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List of Byzantine emperors - Wikipedia

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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-dynastic_(363–364)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Non-dynastic (363–364)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-dynastic_(363–364)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valentinianic_dynasty_(364–379)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valentinianic_dynasty_(364–379)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Valentinianic dynasty (364–379)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valentinianic_dynasty_(364–379)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theodosian_dynasty_(379–457)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theodosian_dynasty_(379–457)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Theodosian dynasty (379–457)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theodosian_dynasty_(379–457)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leonid_dynasty_(457–518)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leonid_dynasty_(457–518)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Leonid dynasty (457–518)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leonid_dynasty_(457–518)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Justinian_dynasty_(518–602)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justinian_dynasty_(518–602)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Justinian dynasty (518–602)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justinian_dynasty_(518–602)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-dynastic_(602–610)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-dynastic_(602–610)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Non-dynastic (602–610)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-dynastic_(602–610)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heraclian_dynasty_(610–695)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heraclian_dynasty_(610–695)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Heraclian dynasty (610–695)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heraclian_dynasty_(610–695)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twenty_Years&#039;_Anarchy_(695–717)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twenty_Years&#039;_Anarchy_(695–717)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Twenty Years' Anarchy (695–717)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twenty_Years&#039;_Anarchy_(695–717)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isaurian_dynasty_(717–802)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isaurian_dynasty_(717–802)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Isaurian dynasty (717–802)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isaurian_dynasty_(717–802)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nikephorian_dynasty_(802–813)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nikephorian_dynasty_(802–813)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Nikephorian dynasty (802–813)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nikephorian_dynasty_(802–813)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-dynastic_(813–820)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-dynastic_(813–820)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Non-dynastic (813–820)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-dynastic_(813–820)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amorian_dynasty_(820–867)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amorian_dynasty_(820–867)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Amorian dynasty (820–867)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amorian_dynasty_(820–867)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macedonian_dynasty_(867–1056)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macedonian_dynasty_(867–1056)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Macedonian dynasty (867–1056)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macedonian_dynasty_(867–1056)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-dynastic_(1056–1057)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-dynastic_(1056–1057)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Non-dynastic (1056–1057)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-dynastic_(1056–1057)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Komnenid_dynasty_(1057–1059)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Komnenid_dynasty_(1057–1059)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Komnenid dynasty (1057–1059)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Komnenid_dynasty_(1057–1059)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doukid_dynasty_(1059–1081)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doukid_dynasty_(1059–1081)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Doukid dynasty (1059–1081)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doukid_dynasty_(1059–1081)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Komnenid_dynasty_(1081–1185)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Komnenid_dynasty_(1081–1185)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Komnenid dynasty (1081–1185)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Komnenid_dynasty_(1081–1185)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Angelid_dynasty_(1185–1204)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angelid_dynasty_(1185–1204)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Angelid dynasty (1185–1204)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angelid_dynasty_(1185–1204)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laskarid_dynasty_(Empire_of_Nicaea,_1204–1261)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laskarid_dynasty_(Empire_of_Nicaea,_1204–1261)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Laskarid dynasty (Empire of Nicaea, 1204–1261)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laskarid_dynasty_(Empire_of_Nicaea,_1204–1261)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palaiologan_dynasty_(restored_to_Constantinople,_1261–1453)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palaiologan_dynasty_(restored_to_Constantinople,_1261–1453)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>Palaiologan dynasty (restored to Constantinople, 1261–1453)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palaiologan_dynasty_(restored_to_Constantinople,_1261–1453)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">23</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">23.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">23.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">24</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">List of Byzantine emperors</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lys_van_Bisantynse_keisers" title="Lys van Bisantynse keisers – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lys van Bisantynse keisers" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_byzantinischen_Kaiser" title="Liste der byzantinischen Kaiser – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Liste der byzantinischen Kaiser" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="قائمة الأباطرة البيزنطيين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قائمة الأباطرة البيزنطيين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_d%27emperadors_bizantins" title="Lista d&#039;emperadors bizantins – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Lista d&#039;emperadors bizantins" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llista_d%27emperadores_bizantinos" title="Llista d&#039;emperadores bizantinos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llista d&#039;emperadores bizantinos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizans_imperatorlar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_siyah%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Bizans imperatorlarının siyahısı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bizans imperatorlarının siyahısı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%85_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Спіс візантыйскіх імператараў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Спіс візантыйскіх імператараў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Император на Византия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Император на Византия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spisak_bizantijskih_careva" title="Spisak bizantijskih careva – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Spisak bizantijskih careva" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaerien_Bizantion" title="Impalaerien Bizantion – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaerien Bizantion" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llista_d%27emperadors_romans_d%27Orient" title="Llista d&#039;emperadors romans d&#039;Orient – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llista d&#039;emperadors romans d&#039;Orient" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seznam_byzantsk%C3%BDch_c%C3%ADsa%C5%99%C5%AF" title="Seznam byzantských císařů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Seznam byzantských císařů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhestr_Ymerodron_Bysantaidd" title="Rhestr Ymerodron Bysantaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhestr Ymerodron Bysantaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_byzantinischen_Kaiser" title="Liste der byzantinischen Kaiser – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liste der byzantinischen Kaiser" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCtsantsi_keisrite_loend" title="Bütsantsi keisrite loend – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bütsantsi keisrite loend" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Κατάλογος Βυζαντινών Αυτοκρατόρων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κατάλογος Βυζαντινών Αυτοκρατόρων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Emperadores_bizantinos" title="Anexo:Emperadores bizantinos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anexo:Emperadores bizantinos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiestroj_de_la_Bizanca_Imperio" title="Imperiestroj de la Bizanca Imperio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Imperiestroj de la Bizanca Imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerrenda:Bizantziar_enperadoreak" title="Zerrenda:Bizantziar enperadoreak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zerrenda:Bizantziar enperadoreak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="فهرست امپراتوران بیزانس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فهرست امپراتوران بیزانس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_empereurs_byzantins" title="Liste des empereurs byzantins – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liste des empereurs byzantins" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_fan_keizers_fan_it_Byzantynske_Ryk" title="List fan keizers fan it Byzantynske Ryk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="List fan keizers fan it Byzantynske Ryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_emperadores_bizantinos" title="Lista de emperadores bizantinos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lista de emperadores bizantinos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88_%ED%99%A9%EC%A0%9C" title="동로마 황제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동로마 황제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Բյուզանդական կայսրերի անվանացանկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բյուզանդական կայսրերի անվանացանկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodatak:Popis_bizantskih_careva" title="Dodatak:Popis bizantskih careva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dodatak:Popis bizantskih careva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listo_pri_imperiestri_di_Bizanco" title="Listo pri imperiestri di Bizanco – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Listo pri imperiestri di Bizanco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_kaisar_Romawi_Timur" title="Daftar kaisar Romawi Timur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daftar kaisar Romawi Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendice:Lista_de_imperatores_roman_desde_Heraclio" title="Appendice:Lista de imperatores roman desde Heraclio – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Appendice:Lista de imperatores roman desde Heraclio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Византияйы императортæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Византияйы императортæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperatori_bizantini" title="Imperatori bizantini – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Imperatori bizantini" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="קיסרי האימפריה הביזנטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קיסרי האימפריה הביזנטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბიზანტიის იმპერატორების სია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბიზანტიის იმპერატორების სია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orodha_ya_Makaizari_wa_Bizanti" title="Orodha ya Makaizari wa Bizanti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Orodha ya Makaizari wa Bizanti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AEsteya_%C3%AEmperator%C3%AAn_B%C3%AEzans%C3%AA" title="Lîsteya împeratorên Bîzansê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lîsteya împeratorên Bîzansê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_Imperatorum_Constantinopolitanorum" title="Index Imperatorum Constantinopolitanorum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Index Imperatorum Constantinopolitanorum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantijas_imperatoru_uzskait%C4%ABjums" title="Bizantijas imperatoru uzskaitījums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bizantijas imperatoru uzskaitījums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B3%D1%8C" title="Византиядин императоррин сиягь – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Византиядин императоррин сиягь" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%85ra%C5%A1as:Bizantijos_imperatori%C5%B3_dinastijos" title="Sąrašas:Bizantijos imperatorių dinastijos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sąrašas:Bizantijos imperatorių dinastijos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biz%C3%A1nci_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1rok_list%C3%A1ja" title="Bizánci császárok listája – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bizánci császárok listája" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Список на византиски цареви – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Список на византиски цареви" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ბიზანტიაშ იმპერატორეფიშ ერკებული – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბიზანტიაშ იმპერატორეფიშ ერკებული" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="الاباطره البيزنطيين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاباطره البيزنطيين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senarai_Maharaja_Byzantium" title="Senarai Maharaja Byzantium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Senarai Maharaja Byzantium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijst_van_Byzantijnse_keizers" title="Lijst van Byzantijnse keizers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lijst van Byzantijnse keizers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7" title="東ローマ帝国の皇帝一覧 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="東ローマ帝国の皇帝一覧" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BF:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%88" title="Кеп:Византийн императорш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Кеп:Византийн императорш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_over_%C3%B8stromerske_keisere" title="Liste over østromerske keisere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Liste over østromerske keisere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austromerske_keisarar" title="Austromerske keisarar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Austromerske keisarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_deis_emperaires_bizantins" title="Lista deis emperaires bizantins – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lista deis emperaires bizantins" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%81%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%B9" title="بازنطینی شہنشاہاں دی لسٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بازنطینی شہنشاہاں دی لسٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesarze_bizanty%C5%84scy" title="Cesarze bizantyńscy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cesarze bizantyńscy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_imperadores_bizantinos" title="Lista de imperadores bizantinos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lista de imperadores bizantinos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_%C3%AEmp%C4%83ra%C8%9Bilor_bizantini" title="Lista împăraților bizantini – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lista împăraților bizantini" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Список византийских императоров – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Список византийских императоров" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_e_Perandor%C3%ABve_Bizantin%C3%AB" title="Lista e Perandorëve Bizantinë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lista e Perandorëve Bizantinë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="List of Byzantine emperors" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoznam_vl%C3%A1dcov_Byzantskej_r%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Zoznam vládcov Byzantskej ríše – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zoznam vládcov Byzantskej ríše" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seznam_bizantinskih_cesarjev" title="Seznam bizantinskih cesarjev – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Seznam bizantinskih cesarjev" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Списак византијских царева – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Списак византијских царева" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_careva_Bizanta" title="Lista careva Bizanta – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lista careva Bizanta" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Bysantin_keisareista" title="Luettelo Bysantin keisareista – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luettelo Bysantin keisareista" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_bysantinska_regenter" title="Lista över bysantinska regenter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lista över bysantinska regenter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talaan_ng_mga_Emperador_Bisantino" title="Talaan ng mga Emperador Bisantino – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Talaan ng mga Emperador Bisantino" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Emperor&amp;redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine Emperor</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For Roman emperors before <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a>, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">List of Roman emperors</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr">Emperor and Autocrat of <span class="country-name">the Romans</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;"><div style="font-family: serif; font-size: 90%; font-weight: bold; text-transform: uppercase; line-height: 125%; background-color: rgb(125,7,110); color: white;">Imperial</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:162_-_Constantine_XI_Palaiologos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/162_-_Constantine_XI_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/200px-162_-_Constantine_XI_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/162_-_Constantine_XI_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/300px-162_-_Constantine_XI_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/162_-_Constantine_XI_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/400px-162_-_Constantine_XI_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="682" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><b>Last to reign</b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI</a></b><br />6 January 1449 – 29 May 1453</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First&#160;monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last&#160;monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">11 May 330</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abolition</th><td class="infobox-data">29 May 1453</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blachernae_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Blachernae Palace">Blachernae Palace</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data">Unspecified, <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">hereditary</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199372_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199372-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pretender(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The foundation of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in 330 AD marks the conventional start of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fell</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1453 AD. Only the emperors who were recognized as legitimate rulers and exercised sovereign authority are included, to the exclusion of junior co-emperors (<i>symbasileis</i>) who never attained the status of sole or senior ruler, as well as of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">various usurpers or rebels</a> who claimed the imperial title. </p><p>The following list starts with <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> emperor, who rebuilt the city of <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> as an imperial capital, Constantinople, and who was regarded by the later emperors as the model ruler. Modern historians distinguish this later phase of the Roman Empire as Byzantine due to the imperial seat moving from Rome to Byzantium, the Empire's integration of Christianity, and the predominance of Greek instead of Latin. </p><p>The Byzantine Empire was the direct legal continuation of the eastern half of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> following the division of the Roman Empire in 395. Emperors listed below up to <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> in 395 were sole or joint rulers of the entire Roman Empire. The <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> continued until 476. Byzantine emperors considered themselves to be Roman emperors in direct succession from <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooker2007_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooker2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> the term "Byzantine" became convention in Western <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> in the 19th century. The use of the title "Roman Emperor" by those ruling from Constantinople was not contested until after the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">papal</a> coronation of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> as <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Roman emperor">Holy Roman emperor</a> (25 December 800). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">title</a> of all Emperors preceding <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> was officially "<i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">Augustus</a></i>", although other titles such as <i><a href="/wiki/Dominus_(title)" title="Dominus (title)">Dominus</a></i> were also used. Their names were preceded by <i><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a> <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></i> and followed by <i>Augustus</i>. Following Heraclius, the title commonly became the Greek <i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Basileus</a></i> (Gr. Βασιλεύς), which had formerly meant <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">sovereign</a>, though <i>Augustus</i> continued to be used in a reduced capacity. Following the establishment of the rival <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in Western Europe, the title "<i><a href="/wiki/Autokrator" title="Autokrator">Autokrator</a></i>" (Gr. Αὐτοκράτωρ) was increasingly used. In later centuries, the Emperor could be referred to by Western Christians as the "Emperor of the Greeks". Towards the end of the Empire, the standard imperial formula of the Byzantine ruler was "[Emperor's name] in Christ, Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans" (cf. <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks#Romans_(Ῥωμαῖοι)" title="Names of the Greeks">Ῥωμαῖοι</a> and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BBm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rûm">Rûm</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrisson201372_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrisson201372-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties">Dynasties</a> were a common tradition and structure for rulers and government systems in the Medieval period. The principle or formal requirement for <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_succession" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary succession">hereditary succession</a> was not a part of the Empire's governance;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarayannopoulous2000183_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarayannopoulous2000183-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> hereditary succession was a custom and tradition, carried on as habit and benefited from some sense of legitimacy, but not as a "rule" or inviolable requirement for office at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199372_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199372-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constantinian_dynasty_(306–363)"><span id="Constantinian_dynasty_.28306.E2.80.93363.29"></span>Constantinian dynasty (306–363)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Constantinian dynasty (306–363)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:10%">Portrait </th> <th style="width:15%">Name<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:13%">Reign </th> <th style="width:62%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statua_di_Costantino_ai_musei_capitolini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Statua_di_Costantino_ai_musei_capitolini.jpg/88px-Statua_di_Costantino_ai_musei_capitolini.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Statua_di_Costantino_ai_musei_capitolini.jpg/132px-Statua_di_Costantino_ai_musei_capitolini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Statua_di_Costantino_ai_musei_capitolini.jpg/176px-Statua_di_Costantino_ai_musei_capitolini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3786" data-file-height="5422" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great"><b>Constantine I</b><br />"the Great"</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Μέγας<br /><i>Fl. Valerius Constantinus</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">25 July 306 –<br />22 May 337 <p><small>(30 years, 9 months and 27 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born at <a href="/wiki/Naissus" class="mw-redirect" title="Naissus">Naissus</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 272 as the son of the <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helena_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena of Constantinople">Helena</a>. Proclaimed <i>Augustus</i> of the western empire upon the death of his father on 25 July 306, he became sole ruler of the western empire after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge" title="Battle of the Milvian Bridge">Battle of the Milvian Bridge</a> in 312. In 324, he defeated the eastern <i>Augustus</i> <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> and re-united the empire under his rule, reigning as sole emperor until his death. Constantine completed the administrative and military reforms begun under <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, who had begun ushering in the <a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a> period. Actively interested in Christianity, he played a crucial role in its development and the Christianization of the Roman world, through his convocation of the <a href="/wiki/First_Ecumenical_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="First Ecumenical Council">First Ecumenical Council</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a>. He is said to have received baptism on his deathbed. He also reformed coinage through the introduction of the gold <i><a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">solidus</a></i>, and initiated a large-scale building program, crowned by the re-foundation the city of <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> as "New Rome", popularly known as <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. He was regarded as the model of all subsequent Byzantine emperors.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His reign was marked by greater imperial control over the Eastern Church and the construction of new churches, especially at the holy places sacred to Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo202225–26_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo202225–26-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> To this day, Constantine is venerated as a saint by the eastern Orthodox church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohlsander199692–93_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohlsander199692–93-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:INC-2070-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._347%E2%80%94355_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/INC-2070-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._347%E2%80%94355_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/85px-INC-2070-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._347%E2%80%94355_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/INC-2070-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._347%E2%80%94355_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/128px-INC-2070-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._347%E2%80%94355_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/INC-2070-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._347%E2%80%94355_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/170px-INC-2070-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._347%E2%80%94355_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="502" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Κωνστάντιος<br /><i>Fl. Iulius Constantius</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">22 May 337 –<br />3 November 361 <p><small>(24 years, 1 month and 25 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born on 7 August 317, as the second surviving son of Constantine I, he inherited the eastern third of Roman Empire upon his father's death, sole Roman Emperor from 353, after the overthrow of the western usurper <a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a>; after two years on the run, the latter committed suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo202228_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo202228-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Constantius' reign saw military activity on all frontiers, and dissension between <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>, favoured by the emperor, and the "Orthodox" supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>. In his reign, Constantinople was accorded equal status to Rome, and the original <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> was built. Constantius appointed <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Gallus" title="Constantius Gallus">Constantius Gallus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesares</a></i>, and died on his way to confront Julian, who had risen up against him.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:INC-1525-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_II_%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/INC-1525-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_II_%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/85px-INC-1525-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_II_%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/INC-1525-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_II_%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/128px-INC-1525-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_II_%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/INC-1525-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_II_%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/170px-INC-1525-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_II_%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="477" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)"><b>Julian</b> "the Apostate"</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰουλιανὸς ὁ Ἀποστάτης<br /><i>Fl. Claudius Iulianus</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">3 November 361 –<br />26 June 363 <p><small>(1 year, 7 months and 23 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born in May 332 at Constantinople (the first emperor born there),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo202230_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo202230-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Julian was the grandson of Constantius Chlorus and cousin of Constantius II. Proclaimed by his army in Gaul, he became the legitimate Emperor upon the death of Constantius. Julian has been described as the last pagan emperor of the Roman Empire and was generally opposed to Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo202230–31_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo202230–31-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was killed on campaign against <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Persia">Sassanid Persia</a>, despite his initial success in surrounding the ancient city of Ctesiphon. For his adherence to the old Roman gods and rejection of the Christian faith, he became known as Julian the Apostate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo202233_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo202233-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-dynastic_(363–364)"><span id="Non-dynastic_.28363.E2.80.93364.29"></span>Non-dynastic (363–364)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Non-dynastic (363–364)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jovian_solidus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Jovian_solidus.png/85px-Jovian_solidus.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Jovian_solidus.png/128px-Jovian_solidus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Jovian_solidus.png/170px-Jovian_solidus.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="397" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰοβιανός<br /><i>Claudius Iovianus</i><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">27 June 363 –<br />17 February 364 <p><small>(7 months and 21 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;332</span>, Jovian hailed from a military family and was captain of the guards (<i>protector domesticus</i>) under both Constantius II and Julian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton2018119_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton2018119-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was elected by the army upon Julian's death. After assuming power, Jovian withdrew Roman forces from Persia and made an unpopular peace with them, which lasted until the early sixth-century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton2018120_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton2018120-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Following an autumn spent in Antioch, he died of natural causes in central Anatolia and was buried in Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton2018120_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton2018120-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Valentinianic_dynasty_(364–379)"><span id="Valentinianic_dynasty_.28364.E2.80.93379.29"></span>Valentinianic dynasty (364–379)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Valentinianic dynasty (364–379)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic dynasty</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Restored_head_of_Valentinian_I_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Restored_head_of_Valentinian_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/84px-Restored_head_of_Valentinian_I_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Restored_head_of_Valentinian_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/127px-Restored_head_of_Valentinian_I_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Restored_head_of_Valentinian_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/169px-Restored_head_of_Valentinian_I_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="1234" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Οὐαλεντινιανός<br /><i>Valentinianus</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">26 February –<br />28 March 364 <p><small>(1 month and 2 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born in 321. An officer under Julian and Jovian, he was elected by the army upon Jovian's death. He soon appointed his younger brother Valens as Emperor of the East, while he himself ruled in the West. Died of <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_haemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral haemorrhage">cerebral haemorrhage</a> in 375. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/85px-INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/128px-INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/170px-INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="502" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Οὐάλης</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">28 March 364 –<br />9 August 378 <p><small>(14 years, 4 months and 12 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born in 328, Valens was not especially fit for the imperial office if Ammianus can be believed, but he was appointed Emperor of the East in 364 by his elder brother Valentinian I, who wanted a malleable colleague in the other half of the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee201321–22_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201321–22-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Following Valentinians's death in 375, his son Gratian succeeded him. Meanwhile, Valens faced the challenge of the invading Huns, whose ferocity pushed the Gothic tribes to seek refuge within the Empire; Valens allowed them to settle on the condition that they become allies to the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan200742–43_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan200742–43-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> When the Goths were mistreated at Roman hands and rebelled, Valens proceeded to face them without awaiting assistance from Gratian's armies and was killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople" title="Battle of Adrianople">Battle of Adrianople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan200743–45_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan200743–45-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gratian_Trier_enhanced.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gratian_Trier_enhanced.jpg/85px-Gratian_Trier_enhanced.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gratian_Trier_enhanced.jpg/127px-Gratian_Trier_enhanced.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gratian_Trier_enhanced.jpg/169px-Gratian_Trier_enhanced.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Γρατιανός, <i>Gratianus</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">9 August 378 –<br />19 January 379 <p><small>(5 months and 10 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born on 18 April/23 May 359, the son of Valentinian I. Emperor of the West, he inherited rule of the East upon the death of Valens and appointed Theodosius I as Emperor of the East. Assassinated on 25 August 383 during the rebellion of <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theodosian_dynasty_(379–457)"><span id="Theodosian_dynasty_.28379.E2.80.93457.29"></span>Theodosian dynasty (379–457)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Theodosian dynasty (379–457)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Theodosian_dynasty" title="Theodosian dynasty">Theodosian dynasty</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Theodosius_I_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bust_of_Theodosius_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/79px-Bust_of_Theodosius_I_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bust_of_Theodosius_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/119px-Bust_of_Theodosius_I_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bust_of_Theodosius_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/158px-Bust_of_Theodosius_I_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="544" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I"><b>Theodosius I</b><br />"the Great"</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Θεοδόσιος ὁ Μέγας</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">19 January 379 –<br />17 January 395 <p><small>(15 years, 11 months and 29 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born on 11 January 347 in Spain, Theodosius was an aristocrat and military leader, and later brother-in-law of Gratian, who appointed him as emperor of the East in 379 and gave him charge of Macedonia and Dacia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell201590_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell201590-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During his reign, Theodosius made Orthodox Christianity the official religion of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo202242_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo202242-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He reunited the whole Empire after defeating <a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frigidus" title="Battle of the Frigidus">Battle of the Frigidus</a>, in September 394.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell201594_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell201594-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Theodosius died of a fever at Milan in 395 and his two sons, Honorius and Arcadius, became the emperors of the West and East, splitting power between them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo202245_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo202245-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arcadius_Istanbul_Museum_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arcadius_Istanbul_Museum_%28cropped%29.JPG/85px-Arcadius_Istanbul_Museum_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="85" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arcadius_Istanbul_Museum_%28cropped%29.JPG/128px-Arcadius_Istanbul_Museum_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arcadius_Istanbul_Museum_%28cropped%29.JPG/170px-Arcadius_Istanbul_Museum_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="618" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀρκάδιος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">17 January 395 –<br />1 May 408 <p><small>(13 years, 3 months and 14 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born in 377/378, Arcadius was the eldest son of Theodosius I and upon the latter's death in 395, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> was permanently divided between the Eastern Roman Empire—later referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>—and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> with Arcadius becoming Byzantine emperor in the East while his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a> became emperor in the West; both were manipulated by court officials and did not possess their father's leadership abilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo202245–46_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo202245–46-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> After contracting an illness, Arcadius died in 408.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo202247–48_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo202247–48-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036_%28cropped%29.jpg/85px-Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036_%28cropped%29.jpg/127px-Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036_%28cropped%29.jpg/169px-Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3900" data-file-height="5203" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Θεοδόσιος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">1 May 408 –<br />28 July 450 <p><small>(42 years, 2 months and 27 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born on 10 April 401, he was the only son of Emperor Arcadius and Empress Aelia Eudoxia. Theodosius II succeeded the throne in 408 upon the death of his father. Because he was a minor, the praetorian prefect <a href="/wiki/Anthemius_(praetorian_prefect)" title="Anthemius (praetorian prefect)">Anthemius</a> was essentially regent from 408 to 414, but Theodosius II's elder sister Aelia <a href="/wiki/Pulcheria" title="Pulcheria">Pulcheria</a> played a critical role as regent and co-ruler during his early years. Pulcheria exerted considerable influence, shaping court policies and fostering Christian orthodoxy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2019156–158_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2019156–158-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Theodosius II was known for his mild and scholarly temperament. He had a keen interest in theology, astronomy, and calligraphy, and was reportedly well-educated, thanks to the influence of his sister Pulcheria. His long reign was marked by significant legal, administrative, and theological developments. One of the most enduring legacies of Theodosius II's reign was the construction of the Theodosian Walls of Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo202250_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo202250-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These massive fortifications protected the city for over a millennium and are regarded as one of the greatest defensive structures of antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2015315–316_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2015315–316-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Theodosius II strongly supported Nicene Christianity and convened the Council of Ephesus in 431 CE, which declared the Virgin Mary as <i>Theotokos</i> ("God-bearer") and condemned the theology of <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2019177–179_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2019177–179-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He also commissioned the Theodosian Code, a comprehensive compilation of Roman laws published in 438; this codex organized and systematized the legal framework of the empire and influenced later European legal traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2019179–181_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2019179–181-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During his reign, he faced constant threats from the Huns of Attila and negotiated treaties with the them, paying substantial tributes to prevent invasions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2019181–182,_184–186_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2019181–182,_184–186-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He married <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Eudocia_Augusta" class="mw-redirect" title="Aelia Eudocia Augusta">Aelia Eudocia Augusta</a>, a learned woman of Greek descent, who, like the emperor's sister Pulcheria, became an influential figure in the court. Their marriage produced one daughter, <a href="/wiki/Licinia_Eudoxia" title="Licinia Eudoxia">Licinia Eudoxia</a>, who later married <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a>, the Western Roman Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2015104,_107–108_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2015104,_107–108-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Theodosius II died in 450 CE from injuries sustained after falling off his horse while hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson2022162_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson2022162-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His death marked the end of a relatively peaceful and prosperous reign, though it left unresolved issues such as rising threats from external enemies and religious divisions. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Marcian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Solidus_of_Marcian.png/85px-Solidus_of_Marcian.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Solidus_of_Marcian.png/128px-Solidus_of_Marcian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Solidus_of_Marcian.png/170px-Solidus_of_Marcian.png 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="371" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Μαρκιανός, <i>Marcianus</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">25 August 450 –<br />27 January 457 <p><small>(6 years, 5 months and 2 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born in 396. A soldier and politician, he became emperor after being wed by the <i>Augusta</i> <a href="/wiki/Pulcheria" title="Pulcheria">Pulcheria</a>, sister of Theodosius II, following the latter's death. Died of <a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">gangrene</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leonid_dynasty_(457–518)"><span id="Leonid_dynasty_.28457.E2.80.93518.29"></span>Leonid dynasty (457–518)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Leonid dynasty (457–518)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Leonid_dynasty" title="Leonid dynasty">Leonid dynasty</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leo_I_Louvre_Ma1012_n2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Leo_I_Louvre_Ma1012_n2_%28cropped%29.jpg/85px-Leo_I_Louvre_Ma1012_n2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Leo_I_Louvre_Ma1012_n2_%28cropped%29.jpg/127px-Leo_I_Louvre_Ma1012_n2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Leo_I_Louvre_Ma1012_n2_%28cropped%29.jpg/169px-Leo_I_Louvre_Ma1012_n2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="1554" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)"><b>Leo I</b> "the Great" and "the Butcher"</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Λέων ὁ Μέγας / Μακέλλης</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">7 February 457 –<br />18 January 474 <p><small>(16 years, 11 months and 11 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born in <a href="/wiki/Dacia_Aureliana" title="Dacia Aureliana">Dacia</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 400, and of <a href="/wiki/Bessian" class="mw-redirect" title="Bessian">Bessian</a> origin, Leo became a low-ranking officer and served as an attendant of the Gothic <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">magister militum</a></i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Aspar" title="Aspar">Aspar</a>, who chose him as emperor on Marcian's death. He was the first emperor to be crowned by the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch of Constantinople</a>, and the first one to legislate in Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickham200990_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickham200990-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His reign was marked by the pacification of the Danube and peace with Persia, which allowed him to intervene in the affairs of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">West</a>, supporting candidates for the throne and dispatching an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Bon_(468)" title="Battle of Cape Bon (468)">expedition</a> to recover <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> in 468. Initially a puppet of Aspar, Leo began promoting the <a href="/wiki/Isaurians" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaurians">Isaurians</a> as a counterweight to Aspar's Goths, marrying his daughter <a href="/wiki/Ariadne_(empress)" title="Ariadne (empress)">Ariadne</a> to the Isaurian leader <a href="/wiki/Tarasicodissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarasicodissa">Tarasicodissa</a> (Zeno). With their support, in 471 Aspar was murdered and Gothic power over the army was broken.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Leo_II.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Solidus_of_Leo_II.png/85px-Solidus_of_Leo_II.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Solidus_of_Leo_II.png/128px-Solidus_of_Leo_II.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Solidus_of_Leo_II.png/170px-Solidus_of_Leo_II.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="717" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)"><b>Leo II</b> "the Little"</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Λέων ὁ μικρός</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">18 January –<br />November 474 <p><small>(10 months)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born 468, he was the grandson of Leo I by Leo's daughter Ariadne and her Isaurian husband, Zeno. He was raised to <i>Augustus</i> on 17 November 473. Leo ascended the throne after the death of his grandfather on 18 January 474. He crowned his father as co-emperor and effective regent on 29 January, dying shortly after. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Semissis_of_Zeno.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Semissis_of_Zeno.png/85px-Semissis_of_Zeno.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Semissis_of_Zeno.png/128px-Semissis_of_Zeno.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Semissis_of_Zeno.png/170px-Semissis_of_Zeno.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="388" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ζήνων (Ταρασικοδίσσας)</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">29 January 474 –<br />9 January 475 <p><small>(11 months and 11 days)</small><br /><br />August 476 –<br />9 April 491 <small>(14 years and 8 months)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 425 in <a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isauria</a>, originally named Tarasicodissa. As the leader of Leo I's Isaurian soldiers, he rose to <i><a href="/wiki/Comes_domesticorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Comes domesticorum">comes domesticorum</a></i>, married the emperor's daughter Ariadne and took the name Zeno, and played a crucial role in the elimination of <a href="/wiki/Aspar" title="Aspar">Aspar</a> and his Goths. He was named co-emperor by his son on 29 January 474 and became sole ruler upon the latter's death, but had to flee to his native country before <a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> in 475, regaining control of the capital in 476. Zeno concluded peace with the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, saw off challenges against him by <a href="/wiki/Illus" title="Illus">Illus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verina" title="Verina">Verina</a>, and secured peace in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> by enticing the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> under <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric the Great</a> to migrate to Italy where the Gothic king ruled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo202262_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo202262-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Convincing Theodoric to move his Goths westward into Italy allowed Zeno to reduce what had been a drain to imperial resources, since these Germanic warriors had been exacting payments from the Empire throughout the 470s and 480s and menacing Eastern territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2013165_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2013165-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As a consequence, Zeno's reign also saw the end of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">western line of emperors</a>. His pro-<a href="/wiki/Monophysite" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophysite">Monophysite</a> stance made him unpopular and his promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/Henotikon" title="Henotikon">Henotikon</a> resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Acacian_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacian Schism">Acacian Schism</a> with the papacy.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Basiliscus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Solidus_of_Basiliscus.png/85px-Solidus_of_Basiliscus.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Solidus_of_Basiliscus.png/128px-Solidus_of_Basiliscus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Solidus_of_Basiliscus.png/170px-Solidus_of_Basiliscus.png 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="704" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Βασιλίσκος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">9 January 475 –<br />August 476 <p><small>(1 year and 7 months)</small> </p> </td> <td>General and brother-in-law of Leo I, seized power from Zeno and crowned himself emperor on 12 January. Zeno was restored soon after. Died in 476/477 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anastasius_I._minted_507-518.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Anastasius_I._minted_507-518.jpg/85px-Anastasius_I._minted_507-518.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Anastasius_I._minted_507-518.jpg/128px-Anastasius_I._minted_507-518.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Anastasius_I._minted_507-518.jpg/170px-Anastasius_I._minted_507-518.jpg 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="680" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus"><b>Anastasius I</b> "Dicorus"</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀναστάσιος ὁ Δίκορος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">11 April 491 –<br />9 July 518 <p><small>(27 years, 2 months and 28 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 430 at <a href="/wiki/Dyrrhachium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyrrhachium">Dyrrhachium</a>, Anastasius was a palace official (<i><a href="/wiki/Silentiarius" title="Silentiarius">silentiarius</a></i>) when he was chosen as the husband and ultimately Emperor by Empress-dowager <a href="/wiki/Ariadne_(empress)" title="Ariadne (empress)">Ariadne</a>. He was nicknamed "<i>Dikoros</i>" (Latin: Dicorus), because of his <a href="/wiki/Heterochromia_iridum" title="Heterochromia iridum">heterochromia</a>. Apparently, there was some insistence from the citizenry of Constantinople that Zeno's successor was an Orthodox Christian, which caused Ariadne to turn to Anastasius in the first place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski196959_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski196959-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Anastasius reformed the tax system and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_coinage" title="Byzantine coinage">Byzantine coinage</a> and proved a frugal ruler, so that by the end of his reign he left a substantial surplus. His Monophysite sympathies led to widespread opposition, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Vitalian" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of Vitalian">Revolt of Vitalian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Acacian_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacian Schism">Acacian Schism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo202266–67_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo202266–67-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His reign was also marked by the first <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgar</a> raids into the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and by a <a href="/wiki/Anastasian_War" title="Anastasian War">war</a> with Persia over the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Dara_(Mesopotamia)" title="Dara (Mesopotamia)">Dara</a>. He died childless.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shortly before his death, he tried to devise a means for one of his three nephews to succeed him by placing a note that read <i>Regnum</i> under their beds, but when none of them chose that bed, he decided instead to name the first person he saw the following morning. Keeping true to his word, when Justin—commander of the imperial guards—entered his presence first that morning, he was pronounced as Anastasius's successor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo202267_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo202267-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Justinian_dynasty_(518–602)"><span id="Justinian_dynasty_.28518.E2.80.93602.29"></span>Justinian dynasty (518–602)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Justinian dynasty (518–602)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Justin_I_obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Justin_I_obverse.jpg/84px-Justin_I_obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Justin_I_obverse.jpg/127px-Justin_I_obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Justin_I_obverse.jpg/169px-Justin_I_obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="961" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰουστῖνος, <i>Iustinus</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">9 July 518 –<br />1 August 527 <p><small>(9 years and 23 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;450</span> at Bederiana (<a href="/wiki/Justiniana_Prima" title="Justiniana Prima">Justiniana Prima</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dardani#Byzantine_Dardania" title="Dardani">Dardania</a>. Officer and commander of the <a href="/wiki/Excubitors" title="Excubitors">Excubitors</a> bodyguard under Anastasius I, he was elected by army and people upon the death of Anastasius I. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/83px-Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/125px-Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/166px-Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="1263" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I"><b>Justinian I</b> "the Great"</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰουστινιανὸς ὁ Μέγας<br /><i>Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">1 April 527 –<br />14 November 565 <p><small>(38 years, 7 months and 13 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born in 482/483 at <a href="/wiki/Tauresium" title="Tauresium">Tauresium</a> (Taor) <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a>, Justinian was the nephew of Justin I and was made <i>consul</i> in 51; he was elevated to co-emperor on 1 April 527, when Justin fell ill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo202273_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo202273-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He succeeded Justin I's as emperor upon the former's death. Through his mighty commanding general <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a>, Justinian was able to regain North Africa, as well as much of Italy and Spain; these were territories that had been seized and occupied previously by various Germanic tribes (Vandals and Goths) at the former Western Roman Empire's expense. He carried out a massive building program throughout the Empire, including construction of the famous <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> at Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2024276–277_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2024276–277-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Justinian was also responsible for the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Corpus_juris_civilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus juris civilis">corpus juris civilis</a></i></span>, or the "body of civil law," which is the foundation of law for many modern European nations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarris2023122–124_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarris2023122–124-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Justin_II_(obverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Solidus_of_Justin_II_%28obverse%29.jpg/85px-Solidus_of_Justin_II_%28obverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Solidus_of_Justin_II_%28obverse%29.jpg/128px-Solidus_of_Justin_II_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Solidus_of_Justin_II_%28obverse%29.jpg/170px-Solidus_of_Justin_II_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="597" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰουστῖνος, <i>Iustinus</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">14 November 565 –<br />5 October 578 <p><small>(12 years, 10 months and 21 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;520</span>. Nephew of Justinian I, he seized the throne on the death of Justinian I with support of army and Senate. Became insane, hence in 573–574 under the regency of his wife <a href="/wiki/Sophia_(empress)" title="Sophia (empress)">Sophia</a>, and in 574–578 under the regency of Tiberius Constantine. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiberios_II_(obverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tiberios_II_%28obverse%29.jpg/85px-Tiberios_II_%28obverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tiberios_II_%28obverse%29.jpg/128px-Tiberios_II_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tiberios_II_%28obverse%29.jpg/170px-Tiberios_II_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2010" data-file-height="1925" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine"><b>Tiberius II</b> Constantine</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Τιβέριος Κωνσταντῖνος<br /><i>Tiberius Constantinus</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">5 October 578 –<br />14 August 582 <p><small>(3 years, 10 months and 19 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;535</span>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Excubitors" title="Excubitors">Excubitors</a>, friend and adoptive son of Justin. Was named <i><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></i> and regent in 574. Succeeded on Justin II's death. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Maurice_(transitional_issue).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Solidus_of_Maurice_%28transitional_issue%29.png/85px-Solidus_of_Maurice_%28transitional_issue%29.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Solidus_of_Maurice_%28transitional_issue%29.png/128px-Solidus_of_Maurice_%28transitional_issue%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Solidus_of_Maurice_%28transitional_issue%29.png/170px-Solidus_of_Maurice_%28transitional_issue%29.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="374" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Μαυρίκιος Τιβέριος<br /><i>Mauricius Tiberius</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">14 August 582 –<br />27 November 602 <p><small>(20 years, 3 months and 14 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born in 539 at <a href="/wiki/Arabissus" title="Arabissus">Arabissus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>. Maurice became an official and later a general of the Byzantine army in the East under Tiberius II, achieving notable successes against the Sassanian Empire during the Byzantine–Sassanian War of 572–591.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson2022103,_222–223_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson2022103,_222–223-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He married the daughter of Tiberius II and was proclaimed emperor on 13 August 582 after Tiberius II's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson2022223–224_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson2022223–224-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Maurice fought wars against the Sassanian kingdom on the eastern front of his empire, the Avars and Slavs for control over the Balkans, and reinforced Byzantine holdings in Ravenna and Carthage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson2022224–232_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson2022224–232-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He is best remembered for his contributions to Byzantine military theory, notably his treatise <a href="/wiki/Strategikon_of_Maurice" title="Strategikon of Maurice"><i>Strategikon</i></a>, a manual on warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson2022225_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson2022225-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Maurice named his son <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a> as co-emperor in 590. Deposed by a centurion named Phocas, he was captured and executed on 27 November 602 along with his family at <a href="/wiki/Chalcedon" title="Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson2022231,_236–238_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson2022231,_236–238-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-dynastic_(602–610)"><span id="Non-dynastic_.28602.E2.80.93610.29"></span>Non-dynastic (602–610)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Non-dynastic (602–610)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Phocas_sb_621_(obverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Solidus_of_Phocas_sb_621_%28obverse%29.jpg/106px-Solidus_of_Phocas_sb_621_%28obverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Solidus_of_Phocas_sb_621_%28obverse%29.jpg/159px-Solidus_of_Phocas_sb_621_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Solidus_of_Phocas_sb_621_%28obverse%29.jpg/212px-Solidus_of_Phocas_sb_621_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1315" data-file-height="1281" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Φωκᾶς, <i>Focas</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">23 November 602 –<br />5 October 610 <p><small>(7 years, 10 months and 12 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Subaltern in the Balkan army, he led a rebellion that deposed Maurice. Increasingly unpopular and tyrannical, he was deposed and executed by Heraclius. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heraclian_dynasty_(610–695)"><span id="Heraclian_dynasty_.28610.E2.80.93695.29"></span>Heraclian dynasty (610–695)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Heraclian dynasty (610–695)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Heraclian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty">Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heraclius_solidus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Heraclius_solidus.jpg/85px-Heraclius_solidus.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Heraclius_solidus.jpg/128px-Heraclius_solidus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Heraclius_solidus.jpg/170px-Heraclius_solidus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="717" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἡράκλειος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">5 October 610 –<br />11 February 641 <p><small>(30 years, 4 months and 6 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;575</span> as the eldest son of the <a href="/wiki/Exarch_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Exarch of Africa">Exarch of Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_the_Elder" title="Heraclius the Elder">Heraclius the Elder</a>. Began a revolt against Phocas in 609 and deposed him in October 610. Brought the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine-Sassanid_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602–628">Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602–628</a> to successful conclusion but was unable to stop the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Syria">Muslim conquest of Syria</a>. Heraclius' officials worked to replace Latin with Greek as the official language of administration in the East.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1989311_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1989311-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> By this time Latin had long fallen out of everyday use in the Eastern part of the Empire and Heraclius's adopting of the title <i>basileus</i> (king or emperor) "marked a shift from Rome towards a Greek and Eastern Christian culture."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo202298_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo202298-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_Heraclius_Constantine_Obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Solidus_Heraclius_Constantine_Obverse.jpg/85px-Solidus_Heraclius_Constantine_Obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Solidus_Heraclius_Constantine_Obverse.jpg/128px-Solidus_Heraclius_Constantine_Obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Solidus_Heraclius_Constantine_Obverse.jpg/170px-Solidus_Heraclius_Constantine_Obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="397" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Heraclius Constantine</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἡράκλειος νέος Κωνσταντῖνος<br /><i>Heraclius novus Constantinus</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">11 February –<br />25 May 641 <p><small>(3 months and 14 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born on 3 May 612 as the eldest son of Heraclius by his first wife <a href="/wiki/Fabia_Eudokia" title="Fabia Eudokia">Fabia Eudokia</a>. Named co-emperor on 22 January 613, he succeeded to throne with his younger brother Heraklonas following the death of Heraclius. Died of tuberculosis, allegedly poisoned by Empress-dowager <a href="/wiki/Martina_(empress)" title="Martina (empress)">Martina</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heraclius_solidus_sb_764_(obverse).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Heraclius_solidus_sb_764_%28obverse%29.png/85px-Heraclius_solidus_sb_764_%28obverse%29.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Heraclius_solidus_sb_764_%28obverse%29.png/128px-Heraclius_solidus_sb_764_%28obverse%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Heraclius_solidus_sb_764_%28obverse%29.png/170px-Heraclius_solidus_sb_764_%28obverse%29.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="376" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a></b><span style="font-size:85%;"><br />Ἡρακλεωνᾶς, <i>Heraclius</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">11 February –<br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5 November 641 <p><small>(8 months and 25 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born in 626 to Heraclius' second wife <a href="/wiki/Martina_(empress)" title="Martina (empress)">Martina</a>, named co-emperor on 4 July 638. Succeeded to throne with Constantine III following the death of Heraclius. Sole emperor after the death of Constantine III, under the regency of Martina, but was forced to name <a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a> co-emperor by the army, and was deposed by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Senate">Senate</a> in September 641 (or early 642). </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constans_II_solidus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Constans_II_solidus.png/85px-Constans_II_solidus.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Constans_II_solidus.png/128px-Constans_II_solidus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Constans_II_solidus.png/170px-Constans_II_solidus.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="568" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II"><b>Constans II</b><br />"the Bearded"</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἡράκλειος Κωνσταντῖνος (Κώνστας)<br /><i>Heraclius Constantinus (Constans)</i></span> </td> <td align="center"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5 November 641 –<br />15 July 668 <p><small>(26 years and 10 months)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born on 7 November 630, Constans II was the son of Constantine III. Raised to co-emperor in summer 641 after his father's death due to army pressure, he became sole emperor after the forced abdication of his uncle Heracleonas and his exile.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouth2008230_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouth2008230-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Baptized Heraclius, he reigned as Constantin but was given the nickname "Constans". He faced a number of Arab incursions, almost losing his life while commanding the Byzantine fleet. Constans had some military success against the Slavs in the Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouth2008230–231_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouth2008230–231-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Around 662, he moved his seat and court to <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>, intending to liberate Italy from the Lombards. His presence was unwelcome in Italy and there was "fierce opposition" to Constans II's abandonment of Constantinople. He was assassinated by a chamberlain in 668.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouth2008232_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouth2008232-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantine_IV_mosaic_(cropped)_(2).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Constantine_IV_mosaic_%28cropped%29_%282%29.png/84px-Constantine_IV_mosaic_%28cropped%29_%282%29.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Constantine_IV_mosaic_%28cropped%29_%282%29.png/126px-Constantine_IV_mosaic_%28cropped%29_%282%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Constantine_IV_mosaic_%28cropped%29_%282%29.png/168px-Constantine_IV_mosaic_%28cropped%29_%282%29.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="595" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV"><b>Constantine IV</b><br />"the Younger"</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ νέος<br /><i>Constantinus</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">September 668 –<br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 10 July 685 <p><small>(16 years and 10 months)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born in 652, co-emperor since 13 April 654, he succeeded following the murder of his father Constans II. Erroneously called "Constantine the Bearded" by historians through confusion with his father. He called the <a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a> which condemned the heresy of <a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a>, repelled the <a href="/wiki/First_Arab_Siege_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="First Arab Siege of Constantinople">First Arab Siege of Constantinople</a>, and died of dysentery. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Justinian_II_mosaic_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Justinian_II_mosaic_%28cropped%29.png/84px-Justinian_II_mosaic_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Justinian_II_mosaic_%28cropped%29.png/126px-Justinian_II_mosaic_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Justinian_II_mosaic_%28cropped%29.png/168px-Justinian_II_mosaic_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">"the Slit-nosed"</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰουστινιανὸς ὁ Ῥινότμητος<br /><i>Iustinianus</i></span><br />(first reign) </td> <td style="text-align:center"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 10 July 685 – 695 <p><small>(10 years)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born in 669, son of Constantine IV, he was named co-emperor in 681 and became sole emperor upon Constantine IV's death. Deposed by military revolt in 695, mutilated (hence his surname) and exiled to <a href="/wiki/Cherson_(theme)" title="Cherson (theme)">Cherson</a>, whence he recovered his throne in 705. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twenty_Years'_Anarchy_(695–717)"><span id="Twenty_Years.27_Anarchy_.28695.E2.80.93717.29"></span>Twenty Years' Anarchy (695–717)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Twenty Years&#039; Anarchy (695–717)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Twenty_Years%27_Anarchy" title="Twenty Years&#39; Anarchy">Twenty Years' Anarchy</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Leontius.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Solidus_of_Leontius.png/85px-Solidus_of_Leontius.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Solidus_of_Leontius.png/128px-Solidus_of_Leontius.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Solidus_of_Leontius.png/170px-Solidus_of_Leontius.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="391" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Λεόντιος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">695 – 698 <p><small>(3 years)</small> </p> </td> <td>General from <a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isauria</a>, he deposed Justinian II and was overthrown in another revolt in 698. He was executed in February 706. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Tiberius_III_Apsimar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Solidus_of_Tiberius_III_Apsimar.png/85px-Solidus_of_Tiberius_III_Apsimar.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Solidus_of_Tiberius_III_Apsimar.png/128px-Solidus_of_Tiberius_III_Apsimar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Solidus_of_Tiberius_III_Apsimar.png/170px-Solidus_of_Tiberius_III_Apsimar.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="371" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III"><b>Tiberius III</b> (Apsimarus)</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Τιβέριος (Ἀψίμαρος)</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">698 – 705 <p><small>(7 years)</small> </p> </td> <td>Admiral of Germanic origin, originally named Apsimar. He rebelled against Leontius after a failed expedition. Reigned under the name of Tiberius until deposed by Justinian II in 705. Executed in February 706. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Justinian_II_and_Tiberius_(obverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Solidus_of_Justinian_II_and_Tiberius_%28obverse%29.jpg/84px-Solidus_of_Justinian_II_and_Tiberius_%28obverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Solidus_of_Justinian_II_and_Tiberius_%28obverse%29.jpg/126px-Solidus_of_Justinian_II_and_Tiberius_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Solidus_of_Justinian_II_and_Tiberius_%28obverse%29.jpg/168px-Solidus_of_Justinian_II_and_Tiberius_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="375" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II"><b>Justinian II</b> "the Slit-nosed"</a><br />(second reign) </td> <td style="text-align:center"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 21 August 705 –<br />4 November 711 <p><small>(6 years, 2 months and 14 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Returned on the throne with <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgar</a> support. Named son <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a> as co-emperor in 706. Deposed and killed by military revolt. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Philippicus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Solidus_of_Philippicus.png/85px-Solidus_of_Philippicus.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Solidus_of_Philippicus.png/128px-Solidus_of_Philippicus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Solidus_of_Philippicus.png/170px-Solidus_of_Philippicus.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="361" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus"><b>Philippicus</b> (Bardanes)</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Φιλιππικός (Βαρδάνης)<br /><i>Filepicus</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">4 November 711 –<br />3 June 713 <p><small>(1 year, 6 months and 30 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>A general of <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> origin, he deposed Justinian II and was in turn overthrown by a revolt of the <a href="/wiki/Opsician" class="mw-redirect" title="Opsician">Opsician</a> troops. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tremissis_of_Anastasius_II.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tremissis_of_Anastasius_II.png/85px-Tremissis_of_Anastasius_II.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tremissis_of_Anastasius_II.png/128px-Tremissis_of_Anastasius_II.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tremissis_of_Anastasius_II.png/170px-Tremissis_of_Anastasius_II.png 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="357" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)"><b>Anastasius II</b></a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀρτέμιος Ἀναστάσιος<br /><i>Artemius Anastasius</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">4 June 713 –<br />late 715 <p><small>(less than 2 years)</small> </p> </td> <td>Originally named Artemios. A bureaucrat and secretary under Philippicus, he was raised to the purple by the soldiers who overthrew Philippicus. Deposed by another military revolt, he led an abortive attempt to regain the throne in 718 and was killed. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Theodosius_III.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coin_of_Theodosius_III.png/85px-Coin_of_Theodosius_III.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coin_of_Theodosius_III.png/128px-Coin_of_Theodosius_III.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coin_of_Theodosius_III.png/170px-Coin_of_Theodosius_III.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="362" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Θεοδόσιος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">late 715 –<br />25 March 717 <p><small>(less than 2 years)</small> </p> </td> <td>A fiscal official, he was proclaimed emperor by the rebellious Opsician troops. Entered Constantinople in November 715. Abdicated following the revolt of Leo the Isaurian and became a monk. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isaurian_dynasty_(717–802)"><span id="Isaurian_dynasty_.28717.E2.80.93802.29"></span>Isaurian dynasty (717–802)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Isaurian dynasty (717–802)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Isaurian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty">Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Leo_III_the_Isaurian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Solidus_of_Leo_III_the_Isaurian.jpg/85px-Solidus_of_Leo_III_the_Isaurian.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Solidus_of_Leo_III_the_Isaurian.jpg/128px-Solidus_of_Leo_III_the_Isaurian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Solidus_of_Leo_III_the_Isaurian.jpg/170px-Solidus_of_Leo_III_the_Isaurian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="265" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian"><b>Leo III</b> "the Isaurian"</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Λέων ὁ Ἴσαυρος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">25 March 717 –<br />18 June 741 <p><small>(24 years, 2 months and 24 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;685</span> in <a href="/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F" title="Kahramanmaraş">Germanikeia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a>, he became a general. Rose in rebellion and secured the throne in spring 717. Repelled the <a href="/wiki/Second_Arab_Siege_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Arab Siege of Constantinople">Second Arab Siege of Constantinople</a> and initiated the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Leo_III_and_Constantine_V_(reverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Solidus_of_Leo_III_and_Constantine_V_%28reverse%29.jpg/85px-Solidus_of_Leo_III_and_Constantine_V_%28reverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Solidus_of_Leo_III_and_Constantine_V_%28reverse%29.jpg/128px-Solidus_of_Leo_III_and_Constantine_V_%28reverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Solidus_of_Leo_III_and_Constantine_V_%28reverse%29.jpg/170px-Solidus_of_Leo_III_and_Constantine_V_%28reverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1301" data-file-height="1187" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/The_Dung-Named" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dung-Named">"the Dung-named"</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Κωνσταντῖνος Κοπρώνυμος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">18 June 741 –<br />14 September 775 <p><small>(34 years, 2 months and 27 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born in July 718, the only son of Leo III. Co-emperor since 720, he succeeded upon his father's death. After overcoming the usurpation of Artabasdos, he continued his father's iconoclastic policies and won several victories against the Arabs and the Bulgars. He is given the surname "the Dung-named" by hostile later chroniclers. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Artabasdos.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Solidus_of_Artabasdos.png/85px-Solidus_of_Artabasdos.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Solidus_of_Artabasdos.png/128px-Solidus_of_Artabasdos.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Solidus_of_Artabasdos.png/170px-Solidus_of_Artabasdos.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="387" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀρτάβασδος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">June 741 –<br />2 November 743 <p><small>(2 years and 5 months)</small> </p> </td> <td>General and son-in-law of Leo III, <a href="/wiki/Opsikion" title="Opsikion">Count of the Opsician Theme</a>. Led a revolt that secured Constantinople, but was defeated and deposed by Constantine V, who <a href="/wiki/Blinding_(punishment)" title="Blinding (punishment)">blinded</a> and tonsured him. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Leo_IV_and_Constantine_VI.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Solidus_of_Leo_IV_and_Constantine_VI.png/85px-Solidus_of_Leo_IV_and_Constantine_VI.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Solidus_of_Leo_IV_and_Constantine_VI.png/128px-Solidus_of_Leo_IV_and_Constantine_VI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Solidus_of_Leo_IV_and_Constantine_VI.png/170px-Solidus_of_Leo_IV_and_Constantine_VI.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="397" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar"><b>Leo IV</b> "the Khazar"</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Λέων ὁ Χάζαρος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">14 September 775 –<br />8 September 780 <p><small>(4 years, 11 months and 25 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born on 25 January 750 as the eldest son of Constantine V. Co-emperor since 751, he succeeded upon his father's death. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Constantine_VI.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Solidus_of_Constantine_VI.png/85px-Solidus_of_Constantine_VI.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Solidus_of_Constantine_VI.png/128px-Solidus_of_Constantine_VI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Solidus_of_Constantine_VI.png/170px-Solidus_of_Constantine_VI.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="392" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Κωνσταντῖνος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">8 September 780 –<br />19 August 797 <p><small>(16 years, 11 months and 11 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born in 771, the only child of Leo IV. Co-emperor since 14 April 776, sole emperor upon Leo's death in 780, until 790 under the regency of his mother, Irene of Athens. He was overthrown on Irene's orders, <a href="/wiki/Blinding_(punishment)" title="Blinding (punishment)">blinded</a> and imprisoned, probably dying of his wounds shortly after. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Irene.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Solidus_of_Irene.png/85px-Solidus_of_Irene.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Solidus_of_Irene.png/128px-Solidus_of_Irene.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Solidus_of_Irene.png/170px-Solidus_of_Irene.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="392" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens"><b>Irene</b></a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Εἰρήνη</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">19 August 797 –<br />31 October 802 <p><small>(5 years, 2 months and 12 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;752</span> in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, she married Leo IV on 3 November 768 and was crowned empress on 17 December. Regent for her son Constantine VI in 780–790, she overthrew him in 797 and became empress-regnant. In 787 she called the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a> which condemned the practice of <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclasm</a> and restored the <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">veneration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> to Christian practice. Deposed in a palace coup in 802, she was exiled and died on 9 August 803. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nikephorian_dynasty_(802–813)"><span id="Nikephorian_dynasty_.28802.E2.80.93813.29"></span>Nikephorian dynasty (802–813)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Nikephorian dynasty (802–813)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Nikephorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty">Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Nikephoros_I.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Solidus_of_Nikephoros_I.png/85px-Solidus_of_Nikephoros_I.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Solidus_of_Nikephoros_I.png/128px-Solidus_of_Nikephoros_I.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Solidus_of_Nikephoros_I.png/170px-Solidus_of_Nikephoros_I.png 2x" data-file-width="1237" data-file-height="1184" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I"><b>Nikephoros I</b> "Genikos" or "the Logothete"</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Νικηφόρος ὁ Γενικός/ὁ Λογοθέτης</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">31 October 802 –<br />26 July 811 <p><small>(8 years, 8 months and 26 days)</small> </p> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_genikou" title="Logothetes tou genikou">Logothetes tou genikou</a></i> (general finance minister) under Irene, led initially successful campaigns against the Bulgars but was killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pliska" title="Battle of Pliska">Battle of Pliska</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:INC-1870-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_I_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._803%E2%80%94811_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/INC-1870-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_I_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._803%E2%80%94811_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/85px-INC-1870-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_I_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._803%E2%80%94811_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/INC-1870-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_I_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._803%E2%80%94811_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/128px-INC-1870-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_I_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._803%E2%80%94811_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/INC-1870-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_I_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._803%E2%80%94811_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/170px-INC-1870-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_I_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._803%E2%80%94811_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="479" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Σταυράκιος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">26 July 811 –<br />2 October 811 <p><small>(2 months and 4 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Only son of Nikephoros I, crowned co-emperor in December 803. Succeeded on his father's death; however, he had been heavily wounded at Pliska and left paralyzed. He was forced to abdicate, and retired to a monastery where he died soon after. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Michael_I_Rangabe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Solidus_of_Michael_I_Rangabe.png/85px-Solidus_of_Michael_I_Rangabe.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Solidus_of_Michael_I_Rangabe.png/128px-Solidus_of_Michael_I_Rangabe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Solidus_of_Michael_I_Rangabe.png/170px-Solidus_of_Michael_I_Rangabe.png 2x" data-file-width="1313" data-file-height="1257" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe"><b>Michael I</b> Rangabe</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Μιχαὴλ Ῥαγγαβέ</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">2 October 811 –<br />11 July 813 <p><small>(1 year, 9 months and 9 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Son-in-law of Nikephoros I, he succeeded Staurakios on his abdication. Resigned after the revolt under Leo the Armenian and retired to a monastery, where he died on 11 January 844. Reigned with eldest son <a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a> as co-emperor. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-dynastic_(813–820)"><span id="Non-dynastic_.28813.E2.80.93820.29"></span>Non-dynastic (813–820)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Non-dynastic (813–820)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leo_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Leo_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg/74px-Leo_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Leo_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg/112px-Leo_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Leo_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg/149px-Leo_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="343" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian"><b>Leo V</b> "the Armenian"</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Λέων ὁ Ἀρμένιος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">11 July 813 –<br />25 December 820 <p><small>(7 years, 5 months and 14 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>General of Armenian origin, born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;755</span>. He rebelled against Michael I and became emperor. Appointed his son Symbatios co-emperor under the name of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a> in 813. Revived <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a>. Murdered by a conspiracy led by Michael the Amorian. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amorian_dynasty_(820–867)"><span id="Amorian_dynasty_.28820.E2.80.93867.29"></span>Amorian dynasty (820–867)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Amorian dynasty (820–867)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Amorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty">Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_II_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Michael_II_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg/90px-Michael_II_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Michael_II_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg/136px-Michael_II_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Michael_II_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg/181px-Michael_II_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="520" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II"><b>Michael II</b> "the Amorian"</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Μιχαὴλ ὁ ἐξ Ἀμορίου</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">25 December 820 –<br />2 October 829 <p><small>(8 years, 9 months and 7 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born in 770 at <a href="/wiki/Amorium" title="Amorium">Amorium</a>, he became an army officer. A friend of Leo V, he was raised to high office but led the conspiracy that murdered him. Survived the rebellion of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Slav" title="Thomas the Slav">Thomas the Slav</a>, lost <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> to the Arabs and faced the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily" title="Muslim conquest of Sicily">Muslim conquest of Sicily</a>, reinforced iconoclasm. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theophilos_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Theophilos_%28cropped%29.jpg/86px-Theophilos_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Theophilos_%28cropped%29.jpg/130px-Theophilos_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Theophilos_%28cropped%29.jpg/173px-Theophilos_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="442" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Θεόφιλος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">2 October 829 –<br />20 January 842 <p><small>(12 years, 3 months and 18 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born in 813, as the only son of Michael II. Crowned co-emperor on 12 May 821, he succeeded on his father's death. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_iii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Michael_iii.jpg/85px-Michael_iii.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Michael_iii.jpg/127px-Michael_iii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Michael_iii.jpg/170px-Michael_iii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="236" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III"><b>Michael III</b> "the Drunkard"</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Μιχαὴλ ὁ Μέθυσος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">20 January 842 –<br />24 September 867 <p><small>(25 years, 8 months and 4 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>His precise date of birth is uncertain, but the balance of available evidence supports a birthdate in January 840. The son of Theophilos, he succeeded on Theophilos' death. Under the regency of his mother <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora</a> until 856, and under the effective control of his uncle <a href="/wiki/Bardas" title="Bardas">Bardas</a> in 862–866. Ended iconoclasm. Murdered by Basil the Macedonian. A pleasure-loving ruler, he was nicknamed "the Drunkard" by later, pro-Basil chroniclers. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Macedonian_dynasty_(867–1056)"><span id="Macedonian_dynasty_.28867.E2.80.931056.29"></span>Macedonian dynasty (867–1056)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Macedonian dynasty (867–1056)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_dynasty" title="Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Macedonian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty">Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Emperor_Basil_I.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Roman_Emperor_Basil_I.png/84px-Roman_Emperor_Basil_I.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Roman_Emperor_Basil_I.png/126px-Roman_Emperor_Basil_I.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Roman_Emperor_Basil_I.png/168px-Roman_Emperor_Basil_I.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1559" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I"><b>Basil I</b> "the Macedonian"</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Βασίλειος ὁ Μακεδών</span> </td> <td align="center">24 September 867 –<br />29 August 886 <p><small>(18 years, 11 months and 5 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born in the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(theme)" title="Macedonia (theme)">Theme of Macedonia</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 811, he rose in prominence through palace service, becoming a favourite of Michael III, who crowned him co-emperor on 26 May 866. He overthrew Michael and established the Macedonian dynasty. He led successful wars in the East against the Arabs and the <a href="/wiki/Paulicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulicians">Paulicians</a>, and recovered southern Italy for the Empire. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_the_Imperial_Gate_mosaic_in_Hagia_Sophia_showing_Leo_VI_the_Wise_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Detail_of_the_Imperial_Gate_mosaic_in_Hagia_Sophia_showing_Leo_VI_the_Wise_%28cropped%29.jpg/85px-Detail_of_the_Imperial_Gate_mosaic_in_Hagia_Sophia_showing_Leo_VI_the_Wise_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Detail_of_the_Imperial_Gate_mosaic_in_Hagia_Sophia_showing_Leo_VI_the_Wise_%28cropped%29.jpg/128px-Detail_of_the_Imperial_Gate_mosaic_in_Hagia_Sophia_showing_Leo_VI_the_Wise_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Detail_of_the_Imperial_Gate_mosaic_in_Hagia_Sophia_showing_Leo_VI_the_Wise_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Detail_of_the_Imperial_Gate_mosaic_in_Hagia_Sophia_showing_Leo_VI_the_Wise_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="597" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise"><b>Leo VI</b> "the Wise"</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Λέων ὁ Σοφός</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">29 August 886 –<br />11 May 912 <p><small>(25 years, 8 months and 12 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born on 19 September 866, either the legitimate son of Basil I or the illegitimate son of Michael III. Co-emperor since 6 January 870. Leo was known for his erudition. His reign saw a height in <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracen</a> (Muslim) naval raids, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Thessalonica_(904)" title="Sack of Thessalonica (904)">Sack of Thessalonica</a>, and was marked by unsuccessful wars against the Bulgarians under <a href="/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Simeon I of Bulgaria">Simeon I</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Alexander_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Emperor_Alexander_head.jpg/84px-Emperor_Alexander_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Emperor_Alexander_head.jpg/126px-Emperor_Alexander_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Emperor_Alexander_head.jpg/169px-Emperor_Alexander_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)"><b>Alexander</b></a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀλέξανδρος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">11 May 912 –<br />6 June 913 <p><small>(1 year and 26 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Son of Basil I, Alexander was born in 870 and raised to co-emperor in 879. Sidelined by Leo VI, Alexander dismissed his brother's principal aides on his accession. He died of exhaustion after a polo game. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitus.jpg/85px-Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitus.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitus.jpg/127px-Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitus.jpg/170px-Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="326" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Born_in_the_purple" title="Born in the purple">Porphyrogenitus</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Πορφυρογέννητος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">6 June 913 –<br />9 November 959 <p><small>(46 years, 5 months and 3 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Son of Leo VI, he was born on 17/18 May 905 and raised to co-emperor on 15 May 908. His early reign was dominated by successive regencies, first by his mother, <a href="/wiki/Zoe_Karbonopsina" title="Zoe Karbonopsina">Zoe Karbonopsina</a>, and Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mystikos" title="Nicholas Mystikos">Nicholas Mystikos</a>, and from 919 by the admiral Romanos Lekapenos, who wedded his daughter to Constantine and was crowned senior emperor in 920. Constantine re-asserted his control by deposing Romanos's sons on 27 January 945. His reign was marked by struggles with <a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Dawla" title="Sayf al-Dawla">Sayf al-Dawla</a> in the East and an unsuccessful campaign against Crete, and pro-aristocratic policies that saw a partial reversal of Lekapenos' legislation against the <i><a href="/wiki/Dynatoi" title="Dynatoi">dynatoi</a></i>. He is notable for his promotion of the "<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Renaissance" title="Macedonian Renaissance">Macedonian Renaissance</a>", sponsoring encyclopaedic works and histories. He was a prolific writer himself, best remembered for the manuals on statecraft (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_administrando_imperio" class="mw-redirect" title="De administrando imperio">De administrando imperio</a></i></span>) and ceremonies (<i><a href="/wiki/De_ceremoniis" class="mw-redirect" title="De ceremoniis">De ceremoniis</a></i>) he compiled for his son.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanos_I_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Romanos_I_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg/86px-Romanos_I_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Romanos_I_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg/130px-Romanos_I_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Romanos_I_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg/172px-Romanos_I_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="469" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos"><b>Romanos I</b> Lekapenos</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ῥωμανὸς Λεκαπηνός</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">17 December 920 –<br />20 December 944 <p><small>(24 years and 3 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>An admiral of lowly origin, Romanos rose to power as a protector of the young Constantine VII against the general <a href="/wiki/Leo_Phokas_the_Elder" title="Leo Phokas the Elder">Leo Phokas the Elder</a>. He became emperor in 920. His reign was marked by the end of warfare with Bulgaria and the great conquests of <a href="/wiki/John_Kourkouas" title="John Kourkouas">John Kourkouas</a> in the East.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory2005228–230_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory2005228–230-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Romanos promoted his sons <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine</a> (alongside <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a>, who died soon after) as co-emperors over Constantine VII, but was himself overthrown by them and confined to an island as a monk. He died there on 15 June 948.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo2022178–180_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo2022178–180-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanos_et_Eudoxie_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Romanos_et_Eudoxie_%28cropped%29.JPG/85px-Romanos_et_Eudoxie_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="85" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Romanos_et_Eudoxie_%28cropped%29.JPG/127px-Romanos_et_Eudoxie_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Romanos_et_Eudoxie_%28cropped%29.JPG/169px-Romanos_et_Eudoxie_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="256" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Born_in_the_purple" title="Born in the purple">"the Purple-born"</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ῥωμανὸς ὁ Πορφυρογέννητος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">9 November 959 –<br />15 March 963 <p><small>(3 years, 4 months and 6 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>The only surviving son of Constantine VII, he was born on 15 March 938 and succeeded his father on the latter's death. He ruled until his own death, although the government was led mostly by the eunuch <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bringas" title="Joseph Bringas">Joseph Bringas</a>. His reign was marked by successful warfare in the East against <a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Dawla" title="Sayf al-Dawla">Sayf al-Dawla</a> and the recovery of Crete by general <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros Phokas</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikephoros_Phokas_(cropped_1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Nikephoros_Phokas_%28cropped_1%29.jpg/83px-Nikephoros_Phokas_%28cropped_1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Nikephoros_Phokas_%28cropped_1%29.jpg/125px-Nikephoros_Phokas_%28cropped_1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Nikephoros_Phokas_%28cropped_1%29.jpg/167px-Nikephoros_Phokas_%28cropped_1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas"><b>Nikephoros II</b> Phokas</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Νικηφόρος Φωκᾶς</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">16 August 963 –<br />11 December 969 <p><small>(6 years, 3 months and 25 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>The most successful general of his generation, Nikephoros II was born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 912 to the powerful <a href="/wiki/Phokas_(Byzantine_family)" title="Phokas (Byzantine family)">Phokas</a> clan. After the death of Romanos II, he rose to the throne with the support of the army and people as regent for the young emperors Basil II and Constantine VIII, marrying the empress-dowager <a href="/wiki/Theophano_(born_Anastaso)" title="Theophano (born Anastaso)">Theophano</a>. Throughout his reign he led campaigns in the East, conquering much of Syria. He was murdered by his nephew and one-time associate John Tzimiskes. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_I_in_Madrid_Skylitzes2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/John_I_in_Madrid_Skylitzes2.jpg/85px-John_I_in_Madrid_Skylitzes2.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/John_I_in_Madrid_Skylitzes2.jpg/128px-John_I_in_Madrid_Skylitzes2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/John_I_in_Madrid_Skylitzes2.jpg/170px-John_I_in_Madrid_Skylitzes2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="343" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes"><b>John I</b> Tzimiskes</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰωάννης ὁ Τσιμισκὴς</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">11 December 969 –<br />10 January 976 <p><small>(6 years and 30 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Nephew of Nikephoros Phokas, Tzimiskes was born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 925. A successful general, he fell out with his uncle and led a conspiracy of disgruntled generals who murdered him. Tzimiskes succeeded Nikephoros as emperor and regent for the young sons of Romanos II. As ruler, Tzimiskes <a href="/wiki/Rus%27%E2%80%93Byzantine_War_(970%E2%80%93971)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rus&#39;–Byzantine War (970–971)">crushed</a> the <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rus&#39; (people)">Rus'</a> in Bulgaria and ended the Bulgarian tsardom before going on to campaign in the East, where he died. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basil_II_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Basil_II_crop.png/84px-Basil_II_crop.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Basil_II_crop.png 1.5x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="157" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II"><b>Basil II</b><br />"the Bulgar-Slayer"</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Βασίλειος ὁ Βουλγαροκτόνος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">10 January 976 –<br />15 December 1025 <p><small>(49 years, 11 months and 5 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Eldest son of Romanos II, Basil II was born in 958 to Romanus II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan200791_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan200791-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The first decade of his reign was marked by rivalry with the powerful <a href="/wiki/Basil_Lekapenos" title="Basil Lekapenos">Basil Lekapenos</a>, an unsuccessful war against Bulgaria, and rebellions by generals in Asia Minor. Basil solidified his position through a marriage alliance of his sister Anna to <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_I_of_Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir I of Kiev">Vladimir I of Kiev</a>, which was accompanied by the conversion to Christian Orthodoxy of the grand Kievian Rus' prince and his people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan200792–93_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan200792–93-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> After over 20 years of war, Basil eventually succeeded in his <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_conquest_of_Bulgaria" title="Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria">conquest of Bulgaria</a>, which was finally subdued in 1018, earning him the name "Bulgar-slayer."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan200793–94_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan200793–94-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His conquest of Bulgar was periodically interrupted by warfare in Syria against the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a>. Basil expanded Byzantine control over most of Armenia and his reign is widely considered as the apogee of medieval Byzantium.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkylitzes201028_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkylitzes201028-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantine_VIII_in_the_Exultet_roll_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Constantine_VIII_in_the_Exultet_roll_%282%29.jpg/84px-Constantine_VIII_in_the_Exultet_roll_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Constantine_VIII_in_the_Exultet_roll_%282%29.jpg/127px-Constantine_VIII_in_the_Exultet_roll_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Constantine_VIII_in_the_Exultet_roll_%282%29.jpg/169px-Constantine_VIII_in_the_Exultet_roll_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Πορφυρογέννητος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">15 December 1025– 12 November 1028 <p><small>(2 years, 10 months and 28 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>The second son of Romanos II, Constantine was born in 960 and raised to co-emperor on 30 March 962. During the rule of Basil II, he spent his time in idle pleasure. During his short reign he was an indifferent ruler, easily influenced by his courtiers and suspicious of plots to depose him, especially among the military aristocracy, many of whom were <a href="/wiki/Blinding_(punishment)" title="Blinding (punishment)">blinded</a> and exiled.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanos_III_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Romanos_III_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.png/83px-Romanos_III_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.png" decoding="async" width="83" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Romanos_III_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.png/124px-Romanos_III_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Romanos_III_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.png/165px-Romanos_III_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.png 2x" data-file-width="187" data-file-height="242" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros"><b>Romanos III</b> Argyros</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ῥωμανὸς Ἀργυρός</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">15 November 1028 –<br />11 April 1034 <p><small>(5 years, 4 months and 30 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born in 968, the elderly aristocrat Romanos—who had served in both the judiciary and civil service—was chosen by Constantine VIII on his deathbed, after being required to marry the emperor's daughter Zoe under the alternative threat of being blinded and sent to a monastery. Romanos III succeeded to the throne upon Constantine's death a few days later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo2022199_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo2022199-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Deluded by grandeur, Romanos fashioned himself at one time as a philosopher king like <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> and later as a military genius like <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>, resulting in military debacles. He initiated expensive church building projects. A subsequent affair between his wife Zoe and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Orphanotrophos" title="John the Orphanotrophos"> his chief eunuch's</a> brother Michael, led to the pair colluding in poisoning Romanos, before ultimately resolving to having the emperor strangled and drowned in his own bath.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo2022199–201_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo2022199–201-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian_%28cropped%29.jpg/84px-Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian_%28cropped%29.jpg/127px-Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian_%28cropped%29.jpg/168px-Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="447" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian"><b>Michael IV</b></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">"the Paphlagonian"</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Μιχαὴλ ὁ Παφλαγών</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">11 April 1034 –<br />10 December 1041 <p><small>(7 years, 7 months and 28 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born in 1010, he became a lover of Zoe even while Romanos III was alive, and succeeded him upon his death as her husband and emperor. Aided by his older brother, the eunuch <a href="/wiki/John_the_Orphanotrophos" title="John the Orphanotrophos">John the Orphanotrophos</a>, his reign was moderately successful against internal rebellions, but his attempt to recover <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> failed. He died after a long illness. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Michael_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg/77px-Michael_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Michael_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg/115px-Michael_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Michael_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg/153px-Michael_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates"><b>Michael V</b> "the Caulker"</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Μιχαὴλ ὁ Καλαφάτης</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">10 December 1041 –<br />20 April 1042 <p><small>(4 months and 8 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born in 1015, he was the nephew and adopted son of Michael IV. During his reign he tried to sideline Zoe, but a popular revolt forced him to restore her as empress on 19 April 1042, along with her sister <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(11th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodora (11th century)">Theodora</a>. He was deposed the next day, castrated and tonsured, dying on 24 August 1042. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia.jpg/85px-Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia.jpg/128px-Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia.jpg/170px-Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="901" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Porphyrogenita" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoë Porphyrogenita"><b>Zoe</b> "the Purple-born"</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ζωὴ ἡ Πορφυρογέννητος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">21 April – <br />12 June 1042 <p><small>(1 month and 22 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>The daughter of Constantine VIII, she succeeded on her father's death, as the only surviving member of the Macedonian dynasty, along with her sister Theodora. Her three husbands, Romanos III (1028–1034), Michael IV (1034–1041) and Constantine IX (1042–1050) ruled alongside her. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg/84px-Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg/126px-Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg/169px-Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="369" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita"><b>Theodora</b></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Born_in_the_purple" title="Born in the purple">"the Purple-born"</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Θεοδώρα ἡ Πορφυρογέννητος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">21 April –<br />12 June 1042 <p><small>(1 month and 22 days)</small><br /><br />11 January 1055 –<br />31 August 1056 </p><p><small>(1 year, 7 months, 20 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>The younger sister of Zoe, born in 984, she was raised as co-ruler on 19 April 1042. After Zoe married her third husband, Constantine IX, in June 1042, Theodora was again sidelined. After Zoe died in 1050 and Constantine in 1055, Theodora assumed full governance of the Empire and reigned until her death. She nominated <a href="/wiki/Michael_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael VI">Michael VI</a> as her successor. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Constantine_IX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Emperor_Constantine_IX.jpg/85px-Emperor_Constantine_IX.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Emperor_Constantine_IX.jpg/128px-Emperor_Constantine_IX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Emperor_Constantine_IX.jpg/170px-Emperor_Constantine_IX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos"><b>Constantine IX</b> Monomachos</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Κωνσταντῖνος Μονομάχος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">12 June 1042 –<br />11 January 1055 <p><small>(12 years, 6 months and 30 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1000 of noble origin, he had an undistinguished life but was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a> by Michael IV, returning when he was chosen as Zoe's third husband. Constantine supported the mercantile classes and favoured the company of intellectuals, thereby alienating the military aristocracy. A pleasure-loving ruler, he lived an extravagant life with his favourite mistresses and endowed a number of monasteries, chiefly the <a href="/wiki/Nea_Moni_of_Chios" title="Nea Moni of Chios">Nea Moni of Chios</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mangana_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangana Monastery">Mangana Monastery</a>. His reign was marked by invasions by the <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a> in the East, the revolts of <a href="/wiki/George_Maniakes" title="George Maniakes">George Maniakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tornikios" title="Leo Tornikios">Leo Tornikios</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a> between the patriarchates of Rome and Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-dynastic_(1056–1057)"><span id="Non-dynastic_.281056.E2.80.931057.29"></span>Non-dynastic (1056–1057)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Non-dynastic (1056–1057)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:132_-_Michael_VI_Bringas_(Mutinensis_-_color)_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/132_-_Michael_VI_Bringas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png/84px-132_-_Michael_VI_Bringas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/132_-_Michael_VI_Bringas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png/127px-132_-_Michael_VI_Bringas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/132_-_Michael_VI_Bringas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png/168px-132_-_Michael_VI_Bringas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="466" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas"><b>Michael VI</b> Bringas<br />"Stratiotikos" / "the Old"</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Μιχαὴλ Βρίγγας ὁ Στρατιωτικός/ὁ Γέρων</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">31 August 1056 –<br />30/31 August 1057 <p><small>(1 year and 8 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>A court bureaucrat and <i><a href="/wiki/Stratiotikos_logothetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratiotikos logothetes">stratiotikos logothetes</a></i> (hence his first sobriquet). Crowned emperor by Theodora on 22 August 1056. Deposed by military revolt under Isaac Komnenos, he retired to a monastery where he died in 1059. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Komnenid_dynasty_(1057–1059)"><span id="Komnenid_dynasty_.281057.E2.80.931059.29"></span>Komnenid dynasty (1057–1059)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Komnenid dynasty (1057–1059)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Komnenos" title="Komnenos">Komnenos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Komnenos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty">Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:133_-_Isaac_I_Komnenos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/133_-_Isaac_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/85px-133_-_Isaac_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/133_-_Isaac_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/128px-133_-_Isaac_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/133_-_Isaac_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/170px-133_-_Isaac_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="515" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos"><b>Isaac I</b> Komnenos</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰσαάκιος Κομνηνός</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">1 September 1057 –<br />22 November 1059 <p><small>(2 years, 2 months and 21 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;1005</span>. A successful general, he rose in revolt leading the eastern armies and was declared emperor on 8 June 1057; he was recognized after the abdication of Michael. He resigned in 1059 and died <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;1061</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doukid_dynasty_(1059–1081)"><span id="Doukid_dynasty_.281059.E2.80.931081.29"></span>Doukid dynasty (1059–1081)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Doukid dynasty (1059–1081)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Doukas" title="Doukas">Doukas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Doukas_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty">Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantine_X_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Constantine_X_portrait.jpg/84px-Constantine_X_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Constantine_X_portrait.jpg/127px-Constantine_X_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Constantine_X_portrait.jpg/169px-Constantine_X_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="310" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas"><b>Constantine X</b> Doukas</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Κωνσταντῖνος Δούκας</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">23 November 1059 –<br />23 May 1067 <p><small>(7 years and 6 months)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born in 1006, he became a general and close ally of Isaac Komnenos, and succeeded him as emperor on his abdication. Named his sons <a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a> as co-emperors. After his death <a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">his widow</a> was regent until the accession of Romanus IV. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:136_-_Romanos_IV_Diogenes_(Mutinensis_-_color)_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/136_-_Romanos_IV_Diogenes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png/84px-136_-_Romanos_IV_Diogenes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/136_-_Romanos_IV_Diogenes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png/126px-136_-_Romanos_IV_Diogenes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/136_-_Romanos_IV_Diogenes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png/169px-136_-_Romanos_IV_Diogenes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="492" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes"><b>Romanos IV</b> Diogenes</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ῥωμανὸς Διογένης</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">1 January 1068 –<br />1 October 1071 <p><small>(3 years and 9 months)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born in 1032, a successful general he married empress-dowager <a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a> and became senior emperor as guardian of her sons by Constantine X. Deposed by the Doukas partisans after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blinding_(punishment)" title="Blinding (punishment)">blinded</a> in June 1072 and exiled. He died soon after. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_VII_Doukas_on_the_Holy_Crown_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Michael_VII_Doukas_on_the_Holy_Crown_%28cropped%29.jpg/84px-Michael_VII_Doukas_on_the_Holy_Crown_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Michael_VII_Doukas_on_the_Holy_Crown_%28cropped%29.jpg/126px-Michael_VII_Doukas_on_the_Holy_Crown_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Michael_VII_Doukas_on_the_Holy_Crown_%28cropped%29.jpg/169px-Michael_VII_Doukas_on_the_Holy_Crown_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="177" data-file-height="235" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas"><b>Michael VII</b> Doukas "Parapinakes"</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Μιχαὴλ Δούκας "Παραπινάκης"</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">1 October 1071 –<br />24 March 1078 <p><small>(6 years, 5 months and 23 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born in 1050 as the eldest son of Constantine X. Co-emperor since 1059, he succeeded on his father's death. Due to his minority he was under the regency of his mother, <a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a>, in 1067–1068, and relegated to junior emperor under her second husband Romanos IV Diogenes in 1068–71. Senior emperor in 1071–78, he named his son <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine</a> co-emperor alongside his brothers. He abdicated before the revolt of Nikephoros Botaneiates, retired to a monastery and died <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;1090</span>. His reign saw the devaluation of the Byzantine currency by 25%, hence his nickname "minus-a-quarter". </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikephoros_III_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Nikephoros_III_%28cropped%29.jpg/85px-Nikephoros_III_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Nikephoros_III_%28cropped%29.jpg/127px-Nikephoros_III_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Nikephoros_III_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="166" data-file-height="223" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates"><b>Nikephoros III</b> Botaneiates</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Νικηφόρος Βοτανειάτης</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">27 March 1078 –<br />1 April 1081 <p><small>(2 years, 11 months and 29 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born in 1001, he was the <i><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">strategos</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Anatolic_Theme" title="Anatolic Theme">Anatolic Theme</a>. He was proclaimed emperor on 7 January and crowned on 27 March or 3 April. He weathered several revolts, but was overthrown by the <a href="/wiki/Komnenos" title="Komnenos">Komnenos</a> clan. He retired to a monastery where he died in the same year. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Komnenid_dynasty_(1081–1185)"><span id="Komnenid_dynasty_.281081.E2.80.931185.29"></span>Komnenid dynasty (1081–1185)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Komnenid dynasty (1081–1185)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Komnenos" title="Komnenos">Komnenos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Komnenos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty">Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexios_I_Komnenos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Alexios_I_Komnenos.jpg/85px-Alexios_I_Komnenos.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Alexios_I_Komnenos.jpg/127px-Alexios_I_Komnenos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Alexios_I_Komnenos.jpg/170px-Alexios_I_Komnenos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos"><b>Alexios I</b> Komnenos</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">1 April 1081 –<br />15 August 1118 <p><small>(37 years, 4 months and 14 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born in 1056, a nephew of Isaac I Komnenos. A distinguished general, he overthrew Nikephoros III. His reign was dominated by wars against the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a>, as well as the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a> and the establishment of independent <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a>. He retained Constantine Doukas as co-emperor until 1087 and named his eldest son John co-emperor in 1092. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_II_Komnenos_-_mosaic_image_digitally_restored.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/John_II_Komnenos_-_mosaic_image_digitally_restored.png/85px-John_II_Komnenos_-_mosaic_image_digitally_restored.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/John_II_Komnenos_-_mosaic_image_digitally_restored.png/127px-John_II_Komnenos_-_mosaic_image_digitally_restored.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/John_II_Komnenos_-_mosaic_image_digitally_restored.png/169px-John_II_Komnenos_-_mosaic_image_digitally_restored.png 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="1681" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos"><b>John II</b> Komnenos</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰωάννης Κομνηνός</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">15 August 1118 –<br />8 April 1143 <p><small>(24 years, 7 months and 24 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born on 13 September 1087 as the eldest son of Alexios I. Co-emperor since 1092, he succeeded upon his father's death. His reign was focused on wars with the Turks. A popular, pious and frugal ruler, he was known as "John the Good". Named his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a> co-emperor in 1122, but the son predeceased his father. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuel_I_Comnenus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Manuel_I_Comnenus.jpg/85px-Manuel_I_Comnenus.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Manuel_I_Comnenus.jpg/128px-Manuel_I_Comnenus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Manuel_I_Comnenus.jpg/170px-Manuel_I_Comnenus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="764" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos"><b>Manuel I</b> Komnenos</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Μανουὴλ Κομνηνός</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">8 April 1143 –<br />24 September 1180 <p><small>(37 years, 5 months and 16 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born on 28 November 1118 as the fourth and youngest son of John II, he was chosen as emperor over his elder brother <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Komnenos_(son_of_John_II)" title="Isaac Komnenos (son of John II)">Isaac</a> by his father on his deathbed. An energetic ruler, he launched campaigns against the Turks, humbled <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>, achieved supremacy over the Crusader states, and tried unsuccessfully to recover Italy and Egypt. His extravagance and constant campaigning, however, depleted the Empire's resources. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:142_-_Alexios_II_Komnenos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/142_-_Alexios_II_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/85px-142_-_Alexios_II_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/142_-_Alexios_II_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/128px-142_-_Alexios_II_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/142_-_Alexios_II_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/170px-142_-_Alexios_II_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="726" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos"><b>Alexios II</b> Komnenos</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">24 September 1180 –<br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> September 1183 <p><small>(3 years)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born on 14 September 1169 as the only son of Manuel I. In 1180–1182 under the regency of his mother, <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Antioch" title="Maria of Antioch">Maria of Antioch</a>. She was overthrown by Andronikos I Komnenos, who became co-emperor and finally had Alexios II deposed and killed. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:143_-_Andronikos_I_Komnenos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/143_-_Andronikos_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/85px-143_-_Andronikos_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/143_-_Andronikos_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/128px-143_-_Andronikos_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/143_-_Andronikos_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/170px-143_-_Andronikos_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="768" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos"><b>Andronikos I</b> Komnenos</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀνδρόνικος Κομνηνός</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> September 1183 –<br />12 September 1185 <p><small>(2 years)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;1118</span>, a nephew of John II by his brother <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Komnenos_(son_of_Alexios_I)" title="Isaac Komnenos (son of Alexios I)">Isaac</a>. A general, he was imprisoned for conspiring against John II, but escaped and spent 15 years in exile in various courts in eastern Europe and the Middle East. He seized the regency from Maria of Antioch in 1182 and subsequently throne from his nephew Alexios II. An unpopular ruler, he was overthrown and lynched in a popular uprising. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Angelid_dynasty_(1185–1204)"><span id="Angelid_dynasty_.281185.E2.80.931204.29"></span>Angelid dynasty (1185–1204)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Angelid dynasty (1185–1204)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Angelos" title="Angelos">Angelos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Angelos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty">Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/85px-144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/128px-144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/170px-144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="757" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos"><b>Isaac II</b> Angelos</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰσαάκιος Ἄγγελος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">12 September 1185 –<br />8 April 1195 <p><small>(9 years, 6 months and 27 days)</small><br /><br />1 August 1203 –<br />27 January 1204 <small>(6 months and 8 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born in September 1156, Isaac came to the throne at the head of a popular revolt against Andronikos I. His reign was marked by revolts and wars in the Balkans, especially against a resurgent <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a>. He was deposed, <a href="/wiki/Blinding_(punishment)" title="Blinding (punishment)">blinded</a> and imprisoned by his elder brother, Alexios III. He was later restored to the throne by the Crusaders and Alexios IV. Due to their failure to deal with the Crusaders' demands, he was deposed by Alexios V Doukas in January 1204 and died in January 1204, perhaps of poison. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:145_-_Alexios_III_Angelos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/145_-_Alexios_III_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/88px-145_-_Alexios_III_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/145_-_Alexios_III_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/132px-145_-_Alexios_III_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/145_-_Alexios_III_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/175px-145_-_Alexios_III_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos"><b>Alexios III</b> Angelos</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀλέξιος Ἄγγελος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">8 April 1195 –<br />18 July 1203 <p><small>(8 years, 3 months and 10 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born in 1153, Alexios was the elder brother of Isaac II. His reign was marked by misgovernment and the increasing autonomy of provincial magnates. He was deposed by the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> and fled Constantinople, roaming Greece and Asia Minor, searching for support to regain his throne. He died in <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaean</a> captivity (confined to a monastery) in 1211. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:146_-_Alexios_IV_Angelos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/146_-_Alexios_IV_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/85px-146_-_Alexios_IV_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/146_-_Alexios_IV_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/128px-146_-_Alexios_IV_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/146_-_Alexios_IV_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/170px-146_-_Alexios_IV_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="728" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos"><b>Alexios IV</b> Angelos</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀλέξιος Ἄγγελος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">19 July 1203 –<br />27 January 1204 <p><small>(6 months and 8 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born in 1182, the son of Isaac II. He enlisted the Fourth Crusade to return his father to the throne, and reigned alongside his restored father from 19 July 1203. Due to their failure to deal with the Crusaders' demands, he was deposed by Alexios V Doukas in January 1204, and was strangled on 8 February. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:147_-_Alexios_V_Doukas_(Mutinensis_-_color).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/147_-_Alexios_V_Doukas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/85px-147_-_Alexios_V_Doukas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/147_-_Alexios_V_Doukas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/128px-147_-_Alexios_V_Doukas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/147_-_Alexios_V_Doukas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/171px-147_-_Alexios_V_Doukas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="743" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas"><b>Alexios V</b> Doukas "Mourtzouphlos"</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀλέξιος Δούκας ὁ "Μούρτζουφλος"</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">27 January 1204 –<br />12 April 1204 <p><small>(2 months and 16 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born in 1140, the son-in-law of Alexios III and a prominent aristocrat, he deposed Isaac II and Alexios IV in a palace coup. He tried to repel the Crusaders, but they <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1204)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Constantinople (1204)">captured Constantinople</a> forcing Mourtzouphlos to flee. He joined the exiled Alexios III, but was later <a href="/wiki/Blinding_(punishment)" title="Blinding (punishment)">blinded</a> by the latter. Captured by the Crusaders, he was executed in December 1205. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laskarid_dynasty_(Empire_of_Nicaea,_1204–1261)"><span id="Laskarid_dynasty_.28Empire_of_Nicaea.2C_1204.E2.80.931261.29"></span>Laskarid dynasty (Empire of Nicaea, 1204–1261)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: Laskarid dynasty (Empire of Nicaea, 1204–1261)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Laskaris" title="Laskaris">Laskaris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:148_-_Theodore_I_Laskaris_(Mutinensis_-_color).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/148_-_Theodore_I_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/75px-148_-_Theodore_I_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/148_-_Theodore_I_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/112px-148_-_Theodore_I_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/148_-_Theodore_I_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/150px-148_-_Theodore_I_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="731" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris"><b>Theodore I</b> Laskaris</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Θεόδωρος Λάσκαρις</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">May 1205 –<br />November 1221 <p><small>(16 years and 6 months)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;1174</span>, he rose to prominence as a son-in-law of Alexios III. His brother <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Laskaris" title="Constantine Laskaris">Constantine Laskaris</a> (or Theodore himself, it is uncertain) was elected emperor by the citizens of Constantinople on the day before the city fell to the Crusaders; Constantine only remained for a few hours before the sack of the city and later fled to <a href="/wiki/Nicaea_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaea (city)">Nicaea</a>, where Theodore organized the Greek resistance to the Latins. Proclaimed emperor after Constantine's death in 1205, Theodore was crowned only in Easter 1208. He managed to stop the Latin advance in Asia and to repel Seljuk attacks, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a> as the strongest of the Greek successor states. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:149_-_John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes_(Mutinensis_-_color).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/149_-_John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/75px-149_-_John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/149_-_John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/113px-149_-_John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/149_-_John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/150px-149_-_John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="736" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes" title="John III Doukas Vatatzes"><b>John III</b> Vatatzes</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰωάννης Βατάτζης</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">December 1221 –<br />3 November 1254 <p><small>(32 years and 11 months)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;1192</span>, he became the son-in-law and successor of Theodore I in 1212. A capable ruler and soldier, he expanded his state in Bithynia, Thrace, and Macedonia at the expense of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a>, Bulgaria, and the rival Greek state of <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:150_-_Theodore_II_Laskaris_(Mutinensis_-_color).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/150_-_Theodore_II_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/75px-150_-_Theodore_II_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/150_-_Theodore_II_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/113px-150_-_Theodore_II_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/150_-_Theodore_II_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/150px-150_-_Theodore_II_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="739" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris"><b>Theodore II</b> Laskaris</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Θεόδωρος Λάσκαρις</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">3 November 1254 –<br />16 August 1258 <p><small>(3 years, 9 months and 13 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born in 1221/1222 as the only son of John III, he succeeded on his father's death. His reign was marked by his hostility towards the major houses of the aristocracy, and by his victory against Bulgaria and the subsequent expansion into Albania. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:151_-_John_IV_Laskaris_(Mutinensis_-_color).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/151_-_John_IV_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/75px-151_-_John_IV_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/151_-_John_IV_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/113px-151_-_John_IV_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/151_-_John_IV_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/150px-151_-_John_IV_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="762" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris"><b>John IV</b> Laskaris</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰωάννης Λάσκαρις</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">16 August 1258 –<br />25 December 1261 <p><small>(3 years, 4 months and 9 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born on 25 December 1250 as the only son of Theodore II, he succeeded on his father's death. Due to his minority, the regency was exercised at first by <a href="/wiki/George_Mouzalon" title="George Mouzalon">George Mouzalon</a> until his assassination, and then by <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael Palaiologos</a>, who within months was crowned senior emperor. After the recovery of Constantinople in August 1261, Palaiologos sidelined John IV completely, had him <a href="/wiki/Blinding_(punishment)" title="Blinding (punishment)">blinded</a> and imprisoned. John IV died <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;1305</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palaiologan_dynasty_(restored_to_Constantinople,_1261–1453)"><span id="Palaiologan_dynasty_.28restored_to_Constantinople.2C_1261.E2.80.931453.29"></span>Palaiologan dynasty (restored to Constantinople, 1261–1453)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: Palaiologan dynasty (restored to Constantinople, 1261–1453)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Palaiologos" title="Palaiologos">Palaiologos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_VIII_Palaiologos_(head)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos_%28head%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/84px-Michael_VIII_Palaiologos_%28head%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos_%28head%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/126px-Michael_VIII_Palaiologos_%28head%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos_%28head%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/168px-Michael_VIII_Palaiologos_%28head%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="323" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos"><b>Michael VIII</b> Palaiologos</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Μιχαὴλ Παλαιολόγος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">1 January 1259 –<br />11 December 1282 <p><small>(23 years, 11 months and 10 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Born in 1223, great-grandson of Alexios III, grandnephew of John III by marriage. Senior emperor alongside John IV in 1259. His forces <a href="/wiki/Reconquest_of_Constantinople" title="Reconquest of Constantinople">reconquered Constantinople</a> on 25 July 1261, thus restoring the Empire. He entered the city and was crowned on 15 August. Became sole emperor after deposing John IV on 25 December 1261. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andronikos_II_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Andronikos_II_head.jpg/82px-Andronikos_II_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Andronikos_II_head.jpg/124px-Andronikos_II_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Andronikos_II_head.jpg/165px-Andronikos_II_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="301" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos"><b>Andronikos II</b> Palaiologos</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀνδρόνικος Παλαιολόγος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">11 December 1282 –<br />24 May 1328 <p><small>(45 years, 5 months and 13 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Son of Michael VIII, Andronikos II was born on 25 March 1259. Named co-emperor in 1261, crowned in 1272, he succeeded as sole emperor on Michael's death. Favouring monks and intellectuals, he neglected the army by significantly reducing military spending, and his reign saw the collapse of the Byzantine position in Asia Minor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo2022296_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo2022296-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He named his son <a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX</a> co-emperor. In a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1321%E2%80%931328" title="Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328">protracted civil war</a>, he was first forced to recognize his grandson <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III</a> as co-emperor and was then deposed outright.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo2022298–300_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo2022298–300-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He died peacefully in 1332.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo2022301_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo2022301-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:154_-_Michael_IX_Palaiologos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="miniature portrait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/154_-_Michael_IX_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/85px-154_-_Michael_IX_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/154_-_Michael_IX_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/128px-154_-_Michael_IX_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/154_-_Michael_IX_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/170px-154_-_Michael_IX_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="760" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos"><b>Michael IX</b> Palaiologos</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Μιχαὴλ Παλαιολόγος</span> </td> <td align="center">21 May 1294 – 12 October 1320 <p><small>(26 years, 4 months and 21 days)</small><br /> </p> </td> <td>Son and co-ruler of Andronikos II, named co-emperor in 1281 but not crowned until 21 May 1294. Allegedly died of grief due to the accidental murder of his second son.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_III_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_III_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3_%28cropped%29.jpg/85px-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_III_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_III_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3_%28cropped%29.jpg/127px-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_III_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_III_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3_%28cropped%29.jpg/169px-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_III_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="260" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos"><b>Andronikos III</b> Palaiologos</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀνδρόνικος Παλαιολόγος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">24 May 1328 –<br />15 June 1341 <p><small>(13 years and 22 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Son of Michael IX, he was born on 25 March 1297 and named co-emperor in 1316. Rival emperor since July 1321, he deposed his grandfather Andronikos II in 1328 and ruled as sole emperor until his death. Supported by <a href="/wiki/John_Kantakouzenos" class="mw-redirect" title="John Kantakouzenos">John Kantakouzenos</a>, his reign saw defeats against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman emirate">Ottoman emirate</a> but successes in Europe, where <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> were recovered. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_(head_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_%28head_cropped%29.jpg/85px-Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_%28head_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_%28head_cropped%29.jpg/128px-Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_%28head_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_%28head_cropped%29.jpg/170px-Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_%28head_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1566" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos"><b>John V</b> Palaiologos</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰωάννης Παλαιολόγος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">15 July 1341 –<br />12 August 1376 <p><small>(35 years, 1 month and 28 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>While the only son of Andronikos III, John V was not crowned or declared heir at his father's death—partly due to being only 10-years old at the time—which contributed to the outbreak of a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1341%E2%80%931347" title="Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347">destructive civil war</a> between his regents and his father's closest aide, <a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a>, who was instead crowned co-emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReinert2002265–267_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinert2002265–267-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The conflict ended in 1347 with Kantakouzenos recognized as senior emperor, but he was deposed by John V during <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1352%E2%80%931357" title="Byzantine civil war of 1352–1357">another civil war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReinert2002267–268_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinert2002267–268-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> After successful Turkish incursions and their seizure of Adrianople, John V appealed to the West for aid against the Ottomans, even going so far as to seek religious union and journeying to Rome to convert to Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReinert2002269_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinert2002269-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Despite his efforts otherwise, John V was forced to recognize Ottoman suzerainty in 1371.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReinert2002269–270_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinert2002269–270-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_VI._Cantacuzenos_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Johannes_VI._Cantacuzenos_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Johannes_VI._Cantacuzenos_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Johannes_VI._Cantacuzenos_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Johannes_VI._Cantacuzenos_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Johannes_VI._Cantacuzenos_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Johannes_VI._Cantacuzenos_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="224" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos"><b>John VI</b> Kantakouzenos</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰωάννης Καντακουζηνός</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">8 February 1347– 10 December 1354 <p><small>(7 years, 10 months and 2 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>A maternal relative of the <a href="/wiki/Palaiologos" title="Palaiologos">Palaiologoi</a>, he was declared co-emperor on 26 October 1341, and was recognized as senior emperor for ten years after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1341%E2%80%931347" title="Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347">civil war</a> on 8 February 1347. Deposed by John V in 1354, he became a monk, dying on 15 June 1383. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:158_-_Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos_(Mutinensis_-_color)_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/158_-_Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png/80px-158_-_Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/158_-_Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png/120px-158_-_Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/158_-_Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png/160px-158_-_Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="531" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos"><b>Andronikos IV</b> Palaiologos</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀνδρόνικος Παλαιολόγος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">12 August 1376 –<br />1 July 1379 <p><small>(2 years, 10 months and 19 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Son of John V and grandson of John VI, he was born on 2 April 1348 and raised to co-emperor <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;1352</span>. He deposed his father on 12 August 1376 and ruled until overthrown in turn in 1379. He was again recognized as co-emperor in 1381 and given <a href="/wiki/Selymbria" title="Selymbria">Selymbria</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">appanage</a>, dying there on 28 June 1385. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_(head_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_%28head_cropped%29.jpg/79px-Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_%28head_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_%28head_cropped%29.jpg/119px-Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_%28head_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_%28head_cropped%29.jpg/159px-Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_%28head_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1566" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a><br />(second reign) </td> <td style="text-align:center">1 July 1379 –<br />14 April 1390 <p><small>(10 years, 9 months and 13 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Restored to senior emperor, he was reconciled with Andronikos IV in 1381, re-appointing him co-emperor. He was overthrown again in 1390 by his grandson, John VII. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:159_-_John_VII_Palaiologos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/159_-_John_VII_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/78px-159_-_John_VII_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" decoding="async" width="78" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/159_-_John_VII_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/117px-159_-_John_VII_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/159_-_John_VII_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/157px-159_-_John_VII_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="772" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos"><b>John VII</b> Palaiologos</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰωάννης Παλαιολόγος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">14 April 1390 –<br />17 September 1390 <p><small>(5 months and 3 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Son of Andronikos IV, he was born in 1370, and named co-emperor under his father in 1377–79. He usurped the throne from his grandfather John V for five months in 1390, but with Ottoman mediation he was reconciled with John V and his uncle, Manuel II. As regent, he held Constantinople against the Ottomans in 1399–1402, and was then given <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a> as an appanage, which he governed until his death on 22 September 1408. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_(head_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_%28head_cropped%29.jpg/79px-Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_%28head_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_%28head_cropped%29.jpg/119px-Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_%28head_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_%28head_cropped%29.jpg/159px-Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_%28head_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1566" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a><br />(third reign) </td> <td style="text-align:center">17 September 1390 –<br />16 February 1391 <p><small>(4 months and 30 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Restored to senior emperor, he ruled until his death in February 1391. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuel_II_Palaiologos_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Manuel_II_Palaiologos_%28cropped%29.jpg/85px-Manuel_II_Palaiologos_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Manuel_II_Palaiologos_%28cropped%29.jpg/127px-Manuel_II_Palaiologos_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Manuel_II_Palaiologos_%28cropped%29.jpg/169px-Manuel_II_Palaiologos_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="541" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos"><b>Manuel II</b> Palaiologos</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Μανουὴλ Παλαιολόγος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">16 February 1391 –<br />21 July 1425 <p><small>(34 years, 4 months and 5 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Second son of John V, he was born on 27 June 1350. Raised to co-emperor in 1373, he became senior emperor on John V's death and ruled until his death. He journeyed to the West European courts seeking aid against the Turks, and was able to use the Ottoman defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ankara" title="Battle of Ankara">Battle of Ankara</a>—thanks largely to the fact that Timur and the Tartars attacked the Turks when they were besieging Constantinople, which forced the latter's retreat—to regain some territories and throw off his vassalage to them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2007121–122_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2007121–122-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Manuel II died in 1425 and was succeeded by his son, John VIII.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2007122_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2007122-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palaio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Palaio.jpg/85px-Palaio.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Palaio.jpg/128px-Palaio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Palaio.jpg/170px-Palaio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="2502" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos"><b>John VIII</b> Palaiologos</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰωάννης Παλαιολόγος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">21 July 1425 –<br />31 October 1448 <p><small>(23 years, 4 months and 10 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>Eldest surviving son of Manuel II, he was born on 18 December 1392. Raised to co-emperor around 1416 and named full <i><a href="/wiki/Autokrator" title="Autokrator">autokrator</a></i> in 1425, he succeeded his father on his death. Seeking aid against the resurgent Ottomans, he ratified the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Union of the Churches</a> in 1439, a move to merge Orthodox and Nice Christianity that proved very unpopular in Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2007122_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2007122-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:162_-_Constantine_XI_Palaiologos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/162_-_Constantine_XI_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/82px-162_-_Constantine_XI_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/162_-_Constantine_XI_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/123px-162_-_Constantine_XI_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/162_-_Constantine_XI_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/163px-162_-_Constantine_XI_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="682" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos"><b>Constantine XI</b></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Dragases Palaiologos</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Κωνσταντῖνος Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">6 January 1449 –<br />29 May 1453 <p><small>(4 years, 4 months and 23 days)</small> </p> </td> <td>The fourth son of Manuel II and Serbian princess <a href="/wiki/Helena_Draga%C5%A1" title="Helena Dragaš">Helena Dragaš</a>, he was born on 8 February 1405. As <a href="/wiki/Despot_of_the_Morea" class="mw-redirect" title="Despot of the Morea">Despot of the Morea</a> since 1428, he distinguished himself in campaigns that annexed the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Achaea" title="Principality of Achaea">Principality of Achaea</a> and brought the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Athens" title="Duchy of Athens">Duchy of Athens</a> under temporary Byzantine suzerainty, but was unable to repel Turkish attacks under <a href="/wiki/Turahan_Bey" title="Turahan Bey">Turahan Bey</a>. As the eldest surviving brother, he succeeded John VIII after the latter's death. Facing the designs of the new sultan, <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a>, on Constantinople, Constantine acknowledged the Union of the Churches and made repeated appeals for help to the West, but in vain. Refusing to surrender the city, he was killed during the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">final Ottoman attack</a> on 29 May 1453.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">List of Roman usurpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">List of Byzantine usurpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Succession to the Byzantine Empire">Succession to the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">List of Roman and Byzantine empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors_of_Armenian_origin" title="List of Byzantine emperors of Armenian origin">List of Byzantine emperors of Armenian origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Roman_emperors" title="Family tree of Roman emperors">Family tree of Roman emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Byzantine Empire">History of the Byzantine Empire</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historian Donald Nicol writes, "Hereditary succession to the throne was a custom or a convenience in Byzantium, not an inviolable... principle. Emperors, particularly in the later period, would take pains to nominate their sons as co-emperors, for the rule of a dynasty made for stability and continuity. But in theory, the road to the throne was a <i>carriere ouverte aux talents</i> [career open to talents]..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199372_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199372-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_number" title="Regnal number">Regnal numbers</a> were never used in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. Instead, the Byzantines used nicknames and <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymics</a> to distinguish rulers of the same name. The numbering of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperors</a> is a purely historiographical invention.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">By the 4th century, the name <i><a href="/wiki/Flavius" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius">Flavius</a></i> had become a part of the imperial title: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCameron1988" class="citation journal cs1">Cameron, Alan (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41540754¿">"Flavius&#160;: a Nicety of Protocol"</a>. <i>Société d'Études Latines de Bruxelles</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 26–33. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41540754">41540754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+d%27%C3%89tudes+Latines+de+Bruxelles&amp;rft.atitle=Flavius+%3A+a+Nicety+of+Protocol&amp;rft.volume=47&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=26-33&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41540754%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Cameron&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41540754%C2%BF&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Byzantine+emperors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While some historians attribute the division of the Roman Empire into East and West after Theodosius the Great split the throne between his sons, the year 364 probably more accurately marks the point at which the Empire was actually divided.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee201323_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201323-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Often enumerated as <b>Constantine III</b>, whereby the regnal numbering follows <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a>, emperor in the West (317–340). More rarely, he is instead enumerated as <b>Heraclius II.</b></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199372-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199372_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199372_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199372_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicol1993">Nicol 1993</a>, p.&#160;72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooker2007-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooker2007_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHooker2007">Hooker 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrisson201372-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrisson201372_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrisson2013">Morrisson 2013</a>, p.&#160;72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarayannopoulous2000183-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarayannopoulous2000183_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarayannopoulous2000">Karayannopoulous 2000</a>, p.&#160;183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregoryCutler1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gregory, Timothy E.; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Constantine I the Great". In <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp.&#160;498–500. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"><bdi>0-19-504652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Constantine+I+the+Great&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&amp;rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&amp;rft.pages=498-500&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-504652-8&amp;rft.aulast=Gregory&amp;rft.aufirst=Timothy+E.&amp;rft.au=Cutler%2C+Anthony&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Byzantine+emperors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo202225–26-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo202225–26_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLygo2022">Lygo 2022</a>, pp.&#160;25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohlsander199692–93-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohlsander199692–93_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPohlsander1996">Pohlsander 1996</a>, pp.&#160;92–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo202228-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo202228_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLygo2022">Lygo 2022</a>, p.&#160;28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gregory, Timothy E. (1991). "Constantius II". In <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p.&#160;524. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"><bdi>0-19-504652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Constantius+II&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&amp;rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&amp;rft.pages=524&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-504652-8&amp;rft.aulast=Gregory&amp;rft.aufirst=Timothy+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Byzantine+emperors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo202230-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo202230_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLygo2022">Lygo 2022</a>, p.&#160;30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo202230–31-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo202230–31_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLygo2022">Lygo 2022</a>, pp.&#160;30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo202233-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo202233_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLygo2022">Lygo 2022</a>, p.&#160;33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton2018119-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton2018119_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElton2018">Elton 2018</a>, p.&#160;119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton2018120-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton2018120_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton2018120_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElton2018">Elton 2018</a>, p.&#160;120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201321–22-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee201321–22_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2013">Lee 2013</a>, pp.&#160;21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201323-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee201323_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2013">Lee 2013</a>, p.&#160;23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan200742–43-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan200742–43_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgan2007">Morgan 2007</a>, pp.&#160;42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan200743–45-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan200743–45_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgan2007">Morgan 2007</a>, pp.&#160;43–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell201590-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell201590_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell2015">Mitchell 2015</a>, p.&#160;90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo202242-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo202242_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLygo2022">Lygo 2022</a>, p.&#160;42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell201594-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell201594_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell2015">Mitchell 2015</a>, p.&#160;94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo202245-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo202245_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLygo2022">Lygo 2022</a>, p.&#160;45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo202245–46-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo202245–46_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLygo2022">Lygo 2022</a>, pp.&#160;45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo202247–48-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo202247–48_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLygo2022">Lygo 2022</a>, pp.&#160;47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2019156–158-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2019156–158_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulikowski2019">Kulikowski 2019</a>, pp.&#160;156–158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo202250-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo202250_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLygo2022">Lygo 2022</a>, p.&#160;50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2015315–316-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2015315–316_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell2015">Mitchell 2015</a>, pp.&#160;315–316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2019177–179-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2019177–179_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulikowski2019">Kulikowski 2019</a>, pp.&#160;177–179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2019179–181-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2019179–181_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulikowski2019">Kulikowski 2019</a>, pp.&#160;179–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2019181–182,_184–186-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2019181–182,_184–186_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulikowski2019">Kulikowski 2019</a>, pp.&#160;181–182, 184–186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2015104,_107–108-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2015104,_107–108_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell2015">Mitchell 2015</a>, pp.&#160;104, 107–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson2022162-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson2022162_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephenson2022">Stephenson 2022</a>, p.&#160;162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickham200990-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickham200990_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWickham2009">Wickham 2009</a>, p.&#160;90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregoryCutler1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gregory, Timothy E.; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Leo I". In <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp.&#160;1206–1207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"><bdi>0-19-504652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Leo+I&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&amp;rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&amp;rft.pages=1206-1207&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-504652-8&amp;rft.aulast=Gregory&amp;rft.aufirst=Timothy+E.&amp;rft.au=Cutler%2C+Anthony&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Byzantine+emperors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo202262-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo202262_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLygo2022">Lygo 2022</a>, p.&#160;62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2013165-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2013165_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2013">Lee 2013</a>, p.&#160;165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gregory, Timothy E. (1991). "Zeno". In <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p.&#160;2223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"><bdi>0-19-504652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Zeno&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&amp;rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&amp;rft.pages=2223&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-504652-8&amp;rft.aulast=Gregory&amp;rft.aufirst=Timothy+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Byzantine+emperors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski196959-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski196959_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrogorski1969">Ostrogorski 1969</a>, p.&#160;59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo202266–67-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo202266–67_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLygo2022">Lygo 2022</a>, pp.&#160;66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gregory, Timothy E. (1991). "Anastasios I". In <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"><bdi>0-19-504652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Anastasios+I&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&amp;rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-504652-8&amp;rft.aulast=Gregory&amp;rft.aufirst=Timothy+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Byzantine+emperors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo202267-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo202267_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLygo2022">Lygo 2022</a>, p.&#160;67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo202273-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo202273_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLygo2022">Lygo 2022</a>, p.&#160;73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2024276–277-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2024276–277_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaldellis2024">Kaldellis 2024</a>, pp.&#160;276–277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarris2023122–124-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarris2023122–124_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarris2023">Sarris 2023</a>, pp.&#160;122–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson2022103,_222–223-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson2022103,_222–223_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephenson2022">Stephenson 2022</a>, pp.&#160;103, 222–223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson2022223–224-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson2022223–224_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephenson2022">Stephenson 2022</a>, pp.&#160;223–224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson2022224–232-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson2022224–232_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephenson2022">Stephenson 2022</a>, pp.&#160;224–232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson2022225-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson2022225_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephenson2022">Stephenson 2022</a>, p.&#160;225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson2022231,_236–238-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson2022231,_236–238_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephenson2022">Stephenson 2022</a>, pp.&#160;231, 236–238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1989311-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1989311_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich1989">Norwich 1989</a>, p.&#160;311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo202298-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo202298_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLygo2022">Lygo 2022</a>, p.&#160;98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELouth2008230-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouth2008230_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLouth2008">Louth 2008</a>, p.&#160;230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELouth2008230–231-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouth2008230–231_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLouth2008">Louth 2008</a>, pp.&#160;230–231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELouth2008232-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouth2008232_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLouth2008">Louth 2008</a>, p.&#160;232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazhdanCutler1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kazhdan, Alexander; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos". In <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp.&#160;502–503. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"><bdi>0-19-504652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Constantine+VII+Porphyrogennetos&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&amp;rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&amp;rft.pages=502-503&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-504652-8&amp;rft.aulast=Kazhdan&amp;rft.aufirst=Alexander&amp;rft.au=Cutler%2C+Anthony&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Byzantine+emperors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory2005228–230-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory2005228–230_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregory2005">Gregory 2005</a>, pp.&#160;228–230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo2022178–180-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo2022178–180_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLygo2022">Lygo 2022</a>, pp.&#160;178–180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan200791-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan200791_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgan2007">Morgan 2007</a>, p.&#160;91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan200792–93-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan200792–93_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgan2007">Morgan 2007</a>, pp.&#160;92–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan200793–94-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan200793–94_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgan2007">Morgan 2007</a>, pp.&#160;93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkylitzes201028-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkylitzes201028_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkylitzes2010">Skylitzes 2010</a>, p.&#160;28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandCutler1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brand, Charles M.; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Constantine VIII". In <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp.&#160;503–504. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"><bdi>0-19-504652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Constantine+VIII&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&amp;rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&amp;rft.pages=503-504&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-504652-8&amp;rft.aulast=Brand&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles+M.&amp;rft.au=Cutler%2C+Anthony&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Byzantine+emperors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo2022199-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo2022199_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLygo2022">Lygo 2022</a>, p.&#160;199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo2022199–201-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo2022199–201_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLygo2022">Lygo 2022</a>, pp.&#160;199–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandCutler1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brand, Charles M.; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Constantine IX Monomachos". In <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p.&#160;504. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"><bdi>0-19-504652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Constantine+IX+Monomachos&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&amp;rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&amp;rft.pages=504&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-504652-8&amp;rft.aulast=Brand&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles+M.&amp;rft.au=Cutler%2C+Anthony&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Byzantine+emperors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo2022296-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo2022296_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLygo2022">Lygo 2022</a>, p.&#160;296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo2022298–300-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo2022298–300_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLygo2022">Lygo 2022</a>, pp.&#160;298–300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELygo2022301-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygo2022301_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLygo2022">Lygo 2022</a>, p.&#160;301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbotCutler1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alice-Mary_Talbot" title="Alice-Mary Talbot">Talbot, Alice-Mary</a>; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Michael IX Palaiologos". In <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp.&#160;1367–1368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"><bdi>0-19-504652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Michael+IX+Palaiologos&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&amp;rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&amp;rft.pages=1367-1368&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-504652-8&amp;rft.aulast=Talbot&amp;rft.aufirst=Alice-Mary&amp;rft.au=Cutler%2C+Anthony&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Byzantine+emperors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinert2002265–267-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReinert2002265–267_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReinert2002">Reinert 2002</a>, pp.&#160;265–267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinert2002267–268-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReinert2002267–268_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReinert2002">Reinert 2002</a>, pp.&#160;267–268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinert2002269-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReinert2002269_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReinert2002">Reinert 2002</a>, p.&#160;269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinert2002269–270-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReinert2002269–270_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReinert2002">Reinert 2002</a>, pp.&#160;269–270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2007121–122-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2007121–122_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgan2007">Morgan 2007</a>, pp.&#160;121–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2007122-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2007122_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2007122_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgan2007">Morgan 2007</a>, p.&#160;122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Talbot, Alice-Mary (1991). "Constantine XI Palaiologos". In <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p.&#160;505. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"><bdi>0-19-504652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Constantine+XI+Palaiologos&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&amp;rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&amp;rft.pages=505&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-504652-8&amp;rft.aulast=Talbot&amp;rft.aufirst=Alice-Mary&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Byzantine+emperors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElton2018" class="citation book cs1">Elton, Hugh (2018). <i>The Roman Empire in Late Antiquity: A Political and Military History</i>. 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Malden, MA; Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-63123-513-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-63123-513-2"><bdi>978-0-63123-513-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Byzantium&amp;rft.place=Malden%2C+MA%3B+Oxford%2C+UK&amp;rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-63123-513-2&amp;rft.aulast=Gregory&amp;rft.aufirst=Timothy+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Byzantine+emperors" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooker2007" class="citation web cs1">Hooker, Richard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990224072609/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MA/BYZ.HTM">"European Middle Ages: The Byzantine Empire"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_University" title="Washington State University">Washington State University</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MA/BYZ.HTM">the original</a> on 24 February 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Washington+State+University&amp;rft.atitle=European+Middle+Ages%3A+The+Byzantine+Empire&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.aulast=Hooker&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsu.edu%2F~dee%2FMA%2FBYZ.HTM&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Byzantine+emperors" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaldellis2024" class="citation book cs1">Kaldellis, Anthony (2024). <i>The New Roman Empire: A History of Byzantium</i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19754-932-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19754-932-2"><bdi>978-0-19754-932-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+New+Roman+Empire%3A+A+History+of+Byzantium&amp;rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2024&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19754-932-2&amp;rft.aulast=Kaldellis&amp;rft.aufirst=Anthony&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Byzantine+emperors" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarayannopoulous2000" class="citation book cs1">Karayannopoulous, Yanis (2000). "State Organization, Social Structure, Economy, and Commerce". In M.A. Al-Bakhit; L. Bazin; S.M. 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Paris: UNESCO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-23102-813-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-23102-813-7"><bdi>978-9-23102-813-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=State+Organization%2C+Social+Structure%2C+Economy%2C+and+Commerce&amp;rft.btitle=History+of+Humanity%3A+Scientific+and+Cultural+Development+from+the+Seventh+to+the+Sixteenth+Centuries&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=UNESCO&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=978-9-23102-813-7&amp;rft.aulast=Karayannopoulous&amp;rft.aufirst=Yanis&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Byzantine+emperors" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kazhdan, Alexander P., ed. (1991). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</i>. Vol.&#160;I–III. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"><bdi>0-19-504652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&amp;rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-504652-8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Byzantine+emperors" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulikowski2019" class="citation book cs1">Kulikowski, Michael (2019). <i>The Tragedy of Empire: From Constantine to the Destruction of Roman Italy</i>. 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(2013). <i>From Rome to Byzantium AD 363 to 565: The Transformation of Ancient Rome</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74862-790-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-74862-790-5"><bdi>978-0-74862-790-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=From+Rome+to+Byzantium+AD+363+to+565%3A+The+Transformation+of+Ancient+Rome&amp;rft.place=Edinburgh&amp;rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-74862-790-5&amp;rft.aulast=Lee&amp;rft.aufirst=A.D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Byzantine+emperors" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouth2008" class="citation book cs1">Louth, Andrew (2008). 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New York &amp; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.&#160;221–250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52183-231-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52183-231-1"><bdi>978-0-52183-231-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Byzantium+Transforming+%28600%E2%80%93700%29&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Byzantine+Empire&amp;rft.place=New+York+%26+Cambridge&amp;rft.pages=221-250&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-52183-231-1&amp;rft.aulast=Louth&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Byzantine+emperors" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLygo2022" class="citation book cs1">Lygo, Kevin (2022). <i>The Emperors of Byzantium</i>. 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London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-34042-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-34042-6"><bdi>0-203-34042-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Emperor+Constantine&amp;rft.place=London+and+New+York&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=0-203-34042-6&amp;rft.aulast=Pohlsander&amp;rft.aufirst=Hans+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Byzantine+emperors" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinert2002" class="citation book cs1">Reinert, Stephen W. (2002). "Fragmentation (1204–1453)". In Cyril Mango (ed.). <i>The Oxford History of Byzantium</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.&#160;248–283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19814-098-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19814-098-6"><bdi>978-0-19814-098-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Fragmentation+%281204%E2%80%931453%29&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Byzantium&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pages=248-283&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19814-098-6&amp;rft.aulast=Reinert&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen+W.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Byzantine+emperors" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarris2023" class="citation book cs1">Sarris, Peter (2023). <i>Justinian: Emperor, Soldier, Saint</i>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-213-76478-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-213-76478-4"><bdi>978-0-213-76478-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Justinian%3A+Emperor%2C+Soldier%2C+Saint&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Basic+Books&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-213-76478-4&amp;rft.aulast=Sarris&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Byzantine+emperors" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkylitzes2010" class="citation book cs1">Skylitzes, John (2010). <i>A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057</i>. Translated by John Wortley. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52176-705-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52176-705-7"><bdi>978-0-52176-705-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Synopsis+of+Byzantine+History%2C+811%E2%80%931057&amp;rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-52176-705-7&amp;rft.aulast=Skylitzes&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Byzantine+emperors" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephenson2022" class="citation book cs1">Stephenson, Paul (2022). <i>New Rome: The Empire in the East</i>. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-67465-962-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-67465-962-9"><bdi>978-0-67465-962-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=New+Rome%3A+The+Empire+in+the+East&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&amp;rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2022&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-67465-962-9&amp;rft.aulast=Stephenson&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Byzantine+emperors" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickham2009" class="citation book cs1">Wickham, Chris (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780670020980/page/90/mode/2up"><i>The Inheritance of Rome: Illuminating the Dark Ages, 400–1000</i></a>. Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-67002-098-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-67002-098-0"><bdi>978-0-67002-098-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Inheritance+of+Rome%3A+Illuminating+the+Dark+Ages%2C+400%E2%80%931000&amp;rft.pub=Viking&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-67002-098-0&amp;rft.aulast=Wickham&amp;rft.aufirst=Chris&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780670020980%2Fpage%2F90%2Fmode%2F2up&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Byzantine+emperors" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_the_Roman_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of the Roman emperors">Family tree</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Early <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a> (27&#160;BC–AD&#160;68)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Year of the 4 Emperors</a> (68–69)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a> (69–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Nerva–Antonine dynasty</a> (96–192)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Five_Emperors" title="Year of the Five Emperors">Year of the 5 Emperors</a> (192–193)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan dynasty</a> (193–235)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barracks_emperor" title="Barracks emperor">Barracks emperors</a> (235–284) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Six_Emperors" title="Year of the Six Emperors">Year of the 6 Emperors</a> (238)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_dynasty" title="Gordian dynasty">Gordian dynasty</a> (238–244)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_emperors" title="Illyrian emperors">Illyrian emperors</a> (268–284)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–297)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchies</a> (293–313)</li> <li><a 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(1224–1246)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Byzantine_Empire_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Byzantine Empire">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Preceding</b></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Early</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(330&#8211;717)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Constantinian_and_Valentinianic_dynasties" title="Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinianic dynasties">Constantinian–Valentinianic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Theodosian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Theodosian dynasty">Theodosian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Leonid_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Leonid dynasty">Leonid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Justinian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Heraclian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty">Heraclian era</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dark_Ages" title="Byzantine Dark Ages">Byzantine Dark Ages</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Years%27_Anarchy" title="Twenty Years&#39; Anarchy">Twenty Years' Anarchy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Middle</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(717&#8211;1204)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Isaurian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty">Isaurian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Nikephorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty">Nikephorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Amorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty">Amorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Macedonian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Doukas_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty">Doukid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Komnenos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty">Komnenian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Angelos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty">Angelid era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Late</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1204&#8211;1453)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">Sack of Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li>Byzantine successor states (<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a>&#160;/ <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a>–<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a>&#160;/ <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a>&#160;/ <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a>–<a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Theodoro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">Palaiologan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">Decline of the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">By modern region<br />or territory</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Corsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dalmatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sardinia" title="Byzantine Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Sicily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Malta" title="Byzantine Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Spain">Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Thrace">Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Governance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governance</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emperors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Byzantine_emperor" title="Coronation of the Byzantine emperor">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="Family tree of Byzantine emperors">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_bureaucracy_and_aristocracy" title="Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy">Imperial bureaucracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Senate">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_officiorum" title="Magister officiorum">Magister officiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_sacrarum_largitionum" title="Comes sacrarum largitionum">Comes sacrarum largitionum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_rerum_privatarum" title="Comes rerum privatarum">Comes rerum privatarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor_sacri_palatii" title="Quaestor sacri palatii">Quaestor sacri palatii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_dromou" title="Logothetes tou dromou">Logothetes tou dromou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Sakellarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_genikou" title="Logothetes tou genikou">Logothetes tou genikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_stratiotikou" title="Logothetes tou stratiotikou">Logothetes tou stratiotikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Chartoularios tou sakelliou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiarion" title="Vestiarion">Chartoularios tou vestiariou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_tou_eidikou" title="Epi tou eidikou">Epi tou eidikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protasekretis" title="Protasekretis">Protasekretis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_ton_deeseon" title="Epi ton deeseon">Epi ton deeseon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megas_logothetes" title="Megas logothetes">Megas logothetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesazon" title="Mesazon">Mesazon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Subdivisions of the Byzantine Empire">Provincial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">Dioceses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province#List_of_Late_Roman_provinces" title="Roman province">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katepano" title="Katepano">Catepanates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kephale_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Kephale (Byzantine Empire)">Kephale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">Despotates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of the Byzantine Empire">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Treaties of the Byzantine Empire">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_diplomats" title="Category:Byzantine diplomats">Diplomats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_diplomacy" title="Byzantine diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_wars" title="List of Byzantine wars">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Army" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_battle_tactics" title="Byzantine battle tactics">Battle tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_battles" title="List of Byzantine battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_beacon_system" title="Byzantine beacon system">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_generals" title="Category:Byzantine generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_mercenaries" title="Category:Byzantine mercenaries">Mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_military_manuals" title="Byzantine military manuals">Military manuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Military units and formations of the Byzantine Empire">Military units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_revolts_and_civil_wars" title="List of Byzantine revolts and civil wars">Revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Roman_army" title="Late Roman army">Late Roman army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Roman_army" class="mw-redirect" title="East Roman army">East Roman army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">Foederati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucellarii" title="Bucellarii">Bucellarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholae_Palatinae" title="Scholae Palatinae">Scholae Palatinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excubitors" title="Excubitors">Excubitors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourma">Tourma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungos" title="Droungos">Droungos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagma_(military)" title="Tagma (military)">Tagmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools" title="Domestic of the Schools">Domestic of the Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetaireia" title="Hetaireia">Hetaireia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akritai" title="Akritai">Akritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_Guard" title="Varangian Guard">Varangian Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Komnenian_era)" title="Byzantine army (Komnenian era)">Komnenian army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronoia" title="Pronoia">Pronoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiaritai" title="Vestiaritai">Vestiaritai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Palaiologan_era)" title="Byzantine army (Palaiologan era)">Palaiologan army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allagion" title="Allagion">Allagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramonai" title="Paramonai">Paramonai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_domestic" title="Grand domestic">Grand domestic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_navy" title="Byzantine navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karabisianoi" title="Karabisianoi">Karabisianoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Maritime themata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cibyrrhaeot_Theme" title="Cibyrrhaeot Theme">Cibyrrhaeot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_(theme)" title="Aegean Sea (theme)">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos_(theme)" title="Samos (theme)">Samos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon">Dromon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungarios_of_the_Fleet" title="Droungarios of the Fleet">Droungarios of the Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megas_doux" title="Megas doux">Megas doux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_admirals" title="Category:Byzantine admirals">Admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Naval battles involving the Byzantine Empire">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_and_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion and law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Religion in the Byzantine Empire">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayhurum" title="Hayhurum">Hayhurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_saints" title="Category:Byzantine saints">Saints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li>Missionary activity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of the Serbs">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus&#39;">Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Justinian" title="Code of Justinian">Code of Justinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecloga">Ecloga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilika" title="Basilika">Basilika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Harmenopoulos" title="Constantine Harmenopoulos">Hexabiblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_mutilation_in_Byzantine_culture" title="Political mutilation in Byzantine culture">Mutilation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture_and_society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture and society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_secular_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine secular architecture">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_sacred_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine sacred architecture">Sacred</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-in-square" title="Cross-in-square">Cross-in-square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cistern" title="Basilica Cistern">Basilica Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Zeuxippus" title="Baths of Zeuxippus">Baths of Zeuxippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Blachernae" title="Palace of Blachernae">Blachernae Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople" title="Walls of Constantinople">City Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Pammakaristos Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_of_Anemas" title="Prison of Anemas">Prison of Anemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Galerius_and_Rotunda" title="Arch of Galerius and Rotunda">Arch of Galerius and Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bath_(Thessaloniki)" title="Byzantine Bath (Thessaloniki)">Byzantine Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Thessaloniki" title="Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagios_Demetrios" title="Hagios Demetrios">Hagios Demetrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Panagia_Chalkeon" title="Church of Panagia Chalkeon">Panagia Chalkeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Thessaloniki" title="Walls of Thessaloniki">Walls of Thessaloniki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">San Vitale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe" title="Basilica of Sant&#39;Apollinare in Classe">Sant'Apollinare in Classe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" title="Basilica of Sant&#39;Apollinare Nuovo">Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daphni_Monastery" title="Daphni Monastery">Daphni Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nea_Moni_of_Chios" title="Nea Moni of Chios">Nea Moni of Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Metropolis" title="Little Metropolis">Panagia Gorgoepikoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine&#39;s Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_enamel" title="Byzantine enamel">Enamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_glass" title="Byzantine glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic#Byzantine_mosaics" title="Mosaic">Mosaics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Byzantine_mosaics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East">Early Byzantine mosaics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_painters" title="Category:Byzantine painters">Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian period art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civilisation_in_the_12th_century" title="Byzantine civilisation in the 12th century">Komnenian renaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_economy" title="Byzantine economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_coinage" title="Byzantine coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_mints" title="Byzantine mints">Mints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine trade">Trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Varangians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynatoi" title="Dynatoi">Dynatoi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acritic_songs" title="Acritic songs">Acritic songs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digenes_Akritas" title="Digenes Akritas">Digenes Akritas</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Romance" title="Alexander Romance">Alexander Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_historians" title="Category:Byzantine historians">Historians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Everyday life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Cities in the Byzantine Empire">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dance" title="Byzantine dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dress" title="Byzantine dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_flags_and_insignia" title="Byzantine flags and insignia">Flags and insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Lyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octoechos" title="Octoechos">Octoechos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_people" title="Category:Byzantine people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Women in the Byzantine Empire">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Death in the Byzantine Empire">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_units_of_measurement" title="Byzantine units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science">Science</a></li><li>Learning</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_Greek_encyclopedias" title="Category:Byzantine Greek encyclopedias">Encyclopedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Library_of_Constantinople" title="Imperial Library of Constantinople">Imperial Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions" title="List of Byzantine inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_medicine" title="Byzantine medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_philosophy" title="Byzantine philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_rhetoric" title="Byzantine rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_scholars" title="List of Byzantine scholars">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_university" title="Byzantine university">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Constantinople" title="University of Constantinople">University of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_commonwealth" title="Byzantine commonwealth">Byzantine commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_studies" title="Byzantine studies">Byzantine studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_museums" title="Category:Byzantine museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantinism" title="Byzantinism">Byzantinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Neo-Byzantine architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Greek scholars in the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">Third Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Byzantine_Empire%E2%80%93related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Byzantine Empire–related articles">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Outline of the Byzantine Empire">Outline</a></li><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire" title="Portal:Byzantine Empire">Portal</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_emperors" title="Template talk:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Byzantine emperors</a> and empresses regnant</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a><br />27 BC – AD 235</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a><br />235–284</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a></i> &amp; <i><a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a></u> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br />284–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></u></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a><br />395–476</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a><br />395–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/<br />Byzantine Empire</a><br />641–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a></i> &amp; <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a></u></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a></i> &amp; <i><a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora (II)</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a></i> &amp; <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a></i> &amp; <i><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a></i> &amp; <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (267–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5c59558b9d‐sz2fc Cached time: 20241130110906 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.151 seconds Real time usage: 1.395 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 10868/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 275450/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 18875/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 27/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 164573/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.618/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 18547957/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 983.235 1 -total 21.20% 208.438 70 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