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id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usurpation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usurpation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Usurpation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usurpation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Foreign conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Italian policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downfall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downfall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Downfall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downfall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Phocas</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phokas_van_Bisantium" title="Phokas van Bisantium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Phokas van Bisantium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phokas" title="Phokas – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Phokas" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="فوقاس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فوقاس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focas_I" title="Focas I – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Focas I" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="فوکاس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فوکاس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Фока (візантыйскі імператар) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фока (візантыйскі імператар)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фока – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фока" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foka_(bizantski_car)" title="Foka (bizantski car) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Foka (bizantski car)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavi_Focas" title="Flavi Focas – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Flavi Focas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokas" title="Fokas – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fokas" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phokas" title="Phokas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phokas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phokas" title="Phokas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Phokas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%89%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%82" title="Φωκάς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φωκάς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focas_(emperador)" title="Focas (emperador) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Focas (emperador)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokas" title="Fokas – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fokas" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokas" title="Fokas – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fokas" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="فوکاس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فوکاس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phocas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focas,_emperador" title="Focas, emperador – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Focas, emperador" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phocas" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%B9%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="포카스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포카스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BD_(%D4%B2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80)" title="Փոկաս (Բյուզանդիայի կայսր) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փոկաս (Բյուզանդիայի կայսր)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foka,_bizantski_car" title="Foka, bizantski car – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Foka, bizantski car" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokas" title="Fokas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fokas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foca_(imperatore)" title="Foca (imperatore) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Foca (imperatore)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A1,_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פוקאס, קיסר האימפריה הביזנטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוקאס, קיסר האימפריה הביזנטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="ფოკა (ბიზანტია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფოკა (ბიზანტია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Phocas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperatorius_Fokas" title="Imperatorius Fokas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Imperatorius Fokas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B3kasz_biz%C3%A1nci_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="Phókasz bizánci császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Phókasz bizánci császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Фока (византиски цар) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фока (византиски цар)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Phocas" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="ფოკა (ბიზანტია) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფოკა (ბიზანტია)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="فوقاس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فوقاس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phocas_(keizer)" title="Phocas (keizer) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Phocas (keizer)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B9" title="フォカス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フォカス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokas" title="Fokas – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fokas" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokas" title="Fokas – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fokas" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focas" title="Focas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Focas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focas_Tiranul" title="Focas Tiranul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Focas Tiranul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80)" title="Фока (византийский император) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фока (византийский император)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokas" title="Fokas – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fokas" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Phocas" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3kas" title="Fókas – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fókas" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokas" title="Fokas – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fokas" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Фока (византијски цар) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фока (византијски цар)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foka_(car)" title="Foka (car) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Foka (car)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokas" title="Fokas – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fokas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokas" title="Fokas – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fokas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Phocas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="จักรพรรดิโพกัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิโพกัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Phocas" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фока – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фока" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="فوکاس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فوکاس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phocas" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phokas" title="Phokas – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Phokas" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF" title="福卡斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="福卡斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q31556#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Phocas##" title="Talk:Phocas">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Phocas</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhocasNew.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bronze statue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/PhocasNew.png/250px-PhocasNew.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/PhocasNew.png/375px-PhocasNew.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/PhocasNew.png/500px-PhocasNew.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="876" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">7th-century bronze steelyard-weight housed at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, probably representing Emperor Phocas<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperor</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">23 November 602 – <span class="nowrap">5 October 610</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">547<br /><a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thracia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">5 October 610<span style="display:none">(610-10-05)</span> (aged 62–63)<br /><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leontia" title="Leontia">Leontia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Domentzia" title="Domentzia">Domentzia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Focas<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Domentzia" title="Domentzia">Domentzia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian Christianity</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phocas_coin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Phocas_coin.jpg/283px-Phocas_coin.jpg" decoding="async" width="283" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Phocas_coin.jpg/425px-Phocas_coin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Phocas_coin.jpg/566px-Phocas_coin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Phocas struck <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 605</span></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Phocas</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Focas</i>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Φωκάς</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">translit.</a></small> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><i>Phōkás</i></i></span>; 547 – 5 October 610) was <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a> from 602 to 610. Initially a middle-ranking officer in the <a href="/wiki/East_Roman_army" class="mw-redirect" title="East Roman army">Eastern Roman army</a>, Phocas rose to prominence as a spokesman for dissatisfied soldiers in their disputes with the court of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a>. When the army revolted in 602, Phocas emerged as the natural leader of the mutiny. The revolt proved to be successful and led to the capture of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and the overthrow of Maurice on 23 November 602, with Phocas declaring himself emperor the same day. </p><p>Phocas deeply mistrusted the uncooperative elite of Constantinople, to whom he was a usurper and a provincial boor. He therefore attempted to base his regime on relatives installed in high military and administrative positions. He immediately faced challenges in domestic and foreign affairs, and responded with little success. He dealt with domestic opposition with increasing ruthlessness that alienated ever wider circles, including some of his own household. At the same time, the Empire was threatened on multiple frontiers. <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> renewed their destructive raids on the Balkans, and the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> launched a massive <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628">invasion of the eastern provinces</a>. Finally, the <a href="/wiki/Exarch_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Exarch of Africa">Exarch of Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_the_Elder" title="Heraclius the Elder">Heraclius the Elder</a>, rebelled against Phocas and gained wide support throughout the empire. Phocas attempted to use border troops to crush the rebellion, but this only resulted in allowing invaders to break into the heartlands of the Empire. Heraclius the Elder's son, <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a>, took Constantinople on 5 October 610, executed Phocas the same day, and declared himself emperor. </p><p>Surviving sources are universally extremely hostile to Phocas. He is described as an incompetent tyrant and usurper who brutally purged any real or perceived opposition and left the Empire wide open to foreign aggression. The veracity of these sources is difficult to ascertain since emperors of the <a href="/wiki/Heraclian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraclian dynasty">Heraclian dynasty</a> who succeeded Phocas had a vested interest in tarnishing his reputation. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phocas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phocas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phocas was probably born in 547, as he was said to be aged 55 when he became emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his family were likely of <a href="/wiki/Thraco-Roman" title="Thraco-Roman">Thraco-Roman</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Cappadocians" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappadocians">Cappadocian</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> origin. The life of Phocas before his usurpation of the Byzantine Empire's throne is obscure, but it is known that he served as a low-ranking officer under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usurpation">Usurpation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phocas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Usurpation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 602, the Byzantine army rebelled against <a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Emperor Maurice</a>, largely due to exhaustion and outrage over orders to continue campaigning north of the Danube in winter as well as previous cuts in wages. The army sent Phocas to Constantinople as a spokesperson on behalf of the legions, whereupon he declared himself emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 November 602, Phocas was crowned by the patriarch <a href="/wiki/Cyriacus_II_of_Constantinople" title="Cyriacus II of Constantinople">Cyriacus</a> in the church of <a href="/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="St John the Baptist">St John the Baptist</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Bak%C4%B1rk%C3%B6y#History" title="Bakırköy">Hebdomon</a>. He entered Constantinople two days later, on 25 November.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maurice fled the city with his sons, <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Tiberius (son of Maurice)">Tiberius</a>, but they were soon after captured and executed. Maurice's wife and daughters were put in the monastery of Nea Metanoia and later killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Ekonomou_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ekonomou-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_conflict">Foreign conflict</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phocas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Foreign conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the executions of the previous emperor and his dynastic successors, Phocas remained in a precarious position, which led him to devote his energy to purging enemies and destroying conspiracies. Because of this focus, and the local resistance he faced all throughout the Byzantine Empire, he was unable to confront foreign attacks on the empire's frontiers. The <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> launched numerous raids into the Balkan provinces of the Byzantine Empire, and the <a href="/wiki/Sassanian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanian Empire">Sassanian Empire</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628">an invasion of the eastern provinces</a> of the empire. </p><p>The Avars were able to take all land in the Balkans north of Thessalonica. The populations of Christian cities were slaughtered or captured. The Byzantines transferred most of their forces to the eastern front due to the threat from the Persians. </p><p>The Sassanid Persians had formerly been at peace with Maurice as a result of a treaty they made with him in 591. After Phocas usurped and killed Maurice, the Persians invaded the empire in 603.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinhenz2017890_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinhenz2017890-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sassanids rapidly occupied the eastern provinces, leading the <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum_per_Orientem" class="mw-redirect" title="Magister militum per Orientem">Magister militum per Orientem</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Narses_(magister_militum_per_Orientem)" title="Narses (magister militum per Orientem)">Narses</a>, to defect to their side. Phocas swiftly dealt with him, by inviting him to Constantinople under the promise of safe conduct, then having him burnt alive when he arrived. By 607, the Sassanids had occupied <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Syria</a>, and much of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>, as far as the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr201580_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr201580-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time his reign ended in 610, the Persians had already crossed the Euphrates and taken Zenobia. Contemporary accounts describe the Persians as being very brutal to the occupied population. The 'miracle of St Demetrios' described the carnage: </p> <blockquote><p>[T]he devil raised the whirlwind of hatred in all the East, Cilicia, Asia, Palestine and all the lands from there to Constantinople: the factions, no longer content simply to spill blood in public places, attacked homes, slaughtered women, children, the aged, and the young who were sick; those whose youth and frailty impeded their escape from the massacre, [saw] their friends, acquaintances, and parents pillaged, and after all that, even set on fire so that the most wretched inhabitant was not able to escape.<sup id="cite_ref-Ekonomou_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ekonomou-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration">Administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phocas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RomaForoRomanoColonnaFoca2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/RomaForoRomanoColonnaFoca2.JPG/180px-RomaForoRomanoColonnaFoca2.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/RomaForoRomanoColonnaFoca2.JPG/270px-RomaForoRomanoColonnaFoca2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/RomaForoRomanoColonnaFoca2.JPG/360px-RomaForoRomanoColonnaFoca2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="1929" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Phocas" title="Column of Phocas">Column of Phocas</a> in Rome</figcaption></figure> <p>Phocas was unable to control either the state or the army effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParnell20166_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParnell20166-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to his distrust of the bulk of Constantinople's elite, with whom he had had no connection before becoming emperor, frequently filling senior military positions with his relatives. He installed: his brother <a href="/wiki/Domentziolus_(brother_of_Phocas)" title="Domentziolus (brother of Phocas)">Domentziolus</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_officiorum" title="Magister officiorum">Magister officiorum</a></i> in 603; his nephew <a href="/wiki/Domentziolus_(nephew_of_Phocas)" title="Domentziolus (nephew of Phocas)">Domentziolus</a> as <i>Magister militum per Orientem</i> in 604, giving him command over the eastern provinces; and his brother <a href="/wiki/Comentiolus_(brother_of_Phocas)" title="Comentiolus (brother of Phocas)">Comentiolus</a> as <i>Magister militum per Orientem</i> around 610. All three remained loyal to Phocas until they were killed by Heraclius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParnell2016136_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParnell2016136-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the three known male blood-relatives of Phocas, all three were appointed to senior posts, two in military positions and one in an administrative position. Phocas also appointed <a href="/wiki/Priscus_(magister_militum)" title="Priscus (magister militum)">Priscus</a>, who was his son-in-law by way of his marriage to Phocas' daughter <a href="/wiki/Domentzia" title="Domentzia">Domentzia</a>, as <i><a href="/wiki/Comes_excubitorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Comes excubitorum">Comes excubitorum</a></i>, the captain of the <a href="/wiki/Excubitors" title="Excubitors">Excubitors</a>, in 603.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParnell2016137_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParnell2016137-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_policy">Italian policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phocas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Italian policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Phocas was emperor, Byzantine Italy was under continual attack from <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>, but the Byzantine government spent few resources to aid Italy due to troubles elsewhere. In the entirety of Phocas' reign, the only public structure built with taxes in the city of Rome was a statue of Phocas completed in 608.<sup id="cite_ref-Ekonomou_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ekonomou-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Phocas usurped Maurice, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory the Great">Gregory the Great</a> was bishop of Rome and he praised Phocas as a restorer of liberty. Gregory referred to him as a pious and clement lord, and compared his wife (the new Empress) Leontia to Marcian's consort Pulcheria (whom the Council of Chalcedon called the new Helena). In May 603, portraits of the imperial couple arrived in Rome and were ordered by the pope to be placed in the oratory of St. Caesarius in the imperial palace on the Palatine.<sup id="cite_ref-Ekonomou_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ekonomou-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Imperial approval was needed at that time to appoint a new pope, but the approval was delayed by a year upon the death of Pope Sabinian in 606, as Phocas was occupied with killing internal enemies that threatened his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Ekonomou_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ekonomou-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He finally gave approval in 607 and <a href="/wiki/Boniface_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Boniface III">Boniface III</a> became pope. Phocas declared Rome "the head of all churches".<sup id="cite_ref-Ekonomou_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ekonomou-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly afterwards, Phocas had a gilded statue of himself erected on a <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumphal_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman triumphal column">monumental column</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Phocas" title="Column of Phocas">Column of Phocas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Downfall">Downfall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phocas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Downfall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Heraclian_revolt" title="Heraclian revolt">Heraclian revolt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_deposition_of_Phocas_610_AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/The_deposition_of_Phocas_610_AD.jpg/220px-The_deposition_of_Phocas_610_AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/The_deposition_of_Phocas_610_AD.jpg/330px-The_deposition_of_Phocas_610_AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/The_deposition_of_Phocas_610_AD.jpg/440px-The_deposition_of_Phocas_610_AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The deposition of Phocas, 610 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite being appointed as <i>Comes excubitorum</i>, Priscus was not loyal to Phocas, and in 608 he appealed to <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_the_Elder" title="Heraclius the Elder">Heraclius the Elder</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Exarch_of_Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="Exarch of Carthage">Exarch of Carthage</a>, to rebel against Phocas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParnell2016137_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParnell2016137-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heraclius the Elder agreed, and began to prepare to invade, by cutting off the supply of grain to Constantinople and assembling a large army and navy. Heraclius the Elder launched his invasion in 609, with his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Nicetas_(cousin_of_Heraclius)" title="Nicetas (cousin of Heraclius)">Nicetas</a>, marching troops overland to the capital, and his son, <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a>, leading a naval invasion of <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a>, before marching to Constantinople. Heraclius arrived outside Constantinople on 3 October 610, and seized the city on 5 October. Heraclius was declared emperor on the same day, and swiftly had Phocas executed.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phocas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phocas is generally depicted as a villain by Byzantines and modern historians alike, but some of the earliest sources available about Phocas' reign were written during the reign of Heraclius. The writings that survive are not reliably neutral and the writers would have good reason to demonize him in order to strengthen the rule of Heraclius.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:41-manasses-chronicle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/41-manasses-chronicle.jpg/220px-41-manasses-chronicle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/41-manasses-chronicle.jpg/330px-41-manasses-chronicle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/41-manasses-chronicle.jpg/440px-41-manasses-chronicle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2004" data-file-height="1216" /></a><figcaption>Miniature 41 from the <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Manasses" title="Constantine Manasses">Constantine Manasses</a> Chronicle, 14th century: Usurper Phocas and the assault against him from the armies of Heraclius</figcaption></figure> <p>In the cultural sphere, the reign of Phocas is marked by the change of Imperial fashion set by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 306–337</span>). Constantine and all his successors, except <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian the Apostate</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 361–363</span>), were beardless. Phocas again introduced the wearing of the <a href="/wiki/Beard#Rome" title="Beard">beard</a>. This fashion lasted until the end of the Byzantine Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 February 607, Emperor Phocas appointed Boniface III as the new bishop of Rome, then Phocas issued an imperial decree by the Roman government, recognizing Boniface III as the "Head of all Churches" and "Universal Bishop". Phocas transferred the title of "Universal Bishop" from the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Constantinople">Diocese of Constantinople</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese of Rome</a>. Boniface sought and obtained a decree from Phocas in which he restated that "the See of Blessed Peter the Apostle should be the head of all the Churches" and ensured that the title of "Universal Bishop" belonged exclusively to the Bishop of Rome. This act effectively ended the attempt by <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Cyriacus_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Cyriacus of Constantinople">Patriarch Cyriacus of Constantinople</a> to establish himself as "Universal Bishop".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (October 2021)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In calling the Pope the "head of all churches", Phocas' decree has been important in discussions about <a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">papal primacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">papal supremacy</a>. Some Protestant <a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">historicist</a> commentators have seen the decree of Phocas (usually taken to be in 606) as having eschatological significance.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Horae_Apocalypticae" title="Horae Apocalypticae">Horae Apocalypticae</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bishop_Elliott" title="Edward Bishop Elliott">Edward Bishop Elliott</a> took the <a href="/wiki/1260_days" class="mw-redirect" title="1260 days">1260 days</a> of <a href="/wiki/Revelation_11" title="Revelation 11">Revelation 11</a>:3 to be the period between 606 and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Unification of Italy</a> in 1866. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phocas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His name is sometimes given as <i>Flavius Niceforus Focas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this is not corroborated by other sources and may be out of confusion with the later <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phocas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTreadgold1997" class="citation book cs1">Treadgold, Warren (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti0000trea/page/236"><i>A History of the Byzantine State and Society</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7937-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7937-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-7937-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Byzantine+State+and+Society&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7937-1&rft.aulast=Treadgold&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofbyzanti0000trea%2Fpage%2F236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhocas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1867-1005-1">"Steelyard-weight"</a>. <i>British Museum</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Museum&rft.atitle=Steelyard-weight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fobject%2FH_1867-1005-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhocas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcides_Vargas_Echegaray2021" class="citation book cs1">Alcides Vargas Echegaray (15 June 2021). <i>Sin Fronteras</i>. Caligrama. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788418435485" title="Special:BookSources/9788418435485"><bdi>9788418435485</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sin+Fronteras&rft.pub=Caligrama&rft.date=2021-06-15&rft.isbn=9788418435485&rft.au=Alcides+Vargas+Echegaray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhocas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_of_Tyre1893" class="citation book cs1">William of Tyre (1893). Colvin, Mary Noyes (ed.). <i>Godeffroy of Boloyne; or, The siege and conqueste of Jerusalem</i>. Early English Text Society (originally from the University of Michigan). p. 335. <q>Nicephorus Phocas, Emperor of the East from 602–610.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Godeffroy+of+Boloyne%3B+or%2C+The+siege+and+conqueste+of+Jerusalem&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Early+English+Text+Society+%28originally+from+the+University+of+Michigan%29&rft.date=1893&rft.au=William+of+Tyre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhocas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire"><i>PLRE</i></a> 3B p. 1030</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBury1889" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">Bury, John Bagnell</a> (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K1YZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA197"><i>A History of the Later Roman Empire: From Arcadius to Irene (395 A.D. to 800 A.D.)</i></a>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan and Co.</a> p. 197. <q>The reign of Phocas the Thracian, which lasted for eight years, was the realisation of that dreaded something whose approach had long been felt.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire%3A+From+Arcadius+to+Irene+%28395+A.D.+to+800+A.D.%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co.&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=John+Bagnell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK1YZAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhocas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharanis1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Charanis" title="Peter Charanis">Charanis, Peter</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RFVoAAAAMAAJ"><i>Studies on the Demography of the Byzantine Empire: Collected Studies</i></a>. Variorum Reprints. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-902089-25-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-902089-25-9"><bdi>978-0-902089-25-9</bdi></a>. <q>The name Phocas appears as early as the fifth century; it is also attested for the sixth century; and there is of course, the Emperor Phocas, apparently of Cappadocian origin, who overthrew Maurice and was in turn overthrown by Heraclius early in the seventh century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+on+the+Demography+of+the+Byzantine+Empire%3A+Collected+Studies&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Variorum+Reprints&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-902089-25-9&rft.aulast=Charanis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRFVoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhocas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Phocas#:~:text=Following%20an%20army%20rebellion%20against%20the%20emperor%20Maurice%20in%20602,%20Phocas%20was%20sent%20to%20Constantinople%20as%20spokesman.%20There%20he%20took%20advantage%20of%20revolts%20in%20the%20capital%20to%20get%20himself%20chosen%20emperor%20in%20place%20of%20Maurice,%20who,%20together%20with%20his%20son,%20was%20executed.">"Phocas | Emperor, Biography, History, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Phocas+%7C+Emperor%2C+Biography%2C+History%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FPhocas%23%3A~%3Atext%3DFollowing%2520an%2520army%2520rebellion%2520against%2520the%2520emperor%2520Maurice%2520in%2520602%2C%2520Phocas%2520was%2520sent%2520to%2520Constantinople%2520as%2520spokesman.%2520There%2520he%2520took%2520advantage%2520of%2520revolts%2520in%2520the%2520capital%2520to%2520get%2520himself%2520chosen%2520emperor%2520in%2520place%2520of%2520Maurice%2C%2520who%2C%2520together%2520with%2520his%2520son%2C%2520was%2520executed.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhocas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Paschale" title="Chronicon Paschale">Chronicon Paschale</a></i> <a href="//archive.org/details/chronicon-p/page/142/mode/1up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:chronicon-p/page/142/mode/1up">602.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ekonomou-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ekonomou_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ekonomou_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ekonomou_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ekonomou_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ekonomou_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ekonomou_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekonomou, Andrew. <i>Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes.</i> Lexington books, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinhenz2017890-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinhenz2017890_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKleinhenz2017">Kleinhenz 2017</a>, p. 890.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr201580-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr201580_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarr2015">Carr 2015</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParnell20166-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParnell20166_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParnell2016">Parnell 2016</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParnell2016136-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParnell2016136_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParnell2016">Parnell 2016</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParnell2016137-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParnell2016137_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParnell2016137_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParnell2016">Parnell 2016</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Paschale" title="Chronicon Paschale">Chronicon Paschale</a></i> <a href="//archive.org/details/chronicon-p/page/150/mode/1up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:chronicon-p/page/150/mode/1up">610</a>. Heraclius arrived on 3 October, "a Saturday" (correct). However, the chronicle later states that he entered the city on 6 October, "a Monday". The 5th is clearly intended.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin2002" class="citation web cs1">Kevin, Crow (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roman-emperors.org/phocas.htm">"Phocas"</a>. <i>De Imperatoribus Romanis</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=De+Imperatoribus+Romanis&rft.atitle=Phocas&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Kevin&rft.aufirst=Crow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.roman-emperors.org%2Fphocas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhocas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.byzantium.xronikon.com/statfirst.html">"Byzantine first & last times"</a>. Byzantium.xronikon.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Byzantine+first+%26+last+times&rft.pub=Byzantium.xronikon.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.byzantium.xronikon.com%2Fstatfirst.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhocas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bible.ca/ntx-organization-historical-development-papal-patriarchal-systems-588-606AD.htm">"Apostate church organization: 588 - 606 AD: The final dog fight for control of the world!"</a>. <i>www.bible.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bible.ca&rft.atitle=Apostate+church+organization%3A+588+-+606+AD%3A+The+final+dog+fight+for+control+of+the+world%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible.ca%2Fntx-organization-historical-development-papal-patriarchal-systems-588-606AD.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhocas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewsom2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carol_A._Newsom" title="Carol A. Newsom">Newsom, Carol A.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ha51BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA317"><i>Daniel: A Commentary</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Westminster_John_Knox_Press" title="Westminster John Knox Press">Westminster John Knox Press</a>. p. 317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611645392" title="Special:BookSources/9781611645392"><bdi>9781611645392</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daniel%3A+A+Commentary&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781611645392&rft.aulast=Newsom&rft.aufirst=Carol+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHa51BwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhocas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phocas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr2015" class="citation book cs1">Carr, John (2015). <i>Fighting Emperors of Byzantium</i>. Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473856400" title="Special:BookSources/9781473856400"><bdi>9781473856400</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+Emperors+of+Byzantium&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781473856400&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhocas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2013" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Peter (2013). <i>The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam</i>. Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473829510" title="Special:BookSources/9781473829510"><bdi>9781473829510</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Three+Gods%3A+Romans%2C+Persians+and+the+Rise+of+Islam&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781473829510&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhocas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinhenz2017" class="citation book cs1">Kleinhenz, Christopher (2017). <i>Routledge Revivals: Medieval Italy (2004): An Encyclopedia</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351664431" title="Special:BookSources/9781351664431"><bdi>9781351664431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Revivals%3A+Medieval+Italy+%282004%29%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351664431&rft.aulast=Kleinhenz&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhocas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParnell2016" class="citation book cs1">Parnell, David Alan (2016). <i>Justinian's Men: Careers and Relationships of Byzantine Army Officers, 518-610</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137562043" title="Special:BookSources/9781137562043"><bdi>9781137562043</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justinian%27s+Men%3A+Careers+and+Relationships+of+Byzantine+Army+Officers%2C+518-610&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781137562043&rft.aulast=Parnell&rft.aufirst=David+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhocas" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phocas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Phocas" class="extiw" title="commons:Phocas">Phocas</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Phocas </div><div><b>Non-dynastic</b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> unknown</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 610</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine Emperor</a> </b><br />602–610 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> in 583,<br />then lapsed</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a> </b><br />603 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_the_Elder" title="Heraclius the Elder">Heraclius the Elder</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> in 608</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_emperors" title="Template talk:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperors</a> and empresses regnant</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a><br />27 BC – AD 235</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a><br />235–285</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a></u> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br />284–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></u></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a><br />395–480</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a><br />395–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a></i>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phocas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/<br />Byzantine Empire</a><br />610–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a></u></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora (II)</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (267–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31556#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31556#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31556#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000448860106">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/13102626">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1841376/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmTpDccKgbBPHgGCbCWjC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118742272">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n94117202">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/131844">Vatican</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118742272.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118742272">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/169002322">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phocas&oldid=1258519912">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phocas&oldid=1258519912</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:540s_births" title="Category:540s births">540s births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:610_deaths" title="Category:610 deaths">610 deaths</a></li><li><a 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