vieja">Cumbre Vieja §&#160;Potential megatsunami</a></div> <p>Geologists Dr. Simon Day and Dr. Steven Neal Ward consider that a megatsunami could be generated during an eruption of <a href="/wiki/Cumbre_Vieja" title="Cumbre Vieja">Cumbre Vieja</a> on the volcanic ocean island of <a href="/wiki/La_Palma" title="La Palma">La Palma</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Day_et_al._100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Day_et_al.-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ward_and_Day_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward_and_Day-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Day and Ward hypothesize<sup id="cite_ref-Day_et_al._100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Day_et_al.-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ward_and_Day_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward_and_Day-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> that if such an eruption causes the western flank to fail, a megatsunami could be generated. </p><p>In 1949, an eruption occurred at three of the volcano's vents&#160;&#8211;&#32;Duraznero, Hoyo Negro, and Llano del Banco. A local geologist, Juan Bonelli-Rubio, witnessed the eruption and recorded details on various phenomenon related to the eruption. Bonelli-Rubio visited the summit area of the volcano and found that a fissure about 2.5 kilometres (1.6&#160;mi) long had opened on the east side of the summit. As a result, the western half of the volcano&#160;&#8211;&#32;which is the volcanically active arm of a triple-armed rift&#160;&#8211;&#32;had slipped approximately 2 metres (7&#160;ft) downwards and 1 metre (3&#160;ft) westwards towards the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1971, an eruption occurred at the <a href="/wiki/Tenegu%C3%ADa" title="Teneguía">Teneguía</a> vent at the southern end of the <a href="/wiki/Subaerial" title="Subaerial">sub-aerial</a> section of the volcano without any movement. The section affected by the 1949 eruption is currently stationary and does not appear to have moved since the initial rupture.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cumbre Vieja remained dormant until an <a href="/wiki/2021_Cumbre_Vieja_volcanic_eruption" title="2021 Cumbre Vieja volcanic eruption">eruption began on September 19, 2021</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is likely that several eruptions would be required before failure would occur on Cumbre Vieja.<sup id="cite_ref-Day_et_al._100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Day_et_al.-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ward_and_Day_101-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward_and_Day-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The western half of the volcano has an approximate volume of 500 cubic kilometres (120&#160;cu&#160;mi) and an estimated mass of 1.5&#160;trillion metric tons (1.7<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>12</sup> short tons). If it were to catastrophically slide into the ocean, it could generate a wave with an initial height of about 1,000 metres (3,300&#160;ft) at the island, and a likely height of around 50 metres (200&#160;ft) at the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and the Eastern <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> seaboard when it runs ashore eight or more hours later. Tens of millions of lives could be lost in the cities and/or towns of <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John&#39;s, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Regional_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Regional Municipality">Halifax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> and the rest of the eastern coasts of the United States and Canada, as well as many other cities on the Atlantic coast in Europe, South America and Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Day_et_al._100-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Day_et_al.-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ward_and_Day_101-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward_and_Day-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The likelihood of this happening is a matter of vigorous debate.<sup id="cite_ref-Pararas-Carayannis_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pararas-Carayannis-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Is this still true 19 years after publication of the cited source reference? (October 2021)">needs update?</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>Geologists and <a href="/wiki/Volcanologist" title="Volcanologist">volcanologists</a> are in general agreement that the initial study was flawed. The current geology does not suggest that a collapse is imminent. Indeed, it seems to be geologically impossible right now&#160;&#8211;&#32;the region conjectured as prone to collapse is too small and too stable to collapse within the next 10,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-MegatsunamiStudyFlawed_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MegatsunamiStudyFlawed-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A closer study of deposits left in the ocean from previous landslides suggests that a landslide would likely occur as a series of smaller collapses rather than a single landslide. A megatsunami does seem possible locally in the distant future as there is geological evidence from past deposits suggesting that a megatsunami occurred with marine material deposited 41 to 188 metres (135 to 617&#160;ft) above sea level between 32,000 and 1.75 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-PastCanaryIslesMegatsunami_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PastCanaryIslesMegatsunami-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This seems to have been local to Gran Canaria. </p><p>Day and Ward have admitted that their original analysis of the danger was based on several worst case assumptions.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPararas-Carayannis2002_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPararas-Carayannis2002-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A 2008 study examined this scenario and concluded that while it could cause a megatsunami, it would be local to the Canary Islands and would diminish in height, becoming a smaller tsunami by the time it reached the continents as the waves interfered and spread across the oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-LaPalmaMegatsunamipropagation_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaPalmaMegatsunamipropagation-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hawaii">Hawaii</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37" title="Edit section: Hawaii"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sharp cliffs and associated ocean debris at the <a href="/wiki/Kohala_(mountain)" title="Kohala (mountain)">Kohala Volcano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanai" title="Lanai">Lanai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molokai" title="Molokai">Molokai</a> indicate that landslides from the flank of the <a href="/wiki/Kilauea" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilauea">Kilauea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa" title="Mauna Loa">Mauna Loa</a> volcanoes in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> may have triggered past megatsunamis, most recently at 120,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A tsunami event is also possible, with the tsunami potentially reaching up to about 1 kilometre (3,300&#160;ft) in height<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to the documentary <i>National Geographic's Ultimate Disaster: Tsunami</i>, if a big landslide occurred at Mauna Loa or the <a href="/wiki/Hilina_Slump" title="Hilina Slump">Hilina Slump</a>, a 30-metre (98&#160;ft) tsunami would take only thirty minutes to reach <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>. There, hundreds of thousands of people could be killed as the tsunami could level Honolulu and travel 25 kilometres (16&#160;mi) inland. Also, the West Coast of America and the entire Pacific Rim could potentially be affected. </p><p>Other research suggests that such a single large landslide is not likely. Instead, it would collapse as a series of smaller landslides.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPararas-Carayannis2002_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPararas-Carayannis2002-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, shortly after the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/2018_lower_Puna_eruption" title="2018 lower Puna eruption">2018 lower Puna eruption</a>, a <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a> article responded to such claims with "Will a monstrous landslide off the side of Kilauea trigger a monster tsunami bound for California? Short answer: No."<sup id="cite_ref-NationalGeographicNoMegatsunami_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalGeographicNoMegatsunami-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the same article, geologist <a href="/wiki/Mika_McKinnon" title="Mika McKinnon">Mika McKinnon</a> stated:<sup id="cite_ref-NationalGeographicNoMegatsunami_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalGeographicNoMegatsunami-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>there are submarine landslides, and submarine landslides do trigger tsunamis, but these are really small, localized tsunamis. They don't produce tsunamis that move across the ocean. In all likelihood, it wouldn't even impact the other Hawaiian islands.</p></blockquote> <p>Another volcanologist, <a href="/wiki/Janine_Krippner" title="Janine Krippner">Janine Krippner</a>, added:<sup id="cite_ref-NationalGeographicNoMegatsunami_98-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalGeographicNoMegatsunami-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>People are worried about the catastrophic crashing of the volcano into the ocean. There's no evidence that this will happen. It is slowly&#160;&#8211;&#32;really slowly&#160;&#8211;&#32;moving toward the ocean, but it's been happening for a very long time.</p></blockquote> <p>Despite this, evidence suggests that catastrophic collapses do occur on Hawaiian volcanoes and generate local tsunamis.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although known earlier to the local population, a crack 2 metres (6.6&#160;ft) wide and 500 metres (1,640&#160;ft) in length in the side of the mountain <a href="/wiki/%C3%85kerneset" class="mw-redirect" title="Åkerneset">Åkerneset</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> was rediscovered in 1983 and attracted scientific attention. It since has widened at a rate of 4 centimetres (1.6&#160;in) per year. <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geological</a> analysis has revealed that a slab of rock 62 metres (203&#160;ft) thick and at an elevation stretching from 150 to 900 metres (492 to 2,953&#160;ft) is in motion. Geologists assess that an eventual catastrophic collapse of 18,000,000 to 54,000,000 cubic metres (24,000,000 to 71,000,000&#160;cu&#160;yd) of rock into <a href="/wiki/Sunnylvsfjorden" title="Sunnylvsfjorden">Sunnylvsfjorden</a> is inevitable and could generate megatsunamis of 35 to 100 metres (115 to 328&#160;ft) in height on the <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjord</a>′s opposite shore. The waves are expected to strike <a href="/wiki/Hellesylt" title="Hellesylt">Hellesylt</a> with a height of 35 to 85 metres (115 to 279&#160;ft), <a href="/wiki/Geiranger" title="Geiranger">Geiranger</a> with a height of 30 to 70 metres (98 to 230&#160;ft), <a href="/wiki/Tafjord" title="Tafjord">Tafjord</a> with a height of 14 metres (46&#160;ft), and many other communities in Norway's <a href="/wiki/Sunnm%C3%B8re" title="Sunnmøre">Sunnmøre</a> district with a height of several metres, and to be noticeable even at <a href="/wiki/%C3%85lesund" title="Ålesund">Ålesund</a>. The predicted disaster is depicted in the 2015 Norwegian film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wave_(2015_film)" title="The Wave (2015 film)">The Wave</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tsunamis" title="List of tsunamis">List of tsunamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletsunami" title="Teletsunami">Teletsunami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsunamis_in_lakes" title="Tsunamis in lakes">Tsunamis in lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_tsunami" title="Volcanic tsunami">Volcanic tsunami</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=40" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=41" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tsunami.org/tsunami-characteristics/">"Tsunami Characteristics"</a>. <i>Pacific Tsunami Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Pacific+Tsunami+Museum&amp;rft.atitle=Tsunami+Characteristics&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftsunami.org%2Ftsunami-characteristics%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGuire2006123-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGuire2006123_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGuire2006">McGuire 2006</a>, p.&#160;123.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMcGuire2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/tsunami/info/index.shtml">"Tsunami Facts and Information"</a>. <i>Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology</i>. 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Australian+Government+Bureau+of+Meteorology&amp;rft.atitle=Tsunami+Facts+and+Information&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Ftsunami%2Finfo%2Findex.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReymondOkalHerbertBourdet2012" class="citation journal cs1">Reymond, D.; Okal, E.A.; Herbert, H.; Bourdet, M. (5 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2012GL051640">"Rapid forecast of tsunami wave heights from a database of pre-computed simulations, and application during the 2011 Tohoku tsunami in French Polynesia"</a>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>39</b> (11). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012GeoRL..3911603R">2012GeoRL..3911603R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2012GL051640">10.1029/2012GL051640</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1140066">1140066</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=Rapid+forecast+of+tsunami+wave+heights+from+a+database+of+pre-computed+simulations%2C+and+application+during+the+2011+Tohoku+tsunami+in+French+Polynesia&amp;rft.volume=39&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.date=2012-06-05&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1140066%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2012GL051640&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012GeoRL..3911603R&amp;rft.aulast=Reymond&amp;rft.aufirst=D.&amp;rft.au=Okal%2C+E.A.&amp;rft.au=Herbert%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Bourdet%2C+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2F2012GL051640&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFritzMohammedYoo2009" class="citation journal cs1">Fritz, Hermann M.; Mohammed, Fahad; Yoo, Jeseon (6 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00024-008-0435-4">"Lituya Bay Landslide Impact Generated Mega-Tsunami 50th Anniversary"</a>. <i>Pure and Applied Geophysics</i>. <b>166</b> (1–2): 153–175. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PApGe.166..153F">2009PApGe.166..153F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00024-008-0435-4">10.1007/s00024-008-0435-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129029990">129029990</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Geophysics&amp;rft.atitle=Lituya+Bay+Landslide+Impact+Generated+Mega-Tsunami+50th+Anniversary&amp;rft.volume=166&amp;rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&amp;rft.pages=153-175&amp;rft.date=2009-02-06&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129029990%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00024-008-0435-4&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PApGe.166..153F&amp;rft.aulast=Fritz&amp;rft.aufirst=Hermann+M.&amp;rft.au=Mohammed%2C+Fahad&amp;rft.au=Yoo%2C+Jeseon&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00024-008-0435-4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mason-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassonHarbitzWynnPedersen2006" class="citation journal cs1">Masson DG, Harbitz CB, Wynn RB, Pedersen G, Løvholt F (August 2006). "Submarine landslides: processes, triggers and hazard prediction". <i>Philos Trans a Math Phys Eng Sci</i>. <b>364</b> (1845): 2009–39. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006RSPTA.364.2009M">2006RSPTA.364.2009M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.2006.1810">10.1098/rsta.2006.1810</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16844646">16844646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Philos+Trans+a+Math+Phys+Eng+Sci&amp;rft.atitle=Submarine+landslides%3A+processes%2C+triggers+and+hazard+prediction&amp;rft.volume=364&amp;rft.issue=1845&amp;rft.pages=2009-39&amp;rft.date=2006-08&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16844646&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.2006.1810&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006RSPTA.364.2009M&amp;rft.aulast=Masson&amp;rft.aufirst=DG&amp;rft.au=Harbitz%2C+CB&amp;rft.au=Wynn%2C+RB&amp;rft.au=Pedersen%2C+G&amp;rft.au=L%C3%B8vholt%2C+F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McAdoo-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McAdoo_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McAdoo_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAdooWatts2004" class="citation journal cs1">McAdoo, B.G.; Watts, P. (2004). "Tsunami hazard from submarine landslides on the Oregon continental slope". <i>Marine Geology</i>. <b>203</b> (3–4): 235–245. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004MGeol.203..235M">2004MGeol.203..235M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0025-3227%2803%2900307-4">10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00307-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Marine+Geology&amp;rft.atitle=Tsunami+hazard+from+submarine+landslides+on+the+Oregon+continental+slope&amp;rft.volume=203&amp;rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&amp;rft.pages=235-245&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0025-3227%2803%2900307-4&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004MGeol.203..235M&amp;rft.aulast=McAdoo&amp;rft.aufirst=B.G.&amp;rft.au=Watts%2C+P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELøvholtPedersenGisler20083-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELøvholtPedersenGisler20083_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLøvholtPedersenGisler2008">Løvholt, Pedersen &amp; Gisler 2008</a>, p.&#160;3.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFLøvholtPedersenGisler2008 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassonHarbitzWynnPedersen20062024-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMassonHarbitzWynnPedersen20062024_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMassonHarbitzWynnPedersen2006">Masson et al. 2006</a>, p.&#160;2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawsonStewart2007169-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawsonStewart2007169_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawsonStewart2007">Dawson &amp; Stewart 2007</a>, p.&#160;169.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFDawsonStewart2007 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tsunami.org/tsunami-characteristics/">"Tsunami Characteristics"</a>. <i>Pacific Tsunami Museum</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Pacific+Tsunami+Museum&amp;rft.atitle=Tsunami+Characteristics&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftsunami.org%2Ftsunami-characteristics%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassonHarbitzWynnPedersen20062025-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMassonHarbitzWynnPedersen20062025_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMassonHarbitzWynnPedersen2006">Masson et al. 2006</a>, p.&#160;2025.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPararas-Carayannis2002255-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPararas-Carayannis2002255_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPararas-Carayannis2002">Pararas-Carayannis 2002</a>, p.&#160;255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFState_of_Hawaii_Department_of_Defense_Tsunami_Technical_Review_Committee2013" class="citation techreport cs1">State of Hawaii Department of Defense Tsunami Technical Review Committee (1 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nws.weather.gov/nthmp/2014mesmms/HawaiiFieldGuide.pdf"><i>Field Guide for Measuring Tsunami Run-Ups and Inundations</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Technical report) (2&#160;ed.). State of Hawaii Department of Defense.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=report&amp;rft.btitle=Field+Guide+for+Measuring+Tsunami+Run-Ups+and+Inundations&amp;rft.edition=2&amp;rft.pub=State+of+Hawaii+Department+of+Defense&amp;rft.date=2013-03-01&amp;rft.au=State+of+Hawaii+Department+of+Defense+Tsunami+Technical+Review+Committee&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnws.weather.gov%2Fnthmp%2F2014mesmms%2FHawaiiFieldGuide.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dnr.wa.gov/programs-and-services/geology/geologic-hazards/tsunamis/#historical-tsunamis-worldwide">"Tsunamis"</a>. Washington State Department of Natural Resources. 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Tsunamis&amp;rft.pub=Washington+State+Department+of+Natural+Resources&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnr.wa.gov%2Fprograms-and-services%2Fgeology%2Fgeologic-hazards%2Ftsunamis%2F%23historical-tsunamis-worldwide&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinslandEgedahlStrongIvy2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kinsland, Gary L.; Egedahl, Kaare; Strong, Martell Albert; Ivy, Robert (13 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X21003186#fg0020">"Chicxulub impact tsunami megaripples in the subsurface of Louisiana: Imaged in petroleum industry seismic data"</a>. <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>570</b>: 117063. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021E&amp;PSL.57017063K">2021E&#38;PSL.57017063K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2021.117063">10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117063</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=Chicxulub+impact+tsunami+megaripples+in+the+subsurface+of+Louisiana%3A+Imaged+in+petroleum+industry+seismic+data&amp;rft.volume=570&amp;rft.pages=117063&amp;rft.date=2021-06-13&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2021.117063&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021E%26PSL.57017063K&amp;rft.aulast=Kinsland&amp;rft.aufirst=Gary+L.&amp;rft.au=Egedahl%2C+Kaare&amp;rft.au=Strong%2C+Martell+Albert&amp;rft.au=Ivy%2C+Robert&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0012821X21003186%23fg0020&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1960" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Don J. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fpp354C">"Giant Waves in Lituya Bay, Alaska"</a>. <i>United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 354-C</i>: 51–86. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1960usgs.rept....6M">1960usgs.rept....6M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fpp354C">10.3133/pp354C</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=United+States+Geological+Survey+Professional+Paper+354-C&amp;rft.atitle=Giant+Waves+in+Lituya+Bay%2C+Alaska&amp;rft.pages=51-86&amp;rft.date=1960&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3133%2Fpp354C&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1960usgs.rept....6M&amp;rft.aulast=Miller&amp;rft.aufirst=Don+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3133%252Fpp354C&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PC_Model-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PC_Model_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PC_Model_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drgeorgepc.com/Tsunami1958LituyaB.html">The Mega-Tsunami of July 9, 1958 in Lituya Bay, Alaska: Analysis of Mechanism</a> – George Pararas-Carayannis, Excerpts from Presentation at the Tsunami Symposium of Tsunami Society of May 25–27, 1999, in Honolulu, Hawaii, US</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010model-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2010model_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardDay2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, Steven N.; Day, Simon (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://es.ucsc.edu/~ward/papers/Lituya.pdf">"Lituya Bay Landslide and Tsunami – A Tsunami Ball Approach"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Earthquake_and_Tsunami" title="Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami">Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami</a></i>. <b>4</b> (4): 285–319. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS1793431110000893">10.1142/S1793431110000893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Earthquake+and+Tsunami&amp;rft.atitle=Lituya+Bay+Landslide+and+Tsunami+%E2%80%93+A+Tsunami+Ball+Approach&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=285-319&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2FS1793431110000893&amp;rft.aulast=Ward&amp;rft.aufirst=Steven+N.&amp;rft.au=Day%2C+Simon&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fes.ucsc.edu%2F~ward%2Fpapers%2FLituya.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSleepLowe2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sleep, Norman H.; Lowe, Donald R. (3 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2014GC005229">"Physics of crustal fracturing and chert dike formation triggered by asteroid impact, ∼3.26 Ga, Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa"</a>. <i>Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 1054–1070. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014GGG....15.1054S">2014GGG....15.1054S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2014GC005229">10.1002/2014GC005229</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Geochemistry%2C+Geophysics%2C+Geosystems&amp;rft.atitle=Physics+of+crustal+fracturing+and+chert+dike+formation+triggered+by+asteroid+impact%2C+%E2%88%BC3.26+Ga%2C+Barberton+greenstone+belt%2C+South+Africa&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=1054-1070&amp;rft.date=2014-03-03&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F2014GC005229&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014GGG....15.1054S&amp;rft.aulast=Sleep&amp;rft.aufirst=Norman+H.&amp;rft.au=Lowe%2C+Donald+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1002%2F2014GC005229&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.agu.org/press-release/scientists-reconstruct-ancient-impact-that-dwarfs-dinosaur-extinction-blast/">"Scientists Reconstruct Ancient Impact That Dwarfs Dinosaur-Extinction Blast"</a>. <i>AGU Advancing Earth and Space Sciences</i>. 9 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=AGU+Advancing+Earth+and+Space+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Scientists+Reconstruct+Ancient+Impact+That+Dwarfs+Dinosaur-Extinction+Blast&amp;rft.date=2014-04-09&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.agu.org%2Fpress-release%2Fscientists-reconstruct-ancient-impact-that-dwarfs-dinosaur-extinction-blast%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchenbach2023" class="citation web cs1">Achenbach, Joel (19 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2023/12/19/early-earth-life-impacts-ocean/">"Scientists Reconstruct Ancient Impact That Dwarfs Dinosaur-Extinction Blast"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Scientists+Reconstruct+Ancient+Impact+That+Dwarfs+Dinosaur-Extinction+Blast&amp;rft.date=2023-12-19&amp;rft.aulast=Achenbach&amp;rft.aufirst=Joel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fscience%2F2023%2F12%2F19%2Fearly-earth-life-impacts-ocean%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2014" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Edward (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tOkpBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA178"><i>Tsunami: The Underrated Hazard</i></a>. Springer. p.&#160;178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-06133-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-06133-7"><bdi>978-3-319-06133-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Tsunami%3A+The+Underrated+Hazard&amp;rft.pages=178&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-319-06133-7&amp;rft.aulast=Bryant&amp;rft.aufirst=Edward&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtOkpBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA178&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGotoTadaTajikaBralower2004" class="citation journal cs1">Goto, Kazuhisa; Tada, Ryuji; Tajika, Eiichi; Bralower, Timothy J.; Hasegawa, Takashi; Matsui, Takafumi (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.2004.tb00943.x">"Evidence for ocean water invasion into the Chicxulub crater at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary"</a>. <i>Meteoritics &amp; Planetary Science</i>. <b>39</b> (8): 1233–1247. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004M&amp;PS...39.1233G">2004M&#38;PS...39.1233G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.2004.tb00943.x">10.1111/j.1945-5100.2004.tb00943.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1945-5100">1945-5100</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55674339">55674339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Meteoritics+%26+Planetary+Science&amp;rft.atitle=Evidence+for+ocean+water+invasion+into+the+Chicxulub+crater+at+the+Cretaceous%2FTertiary+boundary&amp;rft.volume=39&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=1233-1247&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.2004.tb00943.x&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55674339%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.issn=1945-5100&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004M%26PS...39.1233G&amp;rft.aulast=Goto&amp;rft.aufirst=Kazuhisa&amp;rft.au=Tada%2C+Ryuji&amp;rft.au=Tajika%2C+Eiichi&amp;rft.au=Bralower%2C+Timothy+J.&amp;rft.au=Hasegawa%2C+Takashi&amp;rft.au=Matsui%2C+Takafumi&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1945-5100.2004.tb00943.x&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020080538/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228783220_Generation_and_propagation_of_a_tsunami_from_the_Cretaceous-Tertiary_impact_event">"Generation and propagation of a tsunami from the Cretaceous-Tertiary impact event"</a>. 20 October 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228783220">the original</a> on 20 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Generation+and+propagation+of+a+tsunami+from+the+Cretaceous-Tertiary+impact+event&amp;rft.date=2021-10-20&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F228783220&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulickBralowerOrmöHall2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gulick, Sean P. S.; Bralower, Timothy J.; Ormö, Jens; Hall, Brendon; Grice, Kliti; Schaefer, Bettina; Lyons, Shelby; Freeman, Katherine H.; <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Morgan" title="Joanna Morgan">Morgan, Joanna V.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Artemieva" title="Natalia Artemieva">Artemieva, Natalia</a>; Kaskes, Pim (24 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6765282">"The first day of the Cenozoic"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>116</b> (39): 19342–19351. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PNAS..11619342G">2019PNAS..11619342G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1909479116">10.1073/pnas.1909479116</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6765282">6765282</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31501350">31501350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=The+first+day+of+the+Cenozoic&amp;rft.volume=116&amp;rft.issue=39&amp;rft.pages=19342-19351&amp;rft.date=2019-09-24&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6765282%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019PNAS..11619342G&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31501350&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1909479116&amp;rft.issn=0027-8424&amp;rft.aulast=Gulick&amp;rft.aufirst=Sean+P.+S.&amp;rft.au=Bralower%2C+Timothy+J.&amp;rft.au=Orm%C3%B6%2C+Jens&amp;rft.au=Hall%2C+Brendon&amp;rft.au=Grice%2C+Kliti&amp;rft.au=Schaefer%2C+Bettina&amp;rft.au=Lyons%2C+Shelby&amp;rft.au=Freeman%2C+Katherine+H.&amp;rft.au=Morgan%2C+Joanna+V.&amp;rft.au=Artemieva%2C+Natalia&amp;rft.au=Kaskes%2C+Pim&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6765282&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iflscience.com/environment/dinosaurkilling-asteroid-created-a-milehigh-tsunami-that-swept-through-the-worlds-oceans/">"Dinosaur-Killing Asteroid Created A Mile-High Tsunami That Swept Through The World's Oceans"</a>. iflscience.com. 8 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Dinosaur-Killing+Asteroid+Created+A+Mile-High+Tsunami+That+Swept+Through+The+World%27s+Oceans&amp;rft.pub=iflscience.com&amp;rft.date=2019-01-08&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iflscience.com%2Fenvironment%2Fdinosaurkilling-asteroid-created-a-milehigh-tsunami-that-swept-through-the-worlds-oceans%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eos.org/articles/huge-global-tsunami-followed-dinosaur-killing-asteroid-impact">"Huge Global Tsunami Followed Dinosaur-Killing Asteroid Impact"</a>. <i>Eos</i>. 20 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Eos&amp;rft.atitle=Huge+Global+Tsunami+Followed+Dinosaur-Killing+Asteroid+Impact&amp;rft.date=2018-12-20&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feos.org%2Farticles%2Fhuge-global-tsunami-followed-dinosaur-killing-asteroid-impact&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShontingEzrailson2017" class="citation book cs1">Shonting, D.; Ezrailson, C. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-39487-9"><i>Chicxulub: The Impact and Tsunami</i></a>. Springer Praxis Books. Springer Link. pp.&#160;69–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-39487-9">10.1007/978-3-319-39487-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-39487-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-39487-9"><bdi>978-3-319-39487-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133461474">133461474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Chicxulub%3A+The+Impact+and+Tsunami&amp;rft.series=Springer+Praxis+Books&amp;rft.pages=69-106&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Link&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A133461474%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-39487-9&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-319-39487-9&amp;rft.aulast=Shonting&amp;rft.aufirst=D.&amp;rft.au=Ezrailson%2C+C.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-39487-9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanford2016-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sanford2016_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanfordSneddenGulick2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sanford, Jason C.; Snedden, John W.; Gulick, Sean P. S. (March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2015JB012615">"The Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary deposit in the Gulf of Mexico: Large-scale oceanic basin response to the Chicxulub impact"</a>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth</i>. <b>121</b> (3): 1240–1261. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRB..121.1240S">2016JGRB..121.1240S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2015JB012615">10.1002/2015JB012615</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130978191">130978191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Solid+Earth&amp;rft.atitle=The+Cretaceous-Paleogene+boundary+deposit+in+the+Gulf+of+Mexico%3A+Large-scale+oceanic+basin+response+to+the+Chicxulub+impact&amp;rft.volume=121&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=1240-1261&amp;rft.date=2016-03&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130978191%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F2015JB012615&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016JGRB..121.1240S&amp;rft.aulast=Sanford&amp;rft.aufirst=Jason+C.&amp;rft.au=Snedden%2C+John+W.&amp;rft.au=Gulick%2C+Sean+P.+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252F2015JB012615&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDePalmaSmitBurnhamKuiper2019" class="citation journal cs1">DePalma, Robert A.; Smit, Jan; Burnham, David A.; Kuiper, Klaudia; Manning, Phillip L.; Oleinik, Anton; Larson, Peter; Maurrasse, Florentin J.; Vellekoop, Johan; Richards, Mark A.; Gurche, Loren (23 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6486721">"A seismically induced onshore surge deposit at the KPg boundary, North Dakota"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>116</b> (17): 8190–8199. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PNAS..116.8190D">2019PNAS..116.8190D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1817407116">10.1073/pnas.1817407116</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6486721">6486721</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30936306">30936306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=A+seismically+induced+onshore+surge+deposit+at+the+KPg+boundary%2C+North+Dakota&amp;rft.volume=116&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.pages=8190-8199&amp;rft.date=2019-04-23&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6486721%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019PNAS..116.8190D&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30936306&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1817407116&amp;rft.issn=0027-8424&amp;rft.aulast=DePalma&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&amp;rft.au=Smit%2C+Jan&amp;rft.au=Burnham%2C+David+A.&amp;rft.au=Kuiper%2C+Klaudia&amp;rft.au=Manning%2C+Phillip+L.&amp;rft.au=Oleinik%2C+Anton&amp;rft.au=Larson%2C+Peter&amp;rft.au=Maurrasse%2C+Florentin+J.&amp;rft.au=Vellekoop%2C+Johan&amp;rft.au=Richards%2C+Mark+A.&amp;rft.au=Gurche%2C+Loren&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6486721&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Roux2015" class="citation journal cs1">Le Roux, Jacobus P. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andeangeology.equipu.cl/index.php./revista1/article/view/V42n1-a08/html">"A critical examination of evidence used to re-interpret the Hornitos mega-breccia as a mass-flow deposit caused by cliff failure"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Andean_Geology" title="Andean Geology">Andean Geology</a></i>. <b>41</b> (1): 139–145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Andean+Geology&amp;rft.atitle=A+critical+examination+of+evidence+used+to+re-interpret+the+Hornitos+mega-breccia+as+a+mass-flow+deposit+caused+by+cliff+failure&amp;rft.volume=41&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=139-145&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.aulast=Le+Roux&amp;rft.aufirst=Jacobus+P.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andeangeology.equipu.cl%2Findex.php.%2Frevista1%2Farticle%2Fview%2FV42n1-a08%2Fhtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeRouxetal2008-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LeRouxetal2008_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_RouxNielsenKemnitzHenriquez2008" class="citation journal cs1">Le Roux, J.P.; Nielsen, Sven N.; Kemnitz, Helga; Henriquez, Álvaro (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositorio.uchile.cl/bitstream/handle/2250/125260/Le%20Roux_J_P.pdf?sequence=1">"A Pliocene mega-tsunami deposit and associated features in the Ranquil Formation, southern Chile"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_Geology_(journal)" title="Sedimentary Geology (journal)">Sedimentary Geology</a></i>. <b>203</b> (1): 164–180. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SedG..203..164L">2008SedG..203..164L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sedgeo.2007.12.002">10.1016/j.sedgeo.2007.12.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10533%2F139221">10533/139221</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Sedimentary+Geology&amp;rft.atitle=A+Pliocene+mega-tsunami+deposit+and+associated+features+in+the+Ranquil+Formation%2C+southern+Chile&amp;rft.volume=203&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=164-180&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10533%2F139221&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.sedgeo.2007.12.002&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008SedG..203..164L&amp;rft.aulast=Le+Roux&amp;rft.aufirst=J.P.&amp;rft.au=Nielsen%2C+Sven+N.&amp;rft.au=Kemnitz%2C+Helga&amp;rft.au=Henriquez%2C+%C3%81lvaro&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositorio.uchile.cl%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2250%2F125260%2FLe%2520Roux_J_P.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090527191642/http://www.mbari.org/volcanism/Hawaii/HR-Landslides.htm">"Hawaiian landslides have been catastrophic"</a>. <i>mbari.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Bay_Aquarium_Research_Institute" title="Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute">Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute</a>. 22 October 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mbari.org/volcanism/Hawaii/HR-Landslides.htm">the original</a> on 27 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=mbari.org&amp;rft.atitle=Hawaiian+landslides+have+been+catastrophic&amp;rft.date=2015-10-22&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mbari.org%2Fvolcanism%2FHawaii%2FHR-Landslides.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culliney, John L. (2006) Islands in a Far Sea: The Fate of Nature in Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416174207/https://www.nps.gov/kala/learn/management/upload/MinkVI.pdf">"Kalaupapa Settlement Boundary Study. Along North Shore to Halawa Valley, Molokai"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Park Service. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/kala/learn/management/upload/MinkVI.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Kalaupapa+Settlement+Boundary+Study.+Along+North+Shore+to+Halawa+Valley%2C+Molokai&amp;rft.pub=National+Park+Service&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fkala%2Flearn%2Fmanagement%2Fupload%2FMinkVI.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaskoff1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roland_Paskoff" title="Roland Paskoff">Paskoff, Roland</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andeangeology.cl/index.php/revista1/article/viewFile/2485/2690">"Likely occurrence of mega-tsunami in the Middle Pleistocene near Coquimbo, Chile"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Andean_Geology" title="Andean Geology">Revista Geológica de Chile</a></i>. <b>18</b> (1): 87–91<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Revista+Geol%C3%B3gica+de+Chile&amp;rft.atitle=Likely+occurrence+of+mega-tsunami+in+the+Middle+Pleistocene+near+Coquimbo%2C+Chile&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=87-91&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.aulast=Paskoff&amp;rft.aufirst=Roland&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andeangeology.cl%2Findex.php%2Frevista1%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F2485%2F2690&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonMader1995" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Carl; Mader, Charles L. (January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264038439">"Modeling the 105 KA Lanai Tsunami"</a>. <i>ResearchGate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&amp;rft.atitle=Modeling+the+105+KA+Lanai+Tsunami&amp;rft.date=1995-01&amp;rft.aulast=Johnson&amp;rft.aufirst=Carl&amp;rft.au=Mader%2C+Charles+L.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F264038439&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamalhoWincklerMadeiraHelffrich2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ramalho, Ricardo S.; Winckler, Gisela; Madeira, José; Helffrich, George R.; Hipólito, Ana; Quartau, Rui; Adena, Katherine; Schaefer, Joerg M. (1 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4646801">"Hazard potential of volcanic flank collapses raised by new megatsunami evidence"</a>. <i>Science Advances</i>. <b>1</b> (9): e1500456. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SciA....1E0456R">2015SciA....1E0456R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.1500456">10.1126/sciadv.1500456</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2375-2548">2375-2548</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4646801">4646801</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26601287">26601287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&amp;rft.atitle=Hazard+potential+of+volcanic+flank+collapses+raised+by+new+megatsunami+evidence&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=e1500456&amp;rft.date=2015-10-01&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4646801%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015SciA....1E0456R&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26601287&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.1500456&amp;rft.issn=2375-2548&amp;rft.aulast=Ramalho&amp;rft.aufirst=Ricardo+S.&amp;rft.au=Winckler%2C+Gisela&amp;rft.au=Madeira%2C+Jos%C3%A9&amp;rft.au=Helffrich%2C+George+R.&amp;rft.au=Hip%C3%B3lito%2C+Ana&amp;rft.au=Quartau%2C+Rui&amp;rft.au=Adena%2C+Katherine&amp;rft.au=Schaefer%2C+Joerg+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4646801&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner2000" class="citation conference cs1">Gardner, J.V. (July 2000). "The Lake Tahoe debris avalanche". <i>15th Annual Geological Conference</i>. Geological Society of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=conference&amp;rft.atitle=The+Lake+Tahoe+debris+avalanche&amp;rft.btitle=15th+Annual+Geological+Conference&amp;rft.date=2000-07&amp;rft.aulast=Gardner&amp;rft.aufirst=J.V.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kqed.org/science/20134/the-tahoe-tsunami-new-study-envisions-early-geologic-event">Alden, Andrew, "The 'Tahoe Tsunami': New Study Envisions Early Geologic Event," kqed.org, July 31, 2014, Retrieved 23 June 2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBondevikLovholtHarbitzMangerud2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bondevik, S.; Lovholt, F.; Harbitz, C.; Mangerud, J.; Dawsond, A.; Svendsen, J. I. (2005). "The Storegga Slide tsunami – comparing field observations with numerical simulations". <i><a href="/wiki/Marine_and_Petroleum_Geology" title="Marine and Petroleum Geology">Marine and Petroleum Geology</a></i>. <b>22</b> (1–2): 195–208. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005MarPG..22..195B">2005MarPG..22..195B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpetgeo.2004.10.003">10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.10.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Marine+and+Petroleum+Geology&amp;rft.atitle=The+Storegga+Slide+tsunami+%E2%80%93+comparing+field+observations+with+numerical+simulations&amp;rft.volume=22&amp;rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&amp;rft.pages=195-208&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marpetgeo.2004.10.003&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005MarPG..22..195B&amp;rft.aulast=Bondevik&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.au=Lovholt%2C+F.&amp;rft.au=Harbitz%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Mangerud%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Dawsond%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Svendsen%2C+J.+I.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRincon2014" class="citation news cs1">Rincon, Paul (1 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-27224243">"Prehistoric North Sea 'Atlantis' hit by 5m tsunami"</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Prehistoric+North+Sea+%27Atlantis%27+hit+by+5m+tsunami&amp;rft.date=2014-05-01&amp;rft.aulast=Rincon&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-27224243&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPareschiBoschiFavalliFrancesco2006" class="citation journal cs1">Pareschi, Maria Teresa; Boschi, Enzo; Favalli, Mazzarini; Francesco, Massimiliano (1 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006GL026064">"Large submarine landslides offshore Mt. Etna"</a>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>33</b> (13). Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 33, L13302. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006GeoRL..3313302P">2006GeoRL..3313302P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006GL026064">10.1029/2006GL026064</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129699316">129699316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=Large+submarine+landslides+offshore+Mt.+Etna&amp;rft.volume=33&amp;rft.issue=13&amp;rft.date=2006-07-01&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129699316%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2006GL026064&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006GeoRL..3313302P&amp;rft.aulast=Pareschi&amp;rft.aufirst=Maria+Teresa&amp;rft.au=Boschi%2C+Enzo&amp;rft.au=Favalli%2C+Mazzarini&amp;rft.au=Francesco%2C+Massimiliano&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2006GL026064&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPareschiBoschiFavalli2006" class="citation journal cs1">Pareschi, Maria Teresa; Boschi, Enzo; Favalli, Massimiliano (28 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006GL027790">"Lost tsunami"</a>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>33</b> (22). AGU. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006GeoRL..3322608P">2006GeoRL..3322608P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006GL027790">10.1029/2006GL027790</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226235815">226235815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=Lost+tsunami&amp;rft.volume=33&amp;rft.issue=22&amp;rft.date=2006-11-28&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226235815%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2006GL027790&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006GeoRL..3322608P&amp;rft.aulast=Pareschi&amp;rft.aufirst=Maria+Teresa&amp;rft.au=Boschi%2C+Enzo&amp;rft.au=Favalli%2C+Massimiliano&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2006GL027790&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCISEM_News2006" class="citation web cs1">CISEM News (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ciesm.org/news/mscience/12.htm">"From the Etna to the Levantine shore – an ancient tsunami?"</a>. <i>ciesm.org</i>. CISEM: The Mediterranean Science Commission<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ciesm.org&amp;rft.atitle=From+the+Etna+to+the+Levantine+shore+%E2%80%93+an+ancient+tsunami%3F&amp;rft.date=2006-12&amp;rft.au=CISEM+News&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciesm.org%2Fnews%2Fmscience%2F12.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPareschiBoschiFavalli2007" class="citation journal cs1">Pareschi, Maria Teresa; Boschi, Enzo; Favalli, Massimiliano (30 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2007GL030717">"Holocene tsunamis from Mount Etna and the fate of Israeli Neolithic communities"</a>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>34</b> (16). AGU. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007GeoRL..3416317P">2007GeoRL..3416317P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2007GL030717">10.1029/2007GL030717</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129407252">129407252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=Holocene+tsunamis+from+Mount+Etna+and+the+fate+of+Israeli+Neolithic+communities&amp;rft.volume=34&amp;rft.issue=16&amp;rft.date=2007-08-30&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129407252%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2007GL030717&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007GeoRL..3416317P&amp;rft.aulast=Pareschi&amp;rft.aufirst=Maria+Teresa&amp;rft.au=Boschi%2C+Enzo&amp;rft.au=Favalli%2C+Massimiliano&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2007GL030717&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrébourgHaslerDavaud2010" class="citation journal cs1">Frébourg, Gregory; Hasler, Claude-Alain; Davaud, Eric (March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0037073809002930">"Catastrophic event recorded among Holocene eolianites (Sidi Salem Formation, SE Tunisia)"</a>. <i>Sedimentary Geology</i>. <b>224</b> (1–4): 38–48. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010SedG..224...38F">2010SedG..224...38F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sedgeo.2009.12.006">10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.12.006</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Sedimentary+Geology&amp;rft.atitle=Catastrophic+event+recorded+among+Holocene+eolianites+%28Sidi+Salem+Formation%2C+SE+Tunisia%29&amp;rft.volume=224&amp;rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&amp;rft.pages=38-48&amp;rft.date=2010-03&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.sedgeo.2009.12.006&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010SedG..224...38F&amp;rft.aulast=Fr%C3%A9bourg&amp;rft.aufirst=Gregory&amp;rft.au=Hasler%2C+Claude-Alain&amp;rft.au=Davaud%2C+Eric&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0037073809002930&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Korsgaardetal-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Korsgaardetal_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Korsgaardetal_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorsgaardSvennevigSøndergaardLuetzenburg2023" class="citation journal cs1">Korsgaard, Niels J.; Svennevig, Kristian; Søndergaard, Anne S.; Luetzenburg, Gregor; Oksman, Mimmi; Larsen, Nicolaj K. (13 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nhess.copernicus.org/preprints/nhess-2023-32/">"Giant mid-Holocene landslide-generated tsunamis recorded in lake sediments from Saqqaq, West Greenland"</a>. <i>copernicus.org</i>. European Geosciences Union. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fnhess-24-757-2024">10.5194/nhess-24-757-2024</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=copernicus.org&amp;rft.atitle=Giant+mid-Holocene+landslide-generated+tsunamis+recorded+in+lake+sediments+from+Saqqaq%2C+West+Greenland&amp;rft.date=2023-03-13&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fnhess-24-757-2024&amp;rft.aulast=Korsgaard&amp;rft.aufirst=Niels+J.&amp;rft.au=Svennevig%2C+Kristian&amp;rft.au=S%C3%B8ndergaard%2C+Anne+S.&amp;rft.au=Luetzenburg%2C+Gregor&amp;rft.au=Oksman%2C+Mimmi&amp;rft.au=Larsen%2C+Nicolaj+K.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnhess.copernicus.org%2Fpreprints%2Fnhess-2023-32%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mega-tsunami:_Wave_of_Destruction-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mega-tsunami:_Wave_of_Destruction_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2000/mega_tsunami.shtml">"Mega-tsunami: Wave of Destruction"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC Two</a>. 12 October 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Mega-tsunami%3A+Wave+of+Destruction&amp;rft.date=2000-10-12&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fscience%2Fhorizon%2F2000%2Fmega_tsunami.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chehalis2007-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chehalis2007_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chehalis2007_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWegmann2021" class="citation web cs1">Wegmann, Karl (12 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hazmapper.org/2021/01/12/hazblog-007-landslide-generated-tsunami-the-2007-chehalis-lake-b-c-canada-example/">"HazBlog-007: Landslide generated tsunami – the 2007 Chehalis Lake, B.C. Canada Example"</a>. <i>hazmapper.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=hazmapper.org&amp;rft.atitle=HazBlog-007%3A+Landslide+generated+tsunami+%E2%80%93+the+2007+Chehalis+Lake%2C+B.C.+Canada+Example&amp;rft.date=2021-01-12&amp;rft.aulast=Wegmann&amp;rft.aufirst=Karl&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhazmapper.org%2F2021%2F01%2F12%2Fhazblog-007-landslide-generated-tsunami-the-2007-chehalis-lake-b-c-canada-example%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPranantyoCummins2020" class="citation journal cs1">Pranantyo, Ignatius Ryan; Cummins, Phil R. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00024-019-02390-2">"The 1674 Ambon Tsunami: Extreme Run-up Caused by an Earthquake-Triggered Landslide"</a>. <i>Pure and Applied Geophysics</i>. <b>177</b> (3): 1639–1657. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00024-019-02390-2">10.1007/s00024-019-02390-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F219284">1885/219284</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212731869">212731869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Geophysics&amp;rft.atitle=The+1674+Ambon+Tsunami%3A+Extreme+Run-up+Caused+by+an+Earthquake-Triggered+Landslide&amp;rft.volume=177&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=1639-1657&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F219284&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A212731869%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00024-019-02390-2&amp;rft.aulast=Pranantyo&amp;rft.aufirst=Ignatius+Ryan&amp;rft.au=Cummins%2C+Phil+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00024-019-02390-2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fjords.com/rock-avalanches-skafjell/">Hoel, Christer, "The Skafjell Rock Avalanche in 1731," fjords.com Retrieved 23 June 2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Significant_Volcanic_Eruption-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Significant_Volcanic_Eruption_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/volcano/event-more-info/2673">"Significant Volcanic Eruption"</a>. <i>NGDC NCEI</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=NGDC+NCEI&amp;rft.atitle=Significant+Volcanic+Eruption&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngdc.noaa.gov%2Fhazel%2Fview%2Fhazards%2Fvolcano%2Fevent-more-info%2F2673&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatake2007" class="citation journal cs1">Satake, Kenji (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earth-planets-space.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/BF03352698.pdf">"Volcanic origin of the 1741 Oshima-Oshima tsunami in the Japan Sea"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Earth, Planets and Space</i>. <b>59</b> (5): 381–390. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007EP&amp;S...59..381S">2007EP&#38;S...59..381S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2FBF03352698">10.1186/BF03352698</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Earth%2C+Planets+and+Space&amp;rft.atitle=Volcanic+origin+of+the+1741+Oshima-Oshima+tsunami+in+the+Japan+Sea&amp;rft.volume=59&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=381-390&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2FBF03352698&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007EP%26S...59..381S&amp;rft.aulast=Satake&amp;rft.aufirst=Kenji&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearth-planets-space.springeropen.com%2Fcounter%2Fpdf%2F10.1186%2FBF03352698.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sang_Oh-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sang_Oh_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIm_Sang_OhAlexander_B._Rabinovich1994" class="citation journal cs1">Im Sang Oh; Alexander B. Rabinovich (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.lanl.gov/tsunami/00394725.pdf">"Manifestation of Hokkaido Southwest (Okushiri) Tsunami, 12 July, 1993, at the Coast of Korea: Statistsl Characteristics Spectul Analysis, and Energy Decay"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The International Journal of the Tsunami Society</i>. <b>12</b> (2). Seoul National University: 93–116. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0736-5306">0736-5306</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+the+Tsunami+Society&amp;rft.atitle=Manifestation+of+Hokkaido+Southwest+%28Okushiri%29+Tsunami%2C+12+July%2C+1993%2C+at+the+Coast+of+Korea%3A+Statistsl+Characteristics+Spectul+Analysis%2C+and+Energy+Decay&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=93-116&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.issn=0736-5306&amp;rft.au=Im+Sang+Oh&amp;rft.au=Alexander+B.+Rabinovich&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.lanl.gov%2Ftsunami%2F00394725.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatsui,_YoshioYamamoto,_Masatsugu1981" class="citation journal cs1">Katsui, Yoshio; Yamamoto, Masatsugu (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/36702/1/19_4_p527-536.pdf">"The 1741–1742 Activity of Oshima-Ōshima Volcano, North Japan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Faculty of Science, Geology and Mineralogy</i>. <b>19</b> (4). Japan: Hokkaido University: 527–536<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Faculty+of+Science%2C+Geology+and+Mineralogy&amp;rft.atitle=The+1741%E2%80%931742+Activity+of+Oshima-%C5%8Cshima+Volcano%2C+North+Japan&amp;rft.volume=19&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=527-536&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.au=Katsui%2C+Yoshio&amp;rft.au=Yamamoto%2C+Masatsugu&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F2115%2F36702%2F1%2F19_4_p527-536.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Survey_Study_Group_on_Large-Scale_Earthquakes_in_the_Sea_of_Japan_report-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Survey_Study_Group_on_Large-Scale_Earthquakes_in_the_Sea_of_Japan_report_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mlit.go.jp/river/shinngikai_blog/daikibojishinchousa/dai08kai/sanko1.pdf"><bdi lang="ja">日本海における大規模地震に関する調査検討会 報告書</bdi></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism</i> (in Japanese). August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Land%2C+Infrastructure%2C+Transport+and+Tourism&amp;rft.atitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B5%B7%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E5%A4%A7%E8%A6%8F%E6%A8%A1%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%BB%E6%A4%9C%E8%A8%8E%E4%BC%9A+%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A%E6%9B%B8&amp;rft.date=2014-08&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlit.go.jp%2Friver%2Fshinngikai_blog%2Fdaikibojishinchousa%2Fdai08kai%2Fsanko1.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abe-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abe_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbe1989" class="citation journal cs1">Abe, Katsuyuki (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0040195189902023">"Quantification of tsunamigenic earthquakes by the Mt scale"</a>. <i>Tectonophysics</i>. <b>166</b> (1–3): 27–34. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Tectp.166...27A">1989Tectp.166...27A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0040-1951%2889%2990202-3">10.1016/0040-1951(89)90202-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-1951">0040-1951</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Tectonophysics&amp;rft.atitle=Quantification+of+tsunamigenic+earthquakes+by+the+Mt+scale&amp;rft.volume=166&amp;rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&amp;rft.pages=27-34&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.issn=0040-1951&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0040-1951%2889%2990202-3&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989Tectp.166...27A&amp;rft.aulast=Abe&amp;rft.aufirst=Katsuyuki&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2F0040195189902023&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Satake01-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Satake01_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenji_SatakeYukihiro_Kato2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kenji Satake; Yukihiro Kato (1 February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2000GL012175">"The 1741 Oshima-Oshima Eruption: Extent and volume of submarine debris avalanche"</a>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>28</b> (3): 427–430. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001GeoRL..28..427S">2001GeoRL..28..427S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2000GL012175">10.1029/2000GL012175</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=The+1741+Oshima-Oshima+Eruption%3A+Extent+and+volume+of+submarine+debris+avalanche&amp;rft.volume=28&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=427-430&amp;rft.date=2001-02-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2000GL012175&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001GeoRL..28..427S&amp;rft.au=Kenji+Satake&amp;rft.au=Yukihiro+Kato&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2000GL012175&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804005621/https://www.fjords.com/rock-avalanches-tjelle/">"Hoel, Christer, 'The Tjelle Rock Avalanche in 1756,' fjords.com Retrieved 22 June 2020"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fjords.com/rock-avalanches-tjelle/">the original</a> on 4 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Hoel%2C+Christer%2C+%27The+Tjelle+Rock+Avalanche+in+1756%2C%27+fjords.com+Retrieved+22+June+2020&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjords.com%2Frock-avalanches-tjelle%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hays1990-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hays1990_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHays1990" class="citation web cs1">Hays, Jeffrey (17 November 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factsanddetails.com/japan/cat26/sub160/entry-6600.html">"Unzen volcano and eruptions"</a>. <i>Facts and Details</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Facts+and+Details&amp;rft.atitle=Unzen+volcano+and+eruptions&amp;rft.date=1990-11-17&amp;rft.aulast=Hays&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactsanddetails.com%2Fjapan%2Fcat26%2Fsub160%2Fentry-6600.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lander, pp. 39–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lander, pp. 44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tOkpBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA162">Bryant, Edward, <i>Tsunami: The Underrated Hazard</i>, Springer: New York, 2014</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-06132-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-06132-0">978-3-319-06132-0</a>, pp. 162–163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080813123615/http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Krakatau.html">"How Volcanoes Work – Krakatau, Indonesia 1883"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Krakatau.html">the original</a> on 13 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=How+Volcanoes+Work+%E2%80%93+Krakatau%2C+Indonesia+1883&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geology.sdsu.edu%2Fhow_volcanoes_work%2FKrakatau.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinchester2003" class="citation book cs1">Winchester, Simon (2003). <i>Krakatoa: The Day The World Exploded, August 27, 1883</i>. Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-91430-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-91430-2"><bdi>978-0-670-91430-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Krakatoa%3A+The+Day+The+World+Exploded%2C+August+27%2C+1883&amp;rft.pub=Viking&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-670-91430-2&amp;rft.aulast=Winchester&amp;rft.aufirst=Simon&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loen-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loen_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loen_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fjords.com/rock-avalanches-loen/">Hoel, Christer, "The Loen Accidents in 1905 and 1936," fjords.com Retrieved 22 June 2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lander, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fjords.com/rock-avalanches-tafjord/">Hoel, Christer, "The Tafjord Accident in 1934," fjords.com Retrieved 22 June 2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lander, pp. 61–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mader-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mader_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaderGittings2002" class="citation journal cs1">Mader, Charles L.; Gittings, Michael L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.lanl.gov/tsunami/ts205.pdf">"Modeling the 1958 Lituya Bay Mega-Tsunami, II"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science of Tsunami Hazards</i>. <b>20</b> (5): 241–250.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+of+Tsunami+Hazards&amp;rft.atitle=Modeling+the+1958+Lituya+Bay+Mega-Tsunami%2C+II&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=241-250&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.aulast=Mader&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles+L.&amp;rft.au=Gittings%2C+Michael+L.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.lanl.gov%2Ftsunami%2Fts205.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090729032357/http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/projects/geoweb/participants/Dutch/VTrips/Vaiont.HTM">"Vaiont Dam, Italy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/projects/geoweb/participants/Dutch/VTrips/Vaiont.HTM">the original</a> on 29 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Vaiont+Dam%2C+Italy&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwsp.edu%2Fgeo%2Fprojects%2Fgeoweb%2Fparticipants%2FDutch%2FVTrips%2FVaiont.HTM&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span> Vaiont Dam photos and virtual field trip (University of Wisconsin), retrieved 2009-07-01</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristensen" class="citation web cs1">Christensen, Doug. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706212449/http://www.aeic.alaska.edu/quakes/Alaska_1964_earthquake.html">"The Great Alaska Earthquake of 1964"</a>. Alaska Earthquake Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeic.alaska.edu/quakes/Alaska_1964_earthquake.html">the original</a> on 6 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Great+Alaska+Earthquake+of+1964&amp;rft.pub=Alaska+Earthquake+Center&amp;rft.aulast=Christensen&amp;rft.aufirst=Doug&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeic.alaska.edu%2Fquakes%2FAlaska_1964_earthquake.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Voight-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Voight_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVoightJandaGlickenDouglass1983">Voight et al. 1983</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Projects/H2O+Volcanoes/Frozen/Geology/MSH/MSH.tsunami.html">[1]</a><a href="/wiki/USGS" class="mw-redirect" title="USGS">USGS</a><span> Website</span>. <i>Geology of Interactions of Volcanoes, Snow, and Water: Tsunami on Spirit Lake early during 18 May 1980 eruption</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahl-JensenLarsenPedersenPedersen2004" class="citation web cs1">Dahl-Jensen, Trine; Larsen, Lotte; Pedersen, Stig; Pedersen, Jerrik; Jepsen, Hans; Pedersen, Gunver; Nielsen, Tove; Pedersen, Asger; Von Platen-Hallermund, Frants; Weng, Willy (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/nathaz/v31y2004i1p277-287.html">"Landslide and Tsunami 21 November 2000 in Paatuut, West Greenland"</a>. <i>repec.org</i>. Ideas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=repec.org&amp;rft.atitle=Landslide+and+Tsunami+21+November+2000+in+Paatuut%2C+West+Greenland&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.aulast=Dahl-Jensen&amp;rft.aufirst=Trine&amp;rft.au=Larsen%2C+Lotte&amp;rft.au=Pedersen%2C+Stig&amp;rft.au=Pedersen%2C+Jerrik&amp;rft.au=Jepsen%2C+Hans&amp;rft.au=Pedersen%2C+Gunver&amp;rft.au=Nielsen%2C+Tove&amp;rft.au=Pedersen%2C+Asger&amp;rft.au=Von+Platen-Hallermund%2C+Frants&amp;rft.au=Weng%2C+Willy&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2Fa%2Fspr%2Fnathaz%2Fv31y2004i1p277-287.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-landslidepresentation-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-landslidepresentation_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-landslidepresentation_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-landslidepresentation_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-landslidepresentation_78-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-landslidepresentation_78-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-landslidepresentation_78-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327474353_The_2015_landslide_and_tsunami_in_Taan_Fiord_Alaska">researchgate.net The 2015 Landslide and Tsunami in Taan Fiord, Alaska</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-higman20180906-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-higman20180906_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-higman20180906_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-higman20180906_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-higman20180906_79-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-higman20180906_79-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-higman20180906_79-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-30475-w">Higman, Bretwood, <i>et al.</i>, "The 2015 landslide and tsunami in Taan Fiord, Alaska," nature.com, September 6, 2018 Retrieved 16 June 2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-npstaanfiord-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-npstaanfiord_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-npstaanfiord_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/taanfjord.htm">nps.gov National Park Service, "Taan Fjord Landslide and Tsunami," nps.gov, Retrieved 16 June 2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rozell20160407-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rozell20160407_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rozell20160407_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gi.alaska.edu/alaska-science-forum/giant-wave-icy-bay">Rozell, Ned, "The giant wave of Icy Bay," alaska.edu, April 7, 2016 Retrieved 16 June 2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-underwood20190426-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-underwood20190426_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eos.org/research-spotlights/study-of-alaskan-landslide-could-improve-tsunami-modeling">Underwood, Emily, "Study of Alaskan Landslide Could Improve Tsunami Modeling," eos.org, April 26, 2019 Retrieved 16 June 2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mooney20180906-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mooney20180906_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mooney20180906_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/energy-environment/2018/09/06/one-biggest-tsunamis-ever-recorded-was-set-off-three-years-ago-by-melting-glacier/">Mooney, Chris, "One of the biggest tsunamis ever recorded was set off three years ago by a melting glacier," washingtonpost.com, September 6, 2018 Retrieved 16 June 2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stolz20170317-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stolz20170317_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stolz20170317_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/landslide-alaska-taan-fjord-2015">Stolz, Kit, "Why Scientists Are Worried About a Landslide No One Saw or Heard," atlasobscura.com, March 17, 2017 Retrieved 16 June 2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morford20151218-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-morford20151218_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2015/12/18/detecting-landslides-from-a-few-seismic-wiggles/">Morford Stacy, "Detecting Landslides from a Few Seismic Wiggles," columbia.edu, December 18, 2015 Retrieved 16 June 2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ce.gatech.edu/news/after-recon-trip-researchers-say-greenland-tsunami-june-reached-300-feet-high">"After recon trip, researchers say Greenland tsunami in June reached 300 feet high"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Institute of Technology">Georgia Institute of Technology</a>. 25 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=After+recon+trip%2C+researchers+say+Greenland+tsunami+in+June+reached+300+feet+high&amp;rft.pub=Georgia+Institute+of+Technology&amp;rft.date=2017-07-25&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ce.gatech.edu%2Fnews%2Fafter-recon-trip-researchers-say-greenland-tsunami-june-reached-300-feet-high&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-40320629">"Four missing after tsunami strikes Greenland coast"</a>. BBC News. 18 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Four+missing+after+tsunami+strikes+Greenland+coast&amp;rft.date=2017-06-18&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-40320629&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-independenttsunami-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-independenttsunami_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.ie/world-news/greenland-tsunami-leaves-four-people-missing-35839239.html">"Greenland tsunami leaves four people missing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Independent" title="Irish Independent">Irish Independent</a></i>. 18 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&amp;rft.atitle=Greenland+tsunami+leaves+four+people+missing&amp;rft.date=2017-06-18&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fworld-news%2Fgreenland-tsunami-leaves-four-people-missing-35839239.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://itic.ioc-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2164&amp;Itemid=3237">"17 June 2017, Karrat Fjord, Greenland Landslide &amp; Tsunami"</a>. International Tsunami Information Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=17+June+2017%2C+Karrat+Fjord%2C+Greenland+Landslide+%26+Tsunami&amp;rft.pub=International+Tsunami+Information+Center&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fitic.ioc-unesco.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D2164%26Itemid%3D3237&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvennevigDahl-JensenKeidingBoncori2020" class="citation journal cs1">Svennevig, Kristian; Dahl-Jensen, Trine; Keiding, Marie; Boncori, John Peter Merryman; Larsen, Tine B.; Salehi, Sara; Solgaard, Anne Munck; Voss, Peter H. (8 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esurf.copernicus.org/articles/8/1021/2020/">"Evolution of events before and after the 17 June 2017 rock avalanche at Karrat Fjord, West Greenland – a multidisciplinary approach to detecting and locating unstable rock slopes in a remote Arctic area"</a>. <i>Earth Surface Dynamics</i>. <b>8</b> (4). European Geosciences Union: 1021–1038. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ESuD....8.1021S">2020ESuD....8.1021S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fesurf-8-1021-2020">10.5194/esurf-8-1021-2020</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Earth+Surface+Dynamics&amp;rft.atitle=Evolution+of+events+before+and+after+the+17+June+2017+rock+avalanche+at+Karrat+Fjord%2C+West+Greenland+%E2%80%93+a+multidisciplinary+approach+to+detecting+and+locating+unstable+rock+slopes+in+a+remote+Arctic+area&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=1021-1038&amp;rft.date=2020-12-08&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fesurf-8-1021-2020&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020ESuD....8.1021S&amp;rft.aulast=Svennevig&amp;rft.aufirst=Kristian&amp;rft.au=Dahl-Jensen%2C+Trine&amp;rft.au=Keiding%2C+Marie&amp;rft.au=Boncori%2C+John+Peter+Merryman&amp;rft.au=Larsen%2C+Tine+B.&amp;rft.au=Salehi%2C+Sara&amp;rft.au=Solgaard%2C+Anne+Munck&amp;rft.au=Voss%2C+Peter+H.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesurf.copernicus.org%2Farticles%2F8%2F1021%2F2020%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/8723389/bc-glacier-landslide-study/">"Landslide caused by melting B.C. glacier created massive tsunami, destroyed salmon habitat: study"</a>. Global News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Landslide+caused+by+melting+B.C.+glacier+created+massive+tsunami%2C+destroyed+salmon+habitat%3A+study&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F8723389%2Fbc-glacier-landslide-study%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrillo-PonceHeimannPetersenWalter2024" class="citation journal cs1">Carrillo-Ponce, Angela; Heimann, Sebastian; Petersen, Gesa M.; Walter, Thomas R.; Cesca, Simone; Dahm, Torsten (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1785%2F0320240013">"The 16 September 2023 Greenland Megatsunami: Analysis and Modeling of the Source and a Week-Long, Monochromatic Seismic Signal"</a>. <i>The Seismic Record</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 172–183. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024SeisR...4..172C">2024SeisR...4..172C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1785%2F0320240013">10.1785/0320240013</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Seismic+Record&amp;rft.atitle=The+16+September+2023+Greenland+Megatsunami%3A+Analysis+and+Modeling+of+the+Source+and+a+Week-Long%2C+Monochromatic+Seismic+Signal&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=172-183&amp;rft.date=2024&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1785%2F0320240013&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024SeisR...4..172C&amp;rft.aulast=Carrillo-Ponce&amp;rft.aufirst=Angela&amp;rft.au=Heimann%2C+Sebastian&amp;rft.au=Petersen%2C+Gesa+M.&amp;rft.au=Walter%2C+Thomas+R.&amp;rft.au=Cesca%2C+Simone&amp;rft.au=Dahm%2C+Torsten&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1785%252F0320240013&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill2024" class="citation news cs1">Gill, Victoria (12 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cged3jd8llyo">"Mystery tremors were from massive nine-day tsunami"</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Mystery+tremors+were+from+massive+nine-day+tsunami&amp;rft.date=2024-09-12&amp;rft.aulast=Gill&amp;rft.aufirst=Victoria&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcged3jd8llyo&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2000/mega_tsunami_transcript.shtml">"Mega-tsunami: Wave of Destruction"</a>. <i>Transcript</i>. BBC Two television programme, first broadcast. 12 October 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Transcript&amp;rft.atitle=Mega-tsunami%3A+Wave+of+Destruction&amp;rft.date=2000-10-12&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fscience%2Fhorizon%2F2000%2Fmega_tsunami_transcript.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MegatsunamiStudyFlawed-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MegatsunamiStudyFlawed_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MegatsunamiStudyFlawed_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/09/060920192823.htm">"New Research Puts 'Killer La Palma Tsunami' At Distant Future"</a>. Science Daily, based on materials from the Delft University of Technology. 21 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=New+Research+Puts+%27Killer+La+Palma+Tsunami%27+At+Distant+Future&amp;rft.pub=Science+Daily%2C+based+on+materials+from+the+Delft+University+of+Technology&amp;rft.date=2006-09-21&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2006%2F09%2F060920192823.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PastCanaryIslesMegatsunami-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PastCanaryIslesMegatsunami_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PastCanaryIslesMegatsunami_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pérez-Torrado, F. J.; Paris, R.; Cabrera, M. C; Schneider, J.-L.; Wassmer, P.; Carracedo, J. C.; Rodríguez-Santana, A.; &amp; Santana, F. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?url=http://www.academia.edu/download/46082254/j.margeo.2005.11.00820160530-19206-1rdt4r3.pdf&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=T&amp;oi=gsb-gga&amp;ct=res&amp;cd=0&amp;d=8226638742047341218&amp;ei=lXU2W4XnOcqUmgHQv7QI&amp;scisig=AAGBfm35w-vFbGatfP2kAiTY9LGqIpSZsw">Tsunami deposits related to flank collapse in oceanic volcanoes: The Agaete Valley evidence, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands</a>. Marine Geol. 227, 135–149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaPalmaMegatsunamipropagation-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LaPalmaMegatsunamipropagation_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LaPalmaMegatsunamipropagation_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Løvholt, F.; Pedersen, G.; &amp; Gisler, G. (2008). "Oceanic propagation of a potential tsunami from the La Palma Island." <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Geophysical_Research" title="Journal of Geophysical Research">Journal of Geophysical Research</a>: Oceans 113.C9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NationalGeographicNoMegatsunami-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NationalGeographicNoMegatsunami_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NationalGeographicNoMegatsunami_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NationalGeographicNoMegatsunami_98-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NationalGeographicNoMegatsunami_98-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Gibbons2018" class="citation web cs1">Sarah Gibbons (17 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180517205733/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/05/kilauea-volcano-tsunami-explosive-hawaii-myths-explained-science/">"No, Hawaii's Volcano Won't Trigger a Mega-Tsunami"</a>. National Geographic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/05/kilauea-volcano-tsunami-explosive-hawaii-myths-explained-science/">the original</a> on 17 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=No%2C+Hawaii%27s+Volcano+Won%27t+Trigger+a+Mega-Tsunami&amp;rft.pub=National+Geographic&amp;rft.date=2018-05-17&amp;rft.au=Sarah+Gibbons&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2018%2F05%2Fkilauea-volcano-tsunami-explosive-hawaii-myths-explained-science%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansSavigny,_K.W.1994" class="citation web cs1">Evans, S.G.; Savigny, K.W. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/library/ffip/Evans_SG1994.pdf">"Landslides in the Vancouver-Fraser Valley-Whistler region"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geological Survey of Canada</i>. Ministry of Forests, Province of British Columbia. pp.&#160;36 p<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Geological+Survey+of+Canada&amp;rft.atitle=Landslides+in+the+Vancouver-Fraser+Valley-Whistler+region&amp;rft.pages=36+p&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.aulast=Evans&amp;rft.aufirst=S.G.&amp;rft.au=Savigny%2C+K.W.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.for.gov.bc.ca%2Fhfd%2Flibrary%2Fffip%2FEvans_SG1994.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Day_et_al.-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Day_et_al._100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Day_et_al._100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Day_et_al._100-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Day_et_al._100-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDayCarracedoGuillouGravestock1999">Day et al. 1999</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward_and_Day-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_and_Day_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_and_Day_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_and_Day_101-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_and_Day_101-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWardDay2001">Ward &amp; Day 2001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonelli-Rubio, J. M. (1950). Contribucion al estudio de la erupcion del Nambroque o San Juan. Madrid: Inst. Geografico y Catastral, 25 pp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As per Bonelli Rubio</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2021" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Sam (19 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/19/spanish-canary-island-volcano-erupts-after-weeks-of-earthquakes">"Spanish Canary Island volcano erupts after weeks of earthquakes"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Spanish+Canary+Island+volcano+erupts+after+weeks+of+earthquakes&amp;rft.date=2021-09-19&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.aufirst=Sam&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fsep%2F19%2Fspanish-canary-island-volcano-erupts-after-weeks-of-earthquakes&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pararas-Carayannis-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pararas-Carayannis_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPararas-Carayannis2002">Pararas-Carayannis 2002</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli_Ayres2004" class="citation web cs1">Ali Ayres (29 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324192613/http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3963563.stm">"Tidal wave threat 'over-hyped'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3963563.stm">the original</a> on 24 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2004</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Tidal+wave+threat+%27over-hyped%27&amp;rft.pub=BBC+News&amp;rft.date=2004-10-29&amp;rft.au=Ali+Ayres&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsvote.bbc.co.uk%2Fmpapps%2Fpagetools%2Fprint%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F3963563.stm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPararas-Carayannis2002-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPararas-Carayannis2002_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPararas-Carayannis2002_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPararas-Carayannis2002">Pararas-Carayannis 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMurtry,_Gary_M.Fryer,_Gerard_J.Tappin,_David_R.Wilkinson,_Ian_P.2004" class="citation journal cs1">McMurtry, Gary M.; Fryer, Gerard J.; Tappin, David R.; Wilkinson, Ian P.; Williams, Mark; Fietzke, Jan; Garbe-Schoenberg, Dieter; Watts, Philip (1 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/full/32/9/741">"Megatsunami deposits on Kohala volcano, Hawaii, from flank collapse of Mauna Loa"</a>. <i>Geology</i>. <b>32</b> (9): 741. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Geo....32..741M">2004Geo....32..741M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG20642.1">10.1130/G20642.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Geology&amp;rft.atitle=Megatsunami+deposits+on+Kohala+volcano%2C+Hawaii%2C+from+flank+collapse+of+Mauna+Loa&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=741&amp;rft.date=2004-09-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FG20642.1&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Geo....32..741M&amp;rft.au=McMurtry%2C+Gary+M.&amp;rft.au=Fryer%2C+Gerard+J.&amp;rft.au=Tappin%2C+David+R.&amp;rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+Ian+P.&amp;rft.au=Williams%2C+Mark&amp;rft.au=Fietzke%2C+Jan&amp;rft.au=Garbe-Schoenberg%2C+Dieter&amp;rft.au=Watts%2C+Philip&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeology.geoscienceworld.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F32%2F9%2F741&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMurtryFryerTappinWilkinson2004" class="citation web cs1">McMurtry, Gary M.; Fryer, Gerard J.; Tappin, David R.; Wilkinson, Ian P.; Williams, Mark; Fietzke, Jan; Garbe-Schoenberg, Dieter; Watts, Philip (1 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/SOEST_News/PressReleases/Megatsunami/">"A Gigantic Tsunami in the Hawaiian Islands 120,000 Years Ago"</a>. <i>Geology</i>. SOEST Press Releases<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Geology&amp;rft.atitle=A+Gigantic+Tsunami+in+the+Hawaiian+Islands+120%2C000+Years+Ago&amp;rft.date=2004-09-01&amp;rft.aulast=McMurtry&amp;rft.aufirst=Gary+M.&amp;rft.au=Fryer%2C+Gerard+J.&amp;rft.au=Tappin%2C+David+R.&amp;rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+Ian+P.&amp;rft.au=Williams%2C+Mark&amp;rft.au=Fietzke%2C+Jan&amp;rft.au=Garbe-Schoenberg%2C+Dieter&amp;rft.au=Watts%2C+Philip&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soest.hawaii.edu%2FSOEST_News%2FPressReleases%2FMegatsunami%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMurtry,_G._M.Tappin,_D._R.Fryer,_G._J.Watts,_P.2002" class="citation journal cs1">McMurtry, G. M.; Tappin, D. R.; Fryer, G. J.; Watts, P. (December 2002). "Megatsunami Deposits on the Island of Hawaii: Implications for the Origin of Similar Deposits in Hawaii and Confirmation of the 'Giant Wave Hypothesis'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts</i>. <b>51</b>: OS51A–0148. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AGUFMOS51A0148M">2002AGUFMOS51A0148M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=AGU+Fall+Meeting+Abstracts&amp;rft.atitle=Megatsunami+Deposits+on+the+Island+of+Hawaii%3A+Implications+for+the+Origin+of+Similar+Deposits+in+Hawaii+and+Confirmation+of+the+%27Giant+Wave+Hypothesis%27&amp;rft.volume=51&amp;rft.pages=OS51A-0148&amp;rft.date=2002-12&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002AGUFMOS51A0148M&amp;rft.au=McMurtry%2C+G.+M.&amp;rft.au=Tappin%2C+D.+R.&amp;rft.au=Fryer%2C+G.+J.&amp;rft.au=Watts%2C+P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritt2004" class="citation web cs1">Britt, Robert Roy (14 December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/environment/041214_tsunami_mega.html">"The Megatsunami: Possible Modern Threat"</a>. LiveScience<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Megatsunami%3A+Possible+Modern+Threat&amp;rft.pub=LiveScience&amp;rft.date=2004-12-14&amp;rft.aulast=Britt&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+Roy&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2Fenvironment%2F041214_tsunami_mega.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFryerMcMurtry2005" class="citation web cs1">Fryer, G.J.; McMurtry, G.M. (12–15 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthweb.ess.washington.edu/tsunami2/deposits/downloads/posters/fryer05worksmall.pdf">"Megatsunami Deposits vs. High-stand Deposits in Hawai'i"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NSF Tsunami Deposits Workshop</i>. Department of Earth and Space Sciences, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=NSF+Tsunami+Deposits+Workshop&amp;rft.atitle=Megatsunami+Deposits+vs.+High-stand+Deposits+in+Hawai%27i&amp;rft.date=2005-06-12%2F2005-06-15&amp;rft.aulast=Fryer&amp;rft.aufirst=G.J.&amp;rft.au=McMurtry%2C+G.M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthweb.ess.washington.edu%2Ftsunami2%2Fdeposits%2Fdownloads%2Fposters%2Ffryer05worksmall.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fjords.com/rock-avalanches-akerneset/">Hole, Christer, "The Åkerneset Rock Avalanche," fjords.com Retrieved 23 June 2020</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=42" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonelli_Rubio1950" class="citation book cs1">Bonelli Rubio, J.M. (1950). <i>Contribucion al estudio de la erupcion del Nambroque o San Juan</i>. Madrid: Inst. Geografico y Catastral.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Contribucion+al+estudio+de+la+erupcion+del+Nambroque+o+San+Juan&amp;rft.place=Madrid&amp;rft.pub=Inst.+Geografico+y+Catastral&amp;rft.date=1950&amp;rft.aulast=Bonelli+Rubio&amp;rft.aufirst=J.M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDayCarracedoGuillouGravestock1999" class="citation journal cs1">Day, S.J.; Carracedo, J.C.; Guillou, H.; Gravestock, P. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo.arizona.edu/~andyf/LaPalma/Rift%20Zone.pdf">"Recent structural evolution of the Cumbre Vieja volcano, La Palma, Canary Islands: volcanic rift zone re-configuration as a precursor to flank instability"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res</i>. <b>94</b> (1–4): 135–167. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JVGR...94..135D">1999JVGR...94..135D</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.544.8128">10.1.1.544.8128</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0377-0273%2899%2900101-8">10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00101-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Volcanol.+Geotherm.+Res.&amp;rft.atitle=Recent+structural+evolution+of+the+Cumbre+Vieja+volcano%2C+La+Palma%2C+Canary+Islands%3A+volcanic+rift+zone+re-configuration+as+a+precursor+to+flank+instability&amp;rft.volume=94&amp;rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&amp;rft.pages=135-167&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.544.8128%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0377-0273%2899%2900101-8&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999JVGR...94..135D&amp;rft.aulast=Day&amp;rft.aufirst=S.J.&amp;rft.au=Carracedo%2C+J.C.&amp;rft.au=Guillou%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Gravestock%2C+P.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo.arizona.edu%2F~andyf%2FLaPalma%2FRift%2520Zone.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200701032237/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/340d/2ad7dc7666d4d39fe453268250bf40ead727.pdf">Lander, James F. <i>Tsunamis Affecting Alaska 1737–1996</i>. Boulder, Colorado: NOAA National Geophysical Data Center, September 1996.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPararas-Carayannis2002" class="citation journal cs1">Pararas-Carayannis, G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tsunamisociety.org/STHVol20N5Y2002.pdf">"Evaluation of the Threat of Mega Tsunami Generation from Postulated Massive Slope Failure of Island Stratovolcanoes on La Palma, Canary Islands, and on The Island of Hawaii, George"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science of Tsunami Hazards</i>. <b>20</b> (5): 251–277.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+of+Tsunami+Hazards&amp;rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+the+Threat+of+Mega+Tsunami+Generation+from+Postulated+Massive+Slope+Failure+of+Island+Stratovolcanoes+on+La+Palma%2C+Canary+Islands%2C+and+on+The+Island+of+Hawaii%2C+George&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=251-277&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.aulast=Pararas-Carayannis&amp;rft.aufirst=G.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftsunamisociety.org%2FSTHVol20N5Y2002.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoightJandaGlickenDouglass1983" class="citation journal cs1">Voight, B.; Janda, R.; <a href="/wiki/Harry_Glicken" title="Harry Glicken">Glicken, H.</a>; Douglass, P.M. (1983). "Nature and mechanics of the Mount St Helens rockslide-avalanche of 18 May 190". <i>Géotechnique</i>. <b>33</b> (10): 243–273. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983Getq...33..243V">1983Getq...33..243V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1680%2Fgeot.1983.33.3.243">10.1680/geot.1983.33.3.243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=G%C3%A9otechnique&amp;rft.atitle=Nature+and+mechanics+of+the+Mount+St+Helens+rockslide-avalanche+of+18+May+190&amp;rft.volume=33&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=243-273&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1680%2Fgeot.1983.33.3.243&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983Getq...33..243V&amp;rft.aulast=Voight&amp;rft.aufirst=B.&amp;rft.au=Janda%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Glicken%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Douglass%2C+P.M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardDay2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, S.N.; Day, S. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~ward/papers/La_Palma_grl.pdf">"Cumbre Vieja Volcano – Potential collapse and tsunami at La Palma, Canary Islands"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>28</b> (17): 3397–3400. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001GeoRL..28.3397W">2001GeoRL..28.3397W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2001GL013110">10.1029/2001GL013110</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=Cumbre+Vieja+Volcano+%E2%80%93+Potential+collapse+and+tsunami+at+La+Palma%2C+Canary+Islands&amp;rft.volume=28&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.pages=3397-3400&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2001GL013110&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001GeoRL..28.3397W&amp;rft.aulast=Ward&amp;rft.aufirst=S.N.&amp;rft.au=Day%2C+S.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.es.ucsc.edu%2F~ward%2Fpapers%2FLa_Palma_grl.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>BBC 2 TV; 2000. Transcript "Mega-tsunami; Wave of Destruction", Horizon. First screened 21.30 hrs, Thursday, 12 October 2000.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarracedo,_J.C.1994" class="citation journal cs1">Carracedo, J.C. (1994). "The Canary Islands: an example of structural control on the growth of large oceanic-island volcanoes". <i>J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res</i>. <b>60</b> (3–4): 225–241. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994JVGR...60..225C">1994JVGR...60..225C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0377-0273%2894%2990053-1">10.1016/0377-0273(94)90053-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Volcanol.+Geotherm.+Res.&amp;rft.atitle=The+Canary+Islands%3A+an+example+of+structural+control+on+the+growth+of+large+oceanic-island+volcanoes&amp;rft.volume=60&amp;rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&amp;rft.pages=225-241&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0377-0273%2894%2990053-1&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994JVGR...60..225C&amp;rft.au=Carracedo%2C+J.C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarracedo,_J.C.1996" class="citation book cs1">Carracedo, J.C. (1996). "A simple model for the genesis of large gravitational landslide hazards in the Canary Islands". In McGuire, W; Jones; Neuberg, J.P. (eds.). <i>Volcano Instability on the Earth and Other Planets</i>. Special Publication. Vol.&#160;110. London: Geological Society. pp.&#160;125–135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=A+simple+model+for+the+genesis+of+large+gravitational+landslide+hazards+in+the+Canary+Islands&amp;rft.btitle=Volcano+Instability+on+the+Earth+and+Other+Planets&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.series=Special+Publication&amp;rft.pages=125-135&amp;rft.pub=Geological+Society&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.au=Carracedo%2C+J.C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarracedo,_J.C.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Carracedo, J.C. (1999). "Growth, Structure, Instability and Collapse of Canarian Volcanoes and Comparisons with Hawaiian Volcanoes". <i>J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res</i>. <b>94</b> (1–4): 1–19. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JVGR...94....1C">1999JVGR...94....1C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0377-0273%2899%2900095-5">10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00095-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Volcanol.+Geotherm.+Res.&amp;rft.atitle=Growth%2C+Structure%2C+Instability+and+Collapse+of+Canarian+Volcanoes+and+Comparisons+with+Hawaiian+Volcanoes&amp;rft.volume=94&amp;rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&amp;rft.pages=1-19&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0377-0273%2899%2900095-5&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999JVGR...94....1C&amp;rft.au=Carracedo%2C+J.C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore,_J.G.1964" class="citation journal cs1">Moore, J.G. (1964). "Giant Submarine Landslides on the Hawaiian Ridge". US Geologic Survey: D95–8. Professional Paper 501-D.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Giant+Submarine+Landslides+on+the+Hawaiian+Ridge&amp;rft.pages=D95-8&amp;rft.date=1964&amp;rft.au=Moore%2C+J.G.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinter,_N.Ishman,_S.E.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Pinter, N.; Ishman, S.E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGSAT01801GW.1">"Impacts, mega-tsunami, and other extraordinary claims"</a>. <i>GSA Today</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 37–38. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008GSAT...18a..37P">2008GSAT...18a..37P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGSAT01801GW.1">10.1130/GSAT01801GW.1</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=GSA+Today&amp;rft.atitle=Impacts%2C+mega-tsunami%2C+and+other+extraordinary+claims&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=37-38&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FGSAT01801GW.1&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008GSAT...18a..37P&amp;rft.au=Pinter%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Ishman%2C+S.E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1130%252FGSAT01801GW.1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rihm, R; Krastel, S. &amp; CD109 Shipboard Scientific Party; 1998. "Volcanoes and landslides in the Canaries". <i>National Environment Research Council News</i>. Summer, 16–17.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiebert,_L.1984" class="citation journal cs1">Siebert, L. (1984). "Large volcanic debris avalanches: characteristics of source areas, deposits and associated eruptions". <i>J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res</i>. <b>22</b> (3–4): 163–197. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984JVGR...22..163S">1984JVGR...22..163S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0377-0273%2884%2990002-7">10.1016/0377-0273(84)90002-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Volcanol.+Geotherm.+Res.&amp;rft.atitle=Large+volcanic+debris+avalanches%3A+characteristics+of+source+areas%2C+deposits+and+associated+eruptions&amp;rft.volume=22&amp;rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&amp;rft.pages=163-197&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0377-0273%2884%2990002-7&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984JVGR...22..163S&amp;rft.au=Siebert%2C+L.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallely,_G.A.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Vallely, G.A. (2005). "Volcanic edifice instability and tsunami generation: Montaña Teide, Tenerife, Canary Islands (Spain)". <i>Journal of the Open University Geological Society</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 53–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Open+University+Geological+Society&amp;rft.atitle=Volcanic+edifice+instability+and+tsunami+generation%3A+Monta%C3%B1a+Teide%2C+Tenerife%2C+Canary+Islands+%28Spain%29&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=53-64&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.au=Vallely%2C+G.A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegatsunami" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sandom, J.G., 2010, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1452839239/"><i>The Wave – A John Decker Thriller</i></a>, Cornucopia Press, 2010. A thriller in which a megatsunami is intentionally created when a terrorist detonates a nuclear bomb on La Palma in the Canary Islands.</li> <li>Ortiz, J.R., Bonelli Rubio, J.M., 1951. La erupción del Nambroque (junio-agosto de 1949). Madrid: Talleres del Instituto Geográfico y Catastral, 100 p., 1h. pleg.;23&#160;cm</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;action=edit&amp;section=44" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Megatsunami" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Megatsunami">Megatsunami</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sms-tsunami-warning.com/pages/mega-tsunami-wave-of-destruction">Mega Tsunami: history, causes, effects</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geology.com/records/biggest-tsunami.shtml">World's Biggest Tsunami: The largest recorded tsunami with a wave 1720 feet tall in Lituya Bay, Alaska</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725045005/http://www.benfieldhrc.org/in_the_news/press_cuttings/Insurance%20Day/why_the_only_certainty.htm">Benfield Hazard Research Centre</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2000/mega_tsunami.shtml">BBC — Mega-tsunami: Wave of Destruction</a> BBC Two program broadcast 12 October 2000</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3963563.stm">La Palma threat "over-hyped"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324192613/http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3963563.stm">Archived</a> 2017-03-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 29 October 2004</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110201152423/http://lapalma-tsunami.com/">Mega-hyped Tsunami story</a> A detailed of analysis demolishing the La Palma Tsunami speculation.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Physical_oceanography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Physical_oceanography" title="Template:Physical oceanography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Physical_oceanography" title="Template talk:Physical oceanography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Physical_oceanography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Physical oceanography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Physical_oceanography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Physical oceanography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Waves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airy_wave_theory" title="Airy wave theory">Airy wave theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballantine_scale" title="Ballantine scale">Ballantine scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulational_instability" title="Modulational instability">Benjamin–Feir instability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boussinesq_approximation_(water_waves)" title="Boussinesq approximation (water waves)">Boussinesq approximation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_wave" title="Breaking wave">Breaking wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapotis" title="Clapotis">Clapotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnoidal_wave" title="Cnoidal wave">Cnoidal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_sea" title="Cross sea">Cross sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(water_waves)" title="Dispersion (water waves)">Dispersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_wave" title="Edge wave">Edge wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_wave" title="Equatorial wave">Equatorial waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_wave" title="Gravity wave">Gravity wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green%27s_law" title="Green&#39;s law">Green's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infragravity_wave" title="Infragravity wave">Infragravity wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_wave" title="Internal wave">Internal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iribarren_number" title="Iribarren number">Iribarren number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_wave" title="Kelvin wave">Kelvin wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinematic_wave" title="Kinematic wave">Kinematic wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke%27s_variational_principle" title="Luke&#39;s variational principle">Luke's variational principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mild-slope_equation" title="Mild-slope equation">Mild-slope equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_stress" title="Radiation stress">Radiation stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_wave" title="Rogue wave">Rogue wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossby_wave" title="Rossby wave">Rossby wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossby-gravity_waves" title="Rossby-gravity waves">Rossby-gravity waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_state" title="Sea state">Sea state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiche" title="Seiche">Seiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significant_wave_height" title="Significant wave height">Significant wave height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soliton" title="Soliton">Soliton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_drift" title="Stokes drift">Stokes drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_problem" title="Stokes problem">Stokes problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_wave" title="Stokes wave">Stokes wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swell_(ocean)" title="Swell (ocean)">Swell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochoidal_wave" title="Trochoidal wave">Trochoidal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">Tsunami</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">megatsunami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undertow_(water_waves)" title="Undertow (water waves)">Undertow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursell_number" title="Ursell number">Ursell number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_action_(continuum_mechanics)" title="Wave action (continuum mechanics)">Wave action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_base" title="Wave base">Wave base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_height" title="Wave height">Wave height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_nonlinearity" title="Wave nonlinearity">Wave nonlinearity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_radar" title="Wave radar">Wave radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_setup" title="Wave setup">Wave setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">Wave shoaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_turbulence" title="Wave turbulence">Wave turbulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93current_interaction" title="Wave–current interaction">Wave–current interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waves_and_shallow_water" title="Waves and shallow water">Waves and shallow water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-dimensional_Saint-Venant_equations" class="mw-redirect" title="One-dimensional Saint-Venant equations">one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_water_equations" title="Shallow water equations">shallow water equations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_fetch" title="Wind fetch">Wind fetch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_setup" title="Wind setup">Wind setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave_model" title="Wind wave model">model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Upwelling.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Upwelling"><img alt="Upwelling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/120px-Upwelling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/180px-Upwelling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/240px-Upwelling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="242" /></a></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_bottom_water.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antarctic bottom water"><img alt="Antarctic bottom water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/120px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/180px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/240px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="470" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Circulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">Atmospheric circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroclinity" title="Baroclinity">Baroclinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_current" title="Boundary current">Boundary current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">Coriolis force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis%E2%80%93Stokes_force" title="Coriolis–Stokes force">Coriolis–Stokes force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craik%E2%80%93Leibovich_vortex_force" title="Craik–Leibovich vortex force">Craik–Leibovich vortex force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downwelling" title="Downwelling">Downwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_(fluid_dynamics)" title="Eddy (fluid dynamics)">Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_layer" title="Ekman layer">Ekman layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_spiral" title="Ekman spiral">Ekman spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_transport" title="Ekman transport">Ekman transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern_Oscillation" title="El Niño–Southern Oscillation">El Niño–Southern Oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_circulation_model" title="General circulation model">General circulation model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemical_Ocean_Sections_Study" title="Geochemical Ocean Sections Study">Geochemical Ocean Sections Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geostrophic_current" title="Geostrophic current">Geostrophic current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Ocean_Data_Analysis_Project" title="Global Ocean Data Analysis Project">Global Ocean Data Analysis Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_circulation" title="Hydrothermal circulation">Hydrothermal circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langmuir_circulation" title="Langmuir circulation">Langmuir circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_Current" title="Loop Current">Loop Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Ocean_Model" title="Modular Ocean Model">Modular Ocean Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Ocean current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_dynamical_thermostat" title="Ocean dynamical thermostat">Ocean dynamical thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_dynamics" title="Ocean dynamics">Ocean dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_gyre" title="Ocean gyre">Ocean gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overflow_(oceanography)" title="Overflow (oceanography)">Overflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Ocean_Model" title="Princeton Ocean Model">Princeton Ocean Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsurface_ocean_current" title="Subsurface ocean current">Subsurface ocean current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverdrup_balance" title="Sverdrup balance">Sverdrup balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">Thermohaline circulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shutdown_of_thermohaline_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutdown of thermohaline circulation">shutdown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool" title="Whirlpool">Whirlpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_generated_current" title="Wind generated current">Wind generated current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Ocean_Circulation_Experiment" title="World Ocean Circulation Experiment">World Ocean Circulation Experiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphidromic_point" title="Amphidromic point">Amphidromic point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_tide" title="Earth tide">Earth tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_tide" title="Head of tide">Head of tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_tide" title="Internal tide">Internal tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunitidal_interval" title="Lunitidal interval">Lunitidal interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perigean_spring_tide" title="Perigean spring tide">Perigean spring tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_tide" title="Rip tide">Rip tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_twelfths" title="Rule of twelfths">Rule of twelfths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack_tide" title="Slack tide">Slack tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_tides" title="Theory of tides">Theory of tides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_bore" title="Tidal bore">Tidal bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">Tidal force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_race" title="Tidal race">Tidal race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">Tidal range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_resonance" title="Tidal resonance">Tidal resonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_gauge" title="Tide gauge">Tide gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tideline" title="Tideline">Tideline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssal_fan" title="Abyssal fan">Abyssal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyssal_plain" title="Abyssal plain">Abyssal plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathymetric_chart" title="Bathymetric chart">Bathymetric chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_platform" title="Carbonate platform">Carbonate platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">Continental margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_rise" title="Continental rise">Continental rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contourite" title="Contourite">Contourite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyot" title="Guyot">Guyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">Hydrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoll_(oceanography)" title="Knoll (oceanography)">Knoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_bank" title="Ocean bank">Ocean bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_basin" title="Oceanic basin">Oceanic basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_plateau" title="Oceanic plateau">Oceanic plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">Oceanic trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">Passive margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">Seabed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">Seamount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">Submarine volcano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate<br />tectonics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">Convergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">Divergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracture_zone" title="Fracture zone">Fracture zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_geology" title="Marine geology">Marine geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Mid-ocean ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87_discontinuity" title="Mohorovičić discontinuity">Mohorovičić discontinuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">Oceanic crust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_trench_swell" title="Outer trench swell">Outer trench swell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge_push" title="Ridge push">Ridge push</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafloor_spreading" title="Seafloor spreading">Seafloor spreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_pull" title="Slab pull">Slab pull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_suction" title="Slab suction">Slab suction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_window" title="Slab window">Slab window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">Subduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">Transform fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine%E2%80%93Matthews%E2%80%93Morley_hypothesis" title="Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis">Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ocean zones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ocean_water" title="Deep ocean water">Deep ocean water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sea" title="Deep sea">Deep sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopelagic_zone" title="Mesopelagic zone">Mesopelagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_zone" title="Oceanic zone">Oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">Photic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_zone" title="Surf zone">Surf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">Sea level</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-ocean_Assessment_and_Reporting_of_Tsunamis" title="Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis">Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Sea_Level_Observing_System" title="Global Sea Level Observing System">Global Sea Level Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_Shelf_Operational_Oceanographic_System" title="North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System">North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea-level_curve" title="Sea-level curve">Sea-level curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_drop" title="Sea level drop">Sea level drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Geodetic_System" title="World Geodetic System">World Geodetic System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acoustical_oceanography" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustical oceanography">Acoustics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_scattering_layer" title="Deep scattering layer">Deep scattering layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acoustic_tomography" title="Ocean acoustic tomography">Ocean acoustic tomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofar_bomb" title="Sofar bomb">Sofar bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOFAR_channel" title="SOFAR channel">SOFAR channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">Underwater acoustics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jason-1" title="Jason-1">Jason-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSTM/Jason-2" title="OSTM/Jason-2">OSTM/Jason-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason-3" title="Jason-3">Jason-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo_(oceanography)" title="Argo (oceanography)">Argo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_lander" title="Benthic lander">Benthic lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Color of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Alvin" title="DSV Alvin">DSV <i>Alvin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal sea">Marginal sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooring_(oceanography)" title="Mooring (oceanography)">Mooring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanographic_Data_Center" title="National Oceanographic Data Center">National Oceanographic Data Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Explorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_observations" title="Ocean observations">Observations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_reanalysis" title="Ocean reanalysis">Reanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_surface_topography" title="Ocean surface topography">Ocean surface topography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">Ocean temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_oceanography" title="Outline of oceanography">Outline of oceanography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_sediment" title="Pelagic sediment">Pelagic sediment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_microlayer" title="Sea surface microlayer">Sea surface microlayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">Sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">Seawater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_On_a_Sphere" title="Science On a Sphere">Science On a Sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">Stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermocline" title="Thermocline">Thermocline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_glider" title="Underwater glider">Underwater glider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">Water column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Ocean_Atlas" title="World Ocean Atlas">World Ocean Atlas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Physical_oceanography" title="Category:Physical oceanography">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Physical_oceanography" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Physical oceanography">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/16px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/24px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans&#32;portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_disasters_–_list_by_death_toll" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_disasters" title="Template:Natural disasters"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Natural_disasters" title="Template talk:Natural disasters"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Natural_disasters" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Natural disasters"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_disasters_–_list_by_death_toll" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">Natural disasters</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of natural disasters by death toll">list by death toll</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geological_hazard" title="Geological hazard">Geological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mass_wasting" title="Mass wasting">Mass wasting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">Landslide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">Avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflow" title="Mudflow">Mudflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_flow" title="Debris flow">Debris flow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquake</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_earthquakes" title="Lists of earthquakes">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_hazard" title="Seismic hazard">Seismic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_risk" title="Seismic risk">Seismic risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_liquefaction" title="Soil liquefaction">Soil liquefaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">Volcano eruption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">Pyroclastic flow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar">Lahar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Natural erosion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">Sinkhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hydrological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_floods" title="List of floods">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal flood">Coastal flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">Flash flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">Storm surge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">Tsunami</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Megatsunami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnic_eruption" title="Limnic eruption">Limnic eruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meteorological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temperature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">Blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_wave" title="Cold wave">Cold wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storm" title="Ice storm">Ice storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megadrought" title="Megadrought">Megadrought</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyclonic storms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_cyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomb cyclone">Bomb cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">Thunderstorm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">Hail</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">Tornado</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tornado_outbreak" title="Tornado outbreak">Tornado outbreak</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical cyclone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derecho" title="Derecho">Derecho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARkStorm" title="ARkStorm">ARkStorm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">Meteor shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6b7f745dd4‐q4zvd Cached time: 20241125133524 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.772 seconds Real time usage: 2.028 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 10294/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 285932/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 9185/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/100 Expensive parser function count: 21/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 369559/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.107/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 10651232/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: ? 200 ms 17.9% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction 200 ms 17.9% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::find 80 ms 7.1% recursiveClone <mwInit.lua:45> 80 ms 7.1% dataWrapper <mw.lua:672> 60 ms 5.4% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::plain 60 ms 5.4% (for generator) 40 ms 3.6% dataWrapper <mw.lua:672> 40 ms 3.6% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument 40 ms 3.6% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::interwikiMap 40 ms 3.6% [others] 280 ms 25.0% Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1734.027 1 -total 39.24% 680.466 1 Template:Reflist 17.83% 309.125 43 Template:Cite_journal 14.61% 253.402 32 Template:Cite_web 10.83% 187.860 168 Template:Convert 8.43% 146.146 5 Template:Navbox 7.53% 130.550 1 Template:Physical_oceanography 5.75% 99.756 1 Template:Commons_category 5.71% 98.939 8 Template:Sfn 5.63% 97.557 1 Template:Sister_project --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:238246-0!canonical and timestamp 20241125133524 and revision id 1258755948. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;oldid=1258755948">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;oldid=1258755948</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Megatsunami" title="Category:Megatsunami">Megatsunami</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Water_waves" title="Category:Water waves">Water waves</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geological_hazards" title="Category:Geological hazards">Geological hazards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tsunami" title="Category:Tsunami">Tsunami</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanographical_terminology" title="Category:Oceanographical terminology">Oceanographical terminology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Japanese-language_script_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)">CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)">CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2023">Use dmy dates from June 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2021">Articles needing additional references from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_Mw_magnitude_scale" title="Category:Articles using Mw magnitude scale">Articles using Mw magnitude scale</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_June_2023" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from June 2023">Articles lacking reliable references from June 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_October_2021" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2021">Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 13:05<span class="anonymous-show">&#160;(UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&amp;mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-dcdv2","wgBackendResponseTime":155,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.772","walltime":"2.028","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10294,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":285932,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9185,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":21,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":369559,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1734.027 1 -total"," 39.24% 680.466 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.83% 309.125 43 Template:Cite_journal"," 14.61% 253.402 32 Template:Cite_web"," 10.83% 187.860 168 Template:Convert"," 8.43% 146.146 5 Template:Navbox"," 7.53% 130.550 1 Template:Physical_oceanography"," 5.75% 99.756 1 Template:Commons_category"," 5.71% 98.939 8 Template:Sfn"," 5.63% 97.557 1 Template:Sister_project"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.107","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10651232,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbe1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAchenbach2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAli_Ayres2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBondevikLovholtHarbitzMangerud2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonelli_Rubio1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritt2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryant2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCISEM_News2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarracedo,_J.C.1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarracedo,_J.C.1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarracedo,_J.C.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrillo-PonceHeimannPetersenWalter2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristensen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahl-JensenLarsenPedersenPedersen2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDayCarracedoGuillouGravestock1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDePalmaSmitBurnhamKuiper2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvansSavigny,_K.W.1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFritzMohammedYoo2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFryerMcMurtry2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrébourgHaslerDavaud2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardner2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGill2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGotoTadaTajikaBralower2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGulickBralowerOrmöHall2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHays1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIm_Sang_OhAlexander_B._Rabinovich1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonMader1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatsui,_YoshioYamamoto,_Masatsugu1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenji_SatakeYukihiro_Kato2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinslandEgedahlStrongIvy2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorsgaardSvennevigSøndergaardLuetzenburg2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe_Roux2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe_RouxNielsenKemnitzHenriquez2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaderGittings2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassonHarbitzWynnPedersen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcAdooWatts2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMurtry,_G._M.Tappin,_D._R.Fryer,_G._J.Watts,_P.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMurtry,_Gary_M.Fryer,_Gerard_J.Tappin,_David_R.Wilkinson,_Ian_P.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMurtryFryerTappinWilkinson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore,_J.G.1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPararas-Carayannis2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPareschiBoschiFavalli2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPareschiBoschiFavalli2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPareschiBoschiFavalliFrancesco2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaskoff1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinter,_N.Ishman,_S.E.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPranantyoCummins2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamalhoWincklerMadeiraHelffrich2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReymondOkalHerbertBourdet2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRincon2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanfordSneddenGulick2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarah_Gibbons2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSatake2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShontingEzrailson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiebert,_L.1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSleepLowe2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFState_of_Hawaii_Department_of_Defense_Tsunami_Technical_Review_Committee2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSvennevigDahl-JensenKeidingBoncori2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVallely,_G.A.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoightJandaGlickenDouglass1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWardDay2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWardDay2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWegmann2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinchester2003\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 43,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite tech report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 32,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 168,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 10,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 4,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"M\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 11,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Natural disasters\"] = 1,\n [\"Physical oceanography\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 8,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 6,\n [\"Update inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","200","17.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","17.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","7.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","7.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","60","5.4"],["(for generator)","40","3.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","40","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::interwikiMap","40","3.6"],["[others]","280","25.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-q4zvd","timestamp":"20241125133524","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Megatsunami","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Megatsunami","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q583313","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q583313","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-06-01T09:17:14Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T13:05:12Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/54\/Lituya_Bay_megatsunami_diagram_%28English%29.png","headline":"giant wave"}</script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10