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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sisukord</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">vii külgpaanile</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">peida</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Algus</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ajalugu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ajalugu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ajalugu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ajalugu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neuroteadus_tänapäeval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neuroteadus_tänapäeval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Neuroteadus tänapäeval</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Neuroteadus_tänapäeval-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Lülita ümber alaosa "Neuroteadus tänapäeval"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Neuroteadus_tänapäeval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kognitiivne_neuroteadus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kognitiivne_neuroteadus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Kognitiivne neuroteadus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kognitiivne_neuroteadus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neuroteadus_molekulaarsel_ja_rakulisel_tasemel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neuroteadus_molekulaarsel_ja_rakulisel_tasemel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Neuroteadus molekulaarsel ja rakulisel tasemel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuroteadus_molekulaarsel_ja_rakulisel_tasemel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neuroteaduse_organisatsioonid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neuroteaduse_organisatsioonid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Neuroteaduse organisatsioonid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuroteaduse_organisatsioonid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaata_ka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaata_ka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vaata ka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaata_ka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Viited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Välislingid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Välislingid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Välislingid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Välislingid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sisukord" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Lülita sisukord ümber" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lülita sisukord ümber</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Neuroteadus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mine teises keeles artiklisse. Saadaval 74 keeles" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 keelt</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurowetenskap" title="Neurowetenskap – afrikaani" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Neurowetenskap" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तंत्रिका विज्ञान – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तंत्रिका विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="علوم عصبية – araabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علوم عصبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurociencia" title="Neurociencia – astuuria" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Neurociencia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astuuria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neyroelm" title="Neyroelm – aserbaidžaani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Neyroelm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_saraf" title="Ilmu saraf – indoneesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ilmu saraf" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosains" title="Neurosains – malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Neurosains" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="স্নায়ুবিজ্ঞান – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্নায়ুবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEn-keng-kho-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Sîn-keng-kho-ha̍k – lõunamini" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sîn-keng-kho-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="lõunamini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronauka" title="Neuronauka – bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Neuronauka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Невронаука – bulgaaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Невронаука" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroci%C3%A8ncia" title="Neurociència – katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Neurociència" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurov%C4%9Bda" title="Neurověda – tšehhi" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Neurověda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšehhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niwrowyddoniaeth" title="Niwrowyddoniaeth – kõmri" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Niwrowyddoniaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="kõmri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurovidenskab" title="Neurovidenskab – taani" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Neurovidenskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="taani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurowissenschaften" title="Neurowissenschaften – saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neurowissenschaften" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B7" title="Νευροεπιστήμη – kreeka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νευροεπιστήμη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="kreeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience – inglise" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Neuroscience" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurociencia" title="Neurociencia – hispaania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Neurociencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne%C5%ADroscienco" title="Neŭroscienco – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Neŭroscienco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurozientzia" title="Neurozientzia – baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Neurozientzia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="علوم اعصاب – pärsia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="علوم اعصاب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="pärsia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosciences" title="Neurosciences – prantsuse" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Neurosciences" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prantsuse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurociencia" title="Neurociencia – galeegi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Neurociencia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galeegi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EA%B2%BD%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99" title="신경과학 – korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신경과학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Նեյրոգիտություն – armeenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նեյրոգիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तंत्रिका विज्ञान – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तंत्रिका विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroznanost" title="Neuroznanost – horvaadi" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Neuroznanost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurocienco" title="Neurocienco – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Neurocienco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="স্নায়ুবিজ্ঞান – bišnuprija" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="স্নায়ুবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="bišnuprija" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taugav%C3%ADsindi" title="Taugavísindi – islandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Taugavísindi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscienze" title="Neuroscienze – itaalia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Neuroscienze" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itaalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97" title="מדעי המוח – heebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדעי המוח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hola_wondu_l%C9%9B%C9%A3t%CA%8A_t%CA%8Am%C9%A9y%C9%9B" title="Hola wondu lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ – kabije" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hola wondu lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="kabije" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ნეირომეცნიერება – gruusia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნეირომეცნიერება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Нейроғылым – kasahhi" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нейроғылым" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasahhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscientia" title="Neuroscientia – ladina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Neuroscientia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ladina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neirozin%C4%81tne" title="Neirozinātne – läti" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Neirozinātne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="läti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromokslai" title="Neuromokslai – leedu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Neuromokslai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="leedu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroweitesjap" title="Neuroweitesjap – limburgi" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Neuroweitesjap" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosiensa" title="Neurosiensa – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Neurosiensa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idegtudom%C3%A1ny" title="Idegtudomány – ungari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Idegtudomány" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Невронаука – makedoonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Невронаука" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedoonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ന്യൂറോസയൻസ് – malajalami" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ന്യൂറോസയൻസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurowetenschap" title="Neurowetenschap – hollandi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Neurowetenschap" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B5%8C%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="神経科学 – jaapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="神経科学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="jaapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurowedenskap" title="Neurowedenskap – põhjafriisi" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Neurowedenskap" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="põhjafriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevrovitenskap" title="Nevrovitenskap – norra bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nevrovitenskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norra bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosci%C3%A9ncia" title="Neurosciéncia – oksitaani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Neurosciéncia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਤੰਤੂ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – pandžabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੰਤੂ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurociencia" title="Neurociencia – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Neurociencia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85" title="عصبي علوم – puštu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عصبي علوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="puštu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronauka" title="Neuronauka – poola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Neuronauka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroci%C3%AAncia" title="Neurociência – portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Neurociência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro%C8%99tiin%C8%9Be" title="Neuroștiințe – rumeenia" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Neuroștiințe" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Нейронауки – vene" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нейронауки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="vene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroshkenca" title="Neuroshkenca – albaania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Neuroshkenca" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience – lihtsustatud inglise" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Neuroscience" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="lihtsustatud inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="زانستی دەماری – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زانستی دەماری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Неуронауке – serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Неуронауке" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronauka" title="Neuronauka – serbia-horvaadi" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Neuronauka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbia-horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotiede" title="Neurotiede – soome" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Neurotiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="soome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurovetenskap" title="Neurovetenskap – rootsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Neurovetenskap" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="rootsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosiyensiya" title="Neurosiyensiya – tagalogi" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Neurosiyensiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalogi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நரம்பணுவியல் – tamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நரம்பணுவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ประสาทวิทยาศาสตร์ – tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประสาทวิทยาศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc_th%E1%BA%A7n_kinh" title="Khoa học thần kinh – vietnami" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khoa học thần kinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6robilim" title="Nörobilim – türgi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nörobilim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="türgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Нейронаука – ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нейронаука" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="علم الاعصاب – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="علم الاعصاب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosyensya" title="Neurosyensya – varai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Neurosyensya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="神经科学 – uu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="神经科学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="uu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學 – kantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="神經科學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="et" dir="ltr"><dl><dd><i>Mitte segi ajada <a href="/wiki/Neuroloogia" title="Neuroloogia">neuroloogiaga</a></i></dd></dl> <hr /> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:GolgiStainedPyramidalCell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GolgiStainedPyramidalCell.jpg/220px-GolgiStainedPyramidalCell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GolgiStainedPyramidalCell.jpg/330px-GolgiStainedPyramidalCell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/GolgiStainedPyramidalCell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption>Golgi meetodil värvitud närvirakk</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Neuroteadus</b> on teadusharu, kus uuritakse <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4rvis%C3%BCsteem" title="Närvisüsteem">närvisüsteemi</a>, selle <a href="/wiki/Anatoomia" title="Anatoomia">anatoomiat</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCsioloogia" title="Füsioloogia">füsioloogiat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biokeemia" title="Biokeemia">biokeemiat</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Molekulaarbioloogia" title="Molekulaarbioloogia">molekulaarbioloogiat</a> ning nende seoseid <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4itumine" title="Käitumine">käitumise</a> ja <a href="/wiki/%C3%95ppimine" title="Õppimine">õppimisega</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-s2vrK_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s2vrK-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neuroteaduse peamine valdkond on <a href="/wiki/Neurobioloogia" title="Neurobioloogia">neurobioloogia</a>, kuid see on tihedalt seotud ka selliste valdkondadega nagu <a href="/wiki/Keemia" title="Keemia">keemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arvutitehnika" title="Arvutitehnika">arvutitehnika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matemaatika" title="Matemaatika">matemaatika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keeleteadus" title="Keeleteadus">keeleteadus</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Meditsiin" title="Meditsiin">meditsiin</a>. Tänu tehnika arengule on neuroteaduse uurimisala väga suureks kasvanud, hõlmates nii üksikute <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neuronite</a> molekulaarseid uuringuid kui ka <a href="/wiki/Aju" title="Aju">aju</a> sensoorsete ja motoorsete ülesannete kaardistamist.<sup id="cite_ref-Kandel_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kandel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ajalugu">Ajalugu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuroteadus&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Ajalugu"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuroteadus&action=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Ajalugu" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nii meditsiini kui ka neuroteaduse alguse kohaks ja ajaks võib lugeda <a href="/wiki/Vana-Egiptus" title="Vana-Egiptus">Vana-Egiptust</a> umbes 3000 eKr, mil vaaraode ravimiseks kasutati <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prognostika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prognostika (pole veel kirjutatud)">prognostikat</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Operatsioon_(kirurgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operatsioon (kirurgia)">operatsioone</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palsameerimine" title="Palsameerimine">Palsameerimise</a> käigus õppisid egiptlased tundma inimese anatoomiat ja uurima <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurotraumatoloogia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neurotraumatoloogia (pole veel kirjutatud)">neurotraumatoloogilisi</a> haavu. Tõenäoliselt õpetati esimesena meditsiini ja aju vereringet Egiptuse Aleksandria koolis.<sup id="cite_ref-ibro_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Süda ja mõistus olid Vana-Egiptuse meditsiinis sünonüümid. <a href="/wiki/Depressioon" title="Depressioon">Depressiooni</a> kirjeldati kui "südame palavikku", "südame kuivust", "südame kukkumist" või "mõistuse põlvitamist". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahuni_pap%C3%BC%C3%BCrus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kahuni papüürus (pole veel kirjutatud)">Kahuni papüürus</a> kirjeldab hüsteerilist haigust: "naine värvitud hammaste ja lõuaga ei tea oma suud" ja "naine, kes armastab voodit, ta ei tõuse ja ei raputa seda". Papüürusel kirjeldatakse ka ravimeetodeid, mis ei erine oluliselt tänapäevastest ravimeetoditest. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philae (pole veel kirjutatud)">Philae</a> saarel asus tempel, kus tegeleti <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCsioteraapia" title="Füsioteraapia">füsioteraapiaga</a> läbi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inkubatsioon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inkubatsioon (pole veel kirjutatud)">inkubatsiooni</a> ja "templiune". Templis viibimise ajal nähtud unenägusid tõlgendati psühholoogilis-religioossetel viisidel. </p><p>Vana-Egiptusest on leitud veel 14 papüürust, kus kirjutatakse <a href="/wiki/Migreen" title="Migreen">migreenist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dementsus" title="Dementsus">dementsusest</a>, krampidest ja <a href="/wiki/Teetanus" title="Teetanus">teetanusest</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Smithi_pap%C3%BC%C3%BCrus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwin Smithi papüürus (pole veel kirjutatud)">Edwin Smithi papüüruses</a> on kirjeldatud täpselt erinevaid kolju ja selgroo traumasid. Samas papüüruses mainitakse ka esimest korda sõna "aju", kirjeldatakse <a href="/wiki/Meningiit" title="Meningiit">meningiiti</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tserebrospinaalne_vedelik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tserebrospinaalne vedelik (pole veel kirjutatud)">tserebrospinaalset vedelikku</a>. Arstidel soovitatakse patsient läbi vaadata ja otsida vigastuste tundemärke, mis tähendab, et papüürus ei toeta varasemaid tõekspidamisi maagiast ja müütilisusest ning ärgitab loogiliselt mõtlema.<sup id="cite_ref-ibro_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aju uurimine muutus täpsemaks seoses mikroskoopia leiutamise ja värvimismeetodi arenguga. Viimase leiutas 1890. aastatel <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a>, kes kasutas üksikute neuronite struktuuri vaatamiseks <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B5bekromaatsool&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hõbekromaatsool (pole veel kirjutatud)">hõbekromaatsoola</a>. Seda tehnikat kasutas ka <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a>, kes püstitas hüpoteesi, et aju funktsionaalne ühik on <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neuron</a>. Mõlemad mehed said 1906. aastal <a href="/wiki/Nobeli_auhind" title="Nobeli auhind">Nobeli auhinna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kandel_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kandel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neuroteadus_tänapäeval"><span id="Neuroteadus_t.C3.A4nap.C3.A4eval"></span>Neuroteadus tänapäeval</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuroteadus&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Neuroteadus tänapäeval"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuroteadus&action=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Neuroteadus tänapäeval" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neuroteadusest on viimaste aastakümnete jooksul saanud tunnustatud teadusharu. Ühendades <a href="/wiki/Bioloogia" title="Bioloogia">bioloogia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keemia" title="Keemia">keemia</a> ja <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BC%C3%BCsika" title="Füüsika">füüsika</a> uuritakse <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4rvis%C3%BCsteem" title="Närvisüsteem">närvisüsteemi</a> struktuuri, füsioloogiat ja sellest tulenevat käitumist, kaasa arvatud inimese emotsionaalseid ja kognitiivseid funktsioone. Neuroteadus uurib <a href="/wiki/Geen" title="Geen">geene</a> ja teisi molekule, mis on närvisüsteemi alustalad, üksikuid neuroneid ja neuronite kogumikke, mis moodustavad süsteeme ja käitumisväljundeid. </p> <ul><li>Molekulaarsel tasemel kasutavad neuroteadlased <a href="/wiki/Antikeha" class="mw-redirect" title="Antikeha">antikehi</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geenisond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geenisond (pole veel kirjutatud)">geenisonde</a>, et eraldada ja identifitseerida valke ja teisi molekule, mis on seotud aju talitlusega.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroanatoomia" title="Neuroanatoomia">Neuroanatoomikud</a> uurivad närvisüsteemi struktuuri ja organiseeritust. Nad detekteerivad spetsiifilisi <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmittereid</a> ning märgistavad kindla iseloomu ja funktsiooniga neuroneid ja <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCnaps" title="Sünaps">sünapse</a>, kasutades selleks spetsiaalseid värvinguid.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arengubioloogia" title="Arengubioloogia">Arengubioloogid</a> jälgivad aju kasvu ja muutusi. Nad määravad kindlaks kemikaalid ja protsessid, mida närvirakud kasutavad, et seostuda teiste närvirakkudega ja säilitada omavaheline side.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kognitiivne_neuroteadus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kognitiivne neuroteadus (pole veel kirjutatud)">Kognitiivsed neuroteadlased</a> uurivad loomade taju ja mälu. Inimeste uurimisel kasutavad nad mitteinvasiivseid aju-uuringuid nagu näiteks <a href="/w/index.php?title=Positronemissioontomograafia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Positronemissioontomograafia (pole veel kirjutatud)">positronemissioontomograafiat</a> (<i>positron emission tomography</i>) ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magneetiline_resonants&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magneetiline resonants (pole veel kirjutatud)">magnetilist resonantsi</a>, et mõista protsesse, mis toimuvad rääkimise, probleemide ja ülesannete lahendamise ajal.</li> <li>Inimeste ja loomade käitumist uurivad neuroteadlased kasutavad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikroelektrood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikroelektrood (pole veel kirjutatud)">mikroelektroode</a>, millega nad mõõdavad närvirakkude <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektriline_aktiivsus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektriline aktiivsus (pole veel kirjutatud)">elektrilist aktiivsust</a>. Samuti kasutatakse <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajuskaneering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ajuskaneering (pole veel kirjutatud)">ajuskaneeringuid</a>, mis näitavad aktiivseid ajuosi teatud toimingute (näiteks vaatamise, rääkimise jms) ajal.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kliinilised_neuroteadlased&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kliinilised neuroteadlased (pole veel kirjutatud)">Kliinilised neuroteadlased</a> – psühhiaatrid, neuroloogid ja teised meditsiinispetsialistid – kasutavad uuringute tulemusi, et töötada välja diagnostikameetodeid, kuidas ravida ja hoida ära närvihaigusi. Aju uurimine annab lootust mõista ja ravida <a href="/wiki/Insult" title="Insult">insulti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skisofreenia" title="Skisofreenia">skisofreeniat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alzheimeri_t%C3%B5bi" title="Alzheimeri tõbi">Alzheimeri tõbe</a> ja teisi haigusi.</li></ul> <p>Uued arvutisüsteemid võimaldavad neuroteadlastel luua mudeleid neuronitest ja nende seostest ajus. Tänu sellele on <a href="/wiki/Arvutiprogramm" title="Arvutiprogramm">arvutiprogrammidel</a> võimalik saada aru inimeste kõnest ja vastata küsimustele.<sup id="cite_ref-oxATB_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxATB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kognitiivne_neuroteadus">Kognitiivne neuroteadus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuroteadus&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Kognitiivne neuroteadus"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuroteadus&action=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Kognitiivne neuroteadus" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/12px-Next.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/18px-Next.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/24px-Next.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span> <i>Pikemalt artiklis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kognitiivne_neuroteadus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kognitiivne neuroteadus (pole veel kirjutatud)">Kognitiivne neuroteadus</a></i></dd></dl> <p>Kognitiivne neuroteadus uurib, kuidas närvisüsteem mõjutab psühholoogilisi funktsioone. Selleks, et leida, kuidas inimese tunnetus ja emotsioonid on spetsiifiliste neuraalsubstraatide poolt kaardistatud tuleb kognitiivse psühholoogia eksperimentaalsed tehnikad siduda <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuraalpildistamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuraalpildistamine (pole veel kirjutatud)">neuraalpildistamise</a> (ingl <i>neuroimaging</i>) meetodi, <a href="/wiki/Elektrof%C3%BCsioloogia" title="Elektrofüsioloogia">elektrofüsioloogia</a> ja geneetilise analüüsiga. </p><p>Kognitiivsed võimed on üks kõige enam uuritud valdkond käitumuslikus geneetikas. Enamik sellest põhineb psühhomeetrilisel mudelil, mille kohaselt kognitiivsed võimed on organiseerunud hierarhiliselt spetsiifilistest testidest avarate teguriteni ja nendest üldiste kognitiivsete võimeteni. Testidega mõõdetakse selliseid spetsiifilisi kognitiivseid võimeid nagu verbaalseid võimeid, ruumilist taju, mälu ja informatsiooni töötlemise kiirust. Selliseid teste kasutatakse laialdaselt koolides, tööstuses, sõjaväes ja kliinilistes praktikates. 20. sajandi alguses nimetas <a href="/wiki/Charles_Spearman" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Spearman">Charles Spearman</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Cldine_kognitiivne_v%C3%B5ime&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Üldine kognitiivne võime (pole veel kirjutatud)">üldise kognitiivse võime</a> – g (ingl <i>general cognitive ability</i>), mida eelistatakse sõnale "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligents&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelligents (pole veel kirjutatud)">intelligents</a>". </p><p>Juba psühholoogia algusaegadest alates on uuritud loomuse ja kasvatuse mõju g-le. Aasta enne <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendeli</a> <a href="/wiki/Mendeli_seadused" title="Mendeli seadused">pärinevusseaduste</a> ilmumist avaldas <a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a> kahest artiklist koosneva seeria kõrgest intelligentsist ja teistest kognitiivsetest võimetest. Sellest kasvas hiljem välja esimene raamat pärinevusest ja kognitiivsetest oskustest ("Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into Its Laws and Consequences", 1869). 1920. aastatel uuriti esimakordselt kaksikuid ja lapsendatud isikuid, keskendudes nende üldisele kognitiivsele võimele.<sup id="cite_ref-WlElu_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WlElu-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neuroteadus_molekulaarsel_ja_rakulisel_tasemel">Neuroteadus molekulaarsel ja rakulisel tasemel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuroteadus&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Neuroteadus molekulaarsel ja rakulisel tasemel"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuroteadus&action=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Neuroteadus molekulaarsel ja rakulisel tasemel" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Molekulaarbioloogid uurivad neuronite molekulaarsete signaalide saatmist ja vastuvõtmist ning <a href="/wiki/Akson" title="Akson">aksonite</a> seostumismustreid. Kasutatakse ka geneetilisi meetmeid, et mõista neuronite arengut ja <a href="/wiki/Mutatsioonid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutatsioonid">mutatsioonide</a> mõju bioloogilistele funktsioonidele. Huvi pakub ka neuronite morfoloogia, molekulaarne iseloom ja <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCsioloogia" title="Füsioloogia">füsioloogilised</a> näitajad. </p><p>Närvirakkude mitmekesisus põhineb ühel rakuplaanil, mille kolm omadust annavad sellele võime kiiresti ja täpselt informatsiooni edasi kanda. Esiteks on neuron polariseeritud, informatsiooni vastu võtvad <a href="/wiki/Dendriit" title="Dendriit">dendriidid</a> on ühes ja sünaptiliste terminalidega aksonid on teises otsas. <a href="/wiki/Polarisatsioon" title="Polarisatsioon">Polarisatsioon</a> on oluline <a href="/wiki/Elektriimpulss" title="Elektriimpulss">elektriimpulsside</a> ühesuunalisuse pärast. Teiseks on närvirakud elektriliselt ja keemiliselt ergastatavad. Välismembraan sisaldab spetsiaalseid valke – <a href="/wiki/Ioonkanalid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ioonkanalid">ioonkanaleid</a> ja retseptoreid, mis lubavad spetsiifiliste mitteorgaaniliste ioonide rakku sisse ja välja liikumist. See võimaldab tekkida elektrivoolul. Kolmandaks, neuronite rakukeha sisaldab valke ja <a href="/wiki/Organell" title="Organell">organelle</a>, mis aitavad rakul läbi viia spetsiaalseid sekretoorseid protsesse. Rakubioloogid uurivad närvirakkude omadusi, mis võimaldavad neil tekitada <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%BCnaptiline_potentsiaal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sünaptiline potentsiaal (pole veel kirjutatud)">sünaptilist</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktsioonipotentsiaal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktsioonipotentsiaal (pole veel kirjutatud)">aktsioonipotentsiaali</a>. Signaali algatamine sõltub rakumembraanis olevatest ioonkanalitest, mis avanevad vastusena potentsiaali levimisele membraanis ja teiste rakkude saadetud <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitteritele</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kandel_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kandel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neuroteaduse_organisatsioonid">Neuroteaduse organisatsioonid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuroteadus&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Neuroteaduse organisatsioonid"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuroteadus&action=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Neuroteaduse organisatsioonid" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suurim neuroteadlasi ühendav organisatsioon on 1969. aastal asutatud <a href="/w/index.php?title=SFN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SFN (pole veel kirjutatud)">SFN</a> (<i>Society of Neuroscience</i>), millel on rohkem kui 40 000 liiget 83 riigist. Nad korraldavad igal aastal erinevas USA linnas konverentsi, millest võtavad osa nii teadlased ja üliõpilased kui ka haridusasutused, rahastamisfondid, kirjastajad ja sajad ettevõtted, mis pakuvad teadlastele oma tooteid. </p><p>Muud suured neuroteadustega seotud organisatsioonid on näiteks <a href="/w/index.php?title=IBRO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IBRO (pole veel kirjutatud)">IBRO</a> (<i>International Brain Research Organization</i>) ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=FENS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FENS (pole veel kirjutatud)">FENS</a> (<i>Federation of European Neuroscience Societies</i>). FENS ühendab 32 sellist riiklikku organisatsiooni nagu Suurbritannias British Neuroscience Assosciation, Saksamaal Neurowissenschaftliche Gesellschaft ja Prantsusmaal Societé des Neurosciences.<sup id="cite_ref-MMjQ7_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMjQ7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vaata_ka">Vaata ka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuroteadus&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuroteadus&action=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kognitiivne_neuroteadus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kognitiivne neuroteadus (pole veel kirjutatud)">kognitiivne neuroteadus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afektiivne_neuroteadus" title="Afektiivne neuroteadus">afektiivne neuroteadus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sotsiaalne_neuroteadus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sotsiaalne neuroteadus (pole veel kirjutatud)">sotsiaalne neuroteadus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvutuslik_neuroteadus" title="Arvutuslik neuroteadus">arvutuslik neuroteadus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viited">Viited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuroteadus&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuroteadus&action=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-s2vrK-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-s2vrK_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/neuroscience">http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/neuroscience</a>. 18.09.2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kandel-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kandel_2-0">2,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kandel_2-1">2,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kandel_2-2">2,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessel TM. Principles of Neural Science (4th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill,2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibro-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ibro_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ibro_3-1">3,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119141209/http://www.ibro.info/Pub/Pub_Main_Display.asp?LC_Docs_ID=3199">https://web.archive.org/web/20120119141209/http://www.ibro.info/Pub/Pub_Main_Display.asp?LC_Docs_ID=3199</a>. 18.09.2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxATB-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-oxATB_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.sfn.org/index.aspx?pagename=whatIsNeuroscience">http://www.sfn.org/index.aspx?pagename=whatIsNeuroscience</a>. 19.09.2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WlElu-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-WlElu_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R.Plomin,J.C. Defries, G.E.McClearn, P.McGuffin. Behavioral Genetics. New York. Worth Publishers, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MMjQ7-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-MMjQ7_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.sfn.org">http://www.sfn.org</a>. 20.09.2012</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Välislingid"><span id="V.C3.A4lislingid"></span>Välislingid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuroteadus&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuroteadus&action=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/psychology/courses/1010/mangels/neuro/history/history.html">History of Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/hist.html">History of Neuroscience 2</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Pärit leheküljelt "<a dir="ltr" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroteadus&oldid=6178235">https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroteadus&oldid=6178235</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Kategooriad" title="Eri:Kategooriad">Kategooriad</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Teadused" title="Kategooria:Teadused">Teadused</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Neuroteadus" title="Kategooria:Neuroteadus">Neuroteadus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:N%C3%A4rvis%C3%BCsteem" title="Kategooria:Närvisüsteem">Närvisüsteem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Neurobioloogia" title="Kategooria:Neurobioloogia">Neurobioloogia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Neuroloogia" title="Kategooria:Neuroloogia">Neuroloogia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Selle lehekülje viimane muutmine: 07:31, 15. august 2022.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst on kasutatav vastavalt Creative Commonsi litsentsile "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.et">Autorile viitamine + jagamine samadel tingimustel</a>"; sellele võivad lisanduda täiendavad tingimused. 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