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accesskey="y"><span>Bijdragen</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnOverleg" title="Overlegpagina van de anonieme gebruiker van dit IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geschiedenis_van_de_neurowetenschap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geschiedenis_van_de_neurowetenschap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geschiedenis van de neurowetenschap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geschiedenis_van_de_neurowetenschap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neurowetenschap_in_de_publieke_sfeer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neurowetenschap_in_de_publieke_sfeer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Neurowetenschap in de publieke sfeer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neurowetenschap_in_de_publieke_sfeer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moderne_neurowetenschap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moderne_neurowetenschap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Moderne neurowetenschap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moderne_neurowetenschap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prijs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prijs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prijs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prijs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Literatuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Neurowetenschap</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 74 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurowetenskap" title="Neurowetenskap – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Neurowetenskap" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तंत्रिका विज्ञान – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तंत्रिका विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="علوم عصبية – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علوم عصبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurociencia" title="Neurociencia – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Neurociencia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neyroelm" title="Neyroelm – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Neyroelm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Невронаука – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Невронаука" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="স্নায়ুবিজ্ঞান – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্নায়ুবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="স্নায়ুবিজ্ঞান – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="স্নায়ুবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronauka" title="Neuronauka – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Neuronauka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroci%C3%A8ncia" title="Neurociència – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Neurociència" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="زانستی دەماری – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زانستی دەماری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurov%C4%9Bda" title="Neurověda – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Neurověda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niwrowyddoniaeth" title="Niwrowyddoniaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Niwrowyddoniaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurovidenskab" title="Neurovidenskab – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Neurovidenskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurowissenschaften" title="Neurowissenschaften – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neurowissenschaften" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B7" title="Νευροεπιστήμη – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νευροεπιστήμη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Neuroscience" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne%C5%ADroscienco" title="Neŭroscienco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Neŭroscienco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurociencia" title="Neurociencia – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Neurociencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroteadus" title="Neuroteadus – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Neuroteadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurozientzia" title="Neurozientzia – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Neurozientzia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="علوم اعصاب – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="علوم اعصاب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotiede" title="Neurotiede – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Neurotiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosciences" title="Neurosciences – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Neurosciences" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurowedenskap" title="Neurowedenskap – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Neurowedenskap" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurociencia" title="Neurociencia – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Neurociencia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97" title="מדעי המוח – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדעי המוח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तंत्रिका विज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तंत्रिका विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroznanost" title="Neuroznanost – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Neuroznanost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idegtudom%C3%A1ny" title="Idegtudomány – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Idegtudomány" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Նեյրոգիտություն – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նեյրոգիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_saraf" title="Ilmu saraf – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ilmu saraf" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurocienco" title="Neurocienco – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Neurocienco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taugav%C3%ADsindi" title="Taugavísindi – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Taugavísindi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscienze" title="Neuroscienze – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Neuroscienze" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B5%8C%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="神経科学 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="神経科学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ნეირომეცნიერება – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნეირომეცნიერება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hola_wondu_l%C9%9B%C9%A3t%CA%8A_t%CA%8Am%C9%A9y%C9%9B" title="Hola wondu lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hola wondu lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Нейроғылым – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нейроғылым" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EA%B2%BD%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99" title="신경과학 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신경과학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscientia" title="Neuroscientia – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Neuroscientia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosiensa" title="Neurosiensa – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Neurosiensa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroweitesjap" title="Neuroweitesjap – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Neuroweitesjap" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromokslai" title="Neuromokslai – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Neuromokslai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neirozin%C4%81tne" title="Neirozinātne – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Neirozinātne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Невронаука – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Невронаука" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ന്യൂറോസയൻസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ന്യൂറോസയൻസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosains" title="Neurosains – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Neurosains" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevrovitenskap" title="Nevrovitenskap – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nevrovitenskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosci%C3%A9ncia" title="Neurosciéncia – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Neurosciéncia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਤੰਤੂ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੰਤੂ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurociencia" title="Neurociencia – Papiaments" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Neurociencia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiaments" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronauka" title="Neuronauka – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Neuronauka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85" title="عصبي علوم – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عصبي علوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroci%C3%AAncia" title="Neurociência – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Neurociência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro%C8%99tiin%C8%9Be" title="Neuroștiințe – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Neuroștiințe" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Нейронауки – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нейронауки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronauka" title="Neuronauka – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Neuronauka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Neuroscience" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroshkenca" title="Neuroshkenca – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Neuroshkenca" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Неуронауке – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Неуронауке" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurovetenskap" title="Neurovetenskap – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Neurovetenskap" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நரம்பணுவியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நரம்பணுவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ประสาทวิทยาศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประสาทวิทยาศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosiyensiya" title="Neurosiyensiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Neurosiyensiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6robilim" title="Nörobilim – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nörobilim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Нейронаука – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нейронаука" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><p><b>Neurowetenschap</b> is de wetenschap die zich bezighoudt met alle aspecten van het <a href="/wiki/Zenuwstelsel" title="Zenuwstelsel">zenuwstelsel</a>. Het is een relatief jong vakgebied binnen de <a href="/wiki/Natuurwetenschap" title="Natuurwetenschap">natuurwetenschappen</a>, met verschillende specialisaties, bijvoorbeeld de <a href="/wiki/Neurofysiologie" title="Neurofysiologie">neurofysiologie</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomie" title="Neuroanatomie">neuroanatomie</a>, die onderling echter nauw samenhangen. Basisprincipes van de neurowetenschap liggen op moleculair en <a href="/wiki/Zenuwcel" title="Zenuwcel">cellulair</a> niveau, maar ook de <a href="/wiki/Functie_(biologie)" title="Functie (biologie)">functionele</a> <a href="/wiki/Anatomie" title="Anatomie">anatomie</a> van het zenuwstelsel, vooral met betrekking tot <a href="/wiki/Zintuiglijke_indrukken" title="Zintuiglijke indrukken">waarneming</a> en beweging, behoort hiertoe. <a href="/wiki/Gedrag" title="Gedrag">Gedrag</a> en <a href="/wiki/Cognitie" title="Cognitie">cognitie</a> worden op <a href="/wiki/Neuraal_netwerk" title="Neuraal netwerk">neuraal</a> niveau bekeken. Ook de <a href="/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica">genetica</a> is belangrijk in de neurowetenschap. </p><p>De vijf centrale vragen die de neurowetenschap zich stelt, zijn volgens <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a>: </p> <ol><li><i>Hoe ontwikkelen de hersenen zich tot hun volwassen staat?</i></li> <li><i>Hoe communiceren <a href="/wiki/Hersenen" title="Hersenen">hersencellen</a> met elkaar?</i></li> <li><i>Hoe beïnvloeden verschillende <a href="/wiki/Synaps" title="Synaps">verbindingen</a> (synapsen) tussen <a href="/wiki/Neuron" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuron">zenuwcellen</a> het gedrag, de <a href="/wiki/Zintuiglijke_indrukken" title="Zintuiglijke indrukken">zintuiglijke waarneming</a>?</i></li> <li><i>Hoe beïnvloeden op hun beurt de ervaringen van een individu de synapsen in een hersengebied, en de verbindingen tussen de verschillende hersengebieden ?</i></li> <li><i>In welke zin verschillen zieke hersenen (en dus de verbindingen tussen hun hersencellen) van gezonde hersenen?</i></li></ol> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschiedenis_van_de_neurowetenschap">Geschiedenis van de neurowetenschap</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurowetenschap&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geschiedenis van de neurowetenschap" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurowetenschap&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geschiedenis van de neurowetenschap"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:1543,_Andreas_Vesalius%27_Fabrica,_Base_Of_The_Brain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/1543%2C_Andreas_Vesalius%27_Fabrica%2C_Base_Of_The_Brain.jpg/260px-1543%2C_Andreas_Vesalius%27_Fabrica%2C_Base_Of_The_Brain.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/1543%2C_Andreas_Vesalius%27_Fabrica%2C_Base_Of_The_Brain.jpg/390px-1543%2C_Andreas_Vesalius%27_Fabrica%2C_Base_Of_The_Brain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/1543%2C_Andreas_Vesalius%27_Fabrica%2C_Base_Of_The_Brain.jpg/520px-1543%2C_Andreas_Vesalius%27_Fabrica%2C_Base_Of_The_Brain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="1346" /></a><figcaption>Uit <i>Fabrica</i> van Vesalius - Basis van de hersenen</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:CajalCerebellum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CajalCerebellum.jpg/260px-CajalCerebellum.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/CajalCerebellum.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="205" /></a><figcaption>Tekening van zenuwcellen in het <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a> van een kip door Ramón y Cajal</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:1st-eeg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/1st-eeg.png/260px-1st-eeg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/1st-eeg.png/390px-1st-eeg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/1st-eeg.png/520px-1st-eeg.png 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="123" /></a><figcaption>De eerste EEG-opname</figcaption></figure> <p>De hersenen worden al bestudeerd sinds de <a href="/wiki/Wetenschap_in_de_Klassieke_Oudheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetenschap in de Klassieke Oudheid">oudheid</a>. Zo zijn er aanwijzingen dat er in het <a href="/wiki/Oude_Egypte" title="Oude Egypte">Oude Egypte</a> hersenoperaties werden uitgevoerd, zogenaamde <a href="/wiki/Schedeltrepanatie" title="Schedeltrepanatie">schedeltrepanaties</a>. </p><p>De oude <a href="/wiki/Grieken" title="Grieken">Grieken</a> hadden verschillende opvattingen over de hersenen. <a href="/wiki/Hippokrates_van_Kos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippokrates van Kos">Hippokrates</a> geloofde dat de hersenen de zetel zijn van de intelligentie. <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a> dacht dat de hersenen een koelsysteem waren voor het <a href="/wiki/Bloed" title="Bloed">bloed</a>. Volgens hem was het <a href="/wiki/Hart" title="Hart">hart</a> de zetel van de intelligentie. Zijn redenering was als volgt: mensen zijn rationeler dan beesten omdat ze een relatief groter brein hebben om hun bloed af te doen koelen. </p><p>Tijdens het Romeinse Rijk ontleedde de anatoom <a href="/wiki/Galenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Galenus">Galenus</a> schapenhersenen. Uit het feit dat de <a href="/wiki/Kleine_hersenen" title="Kleine hersenen">kleine hersenen</a> compacter zijn dan de <a href="/wiki/Grote_hersenen" title="Grote hersenen">grote hersenen</a> concludeerde hij dat zij de bewegingen van spieren zouden moeten aansturen. De grote hersenen zouden dan de plek zijn waar gevoelens worden verwerkt, omdat ze zacht zijn. Een andere <a href="/wiki/Hypothese" title="Hypothese">hypothese</a> van Galenus was dat de hersenen kunnen functioneren door de beweging van vloeistof door de <a href="/wiki/Ventrikelstelsel" title="Ventrikelstelsel">ventrikels</a>. </p><p>Rond het midden van de 17e eeuw werd grote vooruitgang geboekt op het gebied van de <a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomie" title="Neuroanatomie">neuroanatomie</a> door de Engelse anatoom <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Willis" title="Thomas Willis">Thomas Willis</a> en de Vlaamse anatoom <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Vesalius" title="Andreas Vesalius">Andreas Vesalius</a> en vele anderen. Zij ontkrachtten veel ideeën van Galenus en verhelderden vele feiten over de macrostructuur van menselijke en dierlijke hersenen. </p><p>In de 18e eeuw toonde werk van <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Luigi Galvani</a> aan dat het elektrisch stimuleren van een bepaalde zenuw van een ontlede kikker beweging tot stand brengt in de aangehechte spier. Galvani's werk heeft in de 19e eeuw geleid tot de ontdekking van <a href="/wiki/Membraanpotentiaal" title="Membraanpotentiaal">membraanpotentialen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Actiepotentiaal" title="Actiepotentiaal">actiepotentialen</a>. </p><p>Wetenschappers uit de 19e eeuw vroegen zich af of gebieden in de hersenen overeenkomen met specifieke functies, of dat de hersenen als één geheel functioneren. Werk van <a href="/wiki/Paul_Pierre_Broca" title="Paul Pierre Broca">Paul Pierre Broca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Wernicke" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Wernicke">Karl Wernicke</a> en <a href="/wiki/Korbinian_Brodmann" title="Korbinian Brodmann">Korbinian Brodmann</a> liet uiteindelijk zien dat bepaalde gebieden van de hersenen overeenkomen met bepaalde functies. Hun werk toonde ook aan dat sommige functies, zoals spraak, lateraliseren; dat wil zeggen dat deze functies bestuurd worden door één hersenhelft, in plaats van allebei. </p><p>De Italiaanse neurowetenschapper Angelo Mosso vond in de jaren 1880 de <i>balans voor de menselijke circulatie</i> uit om de herverdeling van bloed tijdens emotionele en intellectuele activiteiten niet-invasief te meten.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De details van deze balans en de door Mosso uitgevoerde experimenten, hoewel slechts kort vermeld door William James in 1890, grotendeels onbekend bleven tot de ontdekking van de originele Mosso-rapporten door <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefano_Sandrone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stefano Sandrone (de pagina bestaat niet)">Stefano Sandrone</a> en collega's.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In de 20e eeuw heeft het werk van <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a> en <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a> de basis gelegd voor het bestuderen van individuele neuronen in de hersenen. <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a> ontwikkelde een nieuwe methode om neuronen te kleuren (<a href="/wiki/Golgikleuring" title="Golgikleuring">golgikleuring</a>) en hierdoor werd de volledige structuur van het neuron zichtbaar onder een microscoop. Hij kon de structuur van het neuron al bestuderen: het neuron bestaat uit een <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">axon</a> aan een uiteinde en <a href="/wiki/Dendriet_(neurologie)" title="Dendriet (neurologie)">dendrieten</a> aan het andere uiteinde met daartussen het cellichaam of soma van het neuron. Deze ontdekking leidt tot de <a href="/wiki/Neurondoctrine" title="Neurondoctrine">neurondoctrine</a>: het principe dat individuele neuronen de "bouwstenen" zijn van de hersenen. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> en <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Douglas_Adrian" title="Edgar Douglas Adrian">Edgar Douglas Adrian</a> hebben de bestuderingsmethoden uitgebreid met een nieuwe techniek die gebruikmaakt van elektroden. <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotransmitter">Neurotransmitters</a> zijn ontdekt door een aantal wetenschappers, waaronder <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Otto Loewi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Hallett Dale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a> en vele anderen. Neurotransmitters zijn verantwoordelijk voor het overbrengen van een signaal van één neuron naar een ander. In <a href="/wiki/1929" title="1929">1929</a> nam de Duitse arts <a href="/wiki/Hans_Berger_(neuroloog)" title="Hans Berger (neuroloog)">Hans Berger</a> de eerste elektrische potentialen van levende hersenen op. Zijn techniek, bekend als <a href="/wiki/Elektro-encefalografie" title="Elektro-encefalografie">elektro-encefalografie</a> of EEG, was de eerste manier om signalen van levende hersenen op te vangen tijdens het verrichten van normale functies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neurowetenschap_in_de_publieke_sfeer">Neurowetenschap in de publieke sfeer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurowetenschap&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Neurowetenschap in de publieke sfeer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurowetenschap&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Neurowetenschap in de publieke sfeer"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sinds de jaren negentig vertoont de neurowetenschap een sterke groei, ook wel aangeduid als het 'decade van de hersenen'.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De popularisering van de neurowetenschap, onder andere door toedoen van de media, heeft geleid tot een grote belangstelling voor 'breinkennis' ook onder de niet professionele bevolking.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dit blijkt onder andere uit belangstelling voor thema's als: het verbeteren van de capaciteit van de hersenen (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Breintraining&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breintraining (de pagina bestaat niet)">breintraining</a>), optimalisering van de ontwikkeling van de hersenen van kinderen, de mogelijk biologische oorzaken van verschillen tussen categorieën mensen (man-vrouw verschillen, normaal-abnormaal gedag) en herseneigenschappen als bewijs van bepaald gedrag zoals gokverslaving, goed leiderschap, pubergedrag, religieuze ervaringen. Informatie verstrekt in de media blijkt bij verwijzing naar breinkennis de geloofwaardigheid van de verstrekte informatie te vergroten, zelfs al is de breinkennis niet direct relevant. Soms is daarbij ook sprake van vervorming van onderzoeksresultaten of overdrijving van de maatschappelijke implicaties.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Moderne_neurowetenschap">Moderne neurowetenschap</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurowetenschap&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Moderne neurowetenschap" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurowetenschap&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Moderne neurowetenschap"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Door de beschikbaarheid van steeds snellere en krachtigere computers is de moderne neurowetenschap in een stroomversnelling terechtgekomen. Neurowetenschappers gebruiken talloze verschillende invalshoeken om de hersenen te bestuderen, van <a href="/wiki/Molecuul" title="Molecuul">moleculen</a> tot hele systemen. Er is veel nieuwe kennis vergaard over de <a href="/wiki/Elektrofysiologie" title="Elektrofysiologie">elektrofysiologische</a> eigenschappen van verschillende typen neuronen en de manier waarop zij reageren op neurotransmitters. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Nicolelis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel Nicolelis (de pagina bestaat niet)">Miguel Nicolelis</a> introduceerde multi-elektrode-opnametechnieken waarmee live-opnames gemaakt kunnen worden van de elektrische activiteit van neuronen in een kweek. Hij slaagde er ook in signalen van de hersenen van een aap via implantaten op te vangen en via deze weg de aap een robotarm te laten besturen, terwijl de aap zat te spelen met de niet meer aangesloten joystick waar de robotarm daarvoor mee bestuurd werd. Via technieken als CT, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic Resonance Imaging">MRI</a> en <a href="/wiki/Functionele_MRI" title="Functionele MRI">functionele MRI</a> is het centraal zenuwstelsel op allerlei manieren af te beelden, vaak in relatie met het verrichten van bepaalde taken, waardoor de kennis van de lokalisatie en het verloop van allerlei processen in de laatste decennia enorm is toegenomen en nog steeds toeneemt. Niet alleen de specifieke gebieden maar ook hun onderlinge verbindingen, en <a href="/wiki/Netwerk_(algemeen)" title="Netwerk (algemeen)">netwerken</a> kunnen met nieuwe technieken als <a href="/wiki/Tractografie" title="Tractografie">tractografie</a> in kaart worden gebracht (zie <a href="/wiki/Connectoom" title="Connectoom">connectoom</a>). Ook de ontcijfering van het totale menselijke <a href="/wiki/Genoom" title="Genoom">genoom</a> heeft veel nieuwe impulsen aan het onderzoek gegeven. <a href="/wiki/Cognitieve_neurowetenschap" title="Cognitieve neurowetenschap">Cognitieve neurowetenschap</a> is een tak binnen de neurowetenschap waarbij getracht wordt een scherper inzicht te krijgen in de relatie tussen hersenfuncties en menselijke <a href="/wiki/Cognitie" title="Cognitie">cognitie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Gedrag" title="Gedrag">gedrag</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Parasagittal_MRI_of_human_head_in_patient_with_benign_familial_macrocephaly_prior_to_brain_injury_(ANIMATED).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Parasagittal_MRI_of_human_head_in_patient_with_benign_familial_macrocephaly_prior_to_brain_injury_%28ANIMATED%29.gif" decoding="async" width="256" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Para-sagittaal MRI beeld van het hoofd van een patiënt met benigne familiaire <a href="/wiki/Macrocefalie" title="Macrocefalie">macrocefalie</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prijs">Prijs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurowetenschap&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Prijs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurowetenschap&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Prijs"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mensen die heden ten dage een bijzondere bijdrage leveren aan de neurowetenschappen, komen in aanmerking voor de <a href="/wiki/Ari%C3%ABns_Kappers_Medal" title="Ariëns Kappers Medal">Ariëns Kappers Medal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatuur">Literatuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurowetenschap&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Literatuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurowetenschap&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Literatuur"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ben van Cranenburgh, <i>Neurowetenschappen: een overzicht</i>, Reed business information, 1997. <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9035217144" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9035217144</a></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a> e.a, Principles Of Neural Science, vijfde editie (2013), <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9780071390118" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780071390118</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurowetenschap&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurowetenschap&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitiewetenschap" title="Cognitiewetenschap">Cognitiewetenschap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitieve_neurowetenschap" title="Cognitieve neurowetenschap">Cognitieve neurowetenschap</a></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2012"> (November 2012). <cite>Angelo Mosso (1846-1910)</cite>. <i>Journal of Neurology</i> <b>259</b> (11): 2513–4. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23010944">23010944</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-012-6632-1">10.1007/s00415-012-6632-1</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2014"> (February 2014). <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/05/17/brain.awt091">Weighing brain activity with the balance: Angelo Mosso's original manuscripts come to light</a></cite>. <i>Brain</i> <b>137</b> (Pt 2): 621–33. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23687118">23687118</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awt091">10.1093/brain/awt091</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Illes, J., Kirschen, M.P., and Gabrieli, J.D.E. (2003). Nat. Neurosci. 6, 205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cliodhna O’Connor, Geraint Rees, and Helene Joffen (2012).Neuroscience in the Public Sphere. Neuron 74, April 26, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weisberg, D.S., Keil, F.C., Goodstein, J., Rawson, E., and Gray, J.R. (2008). J. Cogn. Neurosci. 20, 470–477.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neurowetenschap&oldid=60254982">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neurowetenschap&oldid=60254982</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Neurowetenschap" title="Categorie:Neurowetenschap">Neurowetenschap</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Verborgen categorie: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Wikipedia:Pagina%27s_die_ISBN_magische_links_gebruiken" title="Categorie:Wikipedia:Pagina's die ISBN magische links gebruiken">Wikipedia:Pagina's die ISBN magische links gebruiken</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 30 okt 2021 om 12:55.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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